Return  this  book  on  or  before  the 
Latest  Date  stamped  below.  A 
charge  is  made  on  all  overdue 
books. 


*> 


* ; “V 

i ID 


Q 

o 


MAR  3 1 i9T2 
S Mf2o  'll 


L161 — H41 


CICERO. 

From  a Bust  in  the  Uppizi  Gallery  at  Florence. 


ALLEN  $ GREENOUGIES  LATIN  SERIES 


fV 


SELECT 


# 

Orations  of,  Cicero 


CHRONOLOGICALLY  ARRANGED,  COVERING 
THE  ENTIRE  PERIOD  OF  HIS 
PUBLIC  LIFE 


EDITED  BY 

J.  H.  AND  W.  F.  ALLEN  and  J.  B.  GREENOUGH 


\ 

REVISED  AND  ILLUSTRATED  EDITION,  WITH  A 
SPECIAL  VOCABULARY  PREPARED  BY 
PROFESSOR  GREENOUGH 


BOSTON,  U.S.A. : 

GINN  & COMPANY,  PUBLISHERS. 

1890. 


Entered,  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  1886,  by 
J.  H.  and  W.  F.  Allen  and  J.  B.  Greenough, 
in  the  Office  of  the  Librarian  of  Congress,  at  Washington 


Typography  by  J.  S.  Cushing  & Co.,  Boston,  U.S.A. 


Presswork  by  Ginn  & Co.,  Boston,  U.S.A. 


List  of  Writing's. 


XVII 


5 (b.  c.  43).  Protest  against  treating  with  Antony:  he  should  be 
declared  a public  enemy;  6.  Appeal  to  the  people:  the  embassy  to 
Antony  would  be  in  vain;  7.  Protest  against  those  who  clamored 
for  peace  : Antony  must  not  be  suffered  to  escape  ; 8.  The  war  against 
Antony  is  justum  bellum  : his  partisans  should  be  required  to  submit 
before  the  1st  of  March ; 9.  Eulogy  of  Sulpicius,  who  had  died 
while  on  the  mission  to  Antony;  10.  Thanks  to  Pansa,  and  praise 
of  M.  Brutus ; 11.  That  Asia  should  be  assigned  to  Cassius,  to  con- 
duct the  war  against  Trebonius ; 12.  Declining  to  serve,  with  P. 
Servilius,  on  an  embassy  to  Antony;  13.  There  can  be  no  peace 
with  Antony:  praise  of  Sex.  Pompey;  14.  Thanksgiving  proposed, 
and  honors  to  the  dead,  after  the  defeat  of  Antony  at  Bononia. 


The  titles  of  Cicero’s  other  writings  are  as  follows : — 

De  Inventione  Rhetorica,  2 Books. 

De  Oratore,  3 Books. 

De  Claris  Oratoribus  {Brutus). 

Orator. 

Topica. 

De  Partitions  Oratoria. 

De  Optimo  Genere  Oratorum. 

[Rhetoricorum  (Ad  Herennium , Incerti  Auctoris),  4 Books,  j 
Academicarum  Qllestionum,  2 Books. 

De  Finibus  Bonorum  et  Malorum,  5 Books. 
Tusculanarum  Qu^estionum,  5 Books. 

De  Natura  Deorum,  3 Books. 

De  Divinatione,  2 Books. 

De  Fato. 

De  Re  Publica. 

De  Legibus,  3 Books. 

De  Officiis,  3 Books. 

De  Senectute  (Cato  Major). 

De  Amicitia  (. Lcelius ). 

Paradoxa. 

Tlyleus,  sive  De  Universitate  (Translation  from  Plato). 
Phenomena  (Translation  from  Aratus,  in  verse). 

Epistol^e  ad  Familiares  (Ad  Diversos ),  16  Books. 

,,  ad  Atticum,  16  Books. 

,,  ad  Quintum  Fratrem,  3 Books. 


CHRONOLOGICAL  TABLE  OF  EVENTS. 

B.  C. 

106.  Birth  of  Cicero. 

ioi.  Marius  defeats  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones. 

90.  Social  or  Marsic  War.  (Cicero  serves  the  following  year.) 

88.  Flight  of  Marius.  Sulla  in  the  East. 

87.  Marius  at  Rome.  Massacre  of  Antonius  and  others. 

82.  Sulla  Dictator : Proscriptions  : Aristocratic  Constitution. 

80.  Courts  restored.  Defence  of  Roscius. 

78.  Cicero  in  Athens  and  Asia.  Civil  war  of  Lepidus  and  Catulus. 
76.  Sertorian  war.  (Sertorius  killed  in  72.) 

75.  Cicero  Quaestor  in  Sicily. 

73.  War  of  Spartacus.  Lucullus  in  the  East. 

70.  Cicero  conducts  Impeachment  of  Verves . Judicia  restored  tc 
the  Equites  : power  of  Tribunes  re-established. 

66.  Cicero  Praetor : Oration  for  the  Manilian  Law  ; for  Cluentius . 
64.  Birth  of  young  Cicero  : marriage  of  Tullia. 

63.  Cicero  Consul : Conspiracy  of  Catiline . 

62.  Return  of  Pompey  from  the  East.  Defence  of  Archias. 

61.  Trial  of  Clodius  : Cicero’s  strife  with  him  in  the  Senate. 

60.  Coalition  of  Caesar,  Pompey,  and  Crassus. 

59.  Consulship  of  Caesar:  Clodius  made  Tribune. 

58.  Clodian  Laws  : exile  of  Cicero  : Caesar  in  Gaul. 

57.  Cicero  recalled  from  exile : five  years’  control  of  the  Corn 
Markets  decreed  to  Pompey. 

56.  Defence  of  Sestius.  Second  marriage  of  Tullia:  contest  with 
Clodius,  respecting  Cicero’s  estate. 
ss.  Crassus  in  the  East : Caesar’s  command  renewed. 

54.  Death  of  Julia  : Cicero  with  Caesar  in  Gaul. 

^3.  Destruction  of  Crassus  and  his  army : Cicero  made  Augur. 

52'  Clodius  killed  : Defence  of  Milo : Pompey  marries  Cornelia. 

Cicero  Proconsul  in  Cilicia,  with  an  army  of  14,600. 

50.  Cicero  returns  to  Italy.  Thanks  for  his  conduct  in  command. 
49.*  Caesar  forbidden  to  retain  his  army:  crosses  the  Rubicon; 

acquires  Spain.  Pompey  crosses  into  Greece. 

48.  Battle  of  Pharsalus : death  of  Pompey.  Caesar  in  Africa. 
Cicero  returns  to  Italy. 

47.  Caesar  Dictator : war  in  Africa  : Cicero  in  Rome. 

46.  Cato  dies  at  Utica:  Caesar’s  triumph  and  reforms:  war  in 
Spain  : Cicero  divorced  from  Terentia.  Defence  of  Marcel- 
las and  Ligarius.  . 

45.  Caesar  returns  from  Spain  : Death  of  Tullia : Caesar  is  Cicero  s 
guest  at  Puteoli.  Tusculan  Questio?isy  etc . 

44.  Assassination  of  Caesar.  Octavius  in  Italy:  Threats  of  An- 
tony : The  Philippic  Orations , 1-4. 

43.  Philippics  5-14 ’•  Triumvirate  of  Octavianus,  Antony,  and  Le- 
pidus : Proscription : Cicero  murdered,  Dec.  7. 


DESCRIPTION  OF  THE  VIEW  OF  THE  ROMAN 
FORUM,  1885. 


In  this  view  of  the  Roman  Forum,  the  ruin  with  eight . Ionic 
columns  in  the  very  middle  is  the  Temple  of  Saturn,  built  in  the 
time  of  the  Empire,  but  on  the  site  of  the  earlier  Temple  of  Saturn, 
which  served  during  the  Republic  as  the  Aeranum , or  Treasury. 
The  three  Corinthian  columns  at  its  left  belong  to  the  Temple  of 
Vespasian,  also  a structure  of  the  Empire.  Between  these  two  tem- 
ples is  seen  the  Arch  of  Septimius  Severus,  probably  occupying  part 
of  the  space  of  the  earlier  Senaculum , or  gathering-place  of  the 
senators.  The  Curia,  or  Senate-house,  probably  occupied  the  posi- 
tion of  the  church  of  San  Adriapo,  the  bare  gable-front  with  two 
cupolas  over  it,  just  to  the  right  of  the  arch. 

At  the  extreme  right,  about  half-way  down  the  picture,  is  a ruin 
of  three  columns,  identified  with  the  Temple  of  Castor,  which 
marks  one  end  of  the  Forum,  the  Temple  of  Saturn  being  at  the 
other  end.  On  this  side  of  the  Temple  of  Castor  are  the  founda- 
tions of  the  Basilica  Julia.  The  Sacred  Way  ran  along  the  front  of 
this  basilica  and  the  Temple  of  Castor,  separating  them  from  the 
Forum,  which  is  the  space  stretching  from  these  two  buildings  to 
the  row  of  modern  buildings  to  the  right  of  the  church  of  San 
Adriano.  In  the  distance,  just  at  the  left  of  the  Temple  of  Castor, 
is  the  Arch  of  Titus  ; left  of  this,  against  the  sky,  the  great  rums 
of  the  Colosseum,  about  a third  of  a mile  distant  from  the  Forum. 

The  height  of  land  upon  which  stand  the  Arch  of  Titus  and  the 
group  of  buildings  with  a tower  at  its  left  (the  church  of  Santa 
Francesca  Romana),  is  the  Velia.  It  was  here  that  Valerius  Publi- 
cola  built  his  house,  alto  atque  munito  loco  (Livy,  ii.  7).  The  Velia 
is  a tongue  of  land  connecting  Mt.  Palatine  with  the  Esquiline,  and 
separating  the  valleys  of  the  Forum  and  the  Colosseum. 


cnt.x 

\ Mcf 


PREFACE. 


This  selection  is  especially  intended  to  exhibit  Cicero’s  pffi> 
lie  career  as  completely  as  the  limits  of  a text-book  would 
permit.  Its  motive  is,  therefore,  chiefly  historical  and  politi- 
cal, what  is  merely  of  grammatical  or  antiquarian  interest  being 
kept  subordinate.  On  the  other  hand,  considerable  attention 
has  been  paid  to  the  logical  and  rhetorical  qualities  of  these 
celebrated  discourses,  which  have  long  held  the  second  if  not 
the  first  place  in  all  literature  as  illustrations  of  the  art  of  ora- 
tory. As  matter  of  biographical  interest,  and  especially  for 
the  side-light  they  throw  on  Roman  manners,  we  should  have 
been  glad  to  include  the  Cluentius  and  the  Murena ; but  for 
our  purpose  we  have  omitted,  we  think,  little  that  was  to  be 
desired.  And,  for  this  purpose,  we  consider  the  chronological 
order  of  the  orations,  as  here  kept,  to  be  of  the  utmost  im- 
portance,— essential,  indeed,  to  the  training  of  a correct  his- 
torical judgment  either  of  the  events  or  of  the  man. 

The  orations  for  Roscius  and  Sestius  are  considerably  abridged 
on  account  of  their  length  and  some  special  difficulties.  They 
are  inserted  for  their  exceptional  value  in  reference  to  the  ora- 
tor’s career,  and  they  are  especially  recommended  to  students 
for  that  reason.  The  Sestius  has  been  chosen  in  preference  to 
the  Post  Reditum  or  the  Pro  Domo  Sua,  partly  on  the  ground 
of  its  unquestioned  genuineness,  but  chiefly  on  account  of  its 


VI 


Preface . 


greater  weight  and  importance  as  a political  study,  while  it 
exhibits  the  same  remarkable  phase  of  passion,  animosity,  and 
injured  pride,  marking  the  same  transition  from  Cicero’s  earlier 
to  his  later  career.  The  hot  and  unscrupulous,  though  vacillat- 
ing, partisanship  of  the  later  period,  in  sharp  contrast  to  the 
general  amenity  and  complacency  of  the  earlier,  is  hardly  to 
be  understood  or  pardoned  without  the  view  thus  given  of  the 
deep  mortification  and  resentment  he  felt  at  his  own  political 
overthrow  from  the  plots  of  Clodius  and  the  coldness  or  deser- 
tion of  his  former  political  allies. 

Such  portions  of  the  orations  here  given  as  are  not  needed 
in  the  regular  school  course  — especially  the  celebrated  pas- 
sages from  the  Verrine  Orations  — are  recommended  as  exer- 
cises in  reading  at  sight  As  the  student  of  Cicero  ought  to 
be  considerably  advanced  in  his  ability  to  read,  the  editors 
venture  further  to  urge  upon  teachers  that  their  pupils  should 
be  encouraged  to  read  the  text  in  the  order  of  the  words  as 
they  are  written  in  Latin , with  attention  to  the  emphasis  as 
indicated  by  that  order ; and,  as  far  as  possible,  to  take  in  the 
sense  immediately  from  the  Latin  without  translating.  It  is 
obvious  that  translation  is  impossible  without  a previous  under- 
standing of  the  sense  ; and  yet  most  learners  endeavor  to  trans- 
late without  any  such  understanding.  There  is  no  question 
that  this  preposterous  course  is  chargeable  with  much  of  the 
mechanical  condition  of  early  classical  study,  and  with  much 
of  the  prejudice  against  classical  study  in  general.  Unless  one 
really  learns  to  read  a foreign  language,  — that  is,  to  follow 
easily  its  flow  of  thought  in  the  order  of  words  prescribed  by 
the  genius  of  that  language,  — it  is  certainly  true  that  he  can 


Preface . 


Vll 


get  all  there  is  to  be  got  much  better  out  of  a translation,  as 
the  champions  of  illiteracy  have  lately  begun  to  maintain. 

The  Notes  in  this  edition  have  been  wholly  recast,  and  many 
of  them  rewritten,  especially  those  on  the  political  constitution 
and  antiquities  of  Rome,  which  have  been  corrected  from  the 
latest  authorities.  In  their  present  form  they  give,  it  is  hoped, 
a fairly  complete,  as  well  as  accurate,  view  of  the  political  con- 
dition of  the  later  Republic,  together  with  its  constitutional 
theory  and  practice. 

The  text  of  Baiter  and  Kayser  has  been  strictly  followed,  as 
a new  textics  receptus , even  where  the  editors  would  personally 
prefer  a different  reading.  They  have,  however,  rejected  the 
doubled  i in  the  genitive  of  the  second  declension,  which  must 
have  been  unknown  to  Cicero. 


Cambridge,  Mass.,  May,  1886. 


mhbbi 


CONTENTS. 


PAGE 

Frontispiece,  Bust  of  Cicero 11 

Preface  v 

Life  of  Cicero X1 

List  of  Orations  and  Writings xlv 

Chronological  Table  of  Events 

The  Roman  Forum  in  1885 xx 

Description xx* 

Plan  of  the  Roman  Forum xxiv>  xxv 

Defence  of  Roscius 1 

Impeachment  of  Verres 

The  Plunder  of  Syracuse 43 

Crucifixion  of  a Ro?nan  Citizen 51 

Pompey’s  Military  Command  ( Pro  Lege  Manilla)  ....  57 

The  Conspiracy  of  Catiline ^4 

1.  Invective  against  Catiline 8 5 

2.  Character  of  the  Conspiracy 97 

3.  How  the  Conspiracy  was  Suppressed 109 

4.  Sentence  of  the  Conspirators 122 

The  Citizenship  of  Archias  . r34 

Cicero’s  Exile  and  Return  {Pro  P.  Sestio) r47 

Defence  of  Milo l^9 

The  Pardon  of  Marcellus 210 

Plea  for  Ligarius 221 

The  Struggle  against  Antony  {Philip pic  a y.  iv.).  ...  234 


Notes 1 

Vocabulary 1 


LIFE  OF  CICERO. 


Marcus  Tullius  Cicero  ranks  as  the  first  prose  writer 
in  Roman  literature,  and  in  fame  as  the  second  orator  of  the 
world.  His  public  life,  lasting  nearly  forty  years,  covers 
the  entire  period  from  Sulla’s  dictatorship  to  the  fall  of  the 
Republic  ; and  for  all  this  time  his  orations  are  by  far  the 
most  important  and  interesting  documents  that  exist. 

The  events  of  Cicero’s  life,  so  far  as  they  are  necessary 
to  an  understanding  of  his  career  as  orator  and  statesman, 
are  these.  He  was  born  b.  c.  106  — the  same  year  with 
Pompey,  and  six  years  before  Julius  Caesar  — at  Arpinum, 
a town  in  the  Volscian  territory,  about  fifty  miles  east  of 
Rome,  the  birthplace  also  of  Caius  Marius.  His  father,  a 
wealthy  citizen  of  equestrian  rank,  removed  to  the  capital 
in  order  to  give  his  sons,  Marcus  and  Quintus,  the  best 
education  possible.  Here  the  young  Cicero  studied  law 
with  the  great  jurist,  Quintus  Mucius  Scasvola,  the  augur, 
and,  after  his  death,  with  his  yet  more  distinguished  kins- 
man of  the  same  name  ; and  was  intimate  with  the  eminent 
orators  Lucius  Licinius  Crassus  and  Marcus  Antonius, 
grandfather  of  the  triumvir.  He  studied  rhetoric  and  phi- 
losophy with  the  best  Greek  teachers ; and  from  the  poet 
Archias  in  particular,  whom  he  afterwards  defended  in  one 
of  his  most  graceful  orations,  he  derived  that  taste  for 
literature  which  distinguished  him  among  all  the  public 
men  of  his  day. 

Cicero  arrived  at  manhood  just  at  the  time  when  the 
fearful  civil  convulsions  were  beginning,  which  ended  only 
with  the  overthrow  of  the  Republic.  He  served  a short 
campaign  in  the  Social  War  (b.  c.  89)  ; but  remained  in 
obscurity  through  the  horrors  of  the  civil  war  that  followed, 


Xll 


Life  of  Cicero . 


devoting  himself  to  his  private  studies.  He  appears  to  have 
welcomed  the  triumph  of  Sulla  (b.  c.  82)  as  an  earnest  of 
order  and  good  government ; but  was  soon  disgusted  with 
the  despotic  rule  of  the  dictator,  and  placed  himself  in  that 
attitude  of  moderate  opposition  to  the  oligarchy  to  which 
he  was,  on  the  whole,  faithful  through  life.  No  person 
dared  oppose  Sulla  in  any  political  measure  ; but  in  the 
administration  of  justice  even  the  tyrant  was  obliged,  for 
decency’s  sake,  to  listen  to  words  of  truth  and  boldness. 
The  defence  of  Roscius,  Cicero’s  first  public  oration  (b.  c. 
80),  may  rank,  in  a political  point  of  view,  with  Erskine’s 
defence  of  Hardy,  or  the  generous  eloquence  of  the  advocate 
Berryer  in  the  time  of  Napoleon  III.  Of  its  results  the 
orator  himself  says,  that  “ it  received  such  commendation, 
that  there  was  no  case  which  did  not  seem  worthy  of  his 
advocacy.”  (Brut.  § 312.) 

After  this  brilliant  success,  Cicero  spent  two  years  in 
travel  and  study  in  Greece  and  Asia.  Then  returning  to 
Rome,  he  held  (b.  c.  75)  the  office  of  Quaestor,  which  made 
him  a member  of  the  Senate.  This  office  he  exercised  in 
the  western  half  of  Sicily.  Meantime  the  political  dissen 
sions,  which  had  been  suspended  during  the  rule  of  Sulla, 
broke  out  afresh.  A democratic  agitation  began,  which 
continued  steadily  increasing,  till  it  culminated  thirty  years 
later  in  another  civil  war.  Sulla’s  aristocratic  constitution 
was  repealed  in  the  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus 
(b.  c.  70),  by  the  restoring  of  judicial  power  to  the  middle 
class  ( equites ).  In  this  year  Cicero  conducted  the  cele- 
brated impeachment  of  Verres,  in  which  he  gained  the 
signal  success  of  forcing  that  corrupt  ex-magistrate  into 
exile,  without  waiting  the  result  of  the  trial.  The  legislation 
of  this  year  identified  Pompey  with  the  popular  party ; and 
Cicero  attached  himself  to  the  interests  of  that  ambitious 
and  successful  general,  giving  him  timely  aid  — in  the 
speech  for  the  Manilian  Law  — in  obtaining  the  command 
against  Mithridates  in  the  East.  The  same  year  (b.  c.  66) 
Cicero  held  the  praetorship,  having  been  curule  aedile  three 


Life  of  Cicero . 


xiii 


years  before  ; and  he  was  carried,  partly  by  his  own  pre- 
eminent merits,  partly  by  the  wave  of  moderate  reform, 
into  the  consulship  (b.  c.  63),  at  the  age  of  forty-three. 

Cicero  was  now  at  the  highest  point  of  his  success  and 
fame,  the  recognized  head  of  a moderate  party,  which 
aimed  to  preserve  the  old  institutions  of  the  State,  while 
tempering  them  with  a more  liberal  policy.  But  he  lacked 
the  qualities  of  a successful  political  leader.  He  was  vain, 
hesitating,  lacking  self-control,  decision,  and  dignity  of 
character.  As  a u new  man,”  he  never  had  the  full  confi- 
dence of  the  senatorial  families  ; while  his  tastes  were  too 
much  shaped  by  his  Greek  training,  his  mind  too  delicately 
organized,  his  ambition  too  much  controlled  by  sentiment 
and  theory,  — we  may  say,  by  the  sense  of  right,  — to  give 
him  a hold  upon  the  crowd  that  filled  the  Forum  and 
carried  the  Comitia.  The  leading  act  of  his  administration 
— the  suppression  of  Catiline’s  Conspiracy  — had,  by  the 
illegal  death  of  the  conspirators,  made  him  the  object  of 
marked  hostility  to  the  popular  party.  The  democratic 
movement  became  too  strong  for  his  feeble  grasp,  and 
developed  into  a destructive  radicalism,  headed  by  unscru- 
pulous gamblers  and  demagogues,  which  had  its  natural 
sequence  in  civil  war  and  imperialism. 

Five  years  after  his  consulship  (b.  c.  58,  the  same  year 
with  Caesar’s  first  campaign  in  Gaul),  Cicero  was  forced 
into  exile.  Though  he  was  recalled  the  following  year, 
with  every  mark  of  honor,  it  was  to  find  orderly  government 
almost  at  an  end.  The  magnificent  defence  of  Milo  — a 
speech  which,  as  it  now  stands,  was  never  delivered — was 
his  last  protest  against  the  reign  of  force  that  daily  became 
more  imminent  in  Rome.  The  two  following  years  he 
served  as  Proconsul  in  Cilicia,  and  returned,  with  the  com- 
plimentary title  of  imperator , to  find  all  things  ripe  for  civil 
war.  Pompey,  both  because  he  hated  Caesar,  and  because 
there  was  no  one  else  to  take  the  place,  drifted  into  the 
position  of  leader  and  general  of  the  conservative  party. 
With  great  misgiving  and  reluctance,  after  trving  in  vain 


XIV 


Life  of  Cicero . 


his  efforts  as  reconciler,  Cicero  joined  that  party  in  the  fatal 
campaign  of  Pharsalia  (b.  c.  48). 

When  Pompey  was  dead,  and  the  senatorial  party  finally 
crushed,  Cicero  submitted,  with  apparent  good  will,  to 
the  dictatorship  of  Caesar,  whose  personal  friend  he  had 
always  claimed  to  be.  But  his  letters  show  him  at  this  time 
disappointed,  peevish,  jealous,  and  weak.  It  was,  however, 
the  period  of  his  greatest  industry  and  fertility  as  a writer. 
A long  succession  of  dialogues  and  treatises  attests  his 
efforts  to  distract  his  mind  from  the  miseries  of  his  political 
failure  and  defeat.  After  the  death  of  Caesar,  which  he 
perhaps  witnessed  with  his  own  eyes,  — at  any  rate  rejoiced 
at,*  — he  appeared  once  more  in  public  life,  the  standard- 
bearer  in  the  brave  battle  waged  by  the  Senate  against 
Mark  Antony.  During  this  struggle  he  was  a warm  parti- 
san of  Brutus  and  Cassius,  “ the  liberators.”  He  proclaimed 
openly  his  satisfaction  at  Caesars  death  ; hoped  to  win  the 
confidence  of  the  young  Caesar  Octavianus  (afterwards  Au- 
gustus) ; and  took  part  against  Antony,  as  a public  enemy, 
in  the  celebrated  orations  called  Philippics.  When  the 
cause  was  lost  by  the  treachery  of  Octavianus,  when  he  and 
Lepidus  joined  Antony,  and  their  triumvirate  was  victorious, 
Cicero  was  one  of  the  first  victims  marked  for  proscription. 
He  was  murdered  near  his  Formian  villa,  on  the  road  be< 
tween  Rome  and  Naples,  in  December,  b.  c.  43,  at  the  age 
of  sixty-three. 


The  following  list  gives  the  titles  and  subjects  of  all  oi 
Cicero’s  orations  (excepting  fragments)  which  have  sur- 
vived : — 

b.  c.  81.  Pro  P.  Quinctio  : Defence  of  Quinctius  in  a prose- 
cution by  Sex.  Nsevius,  to  recover  the  profits  of  a partnership  in 
some  land  in  Gaul,  inherited  from  his  brother,  C.  Quinctius. 

b.  c.  80.  Pro  Sex.  Roscio  Amerino  : Defence  of  Roscius  on  a 
charge  of  parricide  brought  by  Erucius  as  professional  prosecutor, 
at  the  instigation  of  Chrysogonus. 

* Quid  mihi  attulerit  ista  domini  mutatio,  praeter  iastitiam  quam  oculis  cepi  justo 
interitu  tyranni? — Ad  Att.,  xiv.  14. 


List  of  Orations . 


xv 


b.  c.  80.  Pro  Roscio  Comoedo : Defence  of  the  actor  Roscius 
from  the  claim  of  C.  Fannius  Chserea  to  half  the  profits  of  certain 
lands  taken  as  the  value  of  a slave  held  by  them  in  partnership, 
and  killed  by  C.  Flavius. 

b.  c.  75.  Pro  M.  Tullio  : Plea  for  damages  for  an  assault  made 
by  a rival  claimant  on  Tullius’s  estate. 

b.  c.  70.  In  Cjecilium  (“  Divinatio  ”)  : Plea  on  the  technical 
right  of  Cicero  to  conduct  the  prosecution  against  Verres. 

In  C.  Verrem  : Impeachment  of  Verres  for  plunder  and 

oppression  in  Sicily.  Six  Orations.  — 1.  The  general  charge 
(“  Actio  Prima  ”)  ; 2.  De  Prcetura  Urbana : earlier  political 

crimes  of  Verres;  3.  De  Jurisdictions  Siciliand : his  adminis- 
tration in  Sicily ; 4.  De  Frumento : peculation  and  fraud  as  to 
the  supplies  of  grain ; 5.  De  Signis : the  plunder  of  works  of 
Art;  6.  De  Suppliciis : cruelties  of  his  government. 

Pro  M.  Fonteio  : Defence  of  Fonteius’s  administration 

of  Gaul  during  Pompey’s  campaign  against  Sertorius,  about 

B.  C.  75. 

Pro  A.  C/ECINA : Defence  against  ^Fbutius  of  Caecina’s 

right  to  an  estate  received  by  inheritance  from  his  wife  Caesennia, 
widow  of  a rich  money-lender,  M.  Fulcinius. 

b.  c.  66.  Pro  Lege  Manilia,  vet  De  Imperio  Cn.  Pompei  : 
Defence  of  the  proposal  of  Manilius,  to  invest  Pompey  with  the 
command  of  the  war  against  Mithridates. 

Pro  A.  Cluentio  Habito:  Defence  of  Cluentius  against 

the  charge  of  poisoning  his  step-father  Oppianicus,  brought  by 
the  younger  Oppianicus,  instigated  by  Sassia,  the  mother  of  Clu- 
entius. 

b.  c.  63.  De  Lege  Agraria  : Against  the  Agrarian  Law  of 
Rullus.  Three  orations:  the  first  delivered  in  the  Senate,  and 
the  others  before  the  People. 

Pro  C.  Rabirio  : Defence  of  Rabirius  on  the  charge  of 

killing  Saturninus,  about  b.  c.  ioo. 

In  L.  Catilinam  : On  the  Conspiracy  of  Catiline.  Four 

orations:  the  first  and  last  delivered  in  the  Senate,  the  second 
and  third  before  the  People. 

Pro  L.  Murena:  Defence  of  Murena  on  a charge  of 

bribery  brought  by  Sulpicius,  the  defeated  candidate  for  the  con- 
sulship. (Following  prior  defences  made  by  Hortensius  and 
Crassus.) 

b.  c.  62.  Pro  P.  Cornelio  Sulla  : Defence  of  Sulla  from  the 
charge  of  sharing  in  Catiline’s  conspiracy. 

b.  c.  61.  Pro  A.  Licinio  Archia  : Defence  of  the  claim  of  the 
poet  Archias  to  Roman  citizenship. 


XVI 


List  of  Orations . 


b.  Co  59.  Pro  L.  Valerio  Flacco  : Defence  of  Flaccus  on  a 
charge  of  maladministration  as  proprcetor  in  Asia. 

b.  c.  57.  Post  Reditum  : Thanks  for  Cicero’s  recall  from  exile. 
Two  Orations:  1.  I?i  Senatu  ; 2.  Ad  Quirites. 

Pro  Domo  Sua  : Appeal  to  the  pontifices  against  the 

alienation  of  Cicero’s  estate  by  Clodius. 

De  Haruspicum  Responsis  : Invective  against  the  impie- 
ties of  Clodius. 

b.  c.  56.  Pro  P.  Sestio  : Defence  of  Sestius,  a partisan  of 
Cicero,  on  a charge  of  assault,  the  attack  having  been  made  on 
Sestius  by  the  dependants  and  partisans  of  Clodius. 

In  P.  Vatinium  (“  Interrogatio  ”)  : A personal  attack  on 

Vatinius,  one  of  the  witnesses  against  Sestius. 

— — Pro  M.  C^elio  : Defence  of  the  character  of  Caelius  (a 
dissolute  young  friend  of  Cicero),  against  a vindictive  charge  of 
stealing  and  poisoning,  brought  by  Atratinus,  at  the  instigation 
of  Clodia. 

De  Provinciis  Consul aribus  : Advocating  the  recall  of 

Piso  and  Gabinius,  and  the  retaining  of  Caesar  in  the  procon- 
sulate of  Gaul. 

Pro  Cornelio  Balbo  : Defence  of  Balbus  (a  citizen  of 

Gades)  in  his  right  of  Roman  citizenship,  granted  by  Pompey. 

b.  c.  55.  In  L.  Calpurnium  Pisonem  : Retaliation  for  an  attack 
made  by  Piso  after  his  return  from  the  proconsulate  of  Macedonia. 

Pro  Cn.  Plancio  : Defence  of  Plancius  on  the  charge  of 

corrupt  political  bargaining,  brought  by  M.  Junius  Laterensis,  the 
defeated  candidate  for  ,/Edile. 

b.  c.  54.  Pro  C.  Rabirio  Postumo  : Defence  of  Rabirius,  in  a 
prosecution  to  recover  money  alleged  to  have  been  received  from 
Ptolemy,  King  of  Egypt,  in  corrupt  partnership  with  Gabinius. 

b.  c.  52.  Pro  T.  Annio  Milone:  Defence  of  Milo  on  the  charge 
of  the  murder  of  Clodius. 

b.  c.  46.  Pro  M.  Marcello  : Speech  of  thanks  to  Caesar  for 
the  pardon  of  Marcellus. 

Pro  Ligario  : Petition  of  pardon  for  Ligarius,  charged 

with  conducting  the  war  in  Africa  against  Caesar. 

b.  c.  45.  Pro  Rege  Deiotaro  : Defence  of  Deiotarus,  King  of 
Galatia,  charged  with  attempting  the  murder  of  Caesar. 

In  M.  Antonium  : Orationes  Philippicce  XIV.  — 1.  Reply  to  an 
invective  of  Antony:  exhortation  to  the  consuls  Antony  and  Dola- 
bella;  2.  Reply  to  a bitterer  invective:  a review  of  Antony’s  public 
and  private  life;  3.  Urging  the  support  of  Octavianus  (Augustus) 
and  D.  Brutus  against  Antony,  now  in  Hither  Gaul;  4.  Exposition 
to  the  people  of  the  acts  of  the  Senate,  and  praise  of  D.  Brutus; 


CICERO'S  SELECT  ORATIONS. 


DEFENCE  OF  ROSCIUS. 

B.C.  8o. 

Sextus  Roscius  was  a rich  and  respected  citizen  of  Ameria,  a 
town  ( municipium ) of  Umbria,  about  fifty  miles  north  of  Rome. 
He  had  a taste  for  city  life,  and  spent  most  of  his  time  at  Rome, 
where  he  was  on  intimate  terms  with  some  of  the  highest  families, 
especially  the  Metelli  and  Scipios.  Meantime  his  son  Sextus,  who 
certainly  lacked  his  father’s  cultivated  tastes,  and  was  accused  by 
his  enemies  of  rudeness  and  clownishness,  had  the  care  of  the 
extensive  family  estates  at  Ameria. 

Sometime  during  the  dictatorship  of  Sulla,  — probably  in  the 
autumn  of  81  b.c.,  — the  elder  Roscius  was  murdered  one  evening 
as  he  was  returning  from  a dinner  party.  The  murder  was  no 
doubt  procured,  or  at  least  connived  at,  by  one  Titus  Roscius 
Magnus,  his  fellow-townsman  and  enemy.  However  that  may  be, 
the  name  of  the  murdered  man  was  put  upon  the  proscription-list 
by  Chrysogonus,  jx  freedman  and  favorite  of  Sulla,  who  bought  his 
confiscated  estates  at  auction  at  a nominal  price.  Three  of  these 
estates  (there  were  thirteen  in  all)  he  transferred  to  a certain  Titus 
Roscius  Capito,  another  townsman  and  enemy  of  the  deceased,  and 
a leading  man  at  Ameria  ; the  remainder  he  put  in  charge  of 
Magnus  as  his  agent.  The  younger  Sextus,  a man  of  forty,  thus 
robbed  of  his  patrimony,  had  recourse  to  his  father’s  friends  in 
Rome  for  protection  and  help  ; when  the  three  conspirators,  fearing 
that  they  might  be  compelled  to  disgorge,  resolved  to  secure  them- 
selves by  accusing  him  of  his  father’s  murder.  This  they  did  through 
a professional  prosecutor  ( accusator ) named  Erucius,  who  undertook 
the  legal  formalities  of  the  prosecution. 

The  aristocratic  friends  of  Roscius,  not  daring  to  brave  the 
creature  of  the  dictator,  but  not  wishing  to  leave  their  guest-friend 


2 


Defence  of  Roscius . 


[Rose.  Am. 


( hospes ) undefended,  prevailed  upon  Cicero,  then  young  and  ambi- 
tious, to  defend  him.  Even  for  so  young  and  obscure  a man,  this 
was  an  act  that  called  for  disinterested  courage  ; and  nothing  in 
Cicero’s  career  is  more  to  his  credit.  By  the  successful  conduct 
of  this  case,  he  obtained  the  well-merited  rank  of  a leader  among 
the  rising  advocates  of  Rome.  The  defence  of  Roscius  is  the  first 
of  Cicero’s  public  orations  or  pleas  ; and  it  is  criticised  by  himself 
in  the  Orator , chap.  30. 

/^REDO  ego  vos,  Judices,  mirari  quid  sit  quod, 
cum  tot  summi  oratores  hominesque  nobilissimi 
sedeant,  ego  potissimum  surrexerim,  qui  neque  aetate 
neque  ingenio  neque  auctoritate  sim  cum  his,  qui  sed- 
5 eant,  comparandus.  Omnes  hi,  quos  videtis  adesse, 
in  hac  causa  injuriam  novo  scelere  conflatam  putant 
oportere  defendi,  defendere  ipsi  propter  iniquitatem 
temporum  non  audent ; ita  fit  ut  adsint  propterea 
quod  officium  sequuntur,  taceant  autem  idcirco  quia 
10  periculum  vitant. 

2.  Quid  ergo  ? Audacissimus  ego  ex  omnibus  ? 
Minime.  At  tanto  officiosior  quam  ceteri?  Ne  istius 
quidem  laudis  ita  sim  cupidus,  ut  aliis  earn  praerep- 
tam  velim.  Quae  me  igitur  res  praeter  ceteros  impu- 
15  lit,  ut  causam  Sex.  Rosci  reciperem  ? Quia,  si  quis 
horum  dixisset,  quos  videtis  adesse,  in  quibus  summa 
auctoritas  est  atque  amplitudo,  si  verbum  de  re  pub- 
lica  fecisset,  — id  quod  in  hac  causa  fieri  necesse 
est,  — multo  plura  dixisse  quam  dixisset  putaretur  : 
20  3.  ego  etiamsi  omnia  quae  dicenda  sunt  libere  dix- 
ero,  nequaquam  tamen  similiter  oratio  mea  exire 
atque  in  volgus  emanare  poterit.  Deinde,  quod  cete- 
rorum  neque  dictum  obscurum  potest  esse,  propter 
nobilitatem  et  amplitudinem,  neque  temere  dicto  con- 
25  cedi,  propter  aetatem  et  prudentiam  : ego  si  quid 
liberius  dixero,  vel  occultum  esse,  propterea  quod 
nondum  ad  rem  publicam  accessi,  vel  ignosci  adu- 
lescentiae  poterit,  — tametsi  non  modo  ignoscendi 


vi.  i6.] 


Who  was  the  elder  Roscius  f 


3 


ratio,  verum  etiam  cognoscendi  consuetudo  jam  de 
civitate  sublata  est. 

4.  Accedit  ilia  quoque  causa,  quod  a ceteris  forsi- 
tan  ita  petitum  sit  ut  dicerent,  ut  utrumvis  salvo  officio 
facere  se  posse  arbitrarentur : a me  autem  ei  con-  5 
tenderunt,  qui  apud  me  et  amicitia  et  beneficiis  et 
dignitate  plurimum  possunt,  quorum  ego  nec  bene- 
volentiam  erga  me  ignorare,  nec  auctoritatem  as- 
pernari,  nec  voluntatem  neglegere  debeam.  His 
de  causis  ego  huic  causae  patronus  exstiti,  non  elec-  io 
tus  unus  qui  maximo  ingenio,  sed  relictus  ex  omnibus 
qui  minimo  periculo  possem  dicere  ; neque  uti  satis 
firmo  praesidio  defensus  Sex.  Roscius,  verum  uti  ne 
omnino  desertus  esset. 

vi.  5.  Sex.  Roscius,  pater  hujusce,  municeps  Am-  15 
erinus  fuit,  cum  genere  et  nobilitate  et  pecunia  non 
modo  sui  municipi  verum  etiam  ejus  vicinitatis  facile 
primus,  turn  gratia  atque  hospitiis  florens  hominum 
nobilissimorum.  Nam  cum  Metellis,  Serviliis,  Sci- 
pionibus  erat  ei  non  modo  hospitium,  verum  etiam  20 
domesticus  usus  et  consuetudo  ; quas  (ut  aequum  est) 
familias  honestatis  amplitudinisque  gratia  nomino. 
Itaque  ex  omnibus  suis  commodis  hoc  solum  filio 
reliquit : nam  patrimonium  domestici  praedones  vi 
ereptum  possident,  fama  et  vita  innocentis  ab  hospiti-  25 
bus  amicisque  paternis  defenditur.  6.  Is  cum  omni 
tempore  nobilitatis  fautor  fuisset,  turn  hoc  tumultu 
proximo,  cum  omnium  nobilium  dignitas  et  salus  in 
discrimen  veniret,  praeter  ceteros  in  ea  vicinitate  earn 
partem  causamque  opera,  studio,  auctoritate  defendit : 30 
etenim  rectum  putabat  pro  eorum  honestate  se  pug- 
nare,  propter  quos  ipse  honestissimus  inter  suos  nu- 
merabatur.  Posteaquam  victoria  constituta  est,  ab 
armisque  recessimus,  — cum  proscriberentur  homi- 
nes, atque  ex  omni  regione  caperentur  ei  qui  adver-  35 
sarii  fuisse  putabantur, — erat  ille  Romae  frequens  ; 


4 


Defence  of  Roscius . 


[Rose.  Am. 


in  foro  et  in  ore  omnium  cotidie  versabatur,  magis  ut 
exsultare  victoria  nobilitatis  videretur,  quam  timere  ne 
quid  ex  ea  calamitatis  sibi  accideret. 

7.  Erant  ei  veteres  inimicitiae  cum  duobus  Rosciis 
5 Amerinis,  quorum  alterum  sedere  in  accusatorum 
subselliis  video,  alterum  tria  hujusce  praedia  possi- 
dere  audio.  Quas  inimicitias  si  tarn  cavere  potuisset, 
quam  metuere  solebat,  viveret.  Neque  enim,  judices, 
injuria  metuebat.  Nam  duo  isti  sunt  T.  Roscii,  quo- 
io  rum  alteri  Capitoni  cognomen  est,  iste  qui  adest  Mag- 
nus vocatur,  homines  hujus  modi : alter  plurimarum 
palmarum  vetus  ac  nobilis  gladiator  habetur,  hie  autem 
nuper  se  ad  eum  lanistam  contulit ; quique  ante  hanc 
pugnam  tiro  esset,  [quod  sciam,]  facile  ipsum  magis- 
15  trum  scelere  audaciaque  superavit.  vn.  8.  Nam  cum 
hie  Sex.  Roscius  esset  Ameriae,  T.  autem  iste  Ros- 
cius Romae,  — cum  hie  films  adsiduus  in  praediis  esset, 
cumque  se  voluntate  patris  rei  familiari  vitaeque  rus- 
ticae  dedisset,  iste  autem  frequens  Romae  esset,  — 
20  occiditur  ad  balneas  Palacinas  rediens  a cena  Sex. 
Roscius.  Spero  ex  hoc  ipso  non  esse  obscurum,  ad 
quern  suspitio  malefici  pertineat : verum  id,  quod  ad- 
huc  est  suspitiosum,  nisi  perspicuum  res  ipsa  fecerit, 
hunc  adfinem  culpae  judicatote. 

25  9.  Occiso  Sex.  Roscio,  primus  Ameriam  nuntiat 

Mallius  Glaucia  quidam,  homo  tenuis,  libertinus,  cli- 
ens  et  familiaris  istius  T.  Rosci,  et  nuntiat  domum 
non  filii,  sed  T.  Capitonis  inimici ; et  cum  post  horam 
primam  noctis  occisus  esset,  primo  diluculo  nuntius 
30  hie  Ameriam  venit.  Decern  horis  nocturnis  sex  et 
quinquaginta  milia  passuum  cisiis  pervolavit,  non 
modo  ut  exoptatum  inimico  nuntium  primus  adferret, 
sed  etiam  cruorem  inimici  quam  recentissimum  telum- 
que  paulo  ante  e corpore  extractum  ostenderet. 

35  10*  Quadriduo  quo  haec  gesta  sunt,  res  ad  Chryso- 

gonum  in  castra  L.  Sullae  Volaterras  defertur.  Mag- 


VIII.  23-3 


His  Estates  are  seized . 


5 


nitudo  pecuniae  demonstratur ; bonitas  praediorum, 
(nam  fundos  decern  et  tris  reliquit,  qui  Tiberim 
fere  omnes  tangunt),  hujus  inopia  et  solitudo  com- 
memoratur.  Demonstrant,  cum  pater  hujusce  Sex. 
Roscius,  homo  tarn  splendidus  et  gratiosus,  nullo  5 
negotio  sit  occisus,  perfacile  hunc  hominem  incautum 
et  rusticum,  et  Romae  ignotum,  de  medio  tolli  posse. 

Ad  earn  rem  operam  suam  pollicentur.  Ne  diutius 
teneam,  judices,  societas  coitur.  viii.  11.  Cum  nulla 
proscriptionis  mentio  fieret,  cum  etiam  qui  antea  10 
metuerant  redirent,  ac  jam  defunctos  sese  periculis 
arbitrarentur,  nomen  refertur  in  tabulas  Sex.  Rosci, 
studiosissimi  nobilitatis.  Manceps  fit  Chrysogonus. 
Tria  praedia  vel  nobilissima  Capitoni  propria  tradun- 
tur,  quae  hodie  possidet;  in  reliquas  omnes  fortunas  15 
iste  T.  Roscius,  nomine  Chrysogoni,  quemadmodum 
ipse  dicit,  impetum  facit.  [Haec  bona  emuntur  duo- 
bus  milibus  nummum.] 

12.  Haec  omnia,  judices,  imprudente  L.  Sulla  facta 
esse  certo  scio ; neque  enim  mirum,  — cum  eodem  20 
tempore  et  ea  quae  praeterita  sunt  et  ea  quae  videntur 
instare  praeparet,  cum  et  pacis  constituendae  rationem 

et  belli  gerendi  potestatem  solus  habeat,  cum  omnes 
in  unum  spectent,  unus  omnia  gubernet,  cum  tot  tan- 
tisque  negotiis  distentus  sit  ut  respirare  libere  non  25 
possit  — si  aliquid  non  animadvertat,  cum  praesertim 
tarn  multi  occupationem  ejus  observent  tempusque 
aucupentur,  ut,  simul  atque  ille  despexerit,  aliquid 
hujusce  modi  moliantur.  Hue  accedit,  quod  quamvis 
ille  felix  sit,  sicut  est,  tamen  [in]  tanta  felicitate  nemo  30 
potest  esse,  in  magna  familia  qui  neminem  neque 
servum  neque  libertum  improbum  habeat. 

13.  Interea  iste  T.  Roscius,  vir  optimus,  procurator 
Chrysogoni,  Ameriam  venit;  in  praedia  hujus  inva- 

lit ; hunc  miserum,  luctu  perditum,  qui  nondum  etiam  35 
omnia  paterno  funeri  justa  solvisset,  nudum  eicit ; 


6 


Defence  of  Roscius . 


[Rose.  Am. 


domo  atque  focis  patriis  disque  penatibu$  praecipitem, 
judices,  exturbat;  ipse  amplissimae  pecuniae  fit  domi- 
nus.  Qui  in  sua  re  fuisset  egentissimus,  erat,  ut  fit, 
insolens  in  aliena.  Multa  palam  domain  suam  aufere- 
5 bat,  plura  clam  de  medio  removebat  \ non  pauca  suis 
adjutoribus  large  effuseque  donabat;  reliqua  consti- 
tuta  auctione  vendebat : quod  Amerinis  usque  eo 
\isum  est  indignum,  ut  urbe  tota  fletus  gemitusque 
fieret.  ix.  14.  Etenim  multa  simul  ante  oculos  versa- 
io  bantui  . mors  homims  florentissimi  Sex.  Rosci  crude- 
lissima,  filii  autem  ejus  egestas  indignissima,  cui  de 
tanto  patrimonio  praedo  iste  nefarius  ne  iter  quidem 
ad  sepulcrum  patrium  reliquisset,  bonorum  emptio 
flagitiosa,  possessio,  furta,  rapinae,  donationes.  Nemo 
15  erat  qui  non  ardere  ilia  omnia  mallet,  quam  videre  in 
Sex.  Rosci  viri  optimi  atque  honestissimi  bonis  jac- 
tantem  se  ac  dominantem  T.  Roscium.  15.  Itaque 
decurionum  decretum  statim  fit,  ut  decern  primi  profi- 
ciscantui  ad  L.  Sullam,  doceantque  eum  qui  vir  Sex. 
20  Roscius  fuerit ; conquerantur  de  istorum  scelere  et 
injuriis  ; orent  ut  et  illius  mortui  famam  et  filii  inno- 
centis  fortunas  conservatas  velit.  Atque  ipsum  decre- 
tum, quaeso,  cognoscite. 

\^Decretum  Decurionum .] 

25  Legati  in  castra  veniunt.  Intellegitur,  judices,  id 
quod  jam  ante  dixi,  imprudente  L.  Sulla  scelera  haec 
et  flagitia  fieri.  Nam  statim  Chrysogonus  et  ipse  ad 
eos  accedit  et  homines  nobilis  adlegat,  ab  eis  qui  pete- 
rent  ne  ad  Sullam  adirent,  et  omnia  Chrysogonum 
30  quae  vellent  esse  facturum  pollicerentur.  16.  Usque 
adeo  autem  file  pertimuerat,  ut  mori  mallet  quam  de 
his  rebus  Sullam  doceri.  Homines  antiqui,  qui  ex  sua 
natura  ceteros  fingerent,  cum  file  confirmaret  sese 
nomen  Sex.  Rosci  de  tabulis  exempturum  praedia 
35  vacua  filio  traditurum,  cumque  id  ita  futurum  T.  Ros- 
cius Capito,  qui  in  decern  legatis  erat,  appromitteret, 


x.  29.]  A Charge  of  Parricide  is  laid . 


7 


crediderunt : Ameriam  re  inorata  reverterunt.  Ac 
primo  rem  differre  cotidie  ac  procrastinare  isti  coepe- 
runt ; deinde  aliquanto  lentius,  nihil  agere  atque  delu- 
dere  ; postremo  — id  quod  facile  intellectual  est  — 
insidias  vitae  hujusce  [Sex.  Rosci]  parare,  neque 
sese  arbitrari  posse  diutius  alienam  pecuniam  domino 
incolumi  obtinere. 

x.  IT,  Quod  hie  simul  atque  sensit,  de  amicorum 
ccgnatorumque  sententia  Romam  confugit,  et  sese  ad 
Caeciliam  [Nepotis  filiam],  quam  honoris  causa  nom- 
ino,  contulit,  qua  pater  usus  erat  plurimum  ; in  qua 
muliere,  judices,  etiam  nunc  (id  quod  omnes  semper 
existimaverunt)  quasi  exempli  causa  vestigia  antiqui 
offici  remanent.  Ea  Sex.  Roscium  inopem,  ejectum 
domo  atque  expulsum  ex  suis  bonis,  fugientem  latronum 
tela  et  minas,  recepit  domum,  hospitique  oppresso  jam 
desperatoque  ab  omnibus  opitulata  est.  Ejus  virtute, 
fide,  diligentia  factum  est,  ut  hie  potius  vivus  in  reos 
quam  occisus  in  proscriptos  referretur. 

18.  Nam  postquam  isti  intellexerunt  summa  diligen- 
tia vitam  Sex.  Rosci  custodiri,  neque  sibi  ullam  caedis 
faciundae  potestatem  dari,  consilium  ceperunt  plenum 
sceleris  et  audaciae,  ut  nomen  hujus  de  parricidio 
deferrent , ut  ad  earn  rem  aliquem  accusatorem  vete- 
vem  compararent,  qui  de  ea  re  posset  dicere  aliquid, 
in  qua  re  nulla  subesset  suspitio  ; denique  ut,  quoniam 
crimine  non  poterant,  tempore  ipso  pugnarent.  Ita 
loqui  homines  : quod  judicia  tarn  diu  facta  non  essent, 
condemnari  eum  oportere,  qui  primus  in  judicium 
adductus  esset ; huic  autem  patronos  propter  Chryso- 
gani  gratiam  defuturos  ; de  bonorum  venditione  et  de 
ista  societate  verbum  esse  facturum  neminem ; ipso 
nomine  parricidi  et  atrocitate  criminis,  fore  ut  hie 
nullo  negotio  tolleretur,  cum  ab  nullo  defensus  esset. 
Hoc  consilio  atque  adeo  hac  amentia  impulsi,  quern 
ipsi  cum  cuperent  non  potuerunt  occidere,  eum  jugu- 
landum  vobis  tradiderunt. 


5 

io 

lS 

20 

25 

30 

35 


8 


Defence  of  Roscius . 


[Rose.  Am 


xi.  19.  Quid  primum  querar  ? aut  unde  potissimum, 
judices,  ordiar  ? aut  quod  aut  a quibus  auxilium 
petam  ? Deorumne  immortalium,  populine  Romani, 
vestramne,  qui  summam  potestatem  habetis,  hoc 
5 tempore  fidem  implorem  ? Pater  occisus  nefarie, 
domus  obsessa  ab  inimicis,  bona  adempta,  possessa, 
direpta,  fili  vita  infesta,  saepe  ferro  atque  insidiis 
appetita, — quid  ab  his  tot  maleficiis  sceleris  abesse 
videtur?  Tamen  haec  aliis  nefariis  cumulant  atque  ad- 
io  augent : crimen  incredibile  confingunt,  testis  in  hunc 
et  accusatores  hujusce  pecunia  comparant.  Hanc 
condicionem  misero  ferunt,  ut  optet,  utrum  malit  cer- 
vices Roscio  dare,  an,  insutus  in  culeum,  per  summum 
dedecus  vitam  amittere.  Patronos  huic  defuturos  pu- 
iStaverunt:  desunt : qui  libere  dicat,  qui  cum  fide  de- 
fendat,  — id  quod  in  hac  causa  est  satis,  — quoniam 
quidem  suscepi,  non  deest  profecto,  judices. 

xm.  20.  Tres  sunt  res,  quantum  ego  existimare  pos- 
sum, quae  obstent  hoc  tempore  Sex.  Roscio  : crimen 
20  adversariorum,  et  audacia,  et  potentia.  Criminis 
confictionem  accusator  [Erucius]  suscepit ; audaciae 
partis  Roscii  sibi  poposcerunt ; Chrysogonus  autem, 
is  qui  plurimum  potest,  potentia  pugnat.  De  hisce 
omnibus  rebus  me  dicere  oportere  intellego.  Quid 
25  igitur  est  ? Non  eodem  modo  de  omnibus,  ideo  quod 
prima  ilia  res  ad  meum  officium  pertinet,  duas  autem 
reliquas  vobis  populus  Romanus  imposuit.  Ego  cri- 
men oportet  diluam ; vos  et  audaciae  resistere,  et 
hominum  ejus  modi  perniciosam  atque  intolerandam 
30  potentiam  primo  quoque  tempore  exstinguere  atque 
opprimere  debetis. 

21.  Occidisse  patrem  Sex.  Roscius  arguitur.  Sce- 
lestum,  di  immortales  ! ac  nefarium  facinus,  atque  ejus 
modi,  quo  uno  maleficio  scelera  omnia  complexa  esse 
35  videantur.  Etenim  si,  id  quod  praeclare  a sapientibus 
dicitur,  voltu  saepe  laeditur  pietas,  quod  supplicium 


xiv.  4i-]  What  Motive  for  the  Crime  ? 


9 


satis  acre  reperietur  in  eum  qui  mortem  obtulerit 
parenti,  pro  -quo  mori  ipsum,  si  res  postularet,  jura 
divina  atque  humana  cogebant?  In  hoc  tanto,  tarn 
atroci,  tarn  singulari  maleficio,  quod  ita  raro  exstitit 
ut,  si  quando  auditum  sit,  portenti  ac  prodigi  simile  5 
numeretur,  quibus  tandem  tu,  C.  Eruci,  argumentis 
accusatorem  censes  uti  oportere?  Nonne  et  audaciam 
ejus  qui  in  crimen  vocetur  singularem  ostendere,  et 
mores  feros,  iumanemque  naturam,  et  vitam  vitiis 
flagitiisque  omnibus  deditam,  [et]  denique  omnia  ad  10 
perniciem  profligata  atque  perdita?  quorum  tu  nihil  in 
Sex.  Roscium,  ne  obiciendi  quidem  causa,  contulisti. 

xiv.  22.  ' Patrem  occidit  Sex.  Roscius.’  Qui  homo? 
Adulescentulus  corruptus  et  ab  hominibus  nequam 
inductus  ? annos  natus  major  quadraginta.  Vetus  15 
videlicet  sicarius,  homo  audax  et  saepe  in  caede  ver- 
satus  ? at  hoc  ab  accusatore  ne  dici  quidem  audistis. 
Luxuries  igitur  hominem  nimirum,  et  aeris  alieni 
magnitudo,  et  indomitae  animi  cupiditates  ad  hoc  sce- 
lus  impulerunt  ? De  luxuria  purgavit  Erucius,  cum  20 
dixit  hunc  ne  in  convivio  quidem  ullo  fere  interfuisse. 
Nihil  autem  umquam  cuiquam  debuit.  Cupiditates 
porro  quae  possunt  esse  in  eo  qui,  ut  ipse  accusator 
objecit,  ruri  semper  habitant,  et  in  agro  colendo  vixe- 
rit?  — quae  vita  maxime  disjuncta  a cupiditate  est,  et  25 
cum  officio  conjuncta. 

23.  Quae  res  igitur  tantum  istum  furorem  Sex.  Ro- 
scio  objecit  ? ' Patri  ’ inquit  ? non  placebat.’  Quam  ob 
causam?  Necesse  est  enim  earn  quoque  justam  et  mag- 
nam  et  perspicuam  fuisse  : nam,  ut  illud  incredibile  est,  30 
mortem  oblatam  esse  patri  a filio  sine  plurimis  et  max- 
imis  causis,  sic  hoc  veri  simile  non  est,  odio  fuisse  pa- 
renti filium,  sine  causis  multis  et  magnis  et  necessariis. 
Rursus  igitur  eodem  revertamur,  et  quaeramus  quae 
tanta  vitia  fuerint  in  unico  filio,  quare  is  patri  displi-  35 
ceret.  At  perspicuum  est  nullum  fuisse.  Pater  igitur 


IO 


Defence  of  Roscius . [Rose.  Am. 

amens,  qui  odisset  eum  sine  causa  quem  procrearat. 
At  is  quidem  fuit  omnium  constantissimus.  Ergo 
illud  jam  perspicuum  profecto  est,  si  neque  amens 
pater  neque  perditus  filius  fuerit,  neque  odi  causam 
5 patri  neque  sceleris  fllio  fuisse. 

xxii.  24.  De  parricidio  causa  dicitur : ratio  ab  accm 
satore  reddita  non  est,  quam  ob  causam  patrem  filius 
occiderit.  Quod  in  minimis  noxiis,  et  in  his  levioribus 
peccatis  quae  magis  crebra  et  jam  prope  cotidiana 
to  sunt,  maxime  et  primum  quaeritur,  — quae  causa 
malefici  fuerit, — id  Erucius  in  parricidio  quaeri  non 
putat  oportere.  In  quo  scelere,  judices,  etiam  cum 
multae  causae  convenisse  unum  in  locum  atque  inter 
se  congruere  videntur,  tamen  non  temere  creditur, 
15  neque  levi  conjectura  res  penditur,  neque  testis  in- 
certus  auditur,  neque  accusatoris  ingenio  res  judicatur  : 
cum  multa  antea  commissa  maleficia,  cum  vita  hominis 
perditissima,  turn  singularis  audacia  ostendatur  necesse 
est,  neque  audacia  solum,  sed  summus  furor  atque 
20  amentia.  25.  Haec  cum  sint  omnia,  tamen  exstent 
oportet  expressa  sceleris  vestigia,  — ubi,  qua  ratione, 
per  quos,  quo  tempore  maleficium  sit  admissum  ; quae 
nisi  multa  et  manifesta  sunt,  profecto  res  tarn  scelesta, 
tarn  atrox,  tarn  nefaria  credi  non  potest.  Magna  est 
25  enim  vis  humanitatis  ; multum  valet  communio  san- 
guinis ; reclamitat  istius  modi  suspitionibus  ipsa  natura  ; 
portentum  atque  monstrum  certissimum  est,  esse  ali- 
quem  humana  specie  et  figura,  qui  tantum  immanitate 
bestias  vicerit,  ut  propter  quos  hanc  suavissimam 
30  lucem  aspexerit,  eos  indignissime  luce  privarit,  cum 
etiam  feras  inter  sese  partus  atque  educatio  et  natura 
ipsa  conciliet. 

xxm.  26.  Non  ita  multis  ante  annis,  aiunt  T. 
Caelium  quendam  Tarracinensem,  hominem  non  ob- 
35  scurum,  cum  cenatus  cubitum  in  idem  conclave  cum 
duobus  adulescentibus  filiis  isset,  inventum  esse  mane 


xxvi.  72-]  Parricide:  the  Crime  and  its  Penalty . n 


jugulatum.  Cum  neque  servus  quisquam  reperiretur, 
neque  liber,  ad  quern  ea  suspitio  pertineret,  id  aetatis 
autem  duo  filii  propter  cubantes  ne  sensisse  quidem 
se  dicerent,  nomina  filiorum  de  parricidio  delata  sunt. 
Quid  poterat  tam  esse  suspitiosum?  Neutrumne  sen- 
sisse? Ausum  autem  esse  quemquam  se  in  id  con- 
clave committere,  eo  potissimum  tempore,  cum  ibidem 
essent  duo  adulescentes  filii,  qui  et  sentire  et  defen- 
dere  facile  possent  ? 27.  Erat  porro  nemo  in  quern  ea 

suspitio  conveniret.  Tamen  cum  planum  judicibus 
esset  factum,  aperto  ostio  dormientis  eos  repertos  esse, 
judicio  absoluti  adulescentes  et  suspitione  omni  liberati 
sunt.  Nemo  enim  putabat  quemquam  esse,  qui,  cum 
omnia  divina  atque  humana  jura  scelere  nefario  pollu- 
isset,  somnum  statim  capere  potuisset ; propterea  quod, 
qui  tantum  facinus  commiserunt,  non  modo  sine  cura 
quiescere,  sed  ne  spirare  quidem  sine  metu  possunt. 

28.  Quare  hoc  quo  minus  est  credibile  nisi  ostendi- 
tur,  eo  magis  est,  si  convincitur,  vindicandum.  Itaque 
cum  multis  ex  rebus  intellegi  potest  majores  nostros 
non  modo  armis  plus  quam  ceteras  nationes,  verum 
etiam  consilio  sapientiaque  potuisse,  turn  ex  hac  re  vel 
maxime,  quod  in  impios  singulare  supplicium  invene- 
runt : insui  voluerunt  in  culeum  vivos,  atque  in  flumen 
deici.  O singularem  sapientiam,  judices ! Nonne 
videntur  hunc  hominem  ex  rerum  natura  sustulisse 
et  eripuisse,  cui  repente  caelum,  solem,  aquam  ter- 
ramque  ademerint : ut  qui  eum  necasset,  unde  ipse 
natus  esset,  careret  eis  rebus  omnibus,  ex  quibus 
omnia  nata  esse  dicuntur?  29.  Noluerunt  feris  corpus 
obicere,  ne  bestiis  quoque,  quae  tantum  scelus  attigis- 
sent,  immanioribus  uteremur  : non  sic  nudos  in  flu- 
men  deicere,  ne,  cum  delati  essent  in  mare,  ipsum 
polluerent,  quo  cetera,  quae  violata  sunt,  expiari  pu- 
tantur.  Denique  nihil  tam  vile  neque  tam  volgare 
est  cujus  partem  ullam  reliquerint.  Etenim  quid  est 


5 

io 

i5 

20 

25 

30 

35 


12 


Defence  of  Roscius. 


[Roscv  Am. 


tarn  commune  auam  spiritus  vivis,  terra  mortuis,  mare 
fluctuantibus,  litus  ejectis?  Ita  vivunt,  dum  possunt, 
ut  ducere  animam  de  caelo  non  queant.  Ita  moriun- 
tur,  ut  eorum  ossa  terra  non  tangat.  Ita  jactantur 
5 fluctibus,  ut  numquam  adluantur.  Ita  postremo  eici- 
untur,  ut  ne  ad  saxa  quidem  mortui  conquiescant. 
30.  Tanti  malefici  crimen,  cui  maleficio  tam  insigne 
supplicium  est  constitutum,  probare  te,  Eruci,  censes 
posse  talibus  viris,  si  ne  causam  quidem  malefici  pro- 
io  tuleris?  Si  hunc  apud  bonorum  emptores  ipsos  accu- 
sares,  eique  judicio  Chrysogonus  praeesset,  tamen 
diligentius  paratiusque  venisses.  Utrum  quid  aga- 
tur  non  vides,  an  apud  quos  agatur?  Agitur  de 
parricidio,  quod  sine  multis  causis  suscipi  non  potest ; 
is  apud  homines  autem  prudentissimos  agitur,  qui  intel- 
legunt  neminem  ne  minimum  quidem  maleficium  sine 
causa  admittere. 

xxvii.  31.  Esto : causam  proferre  non  potes.  Tam- 
etsi  statim  vicisse  debeo,  tamen  de  meo  jure  decedam,  et 
20  tibi  quod  in  alia  causa  non  concederem  in  hac  conce- 
dam,  fretus  hujus  innocentia.  Non  quaero  abs  te  qua 
re  patrem  Sex.  Roscius  occiderit : quaero  quo  modo 
occiderit.  Ita  quaero  abs  te,  C.  Eruci,  quo  modo ; 
et  sic  tecum  agam,  ut  meo  loco  vel  respondendi  vel 
25  interpellandi  tibi  potestatem  faciam,  vel  etiam,  si  quid 
voles,  interrogandi. 

32.  Quo  modo  occidit?  Ipse  percussit,  an  aliis 
occidendum  dedit?  Si  ipsum  arguis,  Romae  non 
fuit : si  per  alios  fecisse  dicis,  quaero  servosne  an  libe- 
30  ros?  si  ■per  liberos,  quos  homines?  indidemne  Ame- 
ria,  an  hosce  ex  urbe  sicarios?  si  Ameria,  qui  sunt 
hi?  cur  non  nominantur?  si  Roma,  unde  eos  nove- 
rat  Roscius,  qui  Romam  multis  annis  non  venit,  neque 
umquam  plus  triduo  fuit?  ubi  eos  convenit?  qui- 
35  cum  locutus  est?  quo  modo  persuasit?  ' Pretium 
dedit.’  Cui  dedit?  per  quern  dedit?  unde  aut  quan- 


xxviii.  76.]  His  Rustic  Life  and  Character . 13 

turn  dedit?  Nonne  his  vestigiis  ad  caput  malefici  per- 
veniri  solet?  Et  simul  tibi  in  mentem  veniat  facito, 
quem  ad  modum  vitam  hujusce  depinxeris : hunc 

hominem  ferum  atque  agrestem  fuisse ; numquam 
cum  homine  quoquam  conlocutum  esse ; numquam 
in  oppido  constitisse. 

33.  Qua  in  re  praetereo  illud,  quod  mihi  maximo 
argumento  ad  hujus  innocentiam  poterat  esse,  in  rus- 
ticis  moribus,  in  victu  arido,  in  hac  horrida  incultaque 
vita  istius  modi  maleficia  gigni  non  solere.  Ut  non 
omnem  frugem  neque  arborem  in  omni  agro  reperire 
possis,  sic  non  omne  facinus  in  omni  vita  nascitur. 
In  urbe  luxuries  creatur ; ex  luxuria  exsistat  avaritia 
necesse  est,  ex  avaritia  erumpat  audacia  ; inde  omnia 
scelera  ac  maleficia  gignuntur.  Vita  autem  haec 
rustica,  quam  tu  agrestem  vocas,  parsimoniae,  dili- 
gentiae,  justitiae  magistra  est. 

34.  Verum  haec  missa  facio.  Illud  quaero, — is 
homo,  qui,  ut  tute  dicis,  numquam  inter  homines 
fuerit,  per  quos  homines  hoc  tantum  facinus  tarn  oc- 
culte,  absens  praesertim,  conficere  potuerit.  Multa 
sunt  falsa,  judices,  quae  tamen  argui  suspitiose  pos- 
sunt ; in  his  rebus  si  suspitio  reperta  erit,  culpam 
inesse  concedam.  Romae  Sex.  Roscius  occiditur, 
cum  in  agro  Amerino  esset  filius.  Litteras,  credo, 
misit  alicui  sicario,  qui  Romae  noverat  neminem. 
? Arcessivit  aliquem.’  Quem  aut  quando?  ' Nuntium 
misit.’  Quem  aut  ad  quem?  'Pretio,  gratia,  spe, 
promissis  induxit  aliquem.’  Nihil  horum  ne  confingi 
quidem  potest,  et  tamen  causa  de  parricidio  dicitur  ! 

35.  Reliquum  est  ut  per  servos  id  admiserit.  O di 
immortales ! rem  miseram  et  calamitosam,  quod  in 
tali  crimine  quod  innocenti  saluti  solet  esse,  ut  servos 
in  quaestionem  polliceatur,  id  Sex.  Roscio  facere  non 
licet.  Vos,  qui  hunc  accusatis,  omnis  ejus  servos 
habetis.  Unus  puer,  victus  cotidiani  minister,  ex  tanta 


5 

10 

!5 

20 

25 

30 

35 


mesbmmmm 


*4  Defence  of  Roscius.  [Rose.  Am. 

familia  Sex.  Roscio  relictus  non  est.  Te  nunc  appello, 
P.  Scipio,  te,  Metelle.  Vobis  advocatis,  vobis  agen- 
tibus,  aliquotiens  duos  servos  paternos  in  quaestionem 
ab  adversariis  Sex.  Roscius  postulavit.  Meministisne 
5 T.  Roscium  recusare?  Quid?  ei  servi  ubi  sunt? 
Chrysogonum,  judices,  sectantur : apud  eum  sunt  in 
honore  et  pretio.  Etiam  nunc  ut  ex  eis  quaeratur  ego 
postulo,  hie  orat  atque  obsecrat.  Quid  facitis?  cur 
recusatis?  Dubitate  etiam  nunc,  judices,  si  potestis, 
io  a quo  sit  Sex.  Roscius  occisus,  — ab  eone,  qui  propter 
illius  mortem  in  egestate  et  in  insidiis  versatur,  cui  ne 
quaerendi  quidem  de  morte  patris  potestas  permittitur, 
an  ab  eis  qui  quaestionem  fugitant,  bona  possident, 
in  caede  atque  ex  caede  vivunt. 

JS  xliii.  36.  Venio  nunc  ad  ill ud  nomen  aureum 
[Chrysogoni] , sub  quo  nomine  tota  societas  latuit : de 
quo,  judices,  neque  quo  modo  dicam  neque  quo  modo 
taceam  reperire  possum.  Si  enim  taceo,  vel  maximum 
partem  relinquo ; sin  autem  dico,  vereor  ne  non  ille 
20  s°lus,  id  quod  ad  me  nihil  attinet,  sed  alii  quoque  plu- 
res  laesos  se  esse  putent.  Tametsi  ita  se  res  habet,  ut 
mihi  in  communem  causam  sectorum  dicendum  nihil 
magno  opere  videatur  ; haec  enim  causa  nova  profecto 
et  singularis  est. 

25  37.  Bonorum  Sex.  Rosci  emptor  est  Chrysogonus. 

Primum  hoc  videamus  : ejus  hominis  bona  qua  ratione 
venierunt,  aut  quo  modo  venire  potuerunt?  Atque  hoc 
non  ita  quaeram,  judices,  ut  id  dicam  esse  indignum, 
hominis  innocentis  bona  venisse  ; si  enim  haec  audi- 
30  entur  ac  libere  dicentur,  non  fuit  tantus  homo  Sex.  Ro- 
scius in  civitate,  ut  de  eo  potissimum  conqueramur. 
Verum  [ego]  hoc  quaero  : qui  potuerunt  ista  ipsa  lege, 
quae  de  proscriptione  est,  — sive  Valeria  est,  sive  Cor- 
nelia, non  enim  novi  nec  scio,  — verum  ista  ipsa  lege 
35  bona  Sex.  Rosci  venire  qui  potuerunt?  Scriptum 
enim  ita  dicunt  esse,  ut  eorum  bona  veneant,  qui  j>ro~ 


xliv.  129.]  Illegal  Sale  of  the  Estates . 


15 


serif  ti  sunt — quo  in  numero  Sex.  Roscius  non  est  — 
aut  eorimi  qui  in  adversariorum  fraesidiis  oecisi  sunt . 
Dum  praesidia  ulla  fuerunt,  in  Sullae  praesidiis  fuit ; 
postea  quam  ab  armis  recessum  est,  in  summo  otio 
rediens  a cena  Romae  occisus  est.  Si  lege,  bona  quo- 
que  lege  venisse  fateor ; sin  autem  constat,  contra 
omnis  non  modo  veteres  leges  verum  etiam  novas 
occisum  esse,  bona  quo  jure  aut  quo  more  aut  qua 
lege  venierint  quaero. 

XLIV.  38.  In  quem  hoc  dicam  quaeris,  Eruci?  Non 
in  eum  quem  vis  et  putas  ; nam  Sullam  et  oratio  mea 
ab  initio  et  ipsius  eximia  virtus  omni  tempore  purgavit. 
Ego  haec  omnia  Chrysogonum  fecisse  dico,  ut  emen- 
tiretur,  ut  malum  civem  Roscium  fuisse  fingeret,  ut 
eum  apud  adversaries  occisum  esse  diceret,  ut  his  de 
rebus  a legatis  Amerinorum  doceri  L.  Sullam  passus 
non  sit.  Denique  etiam  illud  suspicor,  omnino  haec 
bona  non  venisse  : id  quod  postea,  si  per  vos,  judices, 
licitum  erit,  aperietur. 

39.  Opinor  enim  esse  in  lege,  quam  ad  diem  pro- 
scriptiones  venditionesque  fiant : [nimirum]  Kalendas 
Juntas . Aliquot  post  mensis  et  homo  occisus  est,  et 
bona  venisse  dicuntur.  Profecto  aut  haec  bona  in 
tabulas  publicas  nulla  redierunt,  nosque  ab  isto  nebu- 
lone  facetius  eludimur  quam  putamus  ; aut,  si  redie- 
runt, tabulae  publicae  corruptae  aliqua  ratione  sunt : 
nam  lege  quidem  bona  venire  non  potuisse  constat. 
Intellego  me  ante  tempus,  judices,  haec  scrutari,  et 
prope  modum  errare,  qui,  cum  capiti  Sex.  Rosci  med- 
eri  debeam,  reduviam  curem.  Non  enim  laborat  de  pe- 
cunia  ; non  ullius  rationem  sui  commodi  ducit;  facile 
egestatem  suam  se  laturum  putat,  si  hac  indigna  sus- 
pitione  et  ficto  crimine  liberatus  sit. 

40.  Verum  quaeso  a vobis,  judices,  ut  haec  pauca 
quae  restant  ita  audiatis,  ut  partim  me  dicere  pro  me 
ipso  putetis,  partim  pro  Sex.  Roscio.  Quae  enim 


5 

10 

*5 

20 

25 

30 

35 


i6 


Defence  oj  Roscius . 


[Rose. 


Am. 


mihi  indigna  et  intolerabilia  videntur,  quaeque  ad 
omnis,  nisi  providemus,  arbitror  pertinere,  ea  pro  me 
ipso  ex  animi  mei  sensu  ac  dolore  pronuntio ; quae  ad 
huius  vitae  [casum]  causam  [que]  pertineant,  et  quid 
, hie  pro  se  dici  velit,  et  qua  condicione  contentus  sit, 
iam  in  extrema  oratione  nostra,  judices,  audietis. 
xlv.  41.  Ego  haec  a Chrysogono,  mea  sponte,  remoto 
Sex.  Roscio,  quaero : primum,  qua  re  civis  optimi 

bona  venierint;  deinde,  qua  re  homims  ejus,  qm 
io  neque  froscriftus  neque  apud  adversaries  occisus  est, 
bona  venierint,  cum  in  eos  solos  lex  scripta  si  , em  , 
quare  aliquanto  post  earn  diem  venierint,  quae  ies 
in  lege  praefinita  est;  deinde,  cur  tantulo  venierint. 
Quae  omnia  si,  quern  ad  modum  solent  liberti  nequam 
i c et  improbi  facere,  in  patronum  suum  voluent  confeire, 
nihil  egerit : nemo  est  enim  qui  nesciat  propter  mag- 
nitudinem  rerum  multa  multos  furtim  imprudente  E. 

Sulla  commisisse.  ....  , 

42.  Placet  igitur  in  his  rebus  aliquid  imprudentia 
2o  praeteriri  ? Non  placet,  judices,  sed  necesse  est. 
Etenim  si  Juppiter  optimus  maximus,  cujus  nutu  et 
arbitrio  caelum  terra  mariaque  reguntur,  saepe  ventis 
vehementioribus  aut  immoderatis  tempestatibus  aut 
nimio  calore  aut  intolerabili  frigore  homimbus  nocuit, 
25  urbis  delevit,  fruges  perdidit,  quorum  nihil  pernici 
causa  divino  consilio,  sed  vi  ipsa  et  magmtudine 
rerum  factum  putamus ; at  contra,  commoda  quibus 
utimur  lucemque  qua  fruimur  spiritumque  quern  duci- 
mus  ab  eo  nobis  dari  atque  impertiri  videmus,  — quid 
3o  miramur  L.  Sullam,  cum  solus  rem  publicam  regeret, 
orbemque  terrarum  gubernaret,  impenque  majestatem 
quam  armis  receperat  legibus  confirmaret,  aliqua  am- 
madvertere  non  potuisse?  Nisi  hoc  mirum  est,  quod 
vis  divina  adsequi  non  possit,  si  id  mens  humana 

35  adepta  non  sit.  . . , 

43.  Vereor,  judices,  ne  quis  impentior  existimet  me 


XLVIII.  I40.] 


Sulla  and  his  Party . 


17 


causam  nobilitatis  victoriamque  voluisse  laedere  : tam- 
etsi  raeo  jure  possum,  si  quid  in  hac  parte  mihi  non 
placeat,  vituperare ; non  enirn  vereor  ne  quis  alienum 
me  animum  habuisse  a causa  nobilitads  existimet. 
xlvii.  Sciunt  ei  qui  me  norunt,  me  pro  mea  tenui 
infirmaque  parte,  — postea  quam  id  quod  maxime 
volui  fieri  non  potuit,  ut  componeretur,  — id  maxime 
defendisse,  ut  ei  vincerent  qui  vicerunt.  Quis  enim 
erat,  qui  non  videret  humilitatem  cum  [dignitate  de] 
amplitudine  contendere?  Quo  in  certamine  perditi 
civis  erat  non  se  ad  eos  jungere,  quibus  incolumibus, 
et  domi  dignitas  et  foris  auctoritas  retineretur.  Quae 
perfecta  esse  et  suum  cuique  honorem  et  gradum  red- 
ditum  gaudeo,  judices,  vehementerque  laetor ; eaque 
omnia  deorum  voluntate,  studio  populi  Romani,  con- 
silio  et  imperio  et  felicitate  L.  Sullae,  gesta  esse 
intellego. 

44.  Quod  animadversum  est  in  eos  qui  contra  omni 
ratione  pugnarunt,  non  debeo  reprehendere ; quod 
viris  fortibus,  quorum  opera  exim-ia  in  rebus  gerendis 
exstitit,  honos  habitus  est,  laudo.  Quae  ut  fierent, 
idcirco  pugnatum  esse  arbitror,  meque  in  eo  studio 
partium  fuisse  confiteor.  Sin  autem  id  actum  est,  et 
idcirco  arma  sumpta  sunt,  ut  homines  postremi  pecu- 
niis  alienis  locupletarentur,  et  in  fortunas  uniuscujus- 
que  impetum  facerent,  et  id  non  modo  re  prohibere 
non  licet,  sed  ne  verbis  quidem  vituperare,  turn  vero 
in  isto  bello  non  recreatus  neque  restitutus,  sed  sub- 
actus  oppressusque  populus  Romanus  est.  Verum 
longe  aliter  est ; nihil  horum  est,  judices  : non  modo 
non  laedetur  causa  nobilitatis,  si  istis  hominibus  re- 
sistetis,  verum  etiam  ornabitur. 

xlviii.  45.  Quapropter  desinant  aliquando  dicere 
male  aliquem  locutum  esse,  si  qui  vere  ac  libere  locu- 
tus  sit ; desinant  suam  causam  cum  Chrysogono  com- 
municare:  desinant,  si  ille  laesus  sit,  de  se  aliquid 


5 

10 

*5 

20 

2 5 

30 

35 


ri !» 

fa  ’ 


Defence  of  Roscius . 


[Rose.  Am. 


detractum  arbitrari ; videant  ne  turpe  miserumque  sit 
eos,  qui  equestrem  splendorem  pati  non  potuerunt, 
servi  nequissimi  dominationem  ferre  posse.  Quae 
quidem  dominatio,  judices,  in  aliis  rebus  antea  versa- 
5 batur ; nunc  vero  quam  viam  munitet,  quod  iter  adfec- 
tet  videtis,  — ad  fidem,  ad  jusjurandum,  ad  judicia 
vestra,  ad  id,  quod  solum  prope  in  civitate  sincerum 
sanctumque  restat.  Hicine  etiam  sese  putat  aliquid 
posse  Chrysogonus?  Hie  etiam  potens  esse  volt?  O 
10  rem  miseram  atque  acerbam  ! Neque,  mehercules, 
hoc  indigne  fero,  quod  verear  ne  quid  possit;  verum 
quod  ausus  est,  quod  speravit  sese  apud  tabs  viros  ali- 
quid posse  ad  perniciem  innocentis,  id  ipsum  queror. 
xlix.  46.  Idcircone  exspectata  nobilitas  armis  atque 
15  ferro  rem  publicam  reciperavit,  ut  ad  libidinem  suam 
liberti  servolique  nobilium  bona,  fortunas  -possessiones- 
que  nostras  vexare  possent?  Si  id  actum  est,  fateor 
me  errasse  qui  hoc  maluerim  ; fateor  msanisse  qui  cum 
Mis  senserim.  Tametsi  inermis,  judices,  sensi.  Sin 
20  autem  victoria  nobilium  ornamento  atque  emolumento 
rei  publicae  populoque  Romano  debet  esse,  turn  vero 
optimo  et  nobilissimo  cuique  meam  orationem  gratissi- 
mam  esse  oportet.  Quod  si  quis  est  qui  et  se  et  causam 
laedi  putet  cum  Chrysogonus  vituperetur,  is  causam 
25  ignorat;  se  ipsum  probe  novit.  Causa  emm  splendi- 
dior  fiet,  si  nequissimo  cuique  resistetur.  . Hie  lmpio- 
bissimus  Chrysogoni  fautor,  qui  sibi  cum  illo  rationem 
communicatam  putat,  laeditur,  cum  ab  hoc  splendoie 

causae  separatur.  a . . 

50  47.  Verum  haec  omnis  oratio,  ut  jam  ante  dixi,  mea 

est,  qua  me  uti  res  publica  et  dolor  meus  et  istorum 
iniuria  coegit.  Sex.  Roscius  horum  nihil  indignum 
putat,  neminem  accusat,  nihil  de  suo  patrimomo  quen- 
tur  Putat  homo  imperitus  morum , agricola  et  rusticus, 
35  ista  omnia,  quae  vos  per  Sullatn  gesta  esse  dicitis,  more, 
lege,  jure  gentium  facta.  Culpa  liberatus  et  cnmine 


L.  146.] 


His  A ppeal  to  Chrysogonus. 


19 


nefario  solutus,  cupit  a vobis  discedere.  Si  hac  indigna 
suspitione  careat,  animo  aequo  se  carere  suis  omnibus 
commodis  dicit.  Rogat  oratque  te,  Chrysogone,  si 
nihil  de  patris  fortunis  amplissimis  in  suam  rem  con- 
vertit,  si  nulla  in  re  te  fraudavit,  si  tibi  optima  fide  sua 
omnia  concessit,  adnumeravit,  appendit,  si  vestitum 
quo  ipse  tectus  erat,  anulumque  de  digito  suum  tibi 
tradidit,  si  ex  omnibus  rebus  se  ipsum  nudum  neque 
praeterea  quicquam  excepit,  ut  sibi  per  te  liceat  inno- 
centi  amicorum  opibus  vitam  in  egestate  degere.  l. 
48.  ‘ Praedia  mea  tu  possides,  ego  aliena  misericordia 
vivo : concedo,  et  quod  animus  aequus  est,  et  quia 
necesse  est.  Mea  domus  tibi  patet,  mihi  clausa  est : 
fero.  Familia  mea  maxima  tu  uteris,  ego  servum 
habeo  nullum  : patior  et  ferendum  puto.  Quid  vis 
amplius?  Quid  insequeris?  Quid  oppugnas?  Qua 
in  re  tuam  voluntatem  laedi  a me  putas?  Ubi  tuis 
commodis  officio?  Quid  tibi  obsto?’  Si  spoliorum 
causa  vis  hominem  occidere,  quid  quaeris  amplius? 
Si  inimicitiarum,  quae  sunt  tibi  inimicitiae  cum  eo, 
cujus  ante  praedia  possedisti  quam  ipsum  cognovisti? 
Si  metus,  ab  eone  aliquid  metuis,  quem  vides  ipsum 
ab  se  tarn  atrocem  injuriam  propulsare  non  posse?  Sin 
quod  bona  quae  Rosci  fuerunt  tua  facta  sunt,  idcirco 
hunc  illius  filium  studes  perdere,  nonne  ostendis  id  te 
vereri,  quod  praeter  ceteros  tu  metuere  non  debeas,  ne 
quando  liberis  proscriptorum  bona  patria  reddantur? 

49.  Facis  injuriam,  Chrysogone,  si  majorem  spem 
emptionis  tuae  in  hujus  exitio  ponis,  quam  in  eis  rebus 
quas  L.  Sulla  gessit.  Quod  si  tibi  causa  nulla  est 
cur  hunc  miserum  tanta  calamitate  adfici  velis,  si  tibi 
omnia  sua  praeter  animam  tradidit,  nec  sibi  quicquam 
paternum  ne  monumenti  quidem  causa  clam  reservavit, 
per  deos  immortalis,  quae  ista  tanta  crudelitas  est? 
Quae  tarn  fera  immanisque  natura?  Quis  umquam 
praedo  fuit  tarn  nefarius,  quis  pirata  tam  barbarus,  ut, 


s 

10 

*5 

20 

25 

30 

35 


1 

— — ^ 


20  Defence  of  Roscius . 

cum  integram  praedam  sine  sanguine  habere  posset, 
cruenta  spolia  detrahere  mallet?  50.  Scis  hunc  nihil 
habere,  nihil  audere,  nihil  posse,  nihil  umquam  contra 
rem  tuam  cogitasse ; et  tamen  oppugnas  eum  quern 
aeque  metuere  potes,  neque  odisse  debes,  nec  quicquam 
jam  habere  reliqui  vides  quod  ei  detrahere  possis. 
Nisi  hoc  indignum  putas,  quod  vestitum  sedere  in 
judicio  vides,  quem  tu  e patrimonio  tamquam  e nau- 
fragio  nudum  expulisti ; quasi  vero  nescias  hunc  et  ali 
io  et  vestiri  a Caecilia,  [Baliarici  filia,  Nepotis  soioie,] 
spectatissima  femina,  quae  cum  clarissimum  patrem, 
amplissimos  patruos,  ornatissimum  fratrem  haberet, 
tamen,  cum  esset  mulier,  virtute  perfecit  ut,  quanto 
honore  ipsa  ex  illorum  dignitate  adficeretur,  non  mi- 
15  nora  illis  ornamenta  ex  sua  laude  redderet. 

li.  51.  An  quod  diligenter  defenditur,  id  tibi  indig- 
num facinus  videtur?  Mihi  crede,  si  pro  patris  hujus 
hospitiis  et  gratia  vellent  omnes  hujus  hospites  adesse, 
et  auderent  libere  defendere,  satis  copiose  defende- 
20  retur ; sin  autem  pro  magnitudine  injuriae,  proque  eo 
quod  summa  res  publica  in  hujus  periculo  temptatur, 
haec  omnes  vindicarent,  consistere  mehercule  vobis 
isto  in  loco  non  liceret.  Nunc  ita  defenditur,  non  sane 
ut  moleste  ferre  adversarii  debeant,  neque  ut  se  po- 
25  tentia  superari  putent.  52.  Quae  domi  gerenda  sunt, 
ea  per  Caeciliam  transiguntur  ; fori  judicique  rationem 
M.  Messala,  ut  videtis,  judices,  suscepit.  Qui,  si  jam 
satis  aetatis  atque  roboris  haberet,  ipse  pro  Sex.  Ro- 
scio  diceret:  quoniam  ad  dicendum  impedimento  est 
30  aetas  et  pudor  qui  ornat  aetatem,  causammihi  tradidit, 
quem  sua  causa  cupere  ac  debere  intellegebat ; ipse 
adsiduitate,  consilio,  auctoritate,  diligentia  perfecit,  ut 
Sex.  Rosci  vita.,  erepta  de  manibus  sectorum,  senten- 
tiis  judicum  permitteretur.  Nimirum,  judices,  pro  hac 
35  nobilitate  pars  maxima  civitatis  in  armis  fuit ; haec 
acta  res  est,  ut  ei  nobiles  restituerentur  in  civitatem, 


LII.  152.] 


His  Appeal  to  the  Court . 


21 


qui  hoc  facerent  quod  facere  Messalam  videtis, — qui 
caput  innocentis  defenderent,  qui  injuriae  resisterent, 
qui  quantum  possent  in  salute  alterius  quam  in  exitio 
mallent  ostendere ; quod  si  omnes  qui  eodem  loco  nati 
sunt  facerent,  et  res  publica  ex  illis  et  ipsi  ex  invidia  5 
minus  laborarent. 

lii.  53.  Verum  si  a Chrysogono,  judices,non  impe- 
tramus,  ut  pecunia  nostra  contentus  sit,  vitam  ne  petat, 

— si  ille  adduci  non  potest,  ut,  cum  ademerit  nobis 
omnia  quae  nostra  erant  propria,  ne  lucem  quoque  10 
hanc,  quae  communis  - est,  eripere  cupiat,  — si  non 
satis  habet  avaritiam  suam  pecunia  explere,  nisi  etiam 
crudelitati  sanguis  praebitus  sit,  — unum  perfugium, 
judices,  una  spes  reliqua  est  Sex.  Roscio,  eadem  quae 
rei  publicae,  vestra  pristina  bonitas  et  misericordia.  15 
Quae  si  manet,  salvi  etiam  nunc  esse  possumus  ; sin 
ea  crudelitas,  quae  hoc  tempore  in  re  publica  versata 
est,  vestros  quoque  animos  — id  quod  fieri  profecto  non 
potest  — duriores  acerbioresque  reddidit,  actum  est,  ju- 
dices : inter  feras  satius  est  aetatem  degere,  quam  in  20 
hac  tanta  immanitate  versari.  54.  Ad  eamne  rem  vos 
reservati  estis,  ad  eamne  rem  delecti,  ut  eos  condem- 
naretis,  quos  sectores  ac  sicarii  jugulare  non  po- 
tuissent?  Solent  hoc  boni  imperatores  facere,  cum 
proelium  committunt,  ut  in  eo  loco  quo  fugam  hostium  25 
fore  arbitrentur  milites  conlocent,  in  quos,  si  qui  ex 
acie  fugerint,  de  improviso  incidant.  Nimirum  simili- 
ter arbitrantur  isti  bonorum  emptores, — vos  hie,  tabs 
viros,  sedere,  qui  excipiatis  eos  qui  de  suis  manibus 
effugerint.  Di  prohibeant,  judices,  ut  hoc,  quod  ma-  30 
jores  consilium  publicum  vocari  voluerunt,  praesidium 
sectorum  existimetur. 

55.  An  vero,  judices,  vos  non  intellegitis  nihil  aliud 
agi  nisi  ut  proscriptorum  liberi  quavis  ratione  tollan- 
tur,  et  ejus  rei  initium  in  vestro  jurejurando  atque  in  35 
Sex.  Rosci  periculo  quaeri?  Dubiumne  est  ad  quern 


— 


22  Defence  of  Roscius.  [Rose.  Am. 

maleficium  pertineat,  cum  videatis  ex  altera  parte  sec- 
torem,  inimicum,  sicarium  eundemque  accusatorem 
hoc  tempore  ; ex  altera  parte  egentem,  probatum  suis 
filium,  in  quo  non  modo  culpa  nulla,  sed  ne  suspitio 
5 quidem  potuit  consistere?  liii.  56.  Numquid  huic 
aliud  videtis  obstare  [Roscio] , nisi  quod  patris  bona 
venierunt?  Quodsi  id  vos  suscipitis,  et  earn  ad  rem 
operam  vestram  profitemini,  si  idcirco  sedetis,  ut  ad 
vos  adducantur  eorum  liberi  quorum  bona  venierunt, 
io  cavete,  per  deos  immortalis,  judices,  ne  nova  et  multo 
crudelior  per  vos  proscriptio  instaurata  esse  videatur. 
Illam  priorem,  quae  facta  est  in  eos  qui  arma  capere 
potuerunt,  tamen  senatus  suscipere  noluit,  ne  quid 
acrius  quam  more  majorum  comparatum  esset  publico 
15  consilio  factum  videretur.  Hanc  vero,  quae  ad  eorum 
liberos  atque  ad  infantium  puerorum  incunabula  perti- 
net,  nisi  hoc  judicio  a vobis  reicitis  et  aspernamini, 
videte,  per  deos  immortalis,  quem  in  locum  rem  publi- 
cam  perventuram  putetis. 

20  57.  Homines  sapientes  et  ista  auctoritate  et  potestate 

praeditos,  qua  vos  estis,  ex  quibus  rebus  maxime  res 
publica  laborat,  eis  maxime  mederi  convenit.  Vestrum 
nemo  est  quin  intellegat  populum  Romanum,  qui  quon- 
dam in  hostis  lenissimus  existimabatur,  hoc  tempore 
25  domestica  crudelitate  laborare.  Hanc  tollite  ex  civitate, 
judices.  Hanc  pati  nolite  diutius  in  hac  re  publica 
versari.  Quae  non  modo  id  habet  in  se  mali,  quod  tot 
civis  atrocissime  sustulit,  verum  etiam  hominibus  le- 
nissimis  ademit  misericordiam  consuetudine  incommo- 
30  dorum.  Nam  cum  omnibus  horis  aliquid  atrociter  fieii 
videmus  aut  audimus,  etiam  qui  natura  mitissimi  su- 
mus,  adsiduitate  molestiarum  sensum  omnem  humani- 
tatis  ex  animis  amittimus. 


IMPEACHMENT  OF  VERRES. 

B.C.  70. 

Caius  Verres,  a man  of  noble  birth,  but  notorious  for  his 
crimes  and  exactions  in  the  civil  war  and  in  the  offices  he  had  held 
since,  was  city  praetor  ( prcetor  urbamis)  B.c.  74.  At  the  close 
of  his  term  of  office,  he  went,  in  accordance  with  the  law,  as  pro- 
praetor, to  govern  the  province  of  Sicily.  By  reason  of  the  dis- 
turbed condition  of  Italy,  from  the  revolt  of  Spartacus,  he  was  not 
relieved  at  the  end  of  a year,  as  the  law  required,  but  continued 
two  years  longer  in  the  government  of  the  province,  when  he  was 
succeeded  by  Lucius  Caecilius  Metellus.  During  these  three  years 
he  was  guilty  of  the  most  abominable  oppressions  and  exactions  ; 
and,  as  soon  as  they  were  relieved  of  his  presence,  the  Sicilians 
brought  a prosecution  against  him  in  the  court  of  Repetundce  (for 
the  trial  of  cases  of  Extortion),  presided  over  by  the  praetor  Mani- 
us  Acilius  Glabrio.  To  conduct  the  prosecution,  they  had  recourse 
to  Cicero,  who  already  stood  high  among  Roman  advocates,  and 
who  was  personally  known  and  trusted  by  them  on  account  of  his 
honorable  administration  of  the  quaestorship  in  their  island.  Cicero 
willingly  took  charge  of  the  case,  the  more  so  as  the  counsel  for 
Verres  was  Hortensius,  the  leading  lawyer  of  his  time,  against 
whom  he  was  eager  to  measure  his  strength. 

Although  the  cruelty  and  rapacity  of  Verres  were  notorious,  yet 
his  relations  to  the  Roman  nobility  gained  him  the  same  support 
at  home  which  recently,  under  somewhat  similar  circumstances, 
was  afforded  to  Governor  Eyre  in  England,  on  his  return  from 
Jamaica.  Not  only  Hortensius,  but  Curio,  a man  of  excellent 
reputation,  with  members  of  the  eminent  families  of  Scipio  and 
Metellus,  stood  firmly  by  him.  The  only  hope  of  Verres  was  in 
preventing  a fair  and  speedy  trial.  First  he  tried  to  obtain  a prose- 
cutor who  should  be  in  collusion  with  him,  and  would  not  push  him 
too  hard.  For  this  purpose  one  Caecilius  was  put  forward,  an  in- 
significant person,  but  a native  of  Sicily.  Cicero’s  first  speech  in 
the  case  was  therefore  before  the  praetor  Glabrio  in  person,  to  show 
that  he,  rather  than  Caecilius,  should  be  allowed  to  conduct  the 
case.  This  it  was  not  hard  to  do,  and  he  set  out  at  once  for  Sicily 
to  collect  evidence,  for  which  purpose  he  was  allowed  one  hundred 


24 


Impeachment  of  Verves . 


[Verr.  I. 


and  ten  days.  He  was,  however,  so  industrious  and  skilful  in  this, 
that  he  returned  in  fifty  days,  thus  completely  foiling  the  next 
plan  of  the  opposition,  which  was  to  bring  on  a trumped-up  action 
before  the  court,  which  should  have  precedence  of  that  against 
Verres,  merely  to  consume  time.  Cicero  returned,  with  ample  evi- 
dence, even  before  his  rival  had  left  Italy.  The  trial  was  now  fixed 
for  Aug.  5,  B.C.  70,  in  the  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Crassus. 

Meantime  (in  the  latter  part  of  July)  the  elections  were  held  for 
the  next  year,  — as  was  the  custom  in  Rome,  several  months  before 
the  newly-elected  magistrates  entered  upon  their  offices ; the 
successful  candidate,  under  the  title  of  designatus , enjoyed  a dig- 
nity almost  equal  to  that  of  an  actual  magistrate,  although  with  no 
real  power  (see  ch.  ix.).  In  these  elections  Cicero  was  designated 
sedile  ; but  his  rival  Hortensius  was  chosen  consul,  with  Quintus 
Metellus  Creticus,  Verres’  fast  friend,  as  his  colleague.  More  than 
this,  Marcus  Metellus,  brother  of  Quintus,  was  chosen  praetor,  and 
the  lot  fell  to  him  to  preside  the  next  year  in  the  court  of  Repetun- 
dce . If  now  the  trial  could  be  put  over  till  the  next  year,  when 
Hortensius  and  the  two  Metelli  would  be  in  the  three  most  influen- 
tial positions  in  the  State,  Verres  felt  quite  sure  of  getting  clear. 
Neither  did  it  seem  as  if  this  would  be  very  hard  to  bring  about ; 
for  the  last  six  months  of  the  Roman  year  were  so  full  of  festivals 
and  other  days  in  which  the  courts  could  not  sit,  that  the  case  would 
be  liable  to  constant  interruptions  and  delays.  This  would  have 
been  a sore  disappointment  to  Cicero,  for,  by  good  luck  in  drawing 
the  names,  and  sagacity  in  challenging,  he  had  a jury  that  he  could 
trust,  and  he  was  not  willing  to  run  the  risk  of  a change. 

Under  these  circumstances  Cicero  made  the  second  speech  of  the 
Verrine  group  — that  which  is  known  as  the  Actio  Prima.  In  this 
he  proved  so  conclusively  the  guilt  of  the  defendant  and  his  hope 
to  escape  by  bribery,  and  at  the  same  time  showed  himself  so  de- 
termined to  urge  the  case  through  before  the  New  Year,  that  he 
hardly  had  any  need  to  produce  his  witnesses.  Hortensius  soon 
threw  up  his  case,  and  Verres  went  into  exile,  with  a name  for  ever 
associated  with  extortion  and  misgovernment.  Full  restitution  of 
the  plunder  was,  however,  not  obtained  : a compromise  was  made, 
by  which  a less  sum  was  paid  in  satisfaction  of  the  claims.  The 
five  speeches  known  as  the  “Accusation”  {Actio  Secundd)  were 
never  delivered,  but  were  written  out  and  published  in  order  to  put 
on  record  the  facts  which  the  orator  had  gathered  with  so  much  pains. 


n.  30  Character  and  Motive  of  the  Trial . 


25 


UOD  erat  optandum  maxime,  judices,  et  quod 


unum  ad  invidiam  vestri  ordinis  infamiamque 
judiciorum  sedandam  maxime  pertinebat,  id  non 
humano  consilio,  sed  prope  divinitus  datum  atque 
oblatum  vobis  summo  rei  publicae  tempore  videtur.  5 
Inveteravit  enim  jam  opinio  perniciosa  rei  publicae, 
vobisque  periculosa,  quae  non  modo  apud  populum 
Romanum,  sed  etiam  apud  exteras  nationes,  omnium 
sermone  percrebruit : his  judiciis  quae  nunc  sunt, 
pecuniosum  hominem,  quamvis  sit  nocens,  nemi-  10 
nem  posse  damnari.  2.  Nunc,  in  ipso  discrimine 
ordinis  judiciorumque  vestrorum,  cum  sint  parati  qui 
contionibus  et  legibus  hanc  invidiam  senatus  inflam- 
mare  conentur,  [reus]  in  judicium  adductus  est  [C. 
Verres],  homo  vita  atque  factis  omnium  jam  opini-  15 
one  damnatus,  pecuniae  magnitudine  sua  spe  et  prae- 
dicatione  absolutus. 

Huic  ego  causae,  judices,  cum  summa  voluntate  et 
exspectatione  populi  Romani,  actor  accessi,  non  ut 
augerem  invidiam  ordinis,  sed  ut  infamiae  communi  20 
Succurrerem.  Adduxi  enim  hominem,  in  quo  recon- 
ciliare  existimationem  judiciorum  amissam,  redire  in 
gratiarn  cum  populo  Romano,  satis  facere  exteris 
nationibus,  possetis ; depeculatorem  aerari,  vexatorem 
Asiae  atque  Pamphyliae,  praedonem  juris  urbani,  la-  25. 
bem  atque  perniciem  provinciae  Siciliae.  3.  De  quo  si 
vos  vere  ac  religiose  judicaveritis,  auctoritas  ea,  quae 
in  vobis  remanere  debet,  haerebit;  sin  istius  ingentes 
divitiae  judiciorum  religionem  veritatemque  perfrege- 
rint,  ego  hoc  tamen  adsequar,  ut  judicium  potius  rei  3° 
publicae,  quam  aut  reus  judicibus,  aut  accusator  reo, 
defuisse  videatur. 

11.  Equidem,  ut  de  me  confitear,  judices,  cum  mul- 
tae  mihi  a C.  Verre  insidiae  terra  marique  factae  sint, 
quas  partim  mea  diligentia  devitarim,  partim  amico-  35 
rum  studio  officioque  repulerim ; numquam  tamen 


2 6 


[Verr.  . 


J 1 

- • ■ e 


Impeachment  of  Verres. 

neque  tantum  periculum  mihi  adire  visus  sum,  neque 
tanto  opere  pertimui,  ut  nunc  in  ipso  judicio.  4.  Neque 
tantum  me  exspectatio  accusationis  meae,  concursus- 
que  tantae  multitudinis  (quibus  ego  rebus  vehemen- 
5 tissime  perturbor)  commovet,  quantum  istius  insidiae 
nefariae,  quas  uno  tempore  mihi,  vobis,  M\  Glabrioni, 
populo  Romano,  sociis,  exteris  nationibus,  ordini,  no- 
mini denique  senatorio,  facere  conatur  : qui  ita  dictitat, 
eis  esse  metuendum,  qui  quod  ipsis  solis  satis  esset 
io  surripuissent ; se  tantum  eripuisse,  ut  id  multis  satis 
esse  possit ; nihil  esse  tarn  sanctum  quod  non  violari, 
nihil  tarn  munitum  quod  non  expugnari  pecunia  possit. 

5.  Quod  si  quam  audax  est  ad  conandum,  tarn 
esset  obscurus  in  agendo,  fortasse  aliqua  in  re  nos 
15  aliquando  fefellisset.  Verum  hoc  adhuc  percommode 
cadit,  quod  cum  incredibili  ejus  audacia  singularis 
stultitia  conjuncta  est.  Nam,  ut  apertus  in  corripien- 
dis  pecuniis  fuit,  sic  in  spe  corrumpendi  judici,  per- 
spicua  sua  consilia  conatusque  omnibus  fecit.  Semel, 
20  ait,  se  in  vita  pertimuisse,  turn  cum  primum  a me 
reus  factus  sit;  quod,  cum  e provincia  recens  esset, 
invidiaque  et  infamia  non  recenti,  sed  vetere  ac  diu- 
turna  flagraret,  turn,  ad  judicium  corrumpendum, 
tempus  alienum  offenderet.  6.  Itaque,  cum  ego  diem 
25  in  Siciliam  inquirendi  perexiguam  postulavissem,  in- 
venit  iste,  qui  sibi  in  Achaiam  biduo  breviorem  diem 
postularet, — non  ut  is  idem  conficeret  diligentia  et 
industria  sua  quod  ego  meo  labore  et  vigiliis  consecu- 
tus  sum,  etenim  ille  Achaicus  inquisitor  ne  Brundisi- 
3°  um  quidem  pervenit ; ego  Siciliam  totam  quinquaginta 
diebus  sic  obii,  ut  omnium  populorum  privatorumque 
literas  injuriasque  cognoscerem  ; ut  perspicuum  cuivis 
esse  posset,  hominem  ab  isto  quaesitum  esse,  non  qui 
reum  suum  adduceret,  sed  qui  meum  tempus  obsideret. 
35  hi.  7.  Nunc  homo  audacissimus  atque  amentissimus 
hoc  cogitat.  Intellegit  me  ita  paratum  atque  in- 


3 


IV.  10.] 


How  he  thinks  to  Escape. 


27 


structum  in  judicium  venire,  ut  non  modo  in  auribus 
vestris,  sed  in  oculis  omnium,  sua  furta  atque  flagitia 
defixurus  sim.  Videt  senatores  multos  esse  testis 
audaciae  suae;  videt  multos  equites  Romanos  frequen- 
tis  praeterea  civis  atque  socios,  quibus  ipse  insignis  5 
injurias  fecerit.  Videt  etiam  tot  tarn  gravis  ab  ami' 
cissimis  civitatibus  legationes,  cum  publicis  auctori- 
tatibus  convenisse.  8.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  usque 
eo  de  omnibus  bonis  male  existimat,  usque  eo  sena- 
toria  judicia  perdita  profligataque  esse  arbitratur,  ut  10 
hoc  palam  dictitet,  non  sine  causa  se  cupidum  pecuniae 
fuisse,  quoniam  in  pecunia  tantum  praesidium  experia- 
tur  esse  : sese  (id  quod  difficillimum  fuerit)  tempus 
ipsum  emisse  judici  sui,  quo  cetera  facilius  emere 
postea  posset;  ut,  quoniam  criminum  vim  subterfugere  15 
nullo  modo  poterat,  procellam  temporis  devitaret. 

9.  Quod  si  non  modo  in  causa,  verum  in  aliquo  ho- 
nesto  praesidio,  aut  in  alicujus  eloquentia  aut  gratia, 
spem  aliquam  conlocasset,  profecto  non  haec  omnia 
conligeret  atque  aucuparetur ; non  usque  eo  despice-  20 
ret  contemneretque  ordinem  senatorium,  ut  arbitratu 
ejus  deligeretur  ex  senatu,  qui  reus  fieret ; qui,  dum 
hie  quae  opus  essent  compararet,  causam  interea 
ante  eum  diceret.  10.  Quibus  ego  rebus  quid  iste 
speret,  et  quo  animum  intendat,  facile  perspicio.  25 
Quam  ob  rem  vero  se  confidat  aliquid  perficere  posse, 
hoc  praetore,  et  hoc  consilio,  intellegere  non  possum. 
Unum  illud  intellego  (quod  populus  Romanus  in  rejec- 
tione  judicum  judicavit),  ea  spe  istum  fuisse  praeditum 
ut  omnem  rationem  salutis  in  pecunia  constitueret ; 3c 
hoc  erepto  praesidio,  ut  nullam  sibi  rem  adjumento 
fore  arbitraretur. 

iv.  Etenim  quod  est  ingenium  tantum,  quae  tanta 
facultas  dicendi  aut  copia,  quae  istius  vitam,  tot  vitiis 
flagitiisque  convictam,  jampridem  omnium  voluntate  35 
judicioque  damnatam,  aliqua  ex  parte  possit  defen- 


28 


Impeachment  of  Verres. 


[Verr.  1. 


dere?  11.  Cujus  ut  adulescentiae  maculas  ignominias- 
que  praeteream ; quaestura  [primus  gradus  honoris] 
quid  aliud  habet  in  se,  nisi  [Cn.  Carbonem  spoliatum] 
a quaestore  suo  pecunia  publica  nudatum  et  proditum 
5 consulem?  desertum  exercitum  ? relictam  provinciam? 
sortis  necessitudinem  religionemque  violatam?  Cujus 
legatio  exitium  fuit  Asiae  totius  et  Pamphyliae  : quibus 
in  provinciis  multas  domos,  plurimas  urbis,  omnia  fana 
depopulate  est,  turn  cum  [in  Cn.  Dolabellam]  suum 
io  scelus  illud  pristinum  renovavit  et  instauravit  quaesto- 
rium  ; cum  eum,  cui  et  legatus  et  pro  quaestore  fuisset, 
et  in  invidiam  suis  maleficiis  adduxit,  et  in  ipsis  peri- 
culis  non  solum  deseruit,  sed  etiam  oppugnavit  ac 
prodidit?  12.  Cujus  praetura  urbana  aedium  sacrarum 
15  fuit  publicorumque  operum  depopulatio ; simul  in  jure 
dicundo,  bonorum  possessionumque,  contra  omnium 
instituta,  addictio  et  condonatio.  Jam  vero  omnium 
vitiorum  suorum  plurima  et  maxima  constituit  monu- 
menta  et  indicia  in  provincia  Sicilia ; quam  iste  per 
20  triennium  ita  vexavit  ac  perdidit,  ut  ea  restitui  in  anti- 
quum statum  nullo  modo  possit ; vix  autem  per  multos 
annos,  innocentisque  praetores,  aliqua  ex  parte  recre- 
ari  aliquando  posse  videatur.  13.  Hoc  praetore,  Si- 
culi  neque  suas  leges,  neque  nostra  senatus-consulta, 
25  neque  communia  jura  tenuerunt.  Tantum  quisque 
habet  in  Sicilia,  quantum  hominis  avarissimi  et  libi- 
dinosissimi  aut  imprudentiam  subterfugit,  aut  satietati 
superfuit. 

v.  Nulla  res  per  triennium,  nisi  ad  nutum  istius, 
30  judicata  est : nulla  res  cujusquam  tarn  patria  atque 
avita  fuit,  quae  non  ab  eo,  imperio  istius,  abjudica- 
retur.  Innumerabiles  pecuniae  ex  aratorum  bonis 
novo  nefarioque  instituto  coactae  ; socii  fidelissimi  in 
hostium  numero  existimati ; cives  Romani  servilem 
35  in  modum  cruciati  et  necati ; homines  nocentissimi 
propter  pecunias  judicio  liberati ; honestissimi  atque 


VI.  I5-] 


His  Crimes  in  Sicily . 


29 


integerrimi,  absentes  rei  facti,  indicta  causa  damnati 
et  ejecti ; portus  munitissimi,  maximae  tutissimaeque 
urbes  piratis  praedonibusque  patefactae  ; nautae  mili- 
tesque  Siculorum,  socii  nostri  atque  amici,  fame  ne- 
cati ; classes  optimae  atque  opportunissimae,  cum 
magna  ignominia  populi  Romani,  amissae  et  perditae. 
14.  Idem  tste  praetor  monumenta  antiquissima,  partim 
regum  locupletissimorum,  quae  illi  ornamento  urbi- 
bus  esse  voluerunt,  partim  etiam  nostrorum  impera- 
torum,  quae  victores  civitatibus  Siculis  aut  dederunt 
aut  reddiderunt,  spoliavit,  nudavitque  omnia.  Neque 
hoc  solum  in  statuis  ornamentisque  publicis  fecit ; 
sed  etiam  delubra  omnia,  sanctissimis  religionibus 
consecrata,  depeculatus  est.  Deum  denique  nullum 
Siculis,  qui  ei  paulo  magis  adfabre  atque  antiquo 
artificio  factus  videretur,  reliquit.  In  stupris  vero  et 
flagitiis,  nefarias  ejus  libidines  commemorare  pudore 
deterreor : simul  illorum  calamitatem  commemorando 
augere  nolo,  quibus  liberos  conjugesque  suas  integras 
ab  istius  petulantia  conservare  non  licitum  est. 

15.  At  enim  haec  ita  commissa  sunt  ab  isto,  ut  non 
cognita  sint  ab  hominibus?  Hominem  arbitror  esse  ne  - 
minem,  qui  nomen  istius  audierit,  quin  facta  quoque 
ejus  nefaria  commemorare  possit ; ut  mihi  magis 
timendum  sit,  ne  multa  crimina  praetermittere,  quam 
ne  qua  in  istum  fingere,  existimer.  Neque  enim  mihi 
videtur  haec  multitudo,  quae  ad  audiendum  convenit, 
cognoscere  ex  me  causam  voluisse,  sed  ea,  quae  scit, 
mecum  recognoscere. 

vi.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  iste  homo  amens  ac  perditus 
alia  mecum  ratione  pugnat.  Non  id  agit,  ut  alicujus 
eloauentiam  mihi  opponat ; non  gratia,  non  auctoritate 
cujusquam,  non  potentia  nititur.  Simulat  his  se  rebus 
confidere,  sed  video  quid  agat  (neque  enim  agit 
occultissime)  : proponit  inania  mihi  nobilitatis,  hoc 
est,  hominum  adrogantium,  nomina  ; qui  non  tarn  me 


5 

10 

JS 

20 

25 

3o 

35 


■'  ••  r-  ' — m — — I 


30  Im-peachment  of  Verres.  [Verr.  I. 

impediunt  quod  nobiles  sunt,  quam  adjuvant  quod 
noti  sunt.  Simulat  se  eorum  praesidio  confidere,  cum 
interea  aliud  quiddam  jam  diu  machinetur. 

16.  Quam  spem  nunc  habeat  in  manibus,  et  quid  mo- 
S liatur,  breviter  jam,  judices,  vobis  exponam  : sed  prius, 
ut  ab  initio  res  ab  eo  constituta  sit,  quaeso,  cognoscite. 
Ut  primum  e provincia  rediit,  redemptio  est  hujus 
judici  facta  grandi  pecunia.  Mansit  in  condicione 
atque  pacto  usque  ad  eum  finem,  dum  judices  rejecti 
10  sunt.  Postea  quam  rejectio  judicum  facta  est  — quod 
et  in  sortitione  istius  spem  fortuna  populi  Romani, 
et  in  reiciendis  judicibus  mea  diligentia,  istorum 
impudentiam  vicerat  — renuntiata  est  tota  condicio. 
17.  Praeclare  se  res  habebat.  Libelli  nominum  ves- 
15  trorum,  consilique  hujus,  in  manibus  erant  omnium. 
Nulla  nota,  nullus  color,  nullae  sordes  videbantur  his 
sententiis  adlini  posse : cum  iste  repente,  ex  alacri 
atque  laeto,  sic  erat  humilis  atque  demissus,  ut  non 
modo  populo  Romano,  sed  etiam  sibi  ipse,  condem- 
20  natus  videretur.  Ecce  autem  repente,  his  diebus  pau- 
cis  comitiis  consularibus  factis,  eadem  ilia  vetera 
consilia  pecunia  majore  repetuntur ; eaedemque  ves- 
trae  famae  fortunisque  omnium  insidiae  per  eosdem 
homines  comparantur.  Quae  res  primo,  judices,  per- 
25  tenui  nobis  argumento  indicioque  patefacta  est : post, 
aperto  suspitionis  introitu,  ad  omnia  intima  istorum 
consilia  sine  ullo  errore  pervenimus. 

vii.  18.  Nam,  ut  Hortensius,  consul  designatus,  do- 
mum  reducebatur  e Campo,  cum  maxima  hequentia 
3°  ac  multi tudine,  fit  obviam  casu  ei  multitudini  C. 
Curio ; quern  ego  hominem  honoris  [potius  quam 
contumeliae]  causa  nominatum  volo.  Etenim  ea  di- 
cam, quae  i lie , si  commemorari  noluisset,  non  tanto  in 
conventu,  tarn  aperte  palamque  dixisset : quae  tamen 
35  a me  pedetentim  cauteque  dicentur ; ut  et  amicitiae 
nostrae,  et  dignitatis  illius,  habita  ratio  esse  intellegatur. 


VIII.  21.] 


His  Partisans  are  Elected . 


3i 


1©.  Videt  ad  ipsum  fornicem  Fabianum  in  turba  Ver- 
rem  : appellat  hominem,  et  ei  voce  maxima  gratu- 
latur : ipsi  Hortensio,  qui  consul  erat  factus,  pro- 
pinquis  necessariisque  ejus,  qui  turn  aderant,  verbum 
nullum  facit : cum  hoc  consistit ; hunc  amplexatur ; 5 
nunc  jubet  sine  cura  esse.  ‘ Renuntio,’  inquit,  ‘ tibi, 
te  hodiernis  comitiis  esse  absolutum.’  Quod  cum  tam 
multi  homines  honestissimi  audissent,  statim  ad  me 
defertur  : immo  vero,  ut  quisque  me  viderat,  narrabat. 
Aliis  illud  indignum,  aliis  ridiculum,  videbatur : ridi-  10 
culum  eis  qui  istius  causam  in  testium  fide,  in  criminum 
ratione,  in  judicum  potestate,  non  in  comitiis  consu- 
laribus,  positam  arbitrabantur : indignum  eis,  qui  al- 
tius  aspiciebant,  et  hanc  gratulationem  ad  judicium 
corrumpendum  spectare  videbant.  20.  Etenim  sic  15 
ratiocinabantur,  sic  honestissimi  homines  inter  se  et 
mecum  loquebantur : aperte  jam  et  perspicue  nulla 
esse  judicia.  Qui  reus  pridie  jam  ipse  se  condemna- 
tum  putabat,  is,  postea  quam  defensor  ejus  consul  est 
factus,  absolvitur ! Quid  igitur?  quod  tota  Sicilia,  20 
quod  omnes  Siculi,  omnes  negotiatores,  omnes  publicae 
privataeque  litterae  Romae  sunt,  nihilne  id  valebit? 
nihil,  invito  consule  designate  ! Quid,  judices?  non 
ciimina,  non  testis,  non  existimationem  populi  Ro- 
mani sequentur ? Non:  omnia  in  unius  potestate  ac  25 
moderatione  vertentur. 

viii.  Vere  loquar,  judices:  vehementer  me  haec 
res  commovebat.  Optimus  enim  quisque  ita  loque- 
batur : iste  quidem  tibi  eripietur  : sed  nos  non  tene- 
bimus  judicia  diutius.  Etenim  quis  poterit,  Verre  30 
absoluto,  de  transferendis  judiciis  recusare?  21.  Erat 
omnibus  molestum : neque  eos  tam  istius  hominis 
peiditi  subita  laetitia,  quam  hominis  amplissimi  nova 
gratulatio,  commovebat.  Cupiebam  dissimulare  me 
id  moleste  ferre : cupiebam  animi  dolorem  vultu  35 

tegere,  et  taciturnitate  celare.  Ecce  autem,  illis  ipsis 


32 


[Verr.  I. 


Impeachment  of  Verves . 

diebus,  cum  praetores  designati  sortirentur,  et  M. 
Metello  obtigisset,  ut  is  de  pecuniis  repetundis  quae- 
reret;  nuntiatur  mihi,  tantam  isti  gratulationem  esse 
factam,  ut  is  domum  quoque  pueros  mitteret,  qui  uxori 
5 suae  nuntiarent.  22.  Sane  ne  haec  quidem  mihi  res 
placebat : neque  tamen , tanto  opere  quid  in  hac  sorte 
metuendum  mihi  esset,  intellegebam.  Unum  illud  ex 
hominibus  certis,  ex  quibus  omnia  comperi,  reperie- 
bam  : fiscos  compluris  cum  pecunia  Siciliensi,  a quo- 
io  dam  senatore  ad  equitem  Romanum  esse  translatos  . 
ex  his  quasi  decern  fiscos  ad  senatorem  ilium  relictos 
esse,  comitiorum  meorum  nomine  : divisores  omnium 
tribuum  noctu  ad  istum  vocatos.  23.  Ex  quibus  qui- 
dam,  qui  se  omnia  mea  causa  debere  arbitrabatur, 
15  eadem  ilia  nocte  ad  me  venit : demonstrat,  qua  iste 
oratione  usus  esset : commemorasse  istum,  quam  libei- 
aliter  eos  tractasset  [etiam]  antea,  cum  ipse  piaeturam 
petisset,  et  proximis  consularibus  praetoriisque  comi- 
tiis:  deinde  continuo  esse  pollicitum,  quantam  vellent 
20  pecuniam,  si  me  aedilitate  dejecissent.  Hie  alios 
negasse  audere ; alios  respondisse,  non  putare  id 
perfici  posse  : inventum  tamen  esse  fortem  amicum, 
ex  eadem  familia,  Verrem,  Romilia,  ex  optima 
divisorum  disciplina,  patris  istius  discipulum  atque 
25  amicum,  qui,  HS  quingentis  milibus  depositis,  id  se 
perfecturum  polliceretur : et  fuisse  turn  non  nullos, 

qui  se  una  facturos  esse  dicerent.  Quae  cum  ita 
essent,  sane  benevolo  animo  me,  ut  magno  opere  cave- 
rem  praemonebat. 

30  xx.  24.  Sollicitabar  rebus  maximis  uno  atque  eo  per- 
exiguo  tempore.  Urgebant  comitia ; et  in  his  ipsis 
oppugnabar  grandi  pecunia.  Instabat  judicium  : ei 
quoque  negotio  fisci  Sicilienses  minabantur.  Agere 
quae  ad  judicium  pertinebant  libere,  comitiorum  metu 
35  deterrebar : petitioni  toto  animo  servire,  propter  judi- 
' cium  non  licebat.  Minari  denique  divisoribus  ratio 


IX.  27.] 


His  Friends  are  in  Office . 


33 


non  erat,  propterea  quod  eos  intellegere  videbam 
me  hoc  judicio  districtum  atque  obligatum  futururn. 

25.  Atque  hoc  ipso  tempore  Siculis  denuntiatum  esse 
audio,  primum  ab  Hortensio,  domum  ad  ilium  ut  veni- 
rent : Siculos  in  eo  sane  liberos  fuisse  ; qui  quam  ob  5 
1 em  arcessei entur  cum  intellegerent,  non  venisse. 
Interea  comitia  nostra,  quorum  iste  se,  ut  ceterorum 
hoc  anno  comitiorum,  dominum  esse  arbitrabatur, 
haberi  coepta  sunt.  Cursare  iste  homo  potens,  cum 
filio  blando  et  gratioso,  circum  tribus  : paternos  ami-  10 
cos,  hoc  est  divisores,  appellare  omnes  et  convenire. 
Quod  cum  esset  intellectum  et  animadversum,  fecit 
animo  libentissimo  populus  Romanus,  ut  cujus  divi- 
tiae  me  de  fide  deducere  non  potuissent,  ne  ejusdem 
pecunia  de  honore  deicerer.  15 

26.  Postea  quam  ilia  petitionis  magna  cura  liberatus 
sum,  animo  coepi  multo  magis  vacuo  ac  soluto,  nihil 
aliud  nisi  de  judicio  agere  et  cogitare.  Reperio,  ju- 
dices,  haec  ab  istis  consilia  inita  et  constituta,  ut, 
quacumque  posset  ratione,  res  ita  duceretur,  ut  apud  20 
M.  Metellum  praetorem  causa  diceretur.  In  eo 
esse  haec  commoda  : primum  M.  Metellum  amicis- 
simum  ; deinde  Hortensium  consulem  non  [solum,  sed] 
etiam  Metellum,  qui  quam  isti  sit  amicus  attendite  : 
dedit  enim  praerogativam  suae  voluntatis  ejus  modi,  25 
ut  isti  pro  praerogativis  earn  reddidisse  videatur. 

27.  An  me  taciturum  tantis  de  rebus  existimavistis? 
et  me,  in  tanto  rei  publicae  existimationisque  meae 
penculo,  cuiquam  consulturum  potius  quam  officio  et 
dignitati  meae?  Arcessit  alter  consul  designatus  Si- 30 
culos:  veniunt  non  nulli,  propterea  quod  L.  Metellus 
esset  praetor  in  Sicilia.  Cum  iis  ita  loquitur : se 
consulem  esse ; fratrem  suum  alterum  Siciliam  pro- 
vinciam  obtinere,  alterum  esse  quaesiturum  de  pecuniis 
repetundis  ; Verri  ne  noceri  possit  multis  rationibus  35 
esse  provisum. 


3, 


34 


Impeachment  of  Verres. 


[Verr.  I. 


x.  28.  Quid  est,  quaeso,  Metelle,  judicium  corrum- 
pere,  si  hoc  non  est?  testis,  praesertirn  [Siculos],  timi- 
dos  homines  et  adflictos,  non  solum  auctoritate  deter- 
rere,  sed  etiam  consulari  metu,  et  duorum  praetorum 
5 potestate?  Quid  faceres  pro  innocente  homine  et  pro- 
pinquo,  cum  propter  hominem  perditissimum  atque 
alienissimum  de  officio  ac  dignitate  decedis,  et  com- 
mittis,  ut,  quod  ille  dictitat,  alicui,  qui  te  ignoret, 
verum  esse  videatur?  29.  Nam  hoc  Verrem  dicere 
.o  aiebant,  te  non  fato,  ut  ceteros  ex  vestra  familia,  sed 
opera  sua  consulem  factum.  Duo  igitur  consules  et 
quaesitor  erunt  ex  illius  voluntate.  ‘ Non  solum  eftu- 
giemus  ’ inquit  ‘ hominem  in  quaerendo  nimium  dili- 
gentem,  nimium  servientem  populi  existimationi,  M’. 
is  Glabrionem  : accedet  etiam  nobis  illud.  Judex  est 
M.  Caesonius,  conlega  nostri  accusatoris,  homo  in 
rebus  judicandis  spectatus  et  cognitus,  quern  minime 
expediat  esse  in  eo  consilio  quod  conemur  aliqua 
ratione  corrumpere  : propterea  quod  jam  antea,  cum 
20  judex  in  Juniano  consilio  fuisset,  turpissimum  illud 
facinus  non  solum  graviter  tulit,  sed  etiam  in  medium 
protulit.  Hunc  judicem  ex  Kal.  Januariis  non  habebi- 
rnus.  30.  Q^.  Manlium,  et  Q^  Cornificium,  duos  se- 
verissimos  atque  integerrimos  judices,  quod  tnbum 
25  plebis  turn  erunt,  judices  non  habebimus.  P.  Sulpi- 
cius,  judex  tristis  et  integer,  magistratum  ineat  oportet 
Nonis  Decembribus.  M.  Crepereius,  ex  acerrima  ilia 
equestri  familia  et  disciplina ; L.  Cassius  ex  familia 
cum  ad  ceteras  res  turn  ad  judicandum  severissima ; 
30  Cn.  Tremellius,  homo  summa  religione  et  diligentia, 

tres  hi,  homines  veteres,  tribuni  militaies  sunt  desig- 

nati : ex  Kal.  Januariis  non  judicabunt.  Subsortiemur 
etiam  in  M.  Metelli  locum,  quoniam  is  huic  ipsi  quaes- 
tioni  praefuturus  est.  Ita  secundum  Kalendas  Janua- 
35  rias,  et  praetore  et  prope  toto  consilio  commutato, 
mao-nas  accusatoris  minas,  magnamque  exspecta- 


35 


xi.  33  ] The  Danger  of  Delay . 

tionem  judici,  ad  nostrum  arbitrium  libidinemque 
eludemus.’ 

31.  Nonae  sunt  hodie  Sextiles  : hora  vm.  convenire 
coepistis.  Hunc  diem  jam  ne  numerant  quidem. 
Decern  dies  sunt  ante  ludos  votivos,  quos  Cn.  Pom-  5 
peius  facturus  est.  Hi  ludi  dies  quindecim  auferent : 
deinde  continuo  Romani  consequentur.  Ita  prope  xl. 
diebus  interpositis,  turn  denique  se  ad  ea  quae  a no- 
bis dicta  erunt  responsuros  esse  arbitrantur  : deinde 
se  ducturos,  et  dicendo  et  excusando,  facile  ad  ludos  10 
Victoriae.  Cum  his  plebeios  esse  conjunctos  ; secun- 
dum quos  aut  nulli  aut  perpauci  dies  ad  agendum  fu- 
turi  sunt.  Ita  defessa  ac  refrigerata  accusatione,  rem 
infegram  ad  M.  Metellum  praetorem  esse  venturam  : 
quern  ego  hominem,  si  ejus  fidei  diffisus  essem,  judi-  15 
cem  non  retinuissem.  32.  Nunc  tamen  hoc  animo 
sum,  ut  eo  judice  quam  praetore  hanc  rem  transigi 
malim  ; et  jurato  suam  quam  injurato  aliorum  tabellas 
committere. 

xi.  Nunc  ego,  judices,  jam  vos  consulo,  quid  mihi  20 
faciendum  putetis.  Id  enim  consili  mihi  profecto 
taciti  dabitis,  quod  egomet  mihi  necessario  capiendum 
intellego.  Si  utar  ad  dicendum  meo  legitimo  tempore, 
mei  laboris,  industriae,  diligentiaeque  capiam  fructum  ; 
et  [ex  accusatione]  perficiam  ut  nemo  umquam  post  25 
hominum  memoriam  paratior,  vigilantior,  compositior 
ad  judicium  venisse  videatur.  Sed,  in  hac  laude  indus- 
triae meae,  reus  ne  elabatur  summum  periculum  est. 
Quid  est  igitur  quod  fieri  possit  ? Non  obscurum,  opi- 
nor,  neque  absconditum.  33.  Fructum  istum  laudis,  qui  30 
ex  perpetua  oratione  percipi  potuit,  in  alia  tempora 
reservemus  : nunc  hominem  tabulis,  testibus,  privatis 
publicisque  litteris  auctoritatibusque  accusemus.  Res 
omnis  mihi  tecum  erit,  Hortensi.  Dicam  aperte  : si 
te  mecum  dicendo  ac  diluendis  criminibus  in  hac  35 
causa  contendere  putarem,  ego  quoque  in  accusando 


36 


Impeachment  of  Verres. 


[Verr.  I. 


atque  in  explicandis  criminibus  operam  consumerem ; 
nunc,  quoniam  pugnare  contra  me  instituisti,  non  tam 
ex  tua  natura  quam  ex  istius  tempore  et  causa  [mali- 
tiose],  necesse  est  istius  modi  rationi  aliquo  consilio 
5 obsistere.  34.  Tua  ratio  est,  ut  secundum  binos  ludos 
mihi  respondere  incipias ; mea,  ut  ante  primos  ludos 
comperendinem.  Ita  fit  ut  tua  ista  ratio  existimetur 
astuta,  meum  hoc  consilium  necessarium. 

xn.  Verum  illud  quod  institueram  dicere,  mihi  rem 
io  tecum  esse,  hujus  modi  est.  Ego  cum  hanc  causam 
Siculorum  rogatu  recepissem,  idque  mihi  amplum  et 
praeclarum  existimassem,  eos  velle  meae  fidei  diligenti- 
aeque  periculum  facere,  qui  innocentiae  abstinentiae- 
que  fecissent;  turn  suscepto  negotio,  majus  quiddam 
15  mihi  proposui,  in  quo  meam  in  rem  publicam  vo- 
luntatem  populus  Romanus  perspicere  posset.  35.  Nam 
illud  mihi  nequaquam  dignum  industria  conatuque 
meo  videbatur,  istum  a me  in  judicium,  jam  omnium 
judicio  condemnatum,  vocari,  nisi  ista  tua  intolera- 
20  bilis  potentia,  et  ea  cupiditas  qua  per  hosce  annos  in 
quibusdam  judiciis  usus  es,  etiam  in  istius  hominis 
desperati  causa  interponeretur.  Nunc  vero,  quoniam 
haec  te  omnis  dominatio  regnumque  judiciorum  tanto 
opere  delectat,  et  sunt  homines  quos  libidinis  infami- 
25  aeque  suae  neque  pudeat  neque  taedeat,  qub  quasi 
de  industria,  in  odium  offensionemque  populi  Romani 
inruere  videantur,  — hoc  me  profiteor  suscepisse,  mag- 
num fortasse  onus  et  mihi  periculosissimum,  verum 
tamen  dignum  -in  quo  omnis  nervos  aetatis  industri- 
3°  aeque  meae  contenderem. 

36.  Quoniam  totus  ordo  paucorum  impiobitate  et 
audacia  premitur  et  urgetur  infamia  judiciorum,  pio- 
fiteor  huic  generi  hominum  me  inimicum  accusatorem, 
odiosum,  adsiduum,  acerbum  adversarium.  Hoc  mihi 
35  sumo,  hoc  mihi  deposco,  quod  agam  in  magistratu, 
quod  agam  ex  eo  loco  ex  quojme  populus  Romanus 


XII.  39-] 


Corruption  of  the  Courts . 


37 


ex  Kal.  Januariis  secum  agere  de  re  publica  ac  de  ho- 
minibus  improbis  voluit : hoc  munus  aedilitatis  meae 
populo  Romano  amplissimum  pulcherrimumque  polli- 
ceor.  Moneo,  praedico,  ante  denuntio  ; qui  aut  depo- 
nere,  aut  accipere,  aut  recipere,  aut  polliceri,  aut  5 
sequestres  aut  interpretes  corrumpendi  judici  solent 
esse,  quique  ad  hanc  rein  aut  potentiam  aut  impuden- 
tiam  suam  professi  sunt,  abstineant  in  hoc  judicio 
manus  anitnosque  ab  hoc  scelere  nefario. 

xm.  37.  Erit  turn  consul  Hortensius  cum  summo  10 
imperio  et  potestate  ; ego  autem  aedilis,  hoc  est,  paulo 
amplius  quam  privatus.  Tame’n  hujus  modi  haec  res 
est,  quam  me  acturum  esse  polliceor,  ita  populo  Ro- 
mano grata  atque  jucunda,  ut  ipse  consul  in  hac  causa 
prae  me  minus  etiam  (si  fieri  possit)  quam  privatus  15 
esse  videatur.  Omnia  non  modo  commemorabuntur, 
sed  etiam,  expositis  certis  rebus,  agentur,  quae  inter 
decern  annos,  postea  quam  judicia  ad  senatum  trans- 
lata  sunt,  in  rebus  judicandis  nefarie  flagitioseque  facta 
sunt.  38.  Cognoscet  ex  me  populus  Romanus  quid  20 
sit,  quam  ob  rem,  cum  equester  ordo  judicaret,  annos 
prope  quinquaginta  continuos,  in  nullo  judice  [equite 
Romano  judicante]  ne  tenuissima  quidem  suspitio 
acceptae  pecuniae  ob  rem  judicandam  constituta  sit : 
quid  sit  quod,  judiciis  ad  senatorium  ordinem  transla-  25 
tis,  sublataque  populi  Romani  in  unum  quemque  ves- 
trum  potestate,  Qc  Calidius  damnatus  dixerit,  minoris 
HS  triciens  praetorium  hominem  honeste  non  posse 
damnari  : quid  sit  quod,  P.  Septimio  senatore  dam- 
nato,  Hortensio  praetore,  de  pecuniis  repetundis  30 
lis  aestimata  sit  eo  nomine,  quod  file  ob  rem  judican- 
dam pecuniam  accepisset ; 39.  quod  in  C.  Herennio, 
quod  in  C.  Popilio,  senatoribus,  qui  ambo  peculatus 
damnati  sunt;  quod  in  M.  Atilio,  qui  de  majestate 
damnatus  est,  hoc  planum  factum  sit,  eos  pecuniam  35 
ob  rem  judicandam  accepisse  ; quod  inventi  sint  sena- 


3» 


Impeachment  of  Verres . 


[Verr.  I. 


tores,  qui,  C.  Verre  praetore  urbano  sortiente,  exirent 
in  eum  reum,  quem  incognita  causa  condemnarent ; 
quod  inventus  sit  senator,  qui,  cum  judex  esset,  in 
eodem  judicio  et  ab  reo  pecuniam  acciperet  quam  judi- 
5 cibus  divideret,  et  ab  accusatore,  ut  reum  condemna- 
ret?  40o  Jam  vero  quomodo  illam  labem,  ignominiam, 
calamitatemque  totius  ordinis  conquerar?  hoc  factum 
esse  in  hac  civitate,  cum  senatorius  ordo  judicaret, 
ut  discoloribus  signis  juratorum  hominum  sententiae 
io  notarentur?  Haec  omnia  me  diligenter  severeque  ac- 
turum  esse,  polliceor. 

xiv.  Quo  me  tandem  animo  fore  putatis,  si  quid 
in  hoc  ipso  judicio  intellexero  simili  aliqua  ratione 
esse  violatum  atque  commissum?  cum  planum  fa- 
15  cere  multis  testibus  possim,  C.  Verrem  in  Sicilia, 
multis  audientibus,  saepe  dixisse,  6 se  habere  homi- 
nem  potentem,  cujus  fiducia  provinciam  spoliaret : 
neque  sibi  soli  pecuniam  quaerere,  sed  ita  triennium 
illud  praeturae  Siciliensis  distributum  habere,  ut  se- 
20  cum  praeclare  agi  diceret,  si  unius  anni  quaestum 
in  rem  suam  converteret ; alterum  patronis  et  defen- 
soribus  traderet ; tertium  ilium  uberrimum  quaestuo- 
sissimumque  annum  totum  judicibus  reservaret.’ 

41.  Ex  quo  mihi  venit  in  mentem  illud  dicere  (quod 
25  apud  M\  Glabrionem  nuper  cum  id  reiciundis  judici- 
bus commemorassem,  intellexi  vehementer  populum 
Romanum  commoveri),  me  arbitrari,  fore  uti  natio- 
nes  exterae  legatos  ad  populum  Romanum  mitterent, 
ut  lex  de  pecuniis  repetundis  judiciumque  tolleretur. 
30  Si  enim  judicia  nulla  sint,  tantum  unum  quemque  abla- 
turum  putant,  quantum  sibi  ac  liberis  suis  satis  esse 
arbitretur  : nunc,  quod  ejus  modi  judicia  sint,  tantum 
unum  quemque  auferre,  quantum  sibi,  patronis,  advo- 
catis,  praetori,  judicibus,  satis  futurum  sit:  hoc  pro- 
35  fecto  infinitum  esse  : se  avarissimi  hominis  cupiditati 
satisfacere  posse,  nocentissimi  victoriae  non  posse. 


XV.  4S-] 


yustice  to  be  vindicated. 


39 


42.  O cotnmemoranda  judicia,  praeclaramque  existi- 
mationem  nostri  ordinis ! cum  socii  populi  Romani 
judicia  de  pecuniis  repetundis  fieri  nolunt,  quae  a 
majoribus  nostris  sociorum  causa  comparata  sunt. 
An  iste  umquam  de  se  bonam  spem  habuisset,  nisi  5 
de  vobis  malam  opinionem  animo  imbibisset?  Quo 
majore  etiam  (si  fieri  potest)  apud  vos  odio  esse  de- 
bet, quam  est  apud  populum  Romanum,  cum  in  ava- 
ritia,  scelere,  perjurio,  vos  sui  similis  esse  arbitretur. 

xv.  43.  Cui  loco  (per  Deos  immortalis  !) , judices,  io 
consulite  ac  providete.  Moneo  praedicoque  — id  quod 
intellego — tempus  hoc  vobis  divinitus  datum  esse,  ut 
odio,  invidia,  infamia,  turpitudine,  totum  ordinem 
liberetis.  Nulla  in  judiciis  severitas,  nulla  religio, 
nulla  denique  jam  existimantur  esse  judicia.  Itaque  15 
a populo  Romano  contemnimur,  despicimur : gravi 
diuturnaque  jam  flagramus  infamia.  44.  Neque  enim 
ullam  aliam  ob  causam  populus  Romanus  tribuniciam 
potestatem  tanto  studio  requisivit;  quam  cum  poscebat, 
verbo  illam  poscere  videbatur,  re  vera  judicia  posce-  20 
bat.  Neque  hoc  Q^Catulum,  hominem  sapientissimum 
atque  amplissimum,  fugit,  qui  (Cn.  Pompeio,  viro 
fortissimo  et  clarissimo,  de  tribunicia  potestate  refer- 
ente),  cum  esset  sententiam  rogatus,  hoc  initio  est 
summa  cum  auctoritate  usus : ‘ Patres  conscriptos  25 

judicia  male  et  flagitiose  tueri : quod  si  in  rebus  jucli- 
candis,  populi  Romani  existimationi  satis  facere  vol- 
uissent,  non  tanto  opere  homines  fuisse  tribuniciam 
potestatem  desideraturos.’  45.  Ipse  denique  Cn. 
Pompeius,  cum  primum  contionem  ad  Urbem  consul  30 
designatus  habuit,  ubi  (id  quod  maxime  exspectari 
videbatur)  ostendit  se  tribuniciam  potestatem  restitu- 
turum,  factus  est  in  eo  strepitus,  et  grata  contionis  ad- 
murmuratio.  Idem  in  eadem  contione  cum  dixisset 
‘ populatas  vexatasque  esse  provincias ; judicia  autem  35 
turpia  ac  flagitiosa  fieri ; ei  rei  se  providere  ac  consu- 


4° 


Impeachment  of  Verrcs . 


[Verr.  I. 


lere  velle ; 5 turn  vero  non  strepitu,  sed  maximo  cla- 
more,  suam  populus  Romanus  significavit  voluntatem. 

xvi.  46.  Nunc  autem  homines  in  speculis  sunt : ob- 
servant quem  ad  modum  sese  unus  quisque  nostrum 
S gerat  in  retinenda  religione,  conservandisque  legibus. 
Vident  adhuc,  post  legem  tribuniciam,  unum  senatorem 
hominem  vel  tenuissimum  esse  damnatum  : quod  tarn- 
etsi  non  reprehendunt,  tamen  magno  opere  quod  lau- 
dent  non  habent.  Nulla  est  enim  laus,  ibi  esse  integrum, 
io  ubi  nemo  est  qui  aut  possit  aut  conetur  corrumpere. 

47.  Hoc  est  judicium,  in  quo  vos  de  reo,  populus  Ro- 
manus de  vobis  judicabit.  In  hoc  homine  statuetur, 
possitne,  senatoribus  judicantibus,  homo  nocentissi- 
mus  pecuniosissimusque  damnari.  Deinde  est  ejus 
15  modi  reus,  in  quo  homine  nihil  sit,  praeter  summa 
peccata  maximamque  pecuniam  ; ut,  si  liberatus  sit, 
nulla  alia  suspitio,  nisi  ea  quae  turpissima  est,  resb 
dere  possit.  Non  gratia,  non  cognatione,  non  aliis 
recte  factis,  non  denique  aliquo  mediocri  vitio,  tot  tan- 
20  taque  ejus  vitia  sublevata  esse  videbuntur. 

48.  Postremo  ego  causam  sic  agam,  judices  : ejus 
modi  res,  ita  notas,  ita  testatas,  ita  magnas,  ita  manifes- 
tas  proferam,  ut  nemo  a vobis  ut  istum  absolvatis  per 
gratiam  conetur  contendere.  Habeo  autem  certam 
25  viam  atque  rationem,  qua  omnis  illorum  conatus  in- 
vestigare  et  consequi  possirn.  Ita  res  a me  agetur,  ut 
in  eorum  consiliis  omnibus  non  modo  aures  hominum, 
sed  etiam  oculi  [populi  Romani]  interesse  videantur. 

49.  Vos  aliquot  jam  per  annos  conceptam  huic  ordini 
30  turpitudinem  atque  infamiam  delere  ac  tollere  potestis. 
Constat  inter  omnis,  post  haec  constituta  judicia,  qui- 
bus  nunc  utimur,  nullum  hoc  splendore  atque  hac 
dignitate  consilium  fuisse.  Hie  si  quid  erit  offensum, 
omnes  homines  non  jam  ex  eodem  ordine  alios  magis 
35  idoneos  (quod  fieri  non  potest),  sed  alium  omnino  ordi- 
nem  ad  res  judicandas  quaerendum  arbitrabuntur. 


XVIII.  53-] 


Appeal  to  the  Court. 


41 


xvn.  50.  Quapropter,  primum  ab  Dis  immortali- 
bus,  quod  sperare  mihi  videor,  hoc  idem,  judices, 
opto,  ut  in  hoc  judicio  nemo  improbus  praeter  eum  qui 
jampridem  inventus  est  reperiatur : deinde  si  plures 
improbi  fuerint,  hoc  vobis,  hoc  populo  Romano,  judi- 
ces, con'firmo,  vitam  (mehercule)  mihi  prius,  quam 
vim  perseverantiamque  ad  illorum  improbitatem  per- 
sequendam  defuturam. 

51.  Verum,  quod  ego  laboribus,  periculis,  inimici- 
tiisque  meis,  turn  cum  admissum  erit  dedecus  severe 
me  persecuturum  esse  polliceor,  id  ne  accidat,  tu  tua 
auctoritate,  sapientia,  diligentia,  M’.  Glabrio,  potes 
providere.  Suscipe  causam  judiciorum  : suscipe  cau- 
sam  severitatis,  integritatis,  fidei , religionis  : suscipe 
causam  senatus,  ut  is,  hoc  judicio  probatus,  cum  po- 
pulo Romano  et  in  laude  et  in  gratia  esse  possit. 
Cogita  qui  sis,  quo  loco  sis,  quid  dare  populo  Ro- 
mano, quid  reddere  majoribus  tuis,  debeas  : foe  tibi 
paternae  legis  [Aciliae]  veniat  in  mentem,  qua  lege 
populus  Romanus  de  pecuniis  repetundis  optimis  ju- 
diciis  severissimisque  judicibus  usus  est.  52.  Circum- 
stant  te  summae  auctoritates,  quae  te  oblivisci  laudis 
domesticae  non  sinant ; quae  te  noctis  diesque  com- 
moneant,  fortissimum  tibi  patrem,  sapientissimum 
avum,  gravissimum  socerum  fuisse.  Qua  re  si  [Gla- 
brionis]  patris  vim  et  acrimoniam  ceperis  ad  resistendum 
hominibus  audacissimis  ; si  avi  [Scaevolae]  prudentiam 
ad  prospiciendas  insidias,  quae  tuae  atque  horum  fomae 
comparantur  ; si  soceri  [Scauri]  constantiam,  ut  ne  quis 
te  de  vera  et  certa  possit  sententia  demovere  ; intelle- 
get  populus  Romanus,  integerrimo  atque  honestissimo 
praetore,  delectoque  consilio,  nocenti  reo  magnitudi- 
nem  pecuniae  plus  habuisse  momenti  ad  suspitionem 
criminis,  quam  ad  rationem  salutis. 

xviii.  53.  Mihi  certum  est,  non  committere  ut  in 
hac  causa  praetor  nobis  consiliumque  mutetur.  Non 


5 

ro 

*5 

20 

25 

30 

35 


42 


Impeachment  of  Verres. 


[Verr.  I. 


patiar  rem  in  id  tempus  adduci,  ut  [Siculi],  quos  ad- 
huc  servi  designatorum  consulum  non  moverunt,  cum 
eos  novo  exemplo  universos  arcesserent,  eos  turn  lictores 
consulum  vocent;  ut  homines  miseri,  antea  socii  atque 
5 amici  populi  Romani,  nunc  servi  ac  supplices,  non 
modo  jus  suum  fortunasque  omnis  eorum  imperio 
amittant,  verum  etiam  deplorandi  juris  sui  potestatem 
non  habeant.  54.  Non  sinam  profecto,  causa  a me 
perorata,  [quadraginta  diebus  interpositis,]  turn  nobis 
io  denique  responded,  cum  accusatio  nostra  in  oblivionem 
diuturnitate  adducta  sit:  non  committam,  ut  turn  haec 
res  judicetur,  cum  haec  frequentia  totius  Italiae  Roma 
discesserit ; quae  convenit  uno  tempore  undique,  comi- 
tiorum,  ludorum,  censendique  causa.  Hujus  judici 
15  et  laudis  fructum,  et  oftensionis  periculum,  vestrum  ; 
laborem  sollicitudinemque,  nostram ; scientiam  quid 
agatur,  memoriamque  quid  a quoque  dictum  sit, 
omnium  puto  esse  oportere. 

55.  Faciam  hoc  non  novum,  sed  ab  eis  qui  nunc 
20  principes  nostrae  civitatis  sunt  ante  factum,  ut  testibus 
utar  statim  : illud  a me  novum,  judices,  cognoscetis, 
quod  ita  testis  constituam,  ut  crimen  totum  explicem  ; 
ut,  ubi  id  [interrogando]  arguments  atque  oratione  fir- 
mavero,  turn  testis  ad  crimen  adcommodem  : ut  nihil 
25  inter  illam  usitatam  accusationem  atque  hanc  novam 
intersit,  nisi  quod  in  ilia  tunc,  cum  omnia  dicta  sunt, 
testes  dantur;  hie  in  singulas  res  dabuntur ; ut  illis 
quoque  eadem  interrogandi  facultas,  argumentandi 
dicendique  sit.  Si  quis  erit,  qui  perpetuam  orationem 
3°  accusationemque  desideret,  altera  actione  audiet : nunc 
id,  quod  facimus  — ea  ratione  facimus,  ut  malitiae  illo- 
rum  consilio  nostro  occurramus  — necessario  fieri  intel- 
legat.  Haec  primae  actionis  erit  accusatio.  56.  Dici- 
mus  C.  Verrem,  cum  multa  libidinose,  multa  crude- 
35  liter,  in  civis  Romanos  atque  in  socios,  multa  in  deos 
hominesque  nefarie  fecerit  turn  praeterea  quadringen- 


LII.  116.] 


The  Plunder  of  Syracuse . 


43 


tiens  sestertium  ex  Sicilia  contra  leges  abstulisse.  Hoc 
testibus,  hoc  tabulis  privatis  publicisque  auctoritatibus 
ita  vobis  planum  faciemus,  ut  hoc  statuatis,  etiam  si 
spatium  ad  dicendum  nostro  commodo,  vacuosque  dies 
habuissemus,  tamen  oratione  longa  nihil  opus  fuisse.  5 
Dixi. 


The  Plunder  of  Syracuse . 

[Actio  Secunda,  Lib.  IV.  ch.  52-60.] 

lii.  Unius  etiam  urbis  omnium  pulcherrimae  atque 
ornatissimae,  Syracusarum,  direptionem  commemora- 
bo  et  in  medium  proferam,  judices,  ut  aliquando  totam 
hujus  generis  orationem  concludam  atque  definiam.  10 
Nemo  fere  vestrum  est  quin  quern  ad  modum  captae 
sint  a M.  Marcello  Syracusae  saepe  audierit,  non  num- 
quam  etiam  in  annalibus  legerit.  Conferte  hanc  pacem 
cum  illo  bello,  hujus  praetoris  adventum  cum  illius 
imperatoris  victoria,  hujus  cohortem  impuram  cum  15 
illius  exercitu  invicto,  hujus  libidines  cum  illius  conti- 
nentia  : ab  illo,  qui  cepit,  conditas,  ab  hoc  qui  consti- 
tutas  accepit,  captas  dicetis  Syracusas. 

2.  Ac  jam  ilia  omitto,  quae  disperse  a me  multis  in 
locis  dicentur  ac  dicta  sunt:  forum  Syracusanorum,  20 
quod  introitu  Marcelli  purum  caede  servatum  esset,  id 
adventu  Verris  Siculorum  innocentium  sanguine  re- 
dundasse  : portum  Syracusanorum,  qui  turn  et  nostris 
classibus  et  Karthaginiensium  clausus  fuisset,  eum 
isto  praetore  Cilicum  myoparoni  praedonibusque  patu-  25 
isse : mitto  adhibitam  vim  ingenuis,  matres  familias 
violatas,  quae  turn  in  urbe  capta  commissa  non  sunt 
neque  odio  hostili  neque  licentia  militari  neque  more 
belli  neque  jure  victoriae : mitto,  inquam,  haec  omnia, 
quae  ab  isto  per  triennium  perfecta  sunt  : ea,  quae  30 
conjuncta  cum  illis  rebus  sunt,  de  quibus  antea  dixi, 
cognoscite. 


44  Impeachment  of  Verres . [Verr.  V. 

3.  Urbem  Syracusas  maximam  esse  Graecarum, 
pulcherrimam  omnium  saepe  audistis.  Est,  judices, 
ita  ut  dicitur.  Nam  et  situ  est  cum  munito  turn  ex 
omni  aditu,  vel  terra  vel  mari,  praeclaro  ad  aspectum, 
5 et  portus  habet  prope  in  aedificatione  aspectuque  urbis 
inclusos  : qui  cum  diversos  inter  se  aditus  habeant, 
in  exitu  conjunguntur  et  confluunt.  Eorum  conjunc- 
tione  pars  oppidi,  quae  appellatur  Insula,  mari  dijunc- 
ta  angusto,  ponte  rursus  adjungitur  et  continetur. 
io  liii.  4.  Ea  tanta  est  urbs,  ut  ex  quattuor  urbibus 
maximis  constare  dicatur : quarum  una  est  ea  quam 
dixi  Insula,  quae  duobus  portubus  cincta,  in  utriusque 
portus  ostium  aditumque  projecta  est,  in  qua  domus 
est,  quae  Hieronis  regis  fuit,  qua  praetores  uti  solent. 
15  In  ea  sunt  aedes  sacrae  complures,  sed  duae  quae 
longe  ceteris  antecellant : Dianae,  et  altera,  quae 
fuit  ante  istius  adventum  ornatissima,  Minervae.  In 
hac  insula  extrema  est  fons  aquae  dulcis,  cui  nomen 
Arethusa  est,  incredibili  magnitudine,  plenissimus  pis- 
20  cium,  qui  fluctu  totus  operiretur,  nisi  munitione  ac 
mole  lapidum  dijunctus  esset  a mari.  5.  Altera  au- 
tem  est  urbs  Syracusis,  cui  nomen  Achradina  est : in 
qua  forum  maximum,  pulcherrimae  porticus,  ornatis- 
simum  pn^taneum,  amplissima  est  curia  templumque 
25  egregium  Jovis  Olympii  ceteraeque  urbis  partes,  quae 
una  via  lata  perpetua  multisque  transversis  divisae 
privatis  aedificiis  continentur.  Tertia  est  urbs,  quae, 
quod  in  ea  parte  Fortunae  fanum  antiquum  fuit,  Ty- 
cha  nominata  est,  in  qua  gymnasium  amplissimum  est 
30  et  complures  aedes  sacrae  : coliturque  ea  pars  et  habi- 
tatur  frequentissime.  Quarta  autem  est,  quae  quia 
postrema  coaedificata  est,  Neapolis  nominatur  : quam 
ad  summam  theatrum  maximum  : praeterea  duo  tem- 
pla  sunt  egregia,  Cereris  unum,  alterum  Liberae  sig- 
35  numque  Apollinis,  qui  Temenites  vocatur,  pulcherri- 
mum  et  maximum  : quod  iste  si  portare  potuisset,  non 
dubitasset  auferre. 


LV.  122.] 


Marcellus  the  Conqueror . 


45 


liv.  6.  Nunc  ad  Marcellum  revertar,  ne  haec  a me 
sine  causa  commemorata  esse  videantur : qui  cum 
tarn  praeclaram  urbem  vi  copiisque  cepisset,  non  puta- 
vit  ad  laudem  populi  Romani  hoc  pertinere,  hanc 
pulchritudinem,  ex  qua  praesertim  periculi  nihil  osten-  5 
deretur,  delere  et  exstinguere.  Itaque  aedificiis  omni- 
bus, publicis  privatis,  sacris  profanis,  sic  pepercit, 
quasi  ad  ea  defendenda  cum  exercitu,  non  oppugnan- 
da  venisset.  In  ornatu  urbis  habuit  victoriae  rationem, 
habuit  humanitatis.  Victoriae  putabat  esse  multa  Ro-  10 
mam  deportare,  quae  ornamento  urbi  esse  possent, 
humanitatis  non  plane  exspoliare  urbem,  praesertim 
quam  conservare  voluisset.  7.  In  hac  partitione  orna- 
tus  non  plus  victoria  Marcelli  populo  Romano  appeti- 
vit  quam  humanitas  Syracusanis  reservavit.  Romam  15 
quae  apportata  sunt,  ad  aedem  Honoris  et  Virtutis 
itemque  aliis  in  locis  videmus.  Nihil  in  aedibus,  nihil 
in  hortis  posuit,  nihil  in  suburbano  : putavit,  si  urbis 
ornamenta  dornum  suam  non  contulisset,  domum  suam 
ornamento  urbi  futuram.  Syracusis  autem  permulta  20 
atque  egregia  reliquit : deum  vero  nullum  violavit, 
nullum  attiafit.  Conferte  Verrem  : non  ut  hominem 
cum  homine  comparetis,  ne  qua  tali  viro  mortuo  fiat 
injuria,  sed  ut  pacem  cum  bello,  leges  cum  vi,  forum 
et  juris  dictionem  cum  ferro  et  armis,  adventum  et  25 
comitatum  cum  exercitu  et  victoria  conferatis. 

lv.  8.  Aedis  Minervae  est  in  Insula,  de  qua  ante 
dixi : quam  Marcellus  non  attigit,  quam  plenam  atque 
ornatam  reliquit : quae  ab  isto  sic  spoliata  atque  di- 
repta  est,  non  ut  ab  hoste  aliquo,  qui  tamen  in  bello  3° 
religionum  et  consuetudinis  jura  retineret,  sed  ut  a 
barbaris  praedonibus  vexata  esse  videatur.  Pugna 
erat  equestris  Agathocli  regis  in  tabulis  picta  : his 

autem  tabulis  interiores  templi  parietes  vestiebantur. 
Nihil  erat  ea  pictura  nobilius,  nihil  Syracusis  quod  35 
magis  visendum  putaretur.  Has  tabulas  M.  Marcel- 


46  Impeachment  of  Verves . [Verr.  V. 

lus  cum  omnia  victoria  ilia  sua  profana  fecisset, 
tamen  religione  impeditus  non  attigit : iste,  cum  ilia 
jam  propter  diuturnam  pacem  fidelitatemque  populi 
Syracusani  sacra  religiosaque  accepisset,  omnes  eas 
5 tabulas  abstulit : parietes,  quorum  ornatus  tot  saecula 
manserant,  tot  bella  effugerant,  nudos  ac  deformatos 
reliquit.  9.  Et  Marcellus,  qui,  si  Syracusas  cepisset, 
duo  templa  se  Romae  dedicaturum  voverat.  is  id,  quod 
erat  aedificaturus,  iis  rebus  ornare,  quas  ceperat,  no- 
10  luit : Verres,  qui  non  Honori  neque  Virtuti,  quern  ad 
modum  ille,,  sed  Veneri  et  Cupidini  vota  deberet,  is 
Minervae  templum  spoliare  conatus  est.  Ille  deos 
deorum  spoliis  ornari  noluit : hie  ornamenta  Minervae 
virginis  in  meretriciam  domum  transtulit.  Viginti 
15  et  septem  praeterea  tabulas  pulcherrime  pictas  ex 
eadem  aede  sustulit : in  quibus  erant  imagines  Siciliae 
regum  ac  tyrannorum,  quae  non  solum  pictorum  artifi- 
cio  delectabant,  sed  etiam  commemoratione  hominum 
et  cognitione  formarum.  Ac  videte  quanto  taetrior 
20  hie  tyrannus  Syracusanus  fuerit  quam  quisquam  supe- 
riorum  : cum  illi  tamen  ornarint  templa  deorum 

immortalium,  hie  etiam  illorum  monumenta  atque 
ornamenta  sustulerit. 

lvi.  10.  Jam  vero  quid  ego  de  valvis  illius  templi 
25  commemorem?  Vereor  ne,  haec  qui  non  viderint, 
omnia  me  nimis  augere  atque  ornare  arbitrentur : 
quod  tamen  nemo  suspicari  debet,  tarn  esse  me  cupi- 
dum,  ut  tot  viros  primarios  velim,  praesertim  ex  judi- 
cum  numero,  qui  Syracusis  fuerint,  qui  haec  viderint, 
30  esse  temeritati  et  mendacio  meo  conscios.  Confirmare 
hoc  liquido,  judices,  possum,  valvas  magnificentiores, 
ex  auro  atque  ebore  perfectiores,  nullas  umquam  ullo  in 
templo  fuisse.  Incredibile  dictu  est  quam  multi  Graeci 
de  harum  valvarum  pulchritudine  scriptum  reliquerint. 
35  Nimium  forsitan  haec  illi  mirentur  atque  efferant. 
Esto  : verum  tamen  honestius  est  rei  publicae  nostrae, 


LVII.  126.] 


Verres  the  Plunderer . 


47 


judices,  ea  quae  illis  pulchra  esse  videantur  imperato- 
rem  nostrum  in  bello  reliquisse,  quam  praetorem  in 
pace  abstulisse.  Ex  ebore  diligentissime  perfecta 
argumenta  erant  in  valvis : ea  detrahenda  curavit 
* omnia.  11.  Gorgonis  os  pulcherrimum,  cinctum  an-  5 
guibus,  revellit  atque  abstulit : et  tamen  indicavit  se 
non  solum  artificio,  sed  etiam  pretio  quaestuque  duci. 
Nam  bullas  aureas  omnes  ex  iis  valvis,  quae  erant 
multae  et  graves,  non  dubitavit  auferre : quarum  iste 
non  opere  delectabatur,  sed  pondere.  Itaque  ejus  10 
modi  valvas  reliquit,  ut  quae  olim  ad  ornandum  tem- 
plum  erant  maxime,  nunc  tantum  ad  cludendum  factae 
esse  videantur.  Etiamne  gramineas  hastas  — vidi 
enim  vos  in  hoc  nomine,  cum  testis  diceret,  commo- 
veri,  quod  erat  ejus  modi,  ut  semel  vidisse  satis  esset ; 15 
in  quibus  neque  manu  factum  quicquam  neque  pulchri- 
tudo  erat  ulla,  sed  tantum  magnitudo  incredibilis,  de 
qua  vel  audire  satis  esset,  nimium  videre  plus  quam 
semel  — etiam  id  concupisti? 

Lvii.  12.  Nam  Sappho,  quae  sublata  de  prytanio  20 
est,  dat  tibi  justam  excusationem,  prope  ut  conceden- 
dum  atque  ignoscendum  esse  videatur.  Silanionis 
opus  tam  perfectum,  tarn  elegans,  tam  elaboratum 
quisquam  non  modo  privatus,  sed  populus  potius  habe- 
ret  quam  homo  elegantissimus  atque  eruditissimus,  25 
Verres?  Nimirum  contra  dici  nihil  potest.  Nostrum 
enim  unus  quisque  — qui  tam  beati  quam  iste  est  non 
sumus,  tam  delicati  esse  non  possumus  — si  quando  ali- 
quid  istius  modi  videre  volet,  eat  ad  aedem  Felicitatis, 
ad  monumentum  Catuli,  in  porticum  Metelli ; det  30 
operam  ut  admittatur  in  alicujus  istorum  Tusculanum ; 
spectet  forum  ornatum,  si  quid  iste  suorum  aedilibus 
commodarit : Verres  haec  habeat  domi,  Verres  orna- 
mentormn  fanorum  atque  oppidorum  habeat  plenam  do- 
mum,  villas  refertas  ? Etiamne  hujus  operari  studia  ac  35 
delicias,  judices,  perferetis?  qui  ita  natus,  ita  educa- 


48  Impeachment  of  Verres . [Verr.  V, 

tus  est,  ita  factus  et  animo  et  corpore,  ut  multo  apposi- 
tior  ad  ferenda  quam  ad  auferenda  signa  esse  videatur. 
13.  Atque  haec  Sappho  sublata  quantum  desiderium 
sui  reliquerit  dici  vix  potest.  Nam  cum  ipsa  fuit  egre- 
5 gie  facta,  turn  epigramma  Graecum  pernobile  incisum 
est  in  basi : quod  iste  eruditus  homo  et  Graeculus, 
qui  haec  subtiliter  judicat,  qui  solus  intellegit,  si  unam 
litteram  Graecam  scisset,  certe  non  tulisset.  Nunc 
enim,  quod  scriptum  est  inani  in  basi,  declarat  quid 
10  fuerit,  et  id  ablatum  indicat. 

14.  Quid?  signum  Paeanis  ex  aede  Aesculapii  prae- 
clare  factum,  sacrum  ac  religiosum,  non  sustulisti? 
quod  omnes  propter  pulchritudinem  visere,  propter  reli- 
gionem  colere  solebant.  Quid?  ex  aede  Liberi  sim- 
15  ulacrum  Aristaei  non  tuo  imperio  palam  ablatum  est? 
Quid?  ex  aede  Jovis  religiosissimum  simulacrum  Jo- 
vis  Imperatoris,  pulcherrime  factum,  nonne  abstulisti? 
Quid?  ex  aede  Liberae,  f parinum  caput  illud  pulcher- 
rimum,  quod  visere  solebamus,  num  dubitasti  tollere? 
20  Atque  ille  Paean  sacrificiis  anniversariis  simul  cum 
Aesculapio  apud  illos  colebatur : Aristaeus,  qui  [ut 
Graeci  ferunt,  Liberi  filius]  inventor  olei  esse  dicitur, 
una  cum  Libero  patre  apud  illos  eodem  erat  in  templo 
consecratus. 

25  lviii.  15.  Jovem  autem  Imperatorem  quanto  honore 
in  suo  templo  fuisse  arbitramini?  Conicere  potestis, 
si  recordari  volueritis  quanta  religione  fuerit  eadem 
specie  ac  forma  signum  illud,  quod  ex  Macedonia  cap- 
turn  in  Capitolio  posuerat  Flamininus.  Etenim  tria 
30  ferebantur  in  orbe  terrarum  signa  Jovis  Imperatoris 
uno  in  genere  pulcherrime  facta  : unum  illud  Macedo- 
nicum,  quod  in  Capitolio  vidimus;  alterum  in  Ponti 
ore  et  angustiis  ; tertium,  quod  Syracusis  ante  Verrem 
praetorem  fuit.  Illud  Flamininus  ita  ex  aede  sua  sus- 
35  tulit,  ut  in  Capitolio,  hoc  est,  in  terrestri  domicilio 
Jovis  poneret.  Quod  autem  est  ad  introitum  Ponti, 


lix.  132.]  How  these  Treasures  are  Prized. 


49 


id,  cum  tam  multa  ex  illo  mari  bella  emerserint, 
tam  multa  porro  in  Pontum  invecta  sint,  usque  ad 
hanc  diem  integrum  inviolatumque  servatum  est.  Hoc 
tertium,  quod  erat  Syracusis,  quod  M.  Marcellus  ar- 
matus  et  victor  viderat,  quod  religioni  concesserat,  s 
quod  cives  atque  incolae  Syracusani  colere,  advenae 
non  solum  visere,  verum  etiam  venerari  solebant,  id 
Verres  ex  templo  Jovis  sustulit. 

16.  Ut  saepius  ad  Marcellum  revertar,  judices,  sic 
habetote : plures  esse  a Syracusanis  istius  adventu  10 
deos,  quam  victoria  Marcelli  homines  desiderates. 
Etenim  ille  requisisse  etiam  dicitur  Archimedem  ilium, 
summo  ingenio  hominem  ac  disciplina,  quern  cum 
audisset  interfectum,  permoleste  tulisse  : iste  omnia, 
quae  requisivit,  non  ut  conservaret,  verum  ut  asporta-  15 
ret  requisivit. 

lix.  17.  Jam  ilia  quae  leviora  videbuntur  ideo  prae- 
teribo,  — quod  mensas  Delphicas  e marmore,  cra- 
teras  ex  aere  pulcherrimas,  vim  maximam  vasorum 
Corinthiorum  ex  omnibus  aedibus  sacris  abstulit  Syra-  20 
cusis.  Itaque,  judices,  ei  qui  hospites  ad  ea  quae  vi- 
senda  sunt  solent  ducere,  et  unum  quidque  ostendere, 
quos  illi  mystagogos  vocant,  conversam  jam  habent 
demonstrationem  suam.  Nam,  ut  ante  demonstrabant 
quid  ubique  esset,  item  nunc  quid  undique  ablatum  sit  25 
ostendunt. 

18.  Quid  turn?  mediocrine  tandem  dolore  eos  adfec- 
tos  esse  arbitramini?  Non  ita  est,  judices  : primum, 
quod  omnes  religione  moventur,  et  deos  patrios,  quos 
a majoribus  acceperunt,  colendos  sibi  diligenter  et  30 
retinendos  esse  arbitrantur : deinde  hie  ornatus,  haec 
opera  atque  artificia,  signa,  tabulae  pictae,  Graecos 
homines  nimio  opere  delectant.  Itaque  ex  illorum 
querimoniis  intellegere  possumus,  haec  illis  acerbis- 
sima  videri,  quae  forsitan  nobis  levia  et  contemnenda  35 
esse  videantur.  Mihi  credite,  judices. — tametsi  vos- 


[Verr.  V. 


Mam 


0 m 


7 

, ..  w,.'*  , 


50  hnfeachment  of  Verres. 

met  ipsos  haec  eadem  audire  certo  scio, — cum  mul- 
tas  acceperint  per  hosce  annos  socii  atque  exterae 
nationes  calamitates  et  injurias,  nullas  Graeci  homines 
gravius  ferunt  ac  tulerunt,  quam  hujusce  modi  spolia- 
5 tiones  fanorum  atque  oppidorum. 

19.  Licet  iste  dicat  etnisse  se,  sicuti  solet  dicere,  cre= 
dite  hoc  mihi,  judices  : nulla  umquam  civitas  tota  Asia 
et  Graecia  signum  ullum,  tabulam  pictam,  ullum  deni- 
que  ornamentum  urbis,  sua  voluntate  cuiquam  vendh 
10  dit,  nisi  forte  existimatis,  postea  quam  judicia  severa 
Romae  fieri  desierunt,  Graecos  homines  haec  vendi- 
tare  coepisse,  quae  turn  non  modo  non  venditabant, 
cum  judicia  fiebant,  verum  etiam  coemebant ; aut  nisi 
arbitramini  L.  Crasso,  Scaevolae,  C.  Claudio,  po- 
15  tentissimis  hominibus,  quorum  aedilitates  ornatissimas 
vidimus,  commercium  istarum  rerum  cum  Graecis 
hominibus  non  fuisse,  eis  qui  post  judiciorum  dissolu- 
tionem  aediles  facti  sunt  fuisse. 

lx.  20.  Acerbiorem  etiam  scitote  esse  civitatibus 
20  falsam  istam  et  simulatam  emptionem,  quam  si  qui 
clam  surripiat  aut  eripiat  palam  atque  auferat.  Nam 
turpitudinem  summam  esse  arbitrantur  referri  in  tabu- 
las  publicas,  pretio  adductam  civitatem  (et  pretio  par- 
vo)  ea  quae  accepisset  a majoribus  vendidisse  atque 
25  abalienasse.  Etenim  mirandum  in  modum  Graeci 
rebus  istis,  quas  nos  contemnimus,  delectantur.  Itaque 
majores  nostri  facile  patiebantur,  haec  esse  apud  illos 
quam  plurima  : apud  socios,  ut  imperio  nostro  quam 
ornatissimi  florentissimique  essent ; apud  eos  autem, 
30  quos  vectigalis  aut  stipendiaries  fecerant,  tamen  haec 
relinquebant,  ut  illi  quibus  haec  jucunda  sunt,  quae 
nobis  levia  videntur,  haberent  haec  oblectamenta  et 
solacia  servitutis. 

21.  Quid  arbitramini  Reginos,  qui  jam  cives  Ro- 
35  mani  sunt,  merere  velle,  ut  ab  eis  marmorea  Venus 
ilia  auferatur?  quid  Tarentinos,  ut  Europam  in  tauro 


cxi.  160.]  Crucifixion  of  a Roman  Citizen.  51 

amittant?  ut  Satyrum,  qui  apud  illos  in  aede  Vestae 
est?  ut  cetera?  quid  Thespienses,  ut  Cupidinis  sig- 
num  [propter  quod  unum  visuntur  Thespiae]  ? quid 
Cnidios,  ut  Venerem  marmoream?  quid,  ut  pictam, 
Coos?  quid  Ephesios,  ut  Alexandrum  ? quid  Cyzice-  5 
nos,  ut  Ajacem  aut  Medeam?  quid  Rhodios,  ut  Ialy- 
sum?  quid  Athenienses,  ut  ex  marmore  Iacchum  aut 
Paralum  pictum  aut  ex  aere  Myronis  buculam?  Lon- 
gum  est  et  non  necessarium  commemorare  quae  apud 
quosque  visenda  sunt  tota  Asia  et  Graecia : verum  10 
illud  est  quam  ob  rem  haec  commemorem,  quod  existi- 
mare  hoc  vos  volo.  mirum  quendam  dolorem  accipere 
eos,  ex  quorum  urbibus  haec  auferantur. 


Crucifixion  of  a Roman  Citizen. 

[Actio  Secunda,  Lib.  V.,  ch.  61-66.] 

Quid  nunc  agam  ? Cum  jam  tot  boras  de  uno  gen- 
ere  ac  de  istius  nefaria  crudelitate  dicam,  — cum  prope  15 
omnem  vim  verborum  ejus  modi,  quae  scelere  istius 
digna  sint,  aliis  in  rebus  consumpserim,  neque  hoc 
providerim,  ut  varietate  criminum  vos  attentos  tene- 
rem,  — quem  ad  modum  de  tanta  re  dicam?  Opinor, 
unus  modus  atque  una  ratio  est.  Rem  in  medio  20 
ponam,  quae  tantum  habet  ipsa  gravitatis,  ut  neque 
mea  (quae  nulla  est)  neque  cujusquam,  ad  inflamman- 
dos  vestros  animos,  eloquentia  requiratur. 

2.  Gavius  hie,  quem  dico,  Consanus,  cum  in  illo  nu- 
mero  civium  Romanorum  ab  isto  in  vincla  conjectus  25 
esset,  et  nescio  qua  ratione  clam  e lautumiis  profugis- 
set,  Messanamque  venisset, — qui  tarn  prope  jam  Ital- 
iam  et  moenia  Reginorum  civium  Romanorum  videret, 
ct  ex  illo  metu  mortis  ac  tenebris,  quasi  luce  libertatis 
et  odore  aliquo  legum  recreatus,  revixisset,  — loqui  30 


* -*v, 


52  Impeachment  of  Verves . [Verr.  VI 

Messanae  et  queri  coepit,  se  civem  Romanum  in 
vincla  esse  conjectum  ; sibi  recta  iter  esse  Romani ; 
Verri  se  praesto  advenienti  futurum. 

3.  Non  intellegebat  miser  nihil  interesse,  utrum  haec 
5 Messanae,  an  apud  istum  in  praetorio  loqueretur. 

Nam  (ut  ante  vos  docui)  hanc  sibi  iste  urbem  delege- 
rat,  quam  haberet  adjutricem  scelerum,  furtorum  re- 
ceptricem,  flagitiorum  omnium  consciam.  Itaque  ad 
magistratum  Mamertinum  statim  deducitur  Gavius : 
10  eoque  ipso  die  casu  Messanam  Verres  venit.  Res  ad 
eum  defertur  : esse  civem  Romanum,  qui  se  Syracusis 
in  lautumiis  fuisse  quereretur  : quern,  jam  ingredientem 
in  navem,  et  Verri  nimis  atrociter  minitantem,  ab  se 
retractum  esse  et  asservatum,  ut  ipse  in  eum  statueret 
15  quod  videretur. 

4.  Agit  hominibus  gratias,  et  eorum  benevolentiam 
erga  se  diligentiamque  conlaudat.  Ipse,  inflammatus 
scelere  et  furore,  in  forum  venit.  Ardebant  oculi : 
toto  ex  ore  crudelitas  eminebat.  Exspectabant  omnes, 

20  quo  tandem  progressurus  aut  quidnam  acturus  esset’, 
cum  repente  hominem  proripi,  atque  in  foro  medio 
nudari  ac  deligari,  et  virgas  expediri  jubet.  Clama- 
bat  ille  miser,  se  civem  esse  Romanum,  municipem 
Consanum  ; meruisse  cum  L.  Raecio,  splendidissimo 
25  equite  Romano,  qui  Panhormi  negotiaretur,  ex  quo 
haec  Verres  scire  posset.  Turn  iste,  se  comperisse 
eum  speculandi  causa  in  Siciliam  a ducibus  fugitivo- 
rum  esse  missum  ; cujus  rei  neque  index,  neque  ves- 
tigium aliquod,  neque  suspitio  cuiquam  esset  ulla. 
30  Deinde  jubet  undique  hominem  vehementissime 
verberari. 

5.  Caedebatur  virgis  in  medio  foro  Messanae  civis 
Romanus,  judices  ; cum  interea  nullus  gemitus,  nulla 
vox  alia  illius  miseri  inter  dolorem  crepitumque  pla- 

35  garum  audiebatur,  nisi  haec,  Civis  Romanus  sum! 
Hac  se  commemoratione  civitatis  omnia  verbera  de- 


lxiii.  164.]  Gavins  is  Scourged  and  Tortured . 53 

pulsurum,  cruciatumque  a corpore  dejecturum,  arbi- 
trabatur.  Is  non  modo  hoc  non  perfecit,  ut  virgarum 
vim  deprecaretur ; sed,  cum  imploraret  saepius,  usur- 
paretque  nomen  civitatis,  crux  — crux,  inquam  — infe- 
lici  et  aerumnoso,  qui  numquam  istam  pestem  vide-  5 
rat,  comparabatur. 

lxiii.  6.  O nomen  dulce  libertatis  ! O jus  eximium 
nostrae  civitatis  ! O lex  Porcia,  legesque  Semproniae  ! 

O graviter  desiderata,  et  aliquando  reddita  plebi  Ro- 
manae,  tribunicia  potestas  ! Hucine  tandem  omnia  i0 
reciderunt,  ut  civis  Romanus,  in  provincia  populi  Ro- 
mani, in  oppido  foederatorum,  ab  eo  qui  beneficio  po- 
puli Romani  fascis  et  securis  haberet,  deligatus  in 
foro  virgis  caederetur?  Quid?  cum  ignes  ardentes- 
que  laminae  ceterique  cruciatus  admovebantur,  si  te  15 
illius  acerba  imploratio  et  vox  miserabilis  non  inhibe- 
bat,  ne  civium  quidem  Romanorum,  qui  turn  aderant, 
fletu  et  gemitu  maximo  commovebare?  In  crucem 
tu  agere  ausus  es  quemquam,  qui  se  civem  Romanum 
esse  diceret?  7.  Nolui  tarn  vehementer  agere  hoc  20 
prima  actione,  judices  : nolui.  Vidistis  enim,  ut  ani- 
mi  multitudinis  in  istum  dolore  et  odio  et  communis 
periculi  metu  concitarentur.  Statui  egomet  mihi 
turn  modum  orationi  meae,  et  C.  Numitorio,  equiti 
Romano,  primo  homini,  testi  meo ; et  Glabrionem,  id  25 
quod  sapientissime  fecit,  facere  laetatus  sum,  ut  re- 
pente  consilium  in  medio  testimonio  dimitteret.  Et- 
enim  verebatur  ne  populus  Romanus  ab  isto  eas  poe- 
nas  vi  repetisse  videretur,  quas  veritus  esset  ne  iste 
legibus  ac  vestro  judicio  non  esset  persoluturus.  30 

8.  Nunc,  quoniam  exploratum  est  omnibus  quo 
loco  causa  tua  sit,  et  quid  de  te  futurum  sit,  sic  tecum 
agam  : Gavium  istum,  quern  repentinum  speculatorem 
fuisse  dicis,  ostendam  in  lautumias  Syracusis  abs  te  esse 
conjectum.  Neque  id  solum  ex  litteris  ostendam  Syra-  35 
cusanorum,  ne  possis  dicere  me,  quia  sit  aliquis  in 


54 


- 


■ • • 


Impeachment  of  Verres . [Verr.  VI. 

litteris  Gavius,  hoc  fingere  et  eligere  nomen,  ut  hunc 
ilium  esse  possim  dicere  ; sed  ad  arbitrium  tuum  testis 
dabo,  qui  istum  ipsum  Syracusis  abs  te  in  lautumias 
conjectum  esse  dicant.  Producam  etiam  Consanos, 
5 municipes  illius  ac  necessarios,  qui  te  nunc  sero  doce- 
ant,  judices  non  sero,  ilium  P.  Gavium,  quem  tu  in 
crucem  egisti,  civem  Romanum  et  municipem  Con- 
sanum,  non  speculatorem  fugitivorum  fuisse. 

lxiv  . 9.  Cum  haec  omnia,  quae  polliceor,  cumulate 
io  tuis  patronis  plana  fecero,  turn  istuc  ipsum  tenebo, 
quod  abs  te  mihi  datur : eo  contentum  me  esse  dicam. 
Quid  enim  nuper  tu  ipse,  cum  populi  Romani  clamore 
atque  impetu  perturbatus  exsiluisti,  quid,  inquam,  locu- 
tus  es?  Ilium,  quod  moram  supplicio  quaereret,  ideo 
15  clamitasse  se  esse  civem  Romanum,  sed  speculatorem 
fuisse.  Jam  mei  testes  veri  sunt.  Quid  enim  dicit 
aliud  C.  Numitorius?  quid  M.  et  P.  Cottii,  nobilissimi 
homines,  ex  agro  Tauromenitano?  quid  Q^  Lucceius, 
qui  argentariam  Regii  maximam  fecit?  quid  ceteri? 
20  Adhuc  enim  testes  ex  eo  genere  a me  sunt  dati,  non 
qui  novisse  Gavium,  sed  se  vidisse  dicerent,  cum  is, 
qui  se  civem  Romanum  esse  clamaret,  in  crucem  age- 
retur.  Hoc  tu,  Verres,  idem  dicis ; hoc  tu  confiteris 
ilium  clamitasse,  se  civem  esse  Romanum  ; apud  te 
25  nomen  civitatis  ne  tantum  quidem  valuisse,  ut  dubita- 
tionem  aliquam  crucis,  ut  crudelissimi  taeterrimique 
supplici  aliquam  parvam  moram  saltern  posset  adferre. 

10.  Hoc  teneo,  hie  haereo,  judices.  Hoc  sum  conten- 
tus  uno ; omitto  ac  neglego  cetera  ; sua  confessione 
3°  induatur  ac  juguletur  necesse  est.  Qui  esset  ignora- 
bas  ; speculatorem  esse  suspicabare.  Non  quaero  qua 
suspitione  : tua  te  accuso  oratione.  Civem  Romanum 
se  esse  dicebat.  Si  tu,  apud  Persas  aut  in  extrema 
India  deprehensus,  Verres,  ad  supplicium  ducerere, 
35  quid  aliud  clamitares,  nisi  te  civem  esse  Romanum? 
Et,  si  tibi  ignoto  apud  ignotos,  apud  barbaros,  apud 


LX  VI.  13.] 


The  Claim  of  Citizenship . 


ss 


homines  in  extremis  atque  ultimis  gentibus  positos, 
nobile  et  inlustre  apud  omnis  nomen  civitatis  tuae  pro- 
fuisset,  — ille,  quisquis  erat,  quern  tu  in  crucem  rapie- 
rs? qui  tibi  esset  ignotus,  cum  civem  se  Romanum 
esse  diceret,  apud  te  praetorem,  si  non  effugium,  ne  5 
moram  quidem  mortis,  mentione  atque  usurpatione 
civitatis,  adsequi  potuit? 

lxv.  11.  Homines  tenues,  obscuro  loco  nati,  navi- 
gant ; adeunt  ad  ea  loca  quae  numquam  antea  vide- 
runt ; ubi  neque  noti  esse  eis  quo  venerunt,  neque  10 
semper  cum  cognitoribus  esse  possunt.  Hac  una  ta- 
men  fiducia  civitatis,  non  modo  apud  nostros  magistra- 
tus,  qui  et  legum  et  existimationis  periculo  continentur, 
neque  apud  civis  solum  Romanos,  qui  et  sermonis  et 
juris  et  multarum  rerum  societate  juncti  sunt,  fore  se  15 
tutos  arbitrantur ; sed,  quocumque  venerint,  hanc  sibi 
rem  praesidio  sperant  futuram.  12.  Tolle  hanc  spem, 
tolle  hoc  praesidium  civibus  Romanis  ; constitue  nihil 
esse  opis  in  hac  voce,  Civis  Romanics  sum / posse  im- 
pune  praetorem,  aut  alium  quemlibet,  supplicium  quod  20 
velit  in  eum  constituere  qui  se  civem  Romanum  esse 
dicat,  quod  eum  quis  ignoret ; jam  omnis  provincias, 
jam  omnia  regna,  jam  omnis  liberas  civitates,  jam 
omnem  orbem  terrarum,  qui  semper  nostris  hominibus 
maxime  patuit,  civibus  Romanis  ista  defensione  prae-  25 
cluseiis.  Quid  si  L.  Raecium,  equitem  Romanum, 
qui  turn  in  Sicilia  erat,  nominabat?  etiamne  id  mag- 
num fuit,  Panhormum  litteras  mittere?  Adservasses 
hominem  ; custodiis  Mamertinorum  tuorum  vinctum, 
clausum  habuisses,  dum  Panhormo  Raecius  veniret ; 30 
cognosceret  hominem,  aliquid  de  sumrno  supplicio  re- 
mitteres.  Si  ignoraret,  turn,  si  ita  tibi  videretur,  hoc 
juris  in  omnis  constitueres,  ut,  qui  neque  tibi  notus 
esset,  neque  cognitorem  locupletem  daret,  quamvis 
civis  Romanus  esset,  in  crucem  tolleretur.  35 

lxvi.  13.  Sed  quid  ego  plura  de  Gavio?  quasi  tu 


56  Impeachment  of  Verves . [Verr.  VI. 

Gavio  turn  fueris  infestus,  ac  non  nomini,  generi,  juri 
civium  hostis.  Non  illi  (inquam)  homini,  sed  causae 
communi  libertatis,  inimicus  fuisti.  Quid  enim  attinu- 
it,  cum  Mamertini,  more  atque  instituto  suo,  crucem 
5 fixissent  post  urbem,  in  via  Pompeia,  te  jubere  in  ea 
parte. figere,  quae  ad  fretum  spectaret;  et  hoc  addere 
— quod  negare  nullo  modo  potes,  quod  omnibus  audien- 
tibus  dixisti  palam  — te  idcirco  ilium  locum  deligere,  ut 
ille,  quoniam  se  civem  Romanum  esse  diceret,  ex  cruce 
10  Italiam  cernere  ac  domum  suam  prospicere  posset? 
Itaque  ilia  crux  sola,  judices,  post  conditam  Messanam, 
illo  in  loco  fixa  est.  Italiae  conspectus  ad  earn  rem  ab 
isto  delectus  est,  ut  ille,  in  dolore  cruciatuque  moriens, 
perangusto  fretu  divisa  servitutis  ac  libertatis  jura  co- 
15  gnosceret ; Italia  autem  alumnum  suum  servitutis  ex- 
tremo  summoque  supplicio  adfixum  videret. 

14.  Facinus  est  vincire  civem  Romanum;  scelus 
verberare ; prope  parricidium  necare  : quid  dicam  in 
crucem  tollere?  verbo  satis  digno  tarn  nefaria  res  ap- 
20  pellari  nullo  modo  potest.  Non  fuit  his  omnibus  iste 
contentus.  Spectet  (inquit)  patriam : in  conspectu  le - 
gum  libertatisque  moriatur . Non  tu  hoc  loco  Gavium, 
non  unum  hominem  nescio  quern,  [civem  Romanum,] 
sed  communem  libertatis  et  civitatis  causam  in  ilium 
25  cruciatum  et  crucem  egisti.  Jam  vero  videte  hominis 
audaciam.  Nonne  eum  graviter  tulisse  arbitramini, 
quod  illam  civibus  Romanis  crucem  non  posset  in  foro, 
non  in  comitio,  non  in  rostris  defigere?  Quod  enim 
his  locis,  in  provincia  sua,  celebritate  simillimum,  re- 
30  gione  proximum  potuit,  elegit.  Monumentum  sceleris 
audaciaeque  suae  voluit  esse  in  conspectu  Italiae,  ves- 
tibulo  Siciliae,  praetervectione  omnium  qui  ultro  citro- 
que  navigarent. 


mm — ■ ■ 


POMPEY'S  MILITARY  COMMAND . 

{For  the  Manilian  Laze.) 

b.c.  66. 

The  last  serious  resistance  made  to  the  Roman  power  in  the 
East  was  by  Mithridates  VI.,  king  of  Pontus,  whose  dominions 
embraced  the  whole  eastern  coast  of  the  Black  Sea  (Pontus  Euxi- 
nus),  including  the  kingdom  of  Bosporus  (Crimea)  on  the  one  hand, 
and  Paphlagonia  on  the  other ; while  the  king  of  Armenia  was 
closely  allied  to  him  by  marriage.  He  was  the  most  formidable 
enemy  encountered  by  Rome  after  Hannibal,  and  there  were  three 
several  wars  between  them.  The  first  was  conducted  by  Sulla  (b.c. 
88-84),  who  gained  great  successes,  and  obliged  Mithridates  to  pay 
a large  sum  of  money ; the  second  (83-82)  was  a short  and  unim- 
portant affair,  in  which  Murena  was  worsted.  The  third  broke  out 
B.c.  74,  and  was  conducted  successfully  by  Lucius  Licinius  Lucullus, 
the  ablest  general  of  the  aristocracy,  who  was  distinguished  for  the 
severe  justice  of  his  administration  in  Asia  Minor,  and  was  an 
amiable  and  cultivated  man,  but  of  very  luxurious  habits. 

When  the  war  had  continued  for  several  years,  the  democratic 
faction  ( ftopulares ) took  advantage  of  some  temporary  reverses  sus- 
tained by  Lucullus,  and  the  unpopularity  of  his  administration,  to 
revoke  his  command,  and  give  to  the  consul  of  B.c.  67,  M\  Acilius 
Glabrio, — the  same  who  presided  at  the  trial  of  Verres,  — the  east- 
ern war  as  his  province.  The  law  was  proposed  by  the  tribune  A. 
Gabinius,  one  of  the  most  active  demagogues  of  the  time.  Another 
law,  proposed  by  the  same  politician,  required  the  Senate  to  appoint 
a commander  of  consular  rank,  with  extraordinary  powers  for 
three  years,  by  land  and  sea,  to  suppress  the  piracy  which  infested 
every  part  of  the  Mediterranean,  having  its  chief  seat  in  Cilicia. 
It  was  understood  as  a matter  of  course  that  Gnaeus  (or  Cneius) 
Pompey,  who  had  been  living  in  retirement  since  his  consulship, 
B.c.  70,  would  receive  this  appointment.  Pompey  accomplished  his 
task  with  the  most  brilliant  success,  and  in  three  months  had  the 
seas  completely  cleared.  (See  below,  chap,  xn.) 

Meantime  Glabrio  had  shown  himself  wholly  incompetent  to  con- 
duct the  war  against  Mithridates,  and  early  in  B.c.  66,  the  Tribune 
Caius  Manilius,  “ an  utterly  incompetent  and  worthless  man,”  pro- 


58  Pompey's  Military  Command.  [Manil. 

posed  a law  extending  Pompey’s  command  over  the  entire  East. 
Power  like  this  was  quite  inconsistent  with  the  republican  institu- 
tions of  Rome,  and  with  the  established  authority  of  the  Senate  ; 
the  law  was  of  course  opposed  by  the  leaders  of  the  aristocracy 
( optunates ),  led  by  Hortensius  and  Catulus.  Cicero  was  now  pra- 
tor.  He  was  no  democrat  of  the  school  of  Gabinius  and  Caesar ; 
on  the  other  hand  he  had  no  hereditary  sympathies  with  the  Sen- 
ate, and  he  probably  failed  to  recognize  the  revolutionary  character 
of  the  proposition,  but  considered  merely  its  practical  advantages  : 
he  therefore  supported  it  with  ardor.  This  was  his  first  political 
speech.  Before  this  time  he  had  been  a public-spirited  lawyer  ; from 
this  time  on  he  was  essentially  a politician,  and  it  is  not  hard  to  see 
how  unfavorably  his  character  was  influenced  by  contact  with  the 
corrupt  politics  of  that  day. 

The  Manilian  Law  was  passed,  and  Pompey  fulfilled  the  most 
sanguine  expectations  of  his  friends.  He  brought  the  Mithridatic 
War  to  an  end,  organized  the  Roman  power  throughout  the  East, 
and  returned  home  B.c.  61,  with  greater  prestige  and  glory  than  had 
ever  been  reached  by  any  Roman  before  him. 

QUAMQ1JAM  mihi  semper  frequens  conspectus 
vester  multo  jucundissimus,  hie  autem  locus  ad 
agendum  amplissimus,  ad  dicendum  ornatissimus  est 
visus,  Quirites,  tamen  hoc  aditu  laudis,  qui  semper 
5 optimo  cuique  maxime  patuit,  non  mea  me  voluntas 
adhuc,  sed  vitae  meae  rationes  ab  ineunte  aetate  sus- 
ceptae  prohibuerunt.  Nam  cum  antea  per  aetatem 
nondum  hujus  auctoritatem  loci  attingere  auderem, 
statueremque  nihil  hue  nisi  perfectum  ingenio,  elabo- 
10  ratum  industria  adferri  oportere,  omne  meum  tempus 
amicorum  temporibus  transmittendum  putavi.  2.  Ita 
neque  hie  locus  vacuus  umquam  fuit  ab  eis  qui  ves- 
tram  causam  defenderent,  et  meus  labor,  in  privatorum 
periculis  caste  integreque  versatus,  ex  vestro  judicio 
15  fructum  est  amplissimum  consecutus.  Nam  cum 
propter  dilationem  comitiorum  ter  praetor  primus  cen- 
turiis  cunctis  renuntiatus  sum,  facile  intellexi,  Qui- 
rites, et  quid  de  me  judicaretis,  et  quid  aliis  praescri- 


n.  5.] 


The  Mithridatic  War . 


59 


beretis.  > Nunc  cum  et  auctoritatis  in  me  tantum  sit, 
quantum  vos  honoribus  mandandis  esse  voluistis,  et 
ad  agendum  facultatis  tantum,  quantum  homini  vigi- 
lanti  ex  forensi  usu  prope  cotidiana  dicendi  exercitatio 
potuit  adferre,  certe  et  si  quid  auctoritatis  in  me  est,  5 
apud  eos  utar  qui  earn  mihi  dederunt,  et  si  quid  in 
dicendo  consequi  possum,  eis  ostendam  potissimum, 
qui  ei  quoque  rei  fructum  suo  judicio  tribuendum  esse 
duxerunt.  3.  Atque  illud  in  prirnis  mihi  laetandum 
jure  esse  video,  quod  in  hac  insolita  mihi  ex  hoc  loco  10 
ratione  dicendi  causa  talis  oblata  est,  in  qua  oratio  de- 
esse  nemini  possit.  Dicendum  est  enim  de  Cn.  Pom- 
pei  singulari  eximiaque  virtute  : hujus  autem  orationis 
difficilius  est  exitum  quam  principium  invenire.  Ita 
mihi  non  tarn  copia  quam  modus  in  dicendo  quaeren-  15 
dus  est. 

11.  4.  Atque,  — ut  inde  oratio  mea  proficiscatur,  unde 
haec  omnis  causa  ducitur,  — -bellum  grave  et  periculo- 
sum  vestris  vectigalibus  ac  sociis  a duobus  potentissi- 
mis  regibus  infertur,  Mithridate  et  Tigrane,  quorum  *o 
alter  relictus,  alter  lacessitus,  occasionem  sibi  ad  occu- 
pandam  Asiam  oblatam  esse  arbitrantur.  Equitibus 
Romanis,  honestissimis  viris,  adferuntur  ex  Asia  coti- 
die  litterae,  quorum  magnae  res  aguntur  in  vestris 
vectigalibus  exercendis  occupatae  : qui  ad  me,  pro  25 
necessitudine  quae  mihi  est  cum  illo  ordine,  causarn 
rei  publicae  periculaque  rerum  suarum  detulerunt : 

5«  Bithyniae,  quae  nunc  vestra  provincia  est,  vicos 
exustos  esse  compluris ; regnum  Ariobarzanis,  quod 
finitimum  est  vestris  vectigalibus,  totum  esse  in  hosti- 3° 
um  potestate  ; L.  Lucullum,  magnis  rebus  gestis,  ab  eo 
bello  discedere ; huic  qui  successerit  non  satis  esse 
paratum  ad  tantum  bellum  administrandum  ; unum  ab 
omnibus  sociis  et  civibus  ad  id  bellum  imperatorem 
deposci  atque  expeti,  eundem  hunc  unum  ab  hostibus  35 
metui,  praeterea  neminem. 


6 o 


Pompeys  Military  Command.  [Manil. 


6.  Causa  quae  sit  videtis  : nunc  quid  agendum  sit 
. ' considerate.  Primum  rnihi  videtur  de  genere  belli, 
deinde  de  magnitudine,  turn  de  imperatore  deligendo 
esse  dicendum.  Genus  est  belli  ejus  modi,  quod  max- 
5 ime  vestros  animos  excitare  atque  inflammare  ad  per- 
sequendi  studium  debeat : in  quo  agitur  populi  Romani 
gloria,  quae  vobis  a majoribus  cum  magna  in  omnibus 
rebus  turn  summa  in  re  militari  tradita  est;  agitur 
s'alus  sociorum  atque  amicorum,  pro  qua  multa  majo- 
io  res  vestri  magna  et  gravia  bella  gesserunt ; aguntur 
certissima  populi  Romani  vectigalia  et  maxima,  quibus 
amissis  et  pacis  ornamenta  et  subsidia  belli  requiretis  ; 
aguntur  bona  multorum  civium,  quibus  est  a vobis  et 
ipsorum  et  rei  publicae  causa  consulendum.  hi.  7.  Et 
isquoniam  semper  appetentes  gloriae  praeter  ceteras 
gentis  atque  avidi  laudis  fuistis,  delenda  est  vobis  ilia 
macula  [Mithridatico]  bello  superiore  concepta,  quae 
penitus  jam  insedit  ac  nimis  inveteravit  in  populi  Ro- 
mani nomine,  — quod  is;  qui  uno  die,  tota  in  Asia,  tot  in 
20  civitatibus,  uno  nuntio  atque  una  significatione  [littera- 
rum]  civis  Romanos  necandos  trucidandosque  denota- 
vit,  non  modo  adhuc  poenam  nullam  suo  dignam 
scelere  suscepit,  sed  ab  illo  tempore  annum  jam  ter- 
tium  et  vicesimum  regnat,  et  ita  regnat,  ut  se  non  Ponti 
25  neque  Cappadociae  latebris  occultare  velit,  sed  emer- 
gere  ex  patrio  regno  atque  in  vestris  vectigalibus,  hoc 
est,  in  Asiae  luce  versari.  8.  Etenim  adhuc  ita  nostri 
cum  illo  rege  contenderunt  imperatores,  ut  ab  illo  in- 
signia victoriae,  non  victoriam  reportarent.  Trium- 
3°  phavit  L.  Sulla,  triumphavit  L.  Murena  de  Mithridate, 
duo  fortissimi  viri  et  summi  imperatores  ; sed  ita  tri- 
umpharunt,  ut  ille  pulsus  superatusque  regnaret.  Ve- 
rum  tamen  illis  imperatoribus  laus  est  tnbiiqnda  quod 
egerunt,  venia  danda  quod  reliquerunt,  prbpterea  quod 
35  ab  eo  bello  Sullam  in  Italiam  res  publica,  Murenam 
Sulla  revocavit. 


v.  ii.]  Earlier  Conduct  of  the  War . 61 

iv.  9.  Mithridates  autem  omne  reliquum  tempus  non 

ad  oblivionem  veteris  belli,  sed  ad  eomparationem  novi 
contulit : qui  [postea]  cum  maximas  aedificasset  ornas- 
setque  classis  exercitusque  permagnos  quibuscumque 
ex  gentibus  potuisset  comparasset,  et  se  Bosporanis  5 
finitimis  suis  bellum  inferre  simularet,  usque  in  Hispa- 
niam  legatos  ac  litteras  misit  ad  eos  duces  quibuscum 
turn  bellum  gerebamus,  ut,  cum  duobus  in  locis  dis- 
junctissimis  maximeque  diversis  uno  consilio  a binis 
hostium  copiis  bellum  terra  marique  gereretur,  vos  10 
ancipiti  contentione  districti  de  imperio  dimicaretis. 
40.  Sed  tamen  alterius  partis  periculum,  Sertorianae 
atque  Hispaniensis,  quae  multo  plus  firmamenti  ac  ro- 
boris  habebat,  Cn.  Pompei  divino  consilio  ac  singu- 
lari  virtute  depulsum  est ; in  altera  parte  ita  res  a L.  15 
Lucullo  summo  viro  est  administrata,  ut  initia  ilia 
rerum  gestarum  magna  atque  praeclara  non  felicitati 
ejus,  sed  virtuti,  haec  autem  extrema,  quae  nuper 
acciderunt,  non  culpae,  sed  fortunae  tribuenda  esse 
videantur.  Sed  de  Lucullo  dicam  alio  loco,  et  ita  20 
dicam,  Quirites,  ut  neque  vera  laus  ei  detracta  ora- 
tione  mea  neque  falsa  adficta  esse  videatur : 11.  de 
vestri  imperi  dignitate  atque  gloria  — quoniam  is  est 
exorsus  orationis  meae  — videte  quern  vobis  animum 
suscipiendum  putetis.  25 

v.  Majores  nostri  saepe  mercatoribus  aut  navicula- 
riis  nostris  injuriosius  tractatis  bella  gesserunt : vos,  tot 
milibus  civium  Romanorum  uno  nuntio  atque  uno  tem- 
pore necatis,  quo  tandem  animo  esse  debetis?  Legati 
quod  erant  appellati  superbius,  Corinthum  patres  vestri  30 
totius  Graeciae  lumen  exstinctum  esse  voluerunt : vos 
eum  regem  inultum  esse  patiemini,  qui  legatum  populi 
Romani  consularem  vinculis  ac  verberibus  atque  omni 
supplicio  excruciatum  necavit?  Illi  libertatem  immi- 
nutam  civium  Romanorum  non  tulerunt : vos  ereptam  35 
yitam  neglegetis?  Jus  legationis  verbo  violatum  illi 


62  Pompcfs  Military  Command.  [Manil. 

persecuti  sunt:  vos  legatum  omni  supplicio  interfec- 
tum  relinquetis?  12.  Videte  ne,  ut  illis  pulcherrimum 
fuit  tantam  vobis  imperi  gloriam  tradere,  sic  vobis  tur- 
pissimum  sit,  id  quod  accepistis  tueri  et  conservaxe 
5 non  posse. 

Quid?  quod  salus  sociorum  summum  in  periculum 
ac  disci  imen  vocatur,  quo  tandem  animo  ferre  debetis? 
Regno  est  expulsus  Ariobarzanes  rex,  socius  populi 
Romani  atque  amicus ; imminent  duo  reges  toti  Asiae 
10  non  solum  vobis  inimicissimi,  sed  etiam  vestris  sociis 
atque  amicis  ; civitates  autem  omnes  cuncta  Asia  atque 
Graecia  vestrum  auxilium  exspectare  propter  periculi 
magnitudinem  coguntur ; imperatorem  a vobis  certum 
deposcere,  cum  praesertim  vos  alium  miseritis,  neque 
15  audent,  leque  se  id  facere  sine  summo  periculo  posse 
arbitrantur.  13.  Vident  et  sentiunt  hoc  idem  quod  vos, 
— unum  virum  esse,  in  quo  summa  sint  omnia,  et  eum 
propter  esse,  quo  etiam  carent  aegrius  ; cujus  adventu 
ipso  atque  nomine,  tametsi  ille  ad  maritimum  bellum 
20  venerit,  tamen  impetus  hostium  repressos  esse  intelle- 
gunt  ac  retardatos.  Hi  vos,  quoniam  libere  loqui  non 
licet,  tacite  rogant,  ut  se  quoque,  sicut  ceterarum  pro- 
vinciarum  socios,  dignos  existimetis,  quorum  salutem 
tali  viro  commendetis;  atque  hoc  etiam  magis,  quod 
25  ceteros  in  provinciam  ejus  modi  homines  cum  imperio 
mittimus,  ut  etiam  si  ab  hoste  defendant,  tamen  ipso- 
lum  adventus  in  urbis  sociorum  non  multum  ab  hos- 
tili  expugnatione  differant.  Hunc  audiebant  antea, 
nunc  praesentem  vident,  tanta  temperantia,  tanta  man- 
30  suetudine,  tanta  humanitate,  ut  ei  beatissimi  esse  vide- 
autur,  apud  quos  ille  diutissime  commoratur, 

vi.  14.  Qua  re  si  propter  socios,  nulla  ipsi  injuria  la- 
cessiti,  majores  nostri  cum  Antiocho,  cum  Philippo, 
cum  Aetolis,  cum  Poenis  bella  gesserunt,  quanto  vos 
35  studio  convenit  injuriis  provocatos  sociorum  salutem 
una  cum  imperi  veslri  dignitate  defendere,  praesertim 


ft 


i 


vn.  17.]  Importance  of  the  Province. 


63 


cum  de  maximis  vestris  vectigalibus  agatur?  Nam 
ceterarum  provinciarum  vectigalia,  Quirites,  tanta 
sunt,  ut  eis  ad  ipsas  provincias  tutandas  vix  contend 
esse  possimus:  Asia  vero  tarn  opima  est  ac  fertilis,  ut 
et  ubertate  agrorum  et  varietate  fructuum  et  magnitu-  5 
dine  pastionis  et  multitudine  earum  rerum  quae  expor- 
tantur,  facile  omnibus  terris  antecellat.  Itaque  haec 
vobis  provincia,  Quirites,  si  et  belli  utilitatem  et  pacis 
dignitatem  retinere  voids,  non  modo  a calamitate,  sed 
etiam  a metu  calamitads  est  defendenda.  15.  Nam  in  10 
ceteris  rebus  cum  venit  caiamitas,  turn  detrimentum 
accipitur ; at  in  vectigalibus  non  solum  adventus  mali, 
sed  etiam  metus  ipse  adfert  calamitatem.  Nam  cum 
hostium  copiae  non  longe  absunt,  etiam  si  inruptio 
nulla  facta  est,  tamen  pecuaria  relinquitur,  agri  cul-  15 
tura  deseritur,  mercatorum  navigatio  conquiescit.  Ita 
neque  ex  portu  neque  ex  decumis  neque  ex  scriptura 
vectigal  conservari  potest : qua  re  saepe  totius  anni 
fructus  uno  rumore  periculi  atque  uno  belli  terrore 
amittitur.  16.  Quo  tandem  igitur  animo  esse  existimatis  20 
aut  eos  qui  vectigalia  nobis  pensitant,  aut  eos  qui  exer- 
cent  atque  exigunt,  cum  duo  reges  cum  maximis  copiis 
propter  adsint?  cum  una  excursio  equitatus  perbrevi 
tempore  totius  anni  vectigal  auferre  possit?  cum  pub- 
licani  familias  maximas,  quas  in  saltibus  habent,  quas  25 
in  agris,  quas  in  portubus  atque  custodiis,  magno  pe- 
riculo  se  habere  arbitrentur?  Putatisne  vos  illis  rebus 
frui  posse,  nisi  eos  qui  vobis  fructui  sunt  conservari- 
tis  non  solum  (ut  ante  dixi)  calamitate,  sed  etiam 
calamitads  formidine  liberatos.  30 

vn.  17.  Ac  ne  illud  quidem  vobis  neglegendum  est, 
quod  mihi  ego  extremum  proposueram,  cum  essem  de 
belli  genere  dicturus,  quod  ad  multorum  bona  civium 
Romanorum  pertinet,  quorum  vobis  pro  vestra  sapien- 
tia,  Quirites,  habenda  est  ratio  diligenter.  Nam  et  35 
publicani,  homines  honestissimi  atque  ornatissimi,  suas 


64 


Pomp  ay's  Military  Command. 


[Manil. 


ratione,  et  copias  in  illam  provinciam  contulerunt,  quo- 
rum ip.;orum  per  se  res  et  fortunae  vobis  curae  esse 
debent.  Etenim  si  vectigalia  nervos  esse  rei  publicae 
semper  duximus,  eum  certe  ordinem,  qui  exercet  ilia, 

5 firmamentum  ceterorum  ordinum  recte  esse  dicemus. 
18.  Deinde  ex  ceteris  ordinibus  homines  gnavi  atque 
industrii  partim  ipsi  in  Asia  negotiantur,  quibus  vos 
absentibus  consulere  debetis,  partim  eorum  in  ea  pro- 
vincia  pecunias  magnas  conlocatas  habent.  Est  igitur 
io  humanitatis  vestrae  magnum  numerum  eorum  civium 
calamitate  prohibere,  sapientiae  videre  multorum  civi- 
um calamitatem  a re  publica  sejunctam  esse  non  posse. 
Etenim  primum  illud  parvi  refert,  nos  publica  his  amis- 
sis  [vectigalia]  postea  victoria  recuperare.  :Neque  enim 
15  isdem  redimendi  facultas  erit  proptal^tdamitatem,  ne- 
que  aliis  voluntas  propter  timoremL^TO.TJeinde  quod 
nos  eadem  Asia  atque  idem  iste  Mithtydates  initio  belli 
Asiatici  docuit,  id  quidem  certe  calamitate  docti  memo- 
ria  retinere  debemus.  Nam  turn,  cum  in  Asia  res 
magnas  permulti  amiserant,  scimus  Romae,  solutione 
impedita,  fidem  concidisse.  Non  enim  possunt  una  in 
civitate  multi  rem  ac  fortunas  amittere,  ut  non  plures 
secum  in  eandem  trahant  calamitatem.  A quo  peri- 
culo  prohibete  rem  publicam,  et  mihi  credite  id  quod 
23  ipsi  videtis  : haec  tides  atque  haec  ratio  pecuniarum, 
quae  Romae,  quae  in  foro  versatur,  implicata  est  cum 
illis  pecuniis  Asiaticis  et  cohaeret.  Ruere  ilia  non 
possunt,  ut  haec  non  eodem  labefacta  motu  concidant. 
Qua  re  videte  num  dubitandum  vobis  sit  omni  studio 
30  ad  id  bellum  incumbere,  in  quo  gloria  nominis  vestri, 
salus  sociorum,  vectigalia  maxima,  fortunae  plurimo- 
rum  civium  conjunctae  cum  re  publica  defendantur. 

viii.  20.  Quoniam  de  genere  belli  dixi,  nunc  de 
magnitudine  pauca  dicam.  Potest  hoc  enim  dici,  belli 
35  genus  esse  ita  necessarium  ut  sit  gerendum,  non  esse 
ita  magnum  ut  sit  pertimescendum.  In  quo  maxime 


rx.  22.  I 


The  Praise  of  Lucullus . 


6S 


elaborandum  est,  ne  forte  ea  vobis  quae  diligentissime 
providenda  sunt,  contemnenda  esse  videantur.  Atque 
ut  omnes  intellegant  me  L.  Lucullo  tantum  impertire 
laudis,  quantum  forti  viro  et  sapienti  homini  et  magno 
imperatori  debeatur,  dico  ejus  adventu  maximas  Mith-  5 
ridati  copias  omnibus  rebus  ornatas  atque  instructas 
fuisse,  urbemque  Asiae  clarissimam  nobisque  amicis- 
simam,  Cyzicenorum,  obsessam  esse  ab  ipso  rege 
maxima  multitudine  et  oppugnatam  vehementissime, 
quam  L.  Lucullus  virtute,  adsidujtate,  consilio,  sum-  10 
mis  obsidionis  periculis  liberavit : 21.  ab  eodem  im- 
peratore  classem  magnam  et  ornatam,  quae  ducibus 
Seitoiianis  ad  Italiam  studio  atque  odio  inflammata 
raperetur,  superatam  esse  atque  depressam ; magnas 
hostium  praeterea  copias  multis  proeliis  esse  deletas,  15 
patefactumque  nostris  legionibus  esse  Pontum,  qui 
antea  populo  Romano  ex  omni  aditu  clausus  fuisset ; 
binopen  atque  Amisum,  quibus  in  oppidis  erant  domi- 
cilia  regis,  omnibus  rebus  ornatas  ac  refertas,  cete- 
rasque  urbis  Ponti  et  Cappadociae  permultas,  uno  aditu  20 
adventuque  esse  captas  ; regem,  spoliatum  regno  patrio 
atque  avito,  ad  alios  se  reges  atque  ad  alias  gentis  sup- 
plicem  contulisse ; atque  haec  omnia  salvis  populi 
Romani  sociis  atque  integris  vectigalibus  esse  gesta. 
Satis  opinor  haec  esse  laudis,  atque  ita,  Quirites,  ut  25 
hoc  vos  intellegatis,  a nullo  istorum,  qui  huic  obtrec- 
tant  legi  atque  causae,  L.  Lucullum  similiter  ex  hoc 
loco  esse  laqdjatum. 

ix.  22.  Requiretur  fortasse  nunc  quern  ad  modum, 
cum  haec  ita  sint,  reliquum  possit  magnum  esse  bellurn.  30 
Cognoscite,  Quirites.  Non  enim  hoc  sine  causa  quae- 
n videtur.  Primum  ex  suo  regno  sic  Mithridates 
profugit,  ut  ex  eodem  Ponto  Medea  ilia  quondam  pro- 
fugisse  dicitur,  quam  praedicant  in  fuga  fratris  sui 
membia  in  eis  locis,  qua  se  parens  persequeretur,  35 
dissipavisse,  ut  eorum  conlectio  dispersa,  maerorque 


66  Pom  fey's  Military  Command.  LManil- 

patrius,  celeritatem  persequendi  retardaret.  Sic  Mith- 
ridates  fugiens  rnaximam  vim  auri  atque  aigenti  pul- 
cherrimarumque  rerum  omnium,  quas  et  a majoiibus 
acceperat  et  ipse  bello  superiore  ex  tota  Asia  direptas 
5 in  suum  regnum  congesserat,  in  Ponto  omnem  reliquit. 
Haec  dum  nostri  conligunt  omnia  diligentius,  rex  ipse 
e manibus  effugit.  Ita  ilium  in  persequendi  studio 
maeror,  hos  laetitia  tardavit.  23.  Hunc  in  illo  timore 
et  fuga  Tigranes  rex  Armenius  excepit,  diffidentem- 
io  que  rebus  suis  confirmavit,  et  adflictum  erexit,  peidi- 
tumque  recreavit.  Cujus  in  regnum  postea  quam  L. 
Lucullus  cum  exercitu  venit,  plures  etiam  gentes  con- 
tra imperatorem  nostrum  concitatae  sunt.  Eiatenim 
metus  injectus  eis  nationibus,  quas  numquam  populus 
15  Roman, us  neque  lacessendas  bello  neque  temptandas 
putavitAerat  etiam  alia  gravis  atque  vehemens  opinio, 
quae  animos  gentium  barbararum  pervaserat,  fani  lo- 
cupletissimi  et  religiosissimi  diripi/ndi  causa  in  eas  oras 
nostrum  esse  exercitum  adductum.  Ita  nationes  mul- 
20  tae  atque  magnae  novo  quodam  terrore  ac  metu  con- 
citabantur.  Noster  autem  exercitus,  tametsi  urbem  ex 
Tigrani  regno  ceperat,  et  proeliis  usus  erat  secundis, 
tamen  nimia  longinquitate  locorum  ac  desiderio  suo- 
rum  commovebatur. 

25  24.  Hie  jam  plura  non  dicam.  Fuit  emm  lllud  ex- 

tremum, ut  ex  eis  locis  a militibus  nostris  leditus 
magis  maturus  quam  processio  longior  quaereretui. 
Mithridates  autem  et  suam  manum  jam  confirmarat,  [et 
eorum]  qui  se  ex  ipsius  regno  conlegerant,  et  magms 
30  adventiciis  auxiliis  multorum  regum  et  nationum  juva- 
batur.  Jam  hoc  fere  sic  fieri  solere  accepimus,  ut 
regum  adflictae  fortunae  facile  multorum  opes  adlici- 
ant  ad  misericordiam,  maximeque  eorum  qui  aut  reges 
sunt  aut  vivunt  in  regno,  ut  eis  nomen  regale  magnum 
35  et  sanctum  esse  videatur.  25.  Itaque  tantum  victus 
efficere  potuit,  quantum  incolumis  numquam  est  ausus 


X.  28.] 


The  Return  of  Lucullus. 


67 


optare.  Nam  cum  se  in  regnum  suum  recepisset,  non 
fuit  eo  contentus,  quod  ei  praeter  spem  acciderat,  — ut 
illam,  postea  quam  pulsus  erat,  terrain  umquam  attinge- 
ret,  — sed  in  exercitum  nostrum  clarum  atque  victorem 
impetum  fecit.  Sinite  hoc  loco,  Quirites,  sicut  poetae  5 
solent,  qui  res  Romanas  scribunt,  praeterire  me  nos- 
tram  calamitatem,  quae  tanta  fuit,  ut  earn  ad  auris 
[Luculli]  imperatoris  non  ex  proelio  nuntius,  sed  ex 
sermone  rumor  adferret.  26.  Hie  in  illo  ipso  malo  gra- 
vissimaque  belli  offensione,  L.  Lucullus,  qui  tamen  ali-  10 
qua  ex  parte  eis  incommodis  mederi  fortasse  potuisset, 
vestro  jussu  coactus,  — qui  imperi  diuturnitati  modum 
statuendum  vetere  exemplo  putavistis,  — partem  mili- 
tum,  qui  jam  stipendiis  confecti  erant,  dimisit,  partem 
M\  Glabrioni  tradidit.  Multa  praetereo  consulto,  sed  15 
ea  vos  conjectura  perspicite,  quantum  illud  bellum  fac- 
tum putetis,  quod  conjungant  reges  potentissimi,  reno- 
vent agitatae  nationes,  suscipiant  integrae  gentes,  nov- 
us  imperator  noster  accipiat,  vetere  exercitu  pulso. 

x.  27.  Satis  mihi  multa  verba  fecisse  videor,  qua  20 
re  esset  hoc  bellum  genere  ipso  necessarium,  mag- 
nitudine  periculosum.  Restat  ut  de  imperatore  ad 
id  bellum  deligendo  ac  tantis  rebus  praeficiendo 
dicendum  esse  videatur. 

Utinam,  Quirites,  virorum  fortium  atque  innocen-  25 
tium  copiam  tantam  haberetis,  ut  haec  vobis  delibera- 
tio  difficilis  esset,  quemnam  potissimum  tantis  rebus  ac 
tanto  bello  praeficiendum  putaretis  ! Nunc  vero  — cum 
sit  unus  Cn.  Pompeius,  qui  non  modo  eorum  hominum 
qui  nunc  sunt  gloriam,  sed  etiam  antiquitatis  memo-  30 
riam  virtute  superarit  — quae  res  est  quae  cujusquam 
animum  in  hac  causa  dubium  facere  possit?  28.  Ego 
enim  sic  existimo,  in  summo  imperatore  quattuor  has 
res  inesse  oportere,  — scientiam  rei  militaris,  virtutem, 
auctoritatem,  felicitatem.  Quis  igitur  hoc  homine  35 
scientior  umquam  aut  fuit  aut  esse  debuit?  qui  e ludo 


68 


Pomfiey's  Military  Command.  [Manil. 


atque  e pueritiae  disciplinis  bello  maximo  atque  acer- 
rimis  hostibus  ad  patris  exercitum  atque  in  militiae 
disciplinam  profectus  est ; qui  extrema  pueritia  miles 
in  exercitu  fuit  summi  imperatoris,  ineunte  adulescen- 
5 tia  maximi  ipse  exercitus  imperator ; qui  saepius  cum 
hoste  conflixit  quam  quisquam  cum  inimico  concerta- 
vit,  plura  bella  gessit  quam  ceteri  legerunt,  plures  pro- 
vincias  confecit  quam  alii  concupiverunt  j cujus  adules- 
centia  ad  scientiam  rei  militaris  non  alienis  praeceptis 
io  sed  suis  imperiis,  non  offensionibus  belli  sed  victoriis, 
non  stipendiis  sed  triumphis  est  erudita.  Quod  de- 
nique  genus  esse  belli  potest,  in  quo  ilium  non  exercu- 
erit  fortuna  rei  publicae?  Civile,  Africanum,  Trans- 
alpinum,  Hispaniense,  [mixtum  ex  civitatibus  atque  ex 
15  bellicosissimis  nationibus,]  servile,  navale  bellum,  varia 
et  diversa  genera  et  bellorum  et  hostium,  non  solum 
gesta  ab  hoc  uno,  sed  etiam  confecta,  nullam  rem  esse 
declarant  in  usu  positam  militari,  quae  hujus  viri  scien- 
tiam fugere  possit. 

20  xi.  29.  Jam  vero  virtuti  Cn.  Pompei  quae  potest 
oratio  par  inveniri?  Quid  est  quod  quisquam  aut  illo 
dignum  aut  vobis  novum  aut  cuiquam  inauditum  pos- 
sit adferre?  Neque  enim  illae  sunt  solae  virtutes  im- 
peratoriae,  quae  volgo  existimantur,  — labor  in  negotiis, 
25  fortitudo  in  periculis,  industria  in  agendo,  celeritas  in 
conficiendo,  consilium  in  providendo  : quae  tanta  sunt 
in  hoc  uno,  quanta  in  omnibus  reliquis  imperatoribus, 
quos  aut  vidimus  aut  audivimus,  non  fuerunt.  30.  Tes- 
tis est  Italia,  quam  ille  ipse  victor  L.  Sulla  hujus  vir- 
30  tute  et  subsidio  confessus  est  liberatam.  Testis  est 
Sicilia,  quam  multis  undique  cinctam  periculis  non  ter- 
rore  belli,  sed  consili  celeritate  explicavit.  Testis  est 
Africa,  quae,  magnis  oppressa  hostium  copiis,  eorum 
ipsorum  sanguine  redundavit.  Testis  est  Gallia,  per 
35  quam  legionibus  nostris  iter  in  Hispaniam  Gallorum 
internecione  patefactum  est.  ^Testis  est  Hispania,  quae 


X11-  33-]  His  Earlier  Victories : the  Pirates.  69 

saepissime  plurimos  hostis  ab  hoc  superatos  prostra- 
tosque  conspexit.  Testis  est  iterum  et  saepius  Italia, 
quae  cum  servili  bello  taetro  periculosoque  premeretur, 
ab  hoc  auxilium  absente  expetivit : quod  bellum  ex- 
spectatione  ejus  attenuatum  atque  imminutum  est,  5 
adventu  sublatum  ac  sepultum.  31.  Testes  nunc  vero 
jam  omnes  orae  atque  omnes  exterae  gentes  ac  na- 
tiones,  denique  maria  omnia  cum  universa,  turn  in  sin- 
gulis oris  omnes  sinus  atque  portus.  Quis  enim  toto 
mari  locus  per  hos  annos  aut  tarn  firmum  habuit  prae-  10 
sidium  ut  tutus  esset,  aut  tam  fuit  abditus  ut  lateret? 
Quis  navigavit  qui  non  se  aut  mortis  aut  servitutis 
periculo  committeret,  cum  aut  hieme  aut  referto  prae- 
donum  mari  navigaret?  Hoc  tantum  bellum,  tam 
turpe,  tam  vetus,  tam  late  divisum  atque  dispersum,  15 
quis  umquam  arbitraretur  aut  ab  omnibus  imperatori- 
bus  uno  anno  aut  omnibus  annis  ab  uno  imperatore 
confici  posse?  32.  Quam  provinciam  tenuistis  a prae- 
donibus  liberam  per  hosce  annos?  quod  vectigal  vobis 
tutum  fuit?  quern  socium  defendistis?  cui  praesidio  20 
classibus  vestris  fuistis?  quam  multas  existimatis  in- 
sulas esse  desertas?  quam  multas  aut  metu  relictas 
aut  a praedonibus  captas  urbis  esse  sociorum? 

xii.  Sed  quid  ego  longinqua  commemoro?  Fuit 
hoc  quondam,  fuit  proprium  populi  Romani,  longe  a 25 
domo  bellare,  et  propugnaculis  imperi  sociorum  for- 
tunas,  non  sua  tecta  defendere.  Sociis  ego  nostris  mare 
per  hos  annos  clausum  fuisse  dicam,  cum  exercitus 
vestri  numquam  a Brundisio  nisi  hieme  summa  trans- 
miserint?  Qui  ad  vos  ab  exteris  nationibus  venirent  30 
captos  querar,  cum  legati  populi  Romani  redempti 
sint?  Mercatoribus  tutum  mare  non  fuisse  dicam, 
cum  duodecim  secures  in  praedonum  potestatem  per- 
venerint?  33.  Cnidum  aut  Colophonem  aut  Samum, 
nobilissimas  urbis,  innumerabilisque  alias  captas  esse  35 
commemorem,  cum  vestros  portus,  atque  eos  portus 


70 


Pompey's  Military  Command.  [Manil. 

quibus  vitam  ac  spiritum  ducitis,  in  praedonum  fuisse 
potestatem  sciatis?  i|An  vero  ignoratis  portum  Cajetae 
celeberrimum  ac  plenissimum  navium  inspectante 
praetore  a praedonibus  esse  direptum?  ex  Miseno 
5 autem  ejus  ipsius  liberos,  qui  cum  praedonibus  antea 
ibi  bellum  gesserat,  a praedonibus  esse  sublatos? 
Nam  quid  ego  Ostiense  incommodum  atque  illam  la- 
bem  atque  ignominiam  rei  publicae  querar,  cum,  pro- 
pe  inspectantibus  vobis,  classis  ea,  cui  consul  populi 
io  Romani  praepositus  esset,  a praedonibus  capta  atque 
oppressa  est?  Pro  di  immortales ! tantamne  unius 
hominis  incredibilis  ac  divina  Virtus  tarn  brevi  tempore 
lucem  adferre  rei  pqblicae  potuit,  ut  vos,  qui  modo 
ante  ostium  Tiberinum  classem  hostium  videbatis,  ei 
1 5 nunc  nullam  intrg  Oceani  ostium  praedonum  navem 
esse  audiatis?  34.  Atqhe  haec  qua  celeritate  gesta 
sint  quamquam  videtis,  tamen  a me  in  dicendo  prae- 
tereunda  non  sunt.  Quis  enim  umquam  aut  obeundi 
negoti  aut  consequendi  quaestus  studio  tarn  brevi  tem- 
20  pore  tot  loca  adire,  tantos  cursus  conficeie  potuit,  quam 
celeriter  Cn.  Pompeio  duce  tanti  belli  impetus  naviga- 
vit?  Qui  nondum  tempestivo  ad  navigandum  mari  Si- 
ciliam  adiit,  Africam  exploravit ; inde  Sardinian!  cum 
classe  venit,  atque  haec  tria  frumentaria  subsidia  rei 
2S  publicae  firmissimis  praesidiis  classibusque  munivit; 
35.  inde  cum  se  in  Italian!  recepisset,  duabus  Hispan- 
iis  et  Gallia  [transalpina]  praesidiis  ac  navibus  confir- 
mata,  missis  item  in  oram  Illyrici  maris  et  in  Achaiam 
omnemque  Graeciam  navibus,  Italiae  duo  maria  maxi- 
30  mis  classibus  firmiSsimisque  praesidiis  adornavit ; ipse 
autem  ut  Brundisio  profectus  est,  undequinquagesimo 
die  totam  ad  imperium  populi  Romani  Ciliciam  ad- 
junxit ; omnes,  qui  ubique  praedones  fuerunt,  partim 
capti  interfectique  sunt,  partim  unius  hujus  se  imperio 
35  ac  potestati  dediderunt.  Idem  Cretensibus,  cum  ad 
eum  usque  in  Pamphyliam  legatos  deprecatoresque 


xiii.  38.]  llis  Qualities  in  Administration.  71 

misissent,  spem  deditionis  non  ademit,  obsidesque  im- 
peravit.  Ita  tantum  bellum,  tam  diuturnum,  tain 
longe  lateque  dispersum,  quo  bello  omnes  gentes  ac 
nationes  premebantur,  Cn.  Pompeius  extrema  hieme 
apparavit,  ineunte  vere  suscepit,  media  aestate  con- 
fecit. 

xiii.  36.  Est  haec  divina  atque  incredibilis  virtus 
imperatoris.  Quid  ceterae,  quas  paulo  ante  com- 
memorare  coeperam,  quantae  atque  quam  multae  sunt? 
Non  enim  bellandi  virtus  solum  in  summo  ac  perfecto 
imperatore  quaerenda  est,  sed  multae  sunt  artes  exim- 
iae  hujus  administrae  comitesque  virtutis.  Ac  primum, 
quanta  innocentia  debent  esse  imperatores?  quanta 
deinde  in  omnibus  rebus  temperantia?  quanta  fide? 
quanta  facilitate?  quanto  ingenio?  quanta  humani- 
tate?  Quae  breviter  qualia  sint  in  Cn.  Pompeio  consi- 
deremus  : summa  enim  omnia  sunt,  Quirites,  sed  ea 
magis  ex  aliorum  contentione  qnam  ipsa  per  sese  co- 
gnosci  atque  intellegi  possunt.  3T.  Quem  enim  impera- 
torem  possumus  ullo  in  numero  putare,  cujus  in  exer- 
citu  centuriatus  veneant  atque  venierint?  Quid  hunc 
hominem  magnum  aut  amplum  de  re  publica  cogitare, 
qui  pecuniam,  ex  aerario  depromptam  ad  bellum 
administrandum,  aut  propter  cupiditatem  provinciae 
magistratibus  diviserit,  aut  propter  avaritiam  Romae 
in  quaestu  reliquerit?  Vestra  admurmuratio  facit, 
Quirites,  ut  agnoscere  videamini*  qui  haec  fecerint : 
ego  autem  nomino  neminem  ; qua  re  irasci  mihi  nemo 
poterit,  nisi  qui  ante  de  se  voluerit  confiteri.  Itaque 
propter  hanc  avaritiam  imperatorum  quantas  calami- 
tates,  quocumque  ventum  est,  nostri  exercitus  ferant 
quis  ignorat?  38.  Itinera  quae  per  hosce  annos  in 
Italia  per  agros  atque  oppida  civium  Romanorum  nos- 
tri imperatores  fecerint  recordamini : turn  facilius  sta- 
tuetis  quid  apud  exteras  nationes  fieri  existimetis. 
Utrum  pluris  arbitramini  per  hosce  annos  militum 


5 

IO 

15 

20 

25 

3° 

35 


smmm 


vmm iiimiiimwitiji 


72 


Pompcys  Military  Command.  [Manil. 


■ ■! 


ii 


vestrorum  armis  hostium  urbis,  an  hibernis  sociorum 
civitates  esse  deletas?  Neque  enim  potest  exercitum 
is  continere  imperator,  qui  se  ipse  non  continet,  neque 
severus  esse  in  judicando,  qui  alios  in  se  severos  esse 
5 judices  non  volt.  39.  Hie  miramur  hunc  hominem 
tantum  excellere  ceteris,  cujus  legiones  sic  in  Asiam 
pervenerint,  ut  non  modo  manus  tanti  exercitus,  sed 
ne  vestigium  quidem  cuiquam  pacato  nocuisse  dicatur? 
Jam  vero  quern  ad  modum  milites  hibernent  cotidie 
10  sermones  ac  litterae  perferuntur : non  modo  ut  sump- 
turn  faciat  in  militem  nemini  vis  adfertur,  sed  ne  cupi- 
enti  quidem  cuiquam  permittitur.  Hiemis  enim,  non 
avaritiae  perfugium  majores  nostri  in  sociorum  atque 
amicorum  tectis  esse  voluerunt. 

15  xiv.  40.  Age  vero  : ceteris  in  rebus  quali  sit  tempe- 
rantia  considerate.  Unde  illam  tantam  celeritatem  et 
tarn  incredibilem  cursum  inventum  putatis?  Non 
enim  ilium  eximia  vis  remigum  aut  ars  inaudita  quae- 
dam  gubernandi  aut  venti  aliqui  novi  tam  celeriter  in 
20  ultimas  terras  pertulerunt;  sed  eae  res  quae  ceteros 
remorari  solent,  non  retardarunt : non  avaritia  ab  in- 
stitute cursu  ad  praedam  aliquam  devocavit,  non  libido 
ad  voluptatem,  non  amoenitas  ad  delectationem,  non 
nobilitas  urbis  ad  cognitionem,  non  denique  labor  ipse 
25  ad  quietem  ; postremo  signa  et  tabulas  ceteraque  orna- 
menta  Graecorum  oppidorum,  quae  ceteri  tollenda 
esse  arbitrantur,  ea  sibi  ille  ne  visenda  quidem  existi- 
maviM  ,41.  Itaque  omnes  nunc  in  eis  locis  Cn.  Pom- 
peium  sicut  aliquem  non  ex  hac  urbe  missum,  sed  de 
50  caelo  delapsum  intuentur.  Nunc  denique  incipiunt  cre- 
dere fuisse  homines  Romanos  hac  quondam  continen- 
tia,  quod  jam  \nqtionibus  exteris  incredibile  ac  falso 
memoriae  prodimm  videbatur.  Nunc  imperi  vestri 
splendor  illis  gentibus  lucem  adferre  coepit.  Nunc  in- 
35  tellegunt  non  sine  causa  majores  suos,  turn  cum  ea 
temperantia  magistrates  habebamus,  servire  populo 


xv.  44]  His  Justice , Moderation , Dignity. 


73 


\f 


Romano  quam  imperare  aliis  maluisse.  Jam  vero  ita 
iadles  aditus  ad  eum  privatorum,  ita  liberae  queri- 
moniae  de  aliorum  injuriis  esse  dicuntur,  ut  is,  qui 
dignitate  prindpibus  excellit,  fadlitate  infimis  par  esse 
videatur.  42.  Jam  quantum  consilio,  quantum  dicendi  5 
gravitate  et  copia  valeat,  — in  quo -ipso  inest  quaedam 
dignitas  imperatoria,  — vos,  Quirites,  hoc  ipso  ex  loco 
,saepe  cognovistis.  Fidem  vero  ejus  quantam  inter  socios 
existimari  putatis,  quam  hostes  omnes  omnium  gene- 
rum  sanctissimam  judicarint?  Humanitate  jam  tanta  10 
est,  ut  difficile  dictu  sit  utrum  hostes  magis  virtutem 
ejus  pugnantes  timuerint,  an  mansuetudinem  victi  di- 
lexerint.  Et  quisquam  dubitabit  quin  huic  hoc  tantuin 
bellum  transmittendum  sit,  qui  ad  omnia  nostrae  memo- 
riae bella  conficienda  divino  quodam  consilio  natus  15 
esse  videatur  ?j 

xv.  43.  Et  quoniam  auctoritas  quoque  in  bellis 
administrandis  multum  atque  in  imperio  militari  valet, 
certe  nemini  dubium  est  quin  ea  re  idem  ille  imperator 
plurimum  possit.  Vehementer  autem  pertinere  ad  20 
bella  administranda  quid  hostes,  quid  socii  de  impera- 
toribus  nostris  existiment  quis  ignorat,  cum  sciamus 
homines  in  tantis  rebus,  ut  aut  contemnant  aut  metuant 
aut  oderint  aut  ament,  opinione  non  mjhus  et  fama 
quam  aliqua  ratione  certa  com  mover??  Quod  igitur  25 
nomen  umquam  in  orbe  terrarum  clamis  fuit?  cujus 
res  gestae  pares?  de  quo  homine  vos,  — id  quod  maxi- 
me  facit  auctoritatem,  — tanta  et  tarn  praeclara  judicia 
fecistis?  44.  An  vero  ullam  usquam  esse  oram  tarn 
desertam  putatis,  quo  non  illius  diei  fama  pervaserit,  30 
cum  universus  populus  Romanus,  referto  foro  comple- 
tisque  omnibus  templis  ex  quibus  hie  locus  conspici 
potest,  unum  sibi  ad  commune  omnium  gentium  bellum 
Cn.  Pompeium  imperatorem  depoposcit?  Itaque  — ut 
plura  non  dicam,  neque  aliorum  exemplis  confirmem  35 
quantum  [hujus]  auctoritas  valeat  in  bello  — ab  eodem 


74 


Pomfiey's  Military  Command . [Manil. 


Cn.  Pompeio  omnium  rerum  egregiarum  exempla 
sumantur'vjqui  quo  die  a vobis  maritimo  bello  praepo- 
situs  est  imperator,  tanta  repente  vilitas  annonae  ex 
summa  inopia  et  caritate  rei  frumentariae  consecuta 
5 est  unius  hominis  spe  ac  nomine,  quantam  vix  in  sum- 
ma ubertate  agrorum  diuturna  pax  efficere  potuisset. 
45.  Jam  accepta  in  Ponto  calamitate  ex  eo  proelio,  de 
quo  vos  paulo  ante  invitus  admonui,  — cum  socii  pertim- 
uissent,  hostium  opes  animique  crevissent,  satis  firmum 
io  praesidium  provincia  non  haberet,  — amisissetis  Asiam, 
Quirites,  nisi  ad  ipsum  discrimen  ejus  temporis  divini- 
tus  Cn.  Pompeium  ad  eas  regiones  fortuna  populi  Ro- 
mani attulisset.  Hujus  adventus  et  Mithridatem  insolita 
inflammatum  victoria  continuit,  et  Tigranem  magnis 
15  copiis  minitantem  Asiae  retardavit.  Et  quisquam 
dubitabit  quid  virtute  perfecturus  sit,  qui  tantum  auc- 
toritate  perfecerit?  aut  quam  facile  imperio  atque^ 
exercitu  socios  et  vectigalia  conservaturus  sit,  qui  ipso 
nomine  ac  rumore  defenderit?  xvi.  46.  Age  vero, 
20  ilia  res  quantam  declarat  ejusdem  hominis  apud  hostis 
populi  Romani  auctoritatem,  quod  ex  locis  tarn  longin- 
quis  tamque  diversis  tarn  brevi  tempore  omnes  huic  se 
uni  dediderunt?  quod  a communi  Cretensium  legati, 
cum  in  eorum  insula  noster  imperator  exercitusque  es- 
25  set,  ad  Cn.  Pompeium  in  ultimas  prope  terras  venerunt, 
eique  se  omnis  Cretensium  civitates  dedere  velle  dixe- 
runt?  Quid?  idem  iste  Mithridates  nonne  ad  eundem 
Cn.  Pompeium  legatum  usque  in  Hispaniam  misit? 
eum  quern  Pompeius  legatum  semper  judicavit,  ei 
30  quibus  erat  [semper]  molestum  ad  eum  potissimum 
esse  missum,  speculatorem  quam  legatum  judicari 
maluerunt.  Potestis  igitur  jam  constituere,  Quirites, 
hanc  auctoritatem,  multis  postea  rebus  gestis  magnis- 
que  vestris  judiciis  amplificatam,  quantum  apud  illos 
35reges,  quantum  apud  exteras  nationes  valituram  esse 
existimetis. 


xvii.  5o. 


The  Fortune  of  Poufey. 


75 


' 47.  Reliquum  est  ut  de  felicitate  (quam  praestare  de 
se  ipso  nemo  potest,  meminisse  et  commemorare  de 
altero  possumus,  sicut  aequum  est  homines  de  potestate 
deorum)  timide  et  pauca  dicamus.  Ego  enim  sic  exis- 
timo  : Maximo,  Marcello,  Scipioni,  Mario,  et  ceteris 
magnis  imperatoribus  non  solum  propter  virtutem,  sed 
etiam  propter  fortunam  saepius  imperia  mandata  atque 
exercitus  esse  commissos.  Fuit  enim  profecto  quibus- 
dam  summis  viris  quaedam  ad  amplitudinem  et  ad 
gloriam  et  ad  res  magnas  bene  gerendas  divinitus 
adjuncta  fortuna.  De  hujus  autem  hominis  felicitate, 
de  quo  nunc  agimus,  hac  utar  moderatione  dicendi, 
non  ut  in  illius  potestate  fortunam  positam  esse  dicam, 
sed  ut  praeterita  meminisse,  reliqua  sperare  videamur, 
ne  aut  invisa  dis  immortalibus  oratio  nostra  aut  ingrata 
esse  videatur*fi48.  Itaque  non  sum  praedicaturus  quan- 
tas  ille  res  domi  militiae,  terra  marique,  quantaque 
felicitate  gesserit ; ut  ejus  semper  voluntatibus  non  mo- 
do  cives  adsenserint,  socii  obtemperarint,  hostes  obe- 
dierint,  sed  etiam  vend  tempestatesque  obsecundarint : 
Hoc  brevissime  dicam,  neminem  umquam  tarn  impu- 
dentem  fuisse,  qui  ab  dis  immortalibus  tot  et  tantas  res 
tacitus  auderet  optare,  quot  et  quantas  di  immortales 
ad  Cn.  Pompeium  detulerunt.  Quod  ut  illi  proprium 
ac  perpetuum  sir,  Quirites,  cum  communis  salutis 
atque  imperi  turn  ipsius  hominis  causa,  sicuti  facitis, 
velle  et  optare  debetis. 

f 49.  Qua  re,  — cum  et  bellum  sit  ita  necessarium  ut 
neglegi  non  possit,  ita  magnum  ut  accuratissime 
sit  administrandum ; et  cum  e'i  imperatorem  praefi- 
cere  possitis,  in  quo  sit  eximia  belli  scientia,  singularis 
virtus,  clarissima  auctoritas,  egregia  fortuna,  — dubita- 
tis,  Quirites,  quin  hoc  tantum  boni,  quod  vobis  ab  dis 
immortalibus  oblatum  et  datum  est,  in  rem  publicam 
conservandam  atque  amplificandam  conferatis?  xvii. 
50.  Quod  si  Romae  Cn,  Pompeius  privatus  esset  hoc 


76 


Pompey"  s Military  Command . [Manil. 


tempore,  tamen  ad  tantum  bellum  is  erat  deligendus 
atque  mittendus  : nunc  cum  ad  ceteras  summas  utilita- 
tes  haec  quoque  opportunitas  adjungatur,  ut  in  eis  ipsis 
locis  adsit,  ut  habeat  exercitum,  ut  ab  eis  qui  habent 
5 accipere  statim  possit,  quid  exspectamus?  aut  cur  non 
ducibus  dis  immortalibus  eidem,  cui  cetera  summacum 
salute  rei  publicae  commissa  sunt,  hoc  quoque  bellum 
regium  committamus? 

51.  At  enim  vir  clarissimus,  amantissimus  rei  publi- 
io  cae,  vestris  beneficiis  amplissimis  adfectus,  Q^Catulus, 
itemque  summis  ornamentis  honoris,  fortunae,  virtutis, 
ingeni  praeditus,  Hortensius,  ab  hac  ratione  dis- 
sentiunt.  Quorum  ego  auctoritatem  apud  vos  multis 
locis  plurimum  valuisse  et  valere  oportere  confiteor; 

15  sed  in  hac  causa,  tametsi  cognoscitis  auctoritates  con- 
trarias  virorum  fortissimorum  et  clarissimorum,  tamen 
omissis  auctoritatibus  ipsa  re  ac  ratione  exquTr<re  pos- 
sumus  veritatem,  atque  hoc  facilius,  quocb  \if  omnia 
quae  a me  adhuc  dicta  sunt,  eidem  isti^vera  esse  con- 
20  cedunt,  — et  necessarium  bellum  esse  et  magnum,  et  in  __ 
uno  Cn.  Pompeio  summa  esse  omnia.  52.^  Quid  igi- 
tur  ait  Hortensius?  Si  uni  omnia  tribuenda  sint  dig- 
nissimum  esse  Pompeium,  sed  ad  unum  tamen  omnia 
x\  deferri  non  oportere.  Obsolevit  jam  ista  oratio,  re 
25  multo  magis  quam  verbis  refutata.  Warn  tu  idem, 
Hortensi,  multa  pro  tua  summa  copia  ac  singulari  fa- 
cultate  dicendi  et  in  senatu  contra  virum  fortem,  A.  m 


Gabinium,  graviter  ornateque  dixisti,  cum  is  de  uno 
imperatore  contra  praedones  constituendo  legem  pro 
30  mulgasset,  et  ex  hoc  *ipso  loco  permulta  item  contra 
earn  legem  verba  fecisti.  53.  Quid?  turn,  per  deos 
immortalis  ! si  plus  apud  populum  Romanum  auctori- 
tas  tua  quam  ipsius  populi  Romani  salus  et  vera  causa 
valuisset,  hodie  hanc  gloriam  atque  hoc  orbis  terrae 
35  imperiuffiTeneremus?  An  tibi  turn  imperium  hoc  esse 
videbatur,  cum  populi  Romani  legati  quaesto»*es  prae- 


XIX.  56.] 


Terror  of  the  Piratic  War . 


77 


toresque  capiebantur?  cum  ex  omnibus  provinces  com- 
meatu  et  private  et  publico  prohibebamur  ? cum  ila 
clausa  nobis  erant  maria  omnia,  ut  neque  privatam  rein 
transmarinam  neque  publicam  jam  obire  possemusf 
xviii.  54.  Quae  civitas  antea  umquam  fuit,  — non  5 
dico  Atheniensium,  quae  satis  late  quondam  mare  tenu- 
isse  dicitur;  non  Karthaginiensium,  qui  permultum 
classe  ac  maritimis  rebus  valuenint;  non  Rhodiorum, 
quorum  usque  ad  nostram  memoriam  disciplina  navalis 
et  gloria  remansit, — sed  quae  civitas  umquam  antea  10 
tarn  tenuis,  quae  tarn  parva  insula  fuit,  quae  non  portus 
suos  et  agros  et  aliquam  partem  regionis  atque  orae 
maritimae  per  se  ipsa  defenderet?  At  (hercule)  aliquot 
annos  continuos  ante  legem  Gabiniam  ille  populus  Ro- 
manus,  cujus  usque  ad  nostram  memoriam  nomen  in-  15 
victum  in  navalibus  pugnis  permanserit,  magna  ac 
multo  maxima  parte  non  modo  utilitatis,  sed  dignitatis 
atque  imperi  caruit.  55.  Nos,  quorum  majores  Antio- 
chum  regem  classe  Persenque  superarunt,  omnibusque 
navalibus  pugnis  Karthaginiensis,  homines  in  mariti-  20 
mis  rebus  exercitatissimos  paratissimosque,  vicerunt, 
ei  nullo  in  loco  jam  praedonibus  pares  esse  poteramus  : 
nos,  qui  antea  non  modo  Italiam  tutam  habebamus,  sed 
omnis  socios  in  ultimis  oris  auctoritate  nostri  imperi  sal- 
vos praestare  poteramus,  — turn  cum  insula  Delos,  tarn  25 
procul  a nobis  in  Aegaeo  mari  posita,  quo  omnes  undi- 
.que  cum  mercibus  atque  oneribus  commeabant,  referta 
rafctiis,  parva,  sine  muro,  nihil  timebat, — eidem  non 
modo  provinciis  atque  oris  Italiae  maritimis  ac  portu- 
bus  nostris,  sed  etiam  Appia  jam  via  carebamus  ; et  eis  30 
temporibus  non  pudebat  magistrates  populi  Romani  in 
hunc  ipsum  locum  escendere,  cum  eum  nobis  majores 
nostri  exuviis  nauticis  et  classium  spoliis  ornatum  reli- 
quissent. 


xix.  56.  Bono  te  animo  turn,  Hortensi,  populus  35 
omanus  et  ceteros  qui  erant  in  eadem  sententia,  dicere 


7 3 Pom  fey's  Military  Command.  [Manil. 

existimavit  ea  quae  sentiebatis  : sed  tainen  in  salute 
communi  idem  populus  Romanus  dolori  suo  maluit 
quam  auctoritati  vestrae  obtemperare.  Itaque  una 
lex,  unus  vir,  unus  annus  non  modo  nos  ilia  miseria 
ac  turpitudine  liberavit,  sed  etiam  effecit,  ut  aliquando 
vere  videremur  omnibus  gentibus  ac  nationibus  teria 
marique  imperare.  57.  Quo  mihi  etiam  indignius  vi- 
detur  obtrectatum  esse  adhuc,  — Gabinio  dicam  anne 
Pompeio,  an  utrique,  id  quod  est  verius?  — ne  legaretur 
ro  A.  Gabinius  Cn.  Pompeio  expetenti  ac  postulanti. 
Utrum  ille,  qui  postulat  ad  tantum  bellum  legatum 
quern  velit,  idoneus  non  est  qui  impetret,  cum  ceteri 
ad  expilandos  socios  diripiendasque  provincias  quos 
voluerunt  legatos  eduxerint;  an  ipse,  cujus  lege  salus 
i5  ac  dignitas  populo  Romano  atque  omnibus  gentibus 
constituta  est,  expers  esse  debet  gloriae  ejus  imperato- 
ris  atque  ejus  exercitus,  qui  consilio  ipsius  ac  penculo 
est  constitutes?  58.  An  C.  Falcidius,  Metellus, 
Q.  Caelius  Latiniensis,  Cn.  Lentulus,  quos  omms 
20  honoris  causa  nomino,  cum  tribum  plebi  fuissent,  anno 
proximo  legati  esse  potuerunt : in  uno  Gabinio  sunt 
tam  diligentes,  qui  in  hoc  bello,  quod  lege  Gabinia 
geritur,  in  hoc  imperatore  atque  exercitu,  quern  per 
vos  ipse  constituit,  etiam  praecipuo  jure  esse  deberet. 
25  De  quo  legando  consules  spero  ad  senatum  relaturos. 
Qui  si  dubitabunt  aut  gravabuntur,  ego  me  profateor 
relaturum.  Neque  me  impediet  cujusquam  inimicum 
edictum,  quo  minus  vobis  fretus  vestrum  jus  beneh- 
ciumque  defendam  ; neque  praeter  intercessionem  q flfc- 
3o  quam  audiam,  de  qua  (ut  arbitror)  isti  ipsi,  qui  minan- 
tur,  etiam  atque  etiam  quid  liceat  considerabunt.  Mea 
quidem  sententia,  Quirites,  unus  A.  Gabinius  belli 
maritimi  rerumque  gestarum  Cn;  J>omP-eiJ)  socms 
ascribitur,  propterea  quod  alter  uni  illud  bellum  sus- 
35  cipiendum  vestris  suffragiis  detulit,  alter  delatem  sus- 
ceptumque  confecit. 


XXL  6x.] 


The  Opinion  of  Catulus . 


79 


XX.  59.  Reliquum  est  ut  de  Q^,  Catuli  auctoritate  et 
sententia  dicendum  esse  videatur.  Qui  cum  ex  vobis 
quaereret,  si  in  uno  Cn.  Pompeio  omnia  poneretis,  si 
quid  eo  factum  esset,  in  quo  spem  essetis  habituri, — 
cepit  magnum  suae  virtutis  fructum  ac  dignitatis,  cum  5 
omnes  una  prope  voce  in  [eo]  ipso  vos  spem  habituros 
esse  dixistis.  Etenim  tabs  est  vir,  ut  nulla  res  tanta  sit 
ac  tam  difficilis,  quam  ille  non  et  consilio  regere  et  in- 
tegritate  tueri  et  virtute  conficere  possit.  Sed  in  hoc 
ipso  ab  eo  vehementissime  dissentio,  quod,  quo  minus  10 
certa  est  hominum  ac  minus  diuturna  vita,  hoc  magis 
res  publica,  dum  per  deos  immortalis  licet,  frui  debet 
summi  viri  vita  atque  virtute.  60.  ‘ At  enim  ne  quid 
novi  fiat  contra  exempla  atque  instituta  majorum.’ 
Non  dicam  hoc  loco  majores  nostros  semper  in  pace  ><; 
consuetudini,  in  bello  utilitati  paruisse ; semper  ad  no- 
vos  casus  temporum  novorum  consiliorum  rationes  ad- 
commodasse  : non  dicam  duo  bella  maxima,  Punicum 
atque  Hispaniense,  ab  uno  imperatore  esse  confecta, 
duasque  urbis  potentissimas,  quae  huic  imperio  maxi-  20 
me  minitabantur,  Karthaginem  atque  Numantiam,  ab 
eodem  Scipione  esse  deletas  : non  commemorabo  nuper 
ita  vobis  patribusque  vestris  esse  visum,  ut  in  uno  C. 
Mario  spes  imperi  poneretur,  ut  idem  cum  Jugurtha, 
idem  cum  Cimbris,  idem  cum  Teutonis  bellum  admin-  2% 
istraret.  61.  In  ipso  Cn.  Pompeio,  in  quo  novi  con- 
stitui  nihil  volt  Catulus,  quam  multa  sint  nova 
summa  Catuli  voluntate  constituta  recordamini. 
xxi.  Quid  tam  novum  quam  adulescentulum  priva- 
tum exercitum  difficili  rei  publicae  tempore  conficere  r 30 
Confecit.  Huic  praeesse?  Praefuit.  Rem  optima 
ductu  suo  gerere?  Gessit.  Quid  tam  praeter  consue- 
tudinem  quam  homini  peradulescenti,  cujus  aetas  a 
senatorio  gradu  longe  abesset,  imperium  atque  exerci- 
tum dari,  Siciliam  permitti,  atque  Africam  bellumque  3S 
in  ea  provincia  administrandum  ? Fuit  in  his  provin- 


go  Pompey's  Military  Command.  [Manil. 

ciis  singulari  innocentia,  gravitate,  virtute  : bellum  in 
Africa  maximum  confecit,  victorem  exercitum  depoi- 
tavit.  Quid  vero  tam  inauditum  quam  equitem  Ro- 
manum  triumphare?  At  earn  quoque  rem  populus 
5 Romanus  non  modo  vidit,  sed  omnium  etiam  studio 
visendam  et  concelebrandam  putavit.  62.  Quid  tarn 
inusitatum  quam  ut,  cum  duo  consules  clarissimi  fortis- 
simique  essent,  eques  Romanus  ad  bellum  maximum 
formidolosissimumque  pro  consule  mitteretur?  Missus 
io  est.  Quo  quidem  tempore,  cum  esset  non  nemo  in 
senatu  qui  diceret  non  oportere  mitti  hommem  priva- 
tum pro  consule , L.  Philippus  dixisse  dicitur  non  se 
ilium  sua  sententia  pro  consule , sed  pro  consulibus 
mittere.  Tanta  in  eo  rei  publicae  bene  gerendae  spes 
t5  constituebatur,  ut  duorum  consulum  munus  unius  adu- 
lescentis  virtuti  committeretur.  Quid  tam  singulare 
quam  ut  ex  senatus  consulto  legibus  solutus  consul 
ante  fieret,  quam  ullum  alium  magistratum  per  leges 
capere  licuisset?  quid  tam  incredibile  quam  ut  iterum 
20  eques  Romanus  ex  senatus  consulto  triumpharet? 
Quae  in  omnibus  hominibus  nova  post  hominum  me- 
moriam  constituta  sunt,  ea  tam  multa  non  sunt  quam 
haec,  quae  in  hoc  uno  homine  videmus.  63.  Atque 
haec  tot  exempla,  tanta  ac  tam  nova,  profecta  sunt  in 
25  eundem  hominem  a Q^  Catuli  atque  a ceterorum  ejus- 
dem  dignitatis  amplissimorum  hominum  auctoritate. 

V xxii.  Qua  re  videant  ne  sit  periniquum  et  non  ferun- 
dum,  illorum  auctoritatem  de  Cn.  Pornpei  dignitate  a 
vobis  comprobatam  semper  esse,  vestrum  ab  illis.de 
30  eodem  homine  judicium  populique  Romani  auctorita- 
tem improbari;  praesertim  cum  jam  suo  jure  populus 
Romanus  in  hoc  homine  suam  auctoiitatem  vel  con- 
tra omnis  qui  dissentiunt  possit  defendere,  propterea 
quod,  isdem  istis  reclamantibus,  vos  unum  ilium  ex 
35  omnibus  delegistis  quern  bello  praedonum  praeponere- 
tis.  64.  Hoc  si  vos  temere  fecistis,  et  rei  publicae  pa- 


'cxm.  66.] 


The  Wounds  of  the  Allies. 


81 


rum  consuluistis,  recte  isti  studia  vestra  suis  consiliis 
regere  conantur.  Sin  autem  vos  plus  turn  in  re  publica 
vidistis,  vos  eis  repugnantibus  per  vosmet  ipsos  dignita- 
tem huic  imperio,  salutem  orbi  terrarum  attulistis,  ali- 
quando  isti  principes  et  sibi  et  ceteris  populi  Romani  s 
universi  auctoritati  parendum  esse  fateantur.  Atque  in 
hoc  bello  Asiatico  et  regio  non  solum  militaris  ilia 
virtus,  quae  est  in  Cn.  Pompeio  singularis,  sed  aliae 
quoque  virtutes  animi  magnae  et  multae  requiruntur. 
Difficile. est  in  Asia,  Cilicia,  Syria  regnisque  interiorum  10 
nationum  ita  versari  nostrum  imperatorem,  ut  nihil 
aliud  nisi  de  hoste  ac  de  laude  cogitet.  Deinde  etiam 
si  qui  sunt  pudore  ac  temperantia  moderatiores,  tamen 
eos  esse  tabs  propter  multitudinem  cupidorum  homi- 
num  nemo  arbitratur.  65.  Difficile  est  dictu,  Quirites,  15 
quanto  in  odio  simus  apud  exteras  nationes  propter 
eorum,  quos  ad  eas  per  hos  annos  cum  imperio  misi- 
mus,  libidines  et  injurias.  Quod  enim  fanum  putatis 
in  illis  terris  nostris  magistratibus  religiosum,  quam 
civitatem  sanctam,  quam  domum  satis  clausam  ac  20 
munitam  fuisse?  Urbes  jam  locupletes  et  copiosae 
requiruntur,  quibus  causa  belli  propter  diripiendi  cupi- 
ditatem  inferatur.  66.  Libenter  haec  coram  cum  Q^ 
Catulo  et  Hortensio,  summis  et  clarissimis  viris, 
disputarem.  Noverunt  enim  sociorum  volnera,  vident  25 
eorum  calamitates,  querimonias  audiunt.  Pro  sociis 
vos  contra  hostis  exercitum  mittere  putatis,  an  hostium 
simulatione  contra  socios  atque  amicos?  Quae  civitas 
est  in  Asia  quae  non  modo  imperatoris  aut  legati,  sed 
unius  tribuni  militum  animos  ac  spiritus  capere  possit?  30 
xxiii.  Qua  re,  etiam  si  quern  habetis  qui  conlatis  sig- 
nis  exercitus  regios  superare  posse  videatur,  tamen 
nisi  erit  idem,  qui  [se]  a pecuniis  sociorum,  qui  ab  eo- 
rum conjugibus  ac  liberis,  qui  ab  ornamentis  fanorum 
atque  oppidorum,  qui  ab  auro  gazaque  regia  manus,  35 
oculos,  animum  cohibere  possit,  non  erit  idoneus  qui 

6 


82 


Pompeys  Military  Command.  [Manil. 


ad  bellum  Asiaticum  regiumque  mittatur.  67.  Ecquam 
putatis  civitatem  pacatam  fuisse  quae  locuples  sit. 
ecquam  esse  locupletem  quae  istis  pacata  esse  videa- 
tur?  Ora  maritima,  Quirites,  Cn.  Pompeium  non  so- 
5 lum  propter  rei  militaris  gloriam,  sed  etiam  propter 
animi  continentiam  requisivit.  Videbat  emm  prae- 
tores  locupletari  quot  annis  pecunia  publica  praeter 
paucos ; neque  eos  quicquam  aliud  adsequi,  classium 
nomine,  nisi  ut  detrimqntis  accipiendis  majore  adhci 
10  turpitudine  videremurN  Nunc  qua  cupiditate  homines 
in  provincias,  quibus  jacturis  et  quibus  condiciombus 
proficiscantur,  ignorant  videlicet  isti,  qui  ad  unum  de- 
ferenda  omnia  esse  non  arbitrantur?  Quasi  vero  Cn. 
Pompeium  non  cum  suis  virtutibus  turn  etiam  alienis 
15  vitiis  magnum  esse  videamus.  68.  Qpa  re  nolite  dubi- 
tare  quin  huic  uni  credatis  omnia,  qui  inter  tot  annos 
unus  inventus  sit,  quern  socii  in  urbis  suas  cum  exerci- 


tu  venisse  gaudeant.  . . 

Quod  si  auctoritatibus  hanc  causam,  Quirites,  con- 
20  firmandam  putatis,  est  vobis  auctor  vir  bellorum  om- 
nium maximarumque  rerum  peritissimus,  P.  bervilius, 
cuius  tantae  res  gestae  terra  marique  exstiterunt,  ut 
cum  de  bello  deliberetis,  auctor  vobis  gravior  nemo 
esse  debeat;  est  C.  Curio,  summis  vestris  beneficns 
25  maximisque  rebus  gestis,  summo  ingenio  et  prudentia 
praeditus  ; est  Cn.  Lentulus,  in  quo  omnes  pro  amplis- 
simis  vestris  honoribus  summum  consilium,  summam 
gravitatem  esse  cognovistis  ; est  C.  Cassius,  integritate, 
virtute,  constantia  singulari.  Qua  re  videte  ut  horum 
30  auctoritatibus  illorum  orationi,  qui  dissentiunt,  respon- 
dere  posse  videamur. 

XXIV.  69.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  C.  Manih,  primum 
istam  tuam  et  legem  etvoluntatem  et  sententiam  laudo 
vehementissimeque  comprobo : deinde  te  hortor,  u 

35  auctore  populo  Romano  maneas  in  sententia,  neve 
cujusquam  vim  aut  minas  pertimescas.  Primum  in  te 


xxiv.  7i.]  Cicero’s  Motive  and  Purpose.  83 

satis  esse  animi  perseverantiaeque  arbitror : deinde 
cum  tantarn  multitudinem  cum  tanto  studio  adesse 
videamus,  quantam  iterum  nunc  in  eodem  homine 
praeficiendo  videmus,  quid  est  quod  aut  de  re  aut  de 
perficiendi  facultate  dubitemus?'  Ego  autem  quicquid  5 
est  in  me  studi,  consili,  laboris,  ingeni,  quicquid  hoc 
beneficio  populi  Romani  atque  hac  potestate  praetoria, 
quicquid  auctoritate,  fide,  constantia  possum,  id  omne 
ad  hanc  rem  conficiendam  tibi  et  populo  Romano  pol- 
liceor  ac  defero  : 70.  testorque  omnis  deos,  et  eos  max-  10 
ime  qui  huic  loco  temploque  praesident,  qui  omnium 
mentis  eorum  qui  ad  rem  publicam  adeunt  maxime 
perspiciunt,  me  hoc  neque  rogatu  facere  cujusquam, 
neque  quo  Cn.  Pompei  gratiam  mihi  per  hanc  causam 
conciliari  putem,  neque  quo  mihi  ex  cujusquam  ampli-  15 
tudine  aut  praesidia  periculis  aut  adjumenta  honoribus 
quaeram;  propterea  quod  pericula  facile,  ut  hominem 
praestare  oportet,  innocentia  tecti  repellemus,  honorem 
autem  neque  ab  uno  neque  ex  hoc  loco,  sed  eadem 
ilia  nostra  laboriosissima  ratione  vitae,  si  vestra  volun-  20 
tas  feret,  consequemur.  71.  Quam  ob  rem  quicquid 
in  hac  causa  mihi  susceptum  est,  Quirites,  id  ego 
omne  me  rei  publicae  causa  suscepisse  confirmo ; tan- 
tumque  abest  ut  aliquam  mihi  bonam  gratiam  quae- 
sisse  videar,  ut  multas  me  etiam  simultates  partim  25 
obscuras,  partim  apertas  intellegam  mihi  non  necessa- 
rias,  vobis  non  inutilis  suscepisse.  Sed  ego  me  hoc 
honore  praeditum,  tantis  vestris  beneficiis  adfectum 
statui,  Quirites,  vestram  voluntatem  et  rei  publicae  dig- 
nitatem et  salutem  provinciarum  atque  sociorum  meis  30 
omnibus  commodis  et  rationibus  praeferre  oportere. 


THE  CONSPIRACY  OF  CATILINE . 

B.C.  63. 

During  the  absence  of  Pompey  in  the  East  (see  the  preceding 
Introduction),  the  politics  of  the  city  were  kept  in  a constant  fer- 
ment by  the  strife  of  parties.  The  violence  and  corruption  of  the 
time  seemed  to  afford  a fit  opportunity  for  some  daring  enterprise. 
This  opportunity  was  seized  by  Lucius  Sergius  Catilina.  He  was  a 
man  of  noble  birth,  of  middle  age,  and  of  the  vilest  character ; an 
intimate  friend  of  Verres,  and  like  him  distinguished  for  his  infa- 
mous career  in  Sulla’s  army.  He  expected,  probably,  to  make  him- 
self tyrant,  as  Dionysius  and  Agathocles  — men  no  better  than  he  — 
had  done  in  Syracuse  ; but  it  was  suspected  at  the  time,  and  is 
believed  by  many  at  the  present  day,  that  he  was,  after  all,  only  a 
tool  of  Caesar  and  Crassus,  the  leaders  of  the  democratic  party. 

Catiline’s  plan  was  to  make  use  of  the  consulship  as  a stepping- 
stone  to  the  tyranny  ; and  with  this  end  he  desired  to  be  a candi- 
date for  this  office,  for  the  year  b.c.  65.  He  was  shut  out,  however, 
both  that  year  and  the  next,  by  a charge  of  repetundce : of  this  he 
was  at  last  acquitted,  in  season  to  present  himself  for  the  year 
B.c.  63.  There  was  a very  exciting  canvass,  which  resulted  in  the 
election  of  Cicero  by  an  overwhelming  majority,  while  a confede- 
rate of  Catiline,  Caius  Antonius  — son  of  the  distinguished  orator, 
and  uncle  of  the  triumvir  — was  elected  as  his  colleague.  Catiline, 
nothing  daunted,  offered  himself  again  for  the  following  year,  but 
was  again  defeated,  mainly  through  the  exertions  of  the  consul  Ci- 
cero, who  had  completely  gained  over  his  weak  and  greedy  colleague 
Antonius.  The  rich  province  of  Macedonia  had  fallen  to  Cicero 
by  lot,  for  his  proconsular  year ; but  he  transferred  this  to  Anto- 
nius, on  condition  of  his  cooperation  against  Catiline.  . . 

Catiline  would  now  wait  no  longer,  but  prepared  for  an  immedi- 
ate outbreak.  As  a private  citizen  he  lost  the  advantages  which 
the  holding  of  the  consulship  would  have  given  him,  and  the  only 
member  of  the  conspiracy  who  held  a magistracy  was  the  vain  and 
indolent  Lentulus,  prater  and  of  consular  rank.  In  the  course 
of  October,  B.c.  63,  a body  of  troops  was  collected  at  Faesulae  (now 
Fiesole , close  to  Florence),  a town  in  the  north  of  Etruria ; this 
was  under  the  command  of  the  centurion  Caius  Manlius,  Catiline 


Invective  against  Catiline . 


85 


I-  3 ] 

himself  remaining  in  the  city  to  direct  operations  there.  Cicero, 
meantime,  had  managed  to  keep  track  of  the  conspiracy  in  all  its 
details  ; and,  when  Catiline  had  the  effrontery  to  appear  in  his  seat 
in  the  Senate,  he  burst  upon  him  with  a fiery  invective,  the  first 
of  the  four  “ Orations  against  Catiline.”  Probably  none  of  his 
speeches  is  better  known  than  this,  or  conveys  a better  impression 
of  his  power  as  an  orator. 

i.  Invective  against  Catiline . 

In  the  Senate,  Nov.  8. 

QUO  usque  tandem  abutere,  Catilina,  patientia  no- 
stra? Quam  diu  etiam  furor  iste  tuus  nos  elu- 
det?  Quern  ad  finem  sese  effrenata  jactabit  audacia? 
Nihilne  te  nocturnum  praesidium  Palati,  nihil  urbis 
vigiliae,  nihil  timor  populi,  nihil  concursus  bonorum  5 
omnium,  nihil  hie  munitissimus  habendi  senatus  locus, 
nihil  horum  ora  voltusque  moverunt?  Patere  tua 
consilia  non  sends?  constrictam  jam  horum  omnium 
scientia  teneri  conjurationem  tuam  non  vides?  Quid 
proxima,  quid  superiore  nocte  egeris,  ubi  fueris,  quos  10 
convocaveris,  quid  consili  ceperis,  quem  nostrum  igno- 
rare  arbitraris? 

2.  O tempora  ! O mores  ! Senatus  haec  intellegit, 
consul  videt : hie  tamen  vivit.  Vivit?  immo  vero 
etiam  in  senatum  venit,  fit  publici  consili  particeps,  15 
notat  et  designat  oculis  ad  caedem  unum  quemque 
nostrum.  Nos  autem,  fortes  viri,  satis  facere  rei  pub- 
licae  videmur,  si  istius  furorem  ac  tela  vitemus.  Ad 
mortem  te,  Catilina,  duci  jussu  consulis  jam  pridem 
oportebat ; in  te  conferri  pes  .em  quam  tu  in  nos  [jam  20 
diu]  machinaris.  3.  An  vero  vir  amplissimus,  P.  Sci- 
pio,  pontifex  maximus,  Ti.  Gracchum  mediocriter 
labefactantem  statum  rei  publicae  privatus  interfecit: 
Catilinam,  orbem  terrae  caede  atque  incendiis  vastare 
cupientem,  nos  consules  perferemus?  Nam  ilia  nimis  25 
antiqua  praetereo,  quod  C.  Servilius  Ahala  Sp.  Mae- 


86 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline. 


[Catil.  1. 


Hum  novis  rebus  studentem  manu  sua  occidit.  Fuit, 
fuit  ista  quondam  in  hac  re  publica  virtus,  ut  viri  fortes 
acrioribus  suppliciis  civem  perniciosum  quam  acerbis- 
simum  hostem  coercerent.  Habemus  senatus  consul- 
5 turn  in  te,  Catilina,  vehemens  et  grave.  Non  deest 
rei  publicae  consilium,  neque  auctoritas  hujus  ordinis  : 
nos,  nos,  dico  aperte,  consules  desumus. 

ii.  4.  Decrevit  quondam  senatus,  ut  L.  Opimius 
consul  videret  ne  quid  res  publica  detrimenti  caperet. 
to  Nox  nulla  intercessit : interfectus  est  propter  quasdam 
seditionum  suspiciones  C.  Gracchus,  clarissimo  patre, 
avo,  majoribus ; occisus  est  cum  liberis  M.  Fulvius 
consularis.  Simili  senatus  consiilto  C.  Mario  et  L. 
Valerio  consulibus  est  permissa  res  publica:  num 
is  unum  diem  postea  L.  Saturninum  tribunum  plebis  et 
C.  Servilium  praetorem  [mors  ac]  rei  publicae  poena 
remorata  est?  At  nos  vicesimum  jam  diem  patimur 
hebescere  aciem  horum  auctoritatis.  Habemus  enim 
hujusce  modi  senatus  consultum,  veium  inclusum  in 
20  tabulis,  tamquam  in  vagina  reconditum,  quo  ex  sena- 
tus consulto  confestim  te  interfectum  esse,  Catilina, 
convenit.  Vivis,  et  vivis  non  ad  deponendam,  sed  ad 
confirmandam  audaciam.  Cupio,  patres  consciipti, 
me  esse  clementem  : cupio  in  tantis  lei  publicae  peii- 
25  culis  me  non  dissolutum  videri ; sed  jam  me  ipse  ineitiae 
nequitiaeque  condemno.  /•  Castra  sunt  in  Italia  con- 
tra populum  Romanum  in  Etruriae  faucibus  conlocata  . 
crescit  in  dies  singulos  liostium  numcrus  \ eoium  au~ 
tem  castrorum  imperatorem  duccmc[U6  hostium  inti  a 
30  moenia  atque  adeo  in  senatu  videmus,  intestinam  ali- 
quam  cotidie  perniciem  rei  publicae  molientem.  Si  te 
jam,  Catilina,  comprehendi,  si  interfici  jussero,  credo, 
erit  verendum  mihi  ne  non  hoc  potius  omnes  boni 
serius  a me,  quam  quisquam  crudelius  factum  esse 
35  dicat.  Verum  ego  hoc,  quod  jam  pridem  factum  esse 
oportuit,  certa  de  causa  nondum  adducor  ut  faciam. 


m.  8.J  His  Plans  are  blown  and  watched.  87 

Turn  denique  interficiere,  cum  jam  nemo  tam  impro- 
bus,  tam  perditus,  tam  tui  similis  inveniri  poterit,  qui 
id  non  jure  factum  esse  fateatur.  6.  Quam  diu  quis- 
quam  erit  qui  te  defendere  audeat,  vives ; et  vives  ita 
ut  vivis,  multis  meis  et  firmis  praesidiis  oppressus,  ne  s 
commovere  te  contra  rem  publicam  possis.  Multorum 
te  etiam  oculi  et  aures  non  sentientem,  sicut  adhuc 
fecerunt,  speculabuntur  atque  custodient. 

hi.  Etenim  quid  est,  Catilina,  quod  jam  amplius 
exspectes,  si  neque  nox  tenebris  obscurare  coetus  ne-  IO 
faiios,  nec  privata  domus  parietibus  continere  voces 
conjurationis  [tuae]  potest?  si  inlustrantur,  si  erumpunt 
omnia?  Muta  jam  istam  mentem  : mihi  crede,  obli- 
viscere  caedis  atque  incendiorum.  Teneris  undique  : 
luce  sunt  clariora  nobis  tua  consilia  omnia,  quae  jam  15 
mecum  licet  recognoscas.  7.  Meministine  me  ante 
diem  xii.  Kalendas  Novembris  dicere  in  senatu,  fore 
in  armis  certo  die  — qui  dies  futurus  esset  ante  diem 
vi.  Kal.  Novembris — C.  Manlium,  audaciae  satellitem 
atque  administrum  tuae?  Num  me  fefellit,  Catilina,  20 
non  modo  res  tanta,  tam  atrox  tamque  incredibilis, 
verum  id  quod  multo  magis  est  admirandum  — 
dies?  Dixi  ego  idem  in  senatu  caedem  te  optimatium 
contulisse  in  ante  diem  v.  Kalendas  Novembris,  turn 
cum  multi  principes  civitatis  Roma  non  tam  sui  con-  25 
servandi  quam  tuorum  consiliorum  reprimendorum 
causa  profugerunt.  Num  infitiari  potes  te  illo  ipso  die,,"?''"'" 
meis  praesidiis,  mea  diligentia  circumclusum,  commo- 
vere te  contra  rem  publicam  non  potuisse,  cum  tu  dis- 
cessu  ceterorum,  nostra  tamen  qui  remansissemus  30 
caede,  te  contentum  esse  dicebas?  8.  Quid?  cum  te 
Praeneste  Kalendis  ipsis  Novembribus  occupaturum 
nocturno  impetu  esse  confideres,  sensistine  illam  colo- 
mam  meo  jussu  [meis]  praesidiis  custodiis  vigiliis 
esse  mumtam  ? Nihil  agis,  nihil  moliris,  nihil  cogitas,  35 
quod  non  ego  non  modo  audiam,  sed  etiam  videam 
planeque  sentiam. 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline.  [Catil.  I. 

iv.  Recognosce  tandem  mecum  noctem  illam  su- 
periorem  : jam  intelleges  multo  me  vigilare  acrius  ad 
salutem  quam  te  ad  perniciem  rei  publicae.  Dico  te 
priore  nocte  venisse  inter  falcarios  — non  agam  ob- 
S scure  — in  M.  Laecae  domum  ; convenisse  eodem 
compluris  ejusdem  amentiae  scelerisque  socios.  Num 
negare  audes?  quid  taces?  convincam,  si  negas. 
Video  enim  esse  hie  in  senatu  quosdam,  qui  tecum  una 
fuerunt.  9.  O di  immortales ! ubinam  gentium  su- 
io  mus?  in  qua  urbe  vivimus?  quam  rem  publicam 
habemus?  Hie,  hie  sunt,  in  nostro  nuinero,  patres 
conscripti,  in  hoc  orbis  terrae  sanctissimo  gravissimo- 
que  consilio,  qui  de  nostro  omnium  interitu,  qui  de 
hujus  urbis  atque  adeo  de  orbis  terraium  exitio  cogi- 
is  tent.  Hos  ego  video  [consul]  etde  republica  sententiam 
rogo,  et  quos  ferro  trucidari  oportebat,  eos  nondum 
voce  volnero.  Fuisti  igitur  apud  Laecam  ilia  nocte, 
Catilina  : distribuisti  partis  Italiae  ; statuisti  quo  quem- 
que  proficisci  placeret ; delegisti  quos  Romae  relinque- 
20  res,  quos  tecum  educeres ; descripsisti  urbis  partis  ad 
incendia : confirmasti  te  ipsum  jam  esse  exiturum ; 
dixisti  paulum  tibi  esse  etiam  nunc  morae,  quod  ego 
viverem.  Reperti  sunt  duo  equites  Romani  qui  te  ista 
cura  liberarent,  et  sese  ilia  ipsa  nocte  paulo  ante  lu- 
25  cem  me  in  meo  lectulo  interfecturos  esse  pollicerentur. 
10.  Haec  ego  omnia,  vixdum  etiam  coetu  vestro  di- 
misso,  comperi : domum  meam  majoribus  praesidiis 
munivi  atque  firmavi ; exclusi  eos  quos  tu  ad  me  sajm 
tatum  miseras,  cum  illi  ipsi  venissent,  quos  ego  jam 
30  multis  ac  summis  viris  ad  me  id  temppris  venturos  esse 
praedixeram. 

v.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  Catilina,  perge  quo  coepisti. 
Egredere  aliquando  ex  urbe  : patent  portae : proficis- 
cere.  Nimium  diu  te  imperatorem  tua  ilia  Manliana 
35  castra  desiderant.  Educ  tecum  etiam  omnis  tuos ; si_ 
minus,  quam  plurimos : purga  urbem.  Magno  me 


VI.  13]  He  is  bidden  to  leave  the  City. 


89 


me tu  liberabis,  dum  modo  inter  me  atque  te  murus 
intersit.  Nobiscum  versari  jam  diutius  non  potes  : non 
feram,  non  patiar,  non  sinam.  11.  Magna  dis  immor- 
talibus  habenda  est,  atque  huic  ipsi  Jovi  Statori,  anti- 
quissimo  custodi  hujus  urbis,  gratia,  quod  hanc  tarn  s 
taetram,  tarn  horribilem  tamque  infestam  rei  pubiicae 
pestem  totiens  jam  eflugimus.  Non  est  saepius  in  uno 
homine  summa  salus  periclitanda  rei  pubiicae.  Quam 
diu  mihi  consuli  designato,  Catilina,  insidiatus  es,  non 
publico  me  praesidio,  sed  privata  diligentia  defendi.  10 
Cum  proximis  comitiis  consularibus  me  consulem  in 
campo  et  competitores  tuos  interficere  voluisti,  com. 
pressi  conatus  tuos  nefarios  amicorum  praesidio  et 
copiis,  nullo  tumultu  publice  corfgitato  : denique,  quoti- 
enscumque  me  petisti,  per  me  tibi  obstiti,  quamquam  15 
videbam  perniciem  meam  cum  magna  calamitate  rei 
pubiicae  esse  conjunctam.^  h.  Nunc  jam  aperte  rem 
publicam  universam  petis  : templa  deorum  immorta- 
lium,  tecta  urbis,  vitam  omnium  civium,  Italiam  [deni- 
que] totam  ad  exitium  ac  vastitatem  vocas.  Qua  re,  20 
quoniam  id  quod  est  primum,  et  quod  hujus  imperi 
disciplinaeque  majorum  proprium  est,  facere  nondum 
audeo,  faciam  id  quod  est  ad  severitatem  lenius,  et  ad 
communem  salutem  utilius.  Nam  si  te  interfici  jussero, 
residebit  in  re  publica  reliqua  conjuratorum  manus.  25 
Sin  tu,  quod  te  jam  dudum  hortor,  exieris,  exhaurietur 
ex  urbe  tuoium  comitum  magna  et  perniciosa  sentina 
rei  pubiicae^  , j 

13.  Quid  est,  Catilina?  num  dubrfas  id  me  impe- 
rante  facere,  quod  jam  tua  sponte  faciebas?  Exire  ex  30 
urbe  jubet  consul  hostem.  Interrogas  me,  num  in 
exsilium?  Non  jubeo ; sed,  si  m4-C0nsulis,  suadeo. 

Vvi.  Quid  est  enim,  Catjlma,  quod  te  jam  in  hac  urbe 
cielectare  possit?  in  qua  nemo  est  extra  istam  conjura- 
tionem  perditorum  hominum  qui  te  non  metuat,  nemo  35 
qui  non  oderit.  Quae  nota  domesticae  turpitudinis  non 


90 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline. 


[Catil.  I. 


inusta  vitae  tuae  est?  Quod  privatarum  rerum  dede- 
cus  non  haeret  in  fama?  quae  libido  ab  oculis,  quod 
facinus  a manibus  umquam  tuis,  quod  flagitium  a toto 
corpore  afuit?  Cui  tu  adulescentulo,  quem  corrupte- 
5 larum  inlecebris  inretisses,  non  aut  ad  audaciam  ferrum 
aut  ad  libidinem  facem  praetulisti?  14.  Quid  vero? 
nuper  cum  morte  superioris  uxoris  novis  nuptiis  do- 
mum  vacuefecisses,  nonne  etiam  alio  incredibili  scelere 
hoc  scelus  cumulasti?  quod  ego  praetermitto  et  facile 
io  patior  sileri,  ne  in  hac  civitate  tanti  facinoris  im- 
manitas  aut  exstitisse  aut  non  vindicata  esse  videatur. 
Praetermitto  ruinas  fortunarum  tuarum,  quas  omnis 
impendere  tibi  proximis  Idibus  senties.  Ad  ilia  venio, 
quae  non  ad  privatam  ignominiam  vitiorum  tuorum, 
i5  non  ad  domesticam  tuam  difficultatem  ac  turpitudinem, 
sed  ad  summam  rem  publicam  atque  ad  omnium  nos- 
trum vitam  salutemque  pertinent.  15.  Potestne  tibi 
haec  lux,  Catilina,  aut  hujus  caeli  spiritus  esse  jucun- 
dus,  cum  scias  horum  esse  neminem  qui  nesciat  te 
20  pridie  Kalendas  Januarias  Lepido  et  Tullo  consulibus 
stetisse  in  comitio  cum  telo?  manum  consulum  et  prin- 
cipum  civitatis  interficiendorum  causa  paravisse?  sce- 
leri  ac  furori  tuo  non  mentem  aliquam  aut  timorem 
[tuum],  sed  fortunam  populi  Romani  obstitisse?  Ac 
25  jam  ilia  omitto  — neque  enim  sunt  aut  obscura  aut  non 
multa  commissa  — quotiens  tu  me  designatum,  quotiens 
consulem  interficere  conatus  es ! quot  ego  tuas  peti- 
tiones,  ita  conjectas  ut  vitari  posse  non  viderentur,  parva 
quadam  declinatione  et  (ut  aiunt)  corpore  effugi ! [Ni- 
30  hil  agis,]  nihil  adsequeris,  [nihil  moliris,]  neque  tamen 
conari  ac  velle  desistis.  16.  Quotiens  tibi  jam  extorta 
est  ista  sica  de  manibus ! quotiens  vero  excidit  casu 
aliquo  et  elapsa  est ! [Tamen  ea  carere  diutius  non 
potes,]  quae  quidem  quibus  abs  te  initiata  sacris  ac 
35  devota  sit  nescio,  quod  earn  necesse  putas  esse  in  con- 
sulis  corpore  defigere. 


vii.  i8.J  General  Fear  and  Hate  of  him.  91 

vii.  Nunc  vero  quae  tua  est  ista  vita?  Sic  enim 
jam  tecum  loquar,  non  ut  odio  permotus  esse  videar, 
quo  debeo,  sed  ut  misericordia,  quae  tibi  nulla  debetur. 
Venisti  paulo  ante  in  senatum.  Quis  te  ex  hac  tanta 
frequentia,  tot  ex  tuis  amicis  ac  necessariis  salutavit?  5 
Si  hoc  post  hominum  memoriam  contigit  nemini,  vocis 
exspectas  contumeliam,  cum  sis  gravissimo  judicio  taci- 
turnitatis  oppressus?  Quid,  quod  adventu  tuo  ista 
subsellia  vacuefacta  sunt?  quod  omnes  consulares,  qui 
tibi  persaepe  ad  caedem  constituti  fuerunt,  simul  atque  10 
adsedisti,  partem  istam  subselliorum  nudam  atque  in- 
anem  reliquerunt,  quo  tandem  animo  tibi  ferendum 
putas?  it.  Servi  (mehercule)  mei  si  me  isto  pacto  me- 
tuerent,  ut  te  metuunt  omnes  cives  tui,  domum  meam 
relinquendam  putarem  : tu  tibi  urbem  non  arbitraris?  15 
et,  si  me  meis  civibus  injuria  suspectum  tarn  graviter 
atque  offensum  viderem,  carere  me  aspectu  civium 
quam  infestis  omnium  oculis  conspici  mallem.  Tu,  cum 
conscientia  scelerum  tuorum  agnoscas  odium  omnium 
justum  et  jam  diu  tibi  debitum,  dubitas  qyorum  men-  20 
tis  sensusque  volneras,  eorum  aspectum  ^Taesentiam- 
que  vitare?  Si  te  parentes  timerent  atque  odissent  tui, 
neque  eos  ulla  ratione  placare  posses,  tu  (opinor)  ab 
eorum  oculis  aliquo  concederes.  Nunc  te  patria,  quae 
communis  est  parens  omnium  nostrum,  odit  ac  metuit,  25 
et  jam  diu  te  nihil  judicat  nisi  de  parricidio  suo  cogi- 
tare  : hujus  tu  neque  auctoritatem  verebere,  nec  judi- 
cium sequere,  nec  vim  pertimesces? 

18.  Quae  tecum,  Catilina,  sic  agit,  et  quodam  modo 
tacita  loquitur  : ‘ Nullum  jam  aliquot  annis  facinus  ex-  30 
stitit  nisi  per  te,  nullum  flagitium  sine  te  : tibi  uni  mul- 
torum  civium  neces,  tibi  vexatio  direptioque  sociorum 
impunita  fuit  ac  libera  : tu  non  solum  ad  neglegendas 
leges  et  quaestiones,  verum  etiam  ad  evertendas  per- 
fringendasque  valuisti.  "HSuperiora  ilia,  quamquam  35 
ferenda  non  fuerunt,  tamen,  ut  potui,  tuli ; nunc  vero 


92 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline . 


[Catil.  I. 


me  totam  esse  in  metu  propter  unura  te,  quicquid  in- 
crepuerit  Catilinam  timeri,  nullum  videri  contra  me 
consilium  iniri  posse  quod  a tuo  scelere  abhorreat,  non 
est  ferendum.  Quam  ob  rem  discede,  atque  hunc  mihi 
timorem  eripe  : si  est  verus,  ne  opprimar ; sin  falsus, 
ut  tandem  aliquando  timere  desinam.  vm.  19-  Haec 
si  tecum,  ut  dixi,  patria  loquatur,  nonne  impetrare 
debeat,  etiam  si  vim  adhibere  non  possit?  Quid, 
quod  tu  te  ipse  in  custodiam  dedisti?  quod  vitandae 
IO  suspitionis  causa,  ad  M’.  Lepidum  te  habitare  velle 
dixisti?  a quo  non  receptus  etiam  ad  me  venire  ausus 
es,  atque  ut  domi  meae  te  adservarem  rogasti.  Cum 
a me  quoque  id  responsum  tulisses,  me  nullo  modo 
posse  isdem  parietibus  tuto  esse  tecum,  qui  magno  in 
15  periculo  essem  quod  isdem  moenibus  contineremur, 
ad  Q^.  Metellum  praetorem  venisti : a quo  repudiatus 
ad  sodalem  tuum,  virum  optimum,  M.  Marcellum  de- 
migrasti ; quern  tu  videlicet  et  ad  custodiendum  [te] 
diligentissimum  et  ad  suspicandum  sagacissimum  et 
10  ad  vindicandum  fortissimum  fore  putasti.  Sed  quam 
longe  videtur  a carcere  atque  a vinculis  abesse  debere, 
qui  se  ipse  jam  dignum  custodia  judicarit?  20.  Quae 
cum  ita  sint,  Catilina,  dubitas,  si  emori  aequo  animo 
non  potes,  abire  in  aliquas  terras,  et  vitam  istam, 
25  multis  suppliciis  justis  debitisque  ereptam,  fugae  soli- 
tudinique  mandare? 

6 Refer 5 inquis  4 ad  senatum  : ’ id  enim  postulas,  et,  si 
hie  ordo  placere  decreverit  te  ire  in  exsilium,  obtempe- 
raturum  te  esse  dicis.  Non  referam,  id  quod  abhorret 
3o  a meis  moribus ; et  tamen  faciam  ut  intellegas  quid  hi 
de  te  sentiant.  Egredere  ex  urbe,  Catilina  ; libera  rem 
publicam  metu  ; in  exsilium,  si  hanc  vocem  exspectas, 
proficiscere.  Quid  est,  Catilina?  ecqmd  attendis? 
ecquid  animadvertis  horum  silentium?  Patiuntur, 
35  tacent.  Quid  exspectas  auctoritatem  loquentium,  quo- 
rum voluntatem  taeitorum  perspicis?  21.  At  si  hoc 


IX.  23-] 


>/V 


93 


All  Good  Men  wish  him  gone. 

idem  huic  adulescenti  optimo  P.  Sestio,  si  fortissimo 
viro  M.  Marcello  dixissem,  jam  mihi  consuli,  hoc  ipso 
in  templo,  senatus  jure  optimo  vim  et  manus  intulisset. 
De  te  autem,  Catilina,  cum  quiescunt,  probant : cum 
patiuntur,  decernunt : cum  tacent,  clamant.  'Neque  hi  5 
solum,  — quorum  tibi  auctoritas  est  videlicet  cara,  vita 
vilissima,  — sed  etiam  illi  equites  Romani,  honestissimi 
atque  optimi  viri,  ceterique  fortissimi  cives,  qui  circum- 
stant  senatum,  quorum  tu  et  frequentiam  videre  et 
studia  perspicere  et  voces  paulo  ante  exaudire  potu-  10 
isti.  Quorum  ego  vix  abs  te  jam  diu  manus  ac  tela 
contineo,  eosdem  facile  adducam,  ut  te  haec,  quae  vas- 
tare  jam  pridem  studes,  relinquentem  usque  ad  portas 
prosequantur. 

rx.  22.  Quamquam  quid  loquor?  Te  ut  ulla  res  i5 
frangat?  tu  ut  umquam  te  corrigas?  tu  ut  ullam  fu- 
gam  meditere?  tu  ut  exsilittm  cogites?  Utinam  tibi 
istam  mentem  di  immortales  duint ! tametsi  video,  si 
mea  voce  perterritus  ire  in  exsilium  animum  induxeris, 
quanta  tempestas  invidiae  nobis  — si  minus  in  praesens  20 
tempus,  recenti  memoria  scelerum  tuorum,  at  in  pos- 
teritatem  — impendeat : sed  est  tanti,  dum  modo  ista  sit 
privata  calamitas,  et  a rei  publicae  periculis  sejungatur. 
Sed  tu  ut  vitiis  tuis  commoveare,  ut  legum  poenas  per- 
timescas,  ut  temporibus  rei  publicae  cedas,  non  est  25 
postulandum.  Neque  enim  is  es,  Catilina,  ut  te  aut 
pudor  umquam  a turpitudine  aut  metus  a periculo  aut 
ratio  a furore  revocarit.  23.  Quam  ob  rem,  ut  saepe  jam 
dixi,  proficiscere  ; ac,  si  mihi  inimico  (ut  praedicas) 
tuo  conflare  vis  invidiam,  recta  perge  in  exsilium  : vix  30 
feram  sermones  hominum  si  id  feceris ; vix  molem 
istius  invidiae,  si  in  exsilium  jussu  consulis  ieris 
sustinebo.  Sin  autem  servire  meae  laudi  et  gloriae 
mavis,  egredere  cum  importuna  sceleratorum  manu  : 
confer  te  ad  Manlium,  concita  perditos  civis,  secerne  33 
te  a bonis,  infer  patriae  bellum,  exsulta  impio  latro- 


94 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline. 


[Catil  I. 


cinio,  ut  a me  non  ejectus  ad  alienos,  sed  invitatus  ad 
tuos  isse  videaris. 

24.  Quamquam  quid  ego  te  invitem,  a quo  jam  sciam 
esse  praemissos  qui  tibi  ad  Forum  Aurelium  praestola- 
5 rentur  armati?  cui  sciam  pactam  et  constitutam  cum 
Manlio  diem?  a quo  etiam  aquilam  illam  argenteam 
quam  tibi  ac  tuis  omnibus  confido  perniciosam  ac  funes- 
tam  futuram,  cui  domi  tuae  sacrarium  scelerum  tuorum 
constitutum  fuit,  sciam  esse  praemissam?  Tu  ut  ilia 
io  carere  diutius  possis,  quam  venerari  ad  caedem  profi- 
ciscens  solebas,  a cujus  altaribus  saepe  istam  impiam 
dexteram  ad  necem  civium  transtulisti  ? 'x.  25.  Ibis 
tandem  aliquando,  quo  te  jam  pridem  ista  tua  cupiditas 
effrenata  ac  furiosa  rapiebat.  Neque  enim  tibi  haec 
15  res  adfert  dolorem,  sed  quandam  incredibilem  volup- 
tatem.  Ad  hanc  te  amentiam  natura  peperit,  voluntas 
exercuit,  fortuna  servavit.  Numquam  tu  non  modo 
otium,  sed  ne  bellum  quidem  nisi  nefarium  concupisti. 
Nanctus  es  ex  perditis  atque  ab  omni  non  modo  fortuna 
20  verum  etiam  spe  derelictis  conflatam  improborum  ma- 
num.  26.  Hie  tu  qua  laetitia  perfruere  ! quibus  gau- 
'-5s”'-diis  exsultabis ! quanta  in  voluptate  bacchabere,  cum 
in  tanto  numero  tuorum  neque  audies  virum  bonum 
quemquam  neque  videbis ! Ad  hujus  vitae  studium 
25  meditati  illi  sunt  qui  feruntur  labores  tui,  — jacere  humi 
non  solum  ad  obsidendum  stuprum,  verum  etiam  ad 
facinus  obeundum  ; vigilare  non  solum  insidiantem  som- 
no  maritorum,  verum  etiam  bonis  otiosorum.  Habes 
ubi  ostentes  tuam  illam  praeclaram  patientiam  famis, 
30  frigoris,  inopiae  rerum  omnium,  quibus  te  brevi  tem- 
pore confectum  esse  senties.  27.  Tantum  profeci  turn, 
cum  te  a consulatu  reppuli,  ut  exsul  potius  temptare 
quam  consul  vexare  rem  publicam  posses,  atque  ut 
id  quod  est  a te  scelerate  susceptum,  latrocinium  po- 
35  tius  quam  bellum  nominaretur. 

xi  Nunc,  ut  a me,  patres  conscripti,  quandam 


xii.  2g.]  Appeal  of  the  Commonwealth.  95 

prope  justam  patriae  querimoniam  detester  ac  depre- 
cer,  percipite,  quaeso,  diligenter  quae  dicam,  et  ea 
penitus  animis  vestris  mentibusque  mandate.  Etenim 
si  mecum  patria,  quae  mihi  vita  mea  multo  est  carior, 
si  cuncta  Italia,  si  omnis  res  publica,  loquatur : ‘ M.  5 
Tulli,  quid  agis?  Tune  eum,  quern  esse  hostem  com- 
peristi,  quem  ducem  belli  futurum  vides,  quem  exspec- 
taii  imperatorem  in  castris  hostium  sentis,  auctorem 
sceleris,  principem  conjurationis,  evocatorem  servorum 
et  .civium  perditorum,  exire  patiere,  ut  abs  te  non  10 
emissus  ex  urbe,  sed  immissus  in  urbem  esse  videatur? 
Non  hunc  in.  vincula  duci,  non  ad  mortem  rap-i,  non 
summo  supplicio  mactari  imperabis?  28.  Quid  tan- 
dem te  impedit?  Mosne  majorum?  At  persaepe  etiam 
privati  in  hac  re  publica  perniciosos  civis  morte  mul-  15 
taverunt.  An  leges,  quae  de  civium  Romanorum  sup- 
plicio rogatae  sunt?  At  numquam  in  hac  urbe  qui  a 
re  publica  defecerunt  civium  jura  tenuerunt.  An  in- 
vidiam posteritatis  times?  Praeclaram  vero  populo 
Romano  refers  gratiam,  qui  te  hominem  per  te  cogni-  20 
turn,  nulla  commendatione  majorum,  tam  mature  ad 
summum  imperium  per  omnis  lidnorum  gradus  extulit, 
si  propter  invidiae  aut  alicu|_u*s 'periculi  metum  salutem 
civium  tuorum  neglegis.fy%  Sed  si  quis  est  invidiae 
metus,  num  est  vehementiusKseveritatis  ac  fortitudinis  25 
invidia  quam  inertiae  ac  nequitiae  pertimescenda?  An 
cum  bello  vastabitur  Italia,  vexabuntur  urbes,  tecta 
ardebunt,  turn  te  non  existimas  invidiae  incendio  con- 
flagraturum  ? ’ 

xii.  His  ego  sanctissimis  rei  publicae  vocibus,  et  30 
eorum  hominum  qui  hoc  idem  sentiunt  mentibus,  pauca 
respondebo.  Ego,  si  hoc  optimum  factu  judicarem, 
patres  conscripti,  Catilinam  morte  multari,  unius  usu- 
ram  horae  gladiatori  isti  ad  vivendum  non  dedissem. 
Etenim  si  summi  et  clarissimi  viri  Saturnini  et  Graccho-  35 
rum  et  Flacci  et  superiorum  complurium  sanguine  non 


96 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline. 


[Catil.  I. 


modo  se  non  contaminarunt,  sed  etiam  honestarunt, 
certe  verenduro  mihi  non  erat  ne  quid  hoc  parricida 
civium  interfecto  invidiae  rnihi  in  posteritatem  redun- 
daret.  Quod  si  ea  mihi  maxime  impenderet,  tamen 
- hoc  animo  fui  semper,  ut  invidiam  virtute  partam  glo- 
3 riam,  non  invidiam  putarem.  30.  Quamquam  non 
nulli  sunt  in  hoc  ordine,  qui  aut  ea  quae  imminent  non 
videant,  aut  ea  quae  vident  dissimulent : qui  spem  Cat- 
enae mollibus  sententiis  aluerunt,  conjurationemque 
io  nascentem  non  credendo  corroboraverunt : quorum 

auctoritatem  secuti  multi  non  solum  improbi,  verum 
etiam  imperiti,  si  in  hunc  animadvertissem,  crudeliter 
et  regie  factum  esse  dicerent.  Nunc  intellego,  si  iste, 
quo  intendit,  in  Manliana  casfra  pervenerit,  neminem 
iS  tam  stultum  fore  qui  non  videat  conjurationem  esse 
factam,  neminem  tam  improbum  qui  non  fateatur. 
Hoc  autem  uno  interfecto,  intellego  hanc  rei  publicae 
pestem  paulisper  reprimi,  non  in  perpetuum  compiimi 
posse.  Quod  si  se  ejecerit,  secumque  suos  eduxerit,  et 
20  eodem  ceteros  undique  conlectos  naufragos  adgregant, 
exstinguetur  atque  delebitur  non  modo  haec  tam  adulta 
rei  publicae  pestis,  verum  etiam  stirps  ac  semen  malo- 

rum  omnium.  ... 

xm.  31.  Etenim  jam  diu,  patres  conscnpti,  in  his 
25  periculis  conjurationis  insidiisque  versamur,  sed  nescio 
quo  pacto  omnium  scelerum  ac  veteris  furoris  et  auda- 
ciae  maturitas  in  nostri  consulatus  tempus  erupit. 
Quod  si  ex  tanto  latrocinio  iste  unus  tolletur,  videbimur 
fortasse  ad  breve  quoddam  tempus  cura  et  metu  esse 
30  relevati ; periculum  autem  residebit,  et  erit  inclusum 
penitus  in  venis  atque  in  visceribus  rei  publicae.  Ut 
saepe  homines  aegri  morbo  gravi,  cum  aestu  febn- 
que  jactantur,  si  aquam  gelidam  bibermt,  primo  rele- 
vari  videntur,  deinde  multo  gravius  vehementiusque 
35  adflictantur ; sic  hie  morbus,  qui  est  in  re  publica,  rele- 
vatus  istius  poena,  vehementius  reliquis  vivis  ingra- 


97 


XI11-  33  ] Character  of  the  Conspiracy . 


vescet.  32.  Qua  re  secedant  improbi,  secernant  se  a 
bonis,  unum  in  locum  congregentur,  muro  denique  [id] 
(quod  saepe  jam  dixi)  discernantur  a nobis  : desinant 
insidiari  domi  suae  consuli,  circumstare  tribunal  prae- 
toris  urbani,  obsidere  cum  gladiis  curiam,  malleolos  et  5 
faces  ad  inflammandam  urbem  comparare  : sit  denique 
inscriptum  in  fronte  unius  cujusque  quid  de  re  publica 
sentiat.  Polliceor  hoc  vobis,  patres  conscripti,  tantam 
in  nobis  consulibus  fore  diligentiam,  tantam  in  vobis 
auctoritatem,  tantam  in  equitibus  Romanis  virtutem,  ig 
tantam  in  omnibus  bonis  consensionem,  ut  Catilinae 
profectione  omnia  patefacta,  inlustrata,  oppressa,  vindi- 
cata  esse  videatis. 

33.  Hisce  ominibus,  Catilina,  cum  summa  rei  publi- 
cae  salute,  cum  tua  peste  ac  pernicie,  cumque  eorum  15 
exitio  qui  se  tecum  omni  scelere  parricidioque  junxe- 
runt,  proficiscere  ad  impium  bellum  ac  nefarium.  Tu, 
Juppiter,  qui  isdem  quibus  haec  urbs  auspiciis  [a  Rom- 
ulo]  es  constitutus,  quern  Statorem  hujus  urbis  atque 
imperi  vere  nominamus,  hunc  et  hujus  socios  a tuis  20 
ceterisque  templis,  a tectis  urbis  ac  moenibus,  a vita 
fortunisque  civium  [omnium]  arcebis,  et  homines  bono- 
rum  inimicos,  hostis  patriae,  latrones  Italiae,  scelerum 
foedere  inter  se  ac  nefaria  societate  conjunctos,  aeter- 
nis  suppliciis  vivos  mortuosque  mactabis.  25 


[ 

2.  Character  of  the  Conspiracy. 

Before  the  People,  Nov.  9. 

When  Cicero  had  finished  his  speech  and  taken  his  seat,  Cati- 
line attempted  to  reply,  but  was  interrupted  by  the  cries  and  re- 
proaches of  the  Senators.  With  a few  threatening  words,  he  rushed 
from  the  house,  and  left  the  city  the  same  night,  for  the  camp  of 
Manlius.  The  next  morning  the  consul  assembled  the  people,  and 
announced  to  them  the  news,  in  the  triumphant  speech  which  follows. 

7 


98 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline . 


[Catil.  II. 


10 


x,  i.  Tandem  aliquando,  Quirites,  L.  Catilinam, 
furentem  audacia,  scelus  anhelantem,  pestem  patriae 
nefarie  molientem,  vobis  atque  huic  urbi  ferro  flam- 
maque  minitantem,  ex  urbe  vel  ejecimus,  vel  emisi- 
5 mus,  vel  ipsum  egredientem  verbis  prosecuti  sumus. 
Abiit,  excessit,  evasit,  erupit.  Nulla  jam  permcies  a 
monstro  illo  atque  prodigio  moenibus  ipsis  intra  moe- 
nia  comparabitur.  Atque  hunc  quidem  unum  hu- 
jus  belli  domestici  ducem  sine  controversia  vicimus. 
Non  enim  jam  inter  latera  nostra  sica  ilia  versabitur : 
non  in  campo,  non  in  foro,  non  in  curia,  non  denique 
intra  domesticos  parietes  pertimescemus.  Loco  llle 
motus  est,  cum  est  ex  urbe  depulsus.  Palam  jam  cum 
hoste  nullo  impediente  bellum  [justum]  geremus.  Sine 
,5  dubio  perdidimus  hominem  magnificeque  vicimus,  cum 
ilium  ex  occultis  insidiis  in  apertum  latrocinium  con- 
jecimus.  2.  Quod  vero  non  cruentum  mucronem  (ut 
voluit)  extulit,  quod  vivis  nobis  egressus  est,  quod  ei 
ferrum  e manibus  extorsimus,  quod  incolumis  civis, 
20  quod  stantem  urbem  reliquit,  quanto  tandem  ilium 
maerore  esse  adflictum  et  profligatum  putatis.  Jacet 
ille  nunc  prostratusque  est,  et  se  perculsum  atque  ab- 
jectum  esse  sentit,  et  retorquet  oculos  profecto  saepe  ad 
hanc  urbem,  quam  e suis  faucibus  ereptam  esse  luget : 
25  quae  quidem  mihi  laetari  videtur,  quod  tantam  pestem 

evomuerit  forasque  projecerit. 

II  3.  Ac  si  quis  est  tabs,  qualis  esse  omms  oporte- 
bat,  qui  in  hoc  ipso,  in  quo  exsultat  et  triumphal  oratio 
mea,  me  vehementer  accuset,  quod  tam  capitalem  hos- 
30  tem  non  comprehenderim  potius  quam  emiserim,  non 
est  ista  mea  culpa,  sed  temporum.  Interfectum  esse  . 
Catilinam  et  gravissimo  supplicio  adfectum  jam  pridem 
oportebat,  idque  a me  et  mos  majorum  et  hujus  imperi 
severitas  et  res  publica  postulabat.  Sed  quam  multos 
35  fuisse  putatis  qui  quae  ego  deferrem  non  crederent? 
[quam  multos  qui  propter  stultitiam  non  putarent?] 


in.  6.] 


His  Cowpanions  in  Gmlt. 


99 


quam  multos  qui  etiam  defenderent?  [quam  multos 
qui  propter  improbitatem  faverent?]  Ac  si  illo  sub- 
lato  depelli  a vobis  omne  periculum  judicarem,  jam 
pridem  ego  L.  Catilinam  non  modo  invidiae  meae, 
verum  etiam  vitae  periculo  sustulissem.  4.  Sed  cum  5 
viderem,  ne  vobis  quidem  omnibus  re  etiam  turn 
probata,  si  ilium,  ut  erat  meritus,  morte  multassem, 
fore  ut  ejus  socios  invidia  oppressus  persequi  non  pos- 
sem,  rem  hue  deduxi,  ut  turn  palam  pugnare  possetis, 
cum  hostem  aperte  videretis.  Quem  quidem  ego  hos-  10 
tem  quam  vehementer  foris  esse  timendum  putem, 
licet  hinc  intellegatis,  quod  etiam  moleste  fero,  quod 
ex  urbe  parum  comitatus  exierit.  Utinam  ille  omnis 
secum  suas  copias  eduxisset ! Tongilium  mihi  eduxit, 
quem  amare  in  praetexta  coeperat,  Publicium  et  Mi-  15 
nucium,  quorum  aes  alienum  contractum  in  popina  nul- 
lum rei  publicae  motum  adferre  poterat : reliquit  quos 
viros  ! quanto  aere  alieno  ! quam  valentis  ! quam  no- 
bilis  ! in.  5.  Itaque  ego  ilium  exercitum  prae  Galli- 
canis  legionibus,  et  hoc  dilectu  quem  in  agro  Piceno  20 
et  Gallico  Q^.  Metellus  habuit,  et  his  copiis  quae  a 
nobis  cotidie  comparantur,  magno  opere  contemno, 
conlectum  ex  senibus  desperatis,  ex  agresti  luxuria,  ex 
rusticis  decoctoribus,  ex  eis  qui  vadimonia  deserere 
quam  ilium  exercitum  maluerunt : quibus  ego  non  modo  25 
si  aciem  exercitus  nostri,  verum  etiam  si  edictum  prae- 
toris  ostendero,  concident.  Hos,  quos  video  volitare 
in  foro,  quos  stare  ad  curiam,  quos  etiam  in  senatum 
venire,  qui  nitent  unguentis,  qui  fulgent  purpura,  mal- 
lem  secum  milites  eduxisset : qui  si  hie  permanent,  30 
mementote  non  tam  exercitum  ilium  esse  nobis  quam 
hos,  qui  exercitum  deseruerunt,  pertimescendos.  At- 
que  hoc  etiam  sunt  timendi  magis,  quod  quicquid  cogi- 
Itant  me  scire  sentiunt,  neque  tamen  permoventur. 

6.  Video  cui  sit  Apulia  attributa,  quis  habeat  Etruriam,  35 
quis  agrum  Picenum,  quis  Gallicum,  quis  sibi  has 


IOO 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline . 


[Catil.  II. 


urbanas  insidias  caedis  atque  incendiorum  depoposce- 
rit : omnia  superioris  noctis  consilia  ad  me  perlata  esse 
sentiunt : patefeci  in  senatu  hesterno  die  : Catilina  ipse 
pertimuit,  profugit : hi  quid  exspectant?  Ne  illi  ve- 
S hementer  errant,  si  illam  meam  pristinam  lenitatem 
perpetuam  sperant  futuram. 

iv.  Quod  exspectavi,  jam  sum  adsecutus,  ut'  vos 
omnes  factam  esse  aperte  conjurationem  contra  rem 
publicam  videretis : nisi  vero  si  quis  est  qui  Catilinae 
io  similis  cum  Catilina  sentire  non  putet.  Non  est  jam 
lenitati  locus : severitatem  res  ipsa  flagitat.  Unum 
etiam  nunc  concedam  : exeant,  proficiscantur;  ne  pati- 
antur  desiderio  sui  Catilinam  miserum  tabescere.  De- 
monstrabo  iter  : Aurelia  via  profectus  est : si  adcelerare 
15  volent,  ad  vesperam  consequentur.  7.  O fortunatain 
rem  publicam,  si  quidem  hanc  sentinam  urbis  ejecerit! 
Uno  (mehercule)  Catilina  exhausto,  levata  mihi  et  re- 
creata  res  publica  videtur.  Quid  enim  mali  aut  sceleris 
fingi  aut  cogitari  potest  quod  non  ille  conceperit?  Quis 
20  tota  Italia  veneficus,  quis  gladiator,  quis  latro,  quis 
sicarius,  quis  parricida,  quis  testamentorum  subjector, 
quis  circumscriptor,  quis  ganeo,  quis  nepos,  quis  adul- 
ter, quae  mulier  infamis,  quis  corruptor  juventutis, 
quis  corruptus,  quis  perditus  inveniri  potest,  qui  se  cum 
25  Catilina  non  familiarissime  vixisse  fateatur?  quae  cae- 
des  per  hosce  annos  sine  illo  facta  est?  quod  nefarium 
stuprum  non  per  ilium?  8.  Jam  vero  quae  tanta  um- 
quam  in  ullo  homine  juventutis  inlecebra  fuit,  quanta  in 
illo?  qui  alios  ipse  amabat  turpissime,  aliorum  amori 
30  flagitiosissime  serviebat:  aliis  fructum  libidinum,  aliis 
mortem  parentum  non  modo  impellendo,  verum  etiam 
adjuvando  pollicebatur.  Nunc  vero  quam  subito  non 
solum  ex  urbe,  verum  etiam  ex  agris  ingentem  nume- 
rum  perditorum  hominum  conlegerat ! Nemo  non 
35  modo  Romae,  sed  ne  ullo  quidem  in  angulo  totius 
Italiae  oppressus  aere  alieno  fuit,  quern  non  ad  hoc 
incredibile  sceleris  foedus  asciverit. 


v.  ii.]  All  Scoundrels  throng  to  join  him . 


IOI 


v.  9.  Atque  ut  ejus  diversa  studia  in  dissimili  ratione 
perspicere  possitis,  nemo  est  in  ludo  gladiatorio  paulo 
ad  facinus  audacior,  qui  se  non  intimum  Catilinae  esse 
fateatur ; nemo  in  scaena  levior  et  nequior,  qui  se  non 
ejusdem  prope  sodalem  fuisse  commemoret.  Atque  idem  5 
tamen,  stuprorum  et  scelerum  exercitatione  adsuefac- 
tus,  frigore  et  fame  et  siti  et  vigiliis  perferendis,  fortis 
ab  istis  praedicabatur,  cum  industriae  subsidia  atque 
instrumenta  virtutis  in  libidine  audaciaque  consumeret. 

10.  Hunc  vero  si  secuti  erunt  sui  comites,  si  ex  urbe  10 
exierint  desperatorum  hominum  flagitiosi  greges,  O nos 
beatos ! O rem  publicam  fortunatam  ! O praeclaram 
laudem  consulatus  mei ! Non  enim  jam  sunt  mediocres 
hominum  libidines,  non  humanae  ac  tolerandae  auda- 
ciae:  nihil  cogitant  nisi  caedem,  nisi  incendia,  nisi  15 
rapinas.  Patrimonia  sua  profuderunt,  fortunas  suas 
obligaverunt : res  eos  jam  pridem,  fides  nuper  deficere 
coepit : eadem  tamen  ilia,  quae  erat  in  abundantia, 
libido  permanet.  Quod  si  in  vino  et  alea  comissationes 
solum  et  scorta  quaererent,  essent  illi  quidem  despe-  20 
randi,  sed  tamen  essent  ferendi : hoc  vero  quis  ferre 
possit,  inertis  homines  fortissimis  viris  insidiari,  stultis- 
simos  prudentissimis,  ebriosos  sobriis,  dormientis  vigi- 
lantibus?  qui  mihi  accubantes  in  conviviis,  complexi 
mulieres  impudicas,  vino  languidi,  conferti  cibo,  sertis  25 
redimiti,  unguentis  obliti,  debilitati  stupris,  eructant  ser- 
monibus  suis  caedem  bonorum  atque  urbis  incendia. 

11.  Quibus  ego  confido  impendere  fatum  aliquod,  et 
poenam  jam  diu  improbitati,  nequitiae,  sceleri,  libidini 
debitam  aut  instare  jam  plane,  aut  certe  appropinquare.  3° 
Quos  si  meus  consulatus,  quoniam  sanare  non  potest, 
sustulerit,  non  breve  nescio  quod  tempus,  sed  multa  sae- 
cula  propagarit  rei  publicae.  Nulla  est  enim  natio 
quam  pertimescamus»  nullus  rex  qui  bellum  populo  Ro- 
mano facere  possit53"Omnia  sunt  externa  unius  virtute  35 
terra  marique  pacata  : ddmestieum  bellum  manet;  in- 


102  Conspiracy  of  Catiline . [Catil.  II. 

tus  insidiae  sunt,  intus  inclusum  periculum  est,  intus 
est  hostis.  Cum  luxuria  nobis,  cum  amentia,  cum 
scelere  certandum  est.  Huic  ego  me  bello  ducem 
profiteor,  Quirites  : suscipio  inimicitias  hominum  per- 
5 ditorum.  Quae  sanari  poterunt,  quacumque  ratione 
sanabo  ; quae  resecanda  erunt,  non  patiar  ad  perniciem 
civitatis  manere.  Proinde  aut  exeant,  aut  quiescant, 
aut,  si  et  in  urbe  et  in  eadem  mente  permanent,  ea 
quae  merentur  exspectent. 

io  vi.  12.  At  etiam  sunt  qui  dicant,  Quirites,  a me  in 
exsilium  ejectum  esse  Catilinam.  Quod  ego  si  verbo 
adsequi  possem,  istos  ipsos  eicerem,  qui  haec  loquun- 
tur.  Homo  enim  videlicet  timidus  aut  etiam  permo- 
destus  vocem  consulis  ferre  non  potuit : simul  atque 
15  ire  in  exsilium  jussus  est,  paruit.  Quid?  ut  hesterno 
die,  Quirites,  cum  domi  meae  paene  interfectus  essem, 
senatum  in  aedem  Jovis  Statoris  convocavi,  rem  om- 
nem  ad  patres  conscriptos  detuli : quo  cum  Catilina 
venisset,  quis  eum  senator  appellavit?  quis  salutavit? 
20  quis  denique  ita  aspexit  ut  perditum  civem,  ac  non  po- 
tius  ut  importunissimum  hostem?  Quin  etiam  principes 
ejus  ordinis  partem  illam  subselliorum,  ad  quam  ille 
accesserat,  nudam  atque  inanem  reliquerunt.  13.  Hie 
ego  vehemens  ille  consul,  qui  verbo  civis  in  exsilium 
25  eicio,  quaesivi  a Catilina  in  nocturno  conventu  ad 
M.  Laecam  fuisset  necne.  Cum  ille,  homo  audacissi- 
mus,  conscientia  convictus,  primo  reticuisset,  patefeci 
cetera  : quid  ea  nocte  egisset,  quid  in  proximam  con- 
stituisset,  quern  ad  modum  esset  ei  ratio  totius  belli 
3°  descripta,  edocui.  Cum  haesitaret,  cum  teneretur, 
quaesivi  quid  dubitaret  proficisci  eo,  quo  jam  pridem 
pararet,  cum  arma,  cum  securis,  cum  fascis,  cum  tubas, 
cum  signa  militaria,  cum  aquilam  illam  argenteam,  cui 
ille  etiam  sacrarium  [scelerum]  domi  suae  fecerat,  sci- 
35  rem  esse  praemissam.  14.  In  exsilium  eiciebam,  quern 
jam  ingressum  esse  in  bellum  videbam  ? Etenim,  credo, 


vii.  1 6.]  ffe  will  soon  a^ear  in  Arms . 


103 


Manlius  iste  centurio,  qui  in  agro  Faesulano  castra 
posuit,  bellum  populo  Romano  suo  nomine  indixit,  et 
ilia  castra  nunc  non  Catilinam  ducem  exspectant,  et 
ille  ejectus  in  exsilium  se  Massiliam,  ut  aiunt,  non  in 
haec  castra  conferet.  5 

vii.  O condicionem  miseram  non  modo  adminis- 
trandae,  verum  etiam  conservandae  rei  publicae ! 
Nunc  si  L.  Catilina  consiliis,  laboribus,  periculis  meis 
circumclusus  ac  debilitatus  subito  pertimuerit,  senten- 
tiam  mutaverit,  deseruerit  suos,  consilium  belli  faci-  10 
endi  abjecerit,  ex  hoc  cursu  sceleris  ac  belli  iter  ad 
fugam  atque  in  exsilium  converterit,  — non  ille  a me 
\spoliatus  armis  audaciae,  non  obstupefactus  ac  perter- 
^ J:^us  mea  diligentia,  non  de  spe  conatuque  depulsus, 
sed  indemnatus,  innocens,  in  exsilium  ejectus  a consule  15 
' vi  etjninjs  esse  dicetur ; et  erunt  qui  ilium,  si  hoc  fece- 
rit,  non  improbum,  sed  miserum,  me  non  diligentissi- 
mum  consulem,  sed  crudelissimum  tyrannum  existimari 
velint ! 15.  Est  mihi  tanti,  Quirites,  hujus  invidiae 

falsae  atque  iniquae  tempestatem  subire,  dum  modo  a 20 
vobis  hujus  horribilis  belli  ac  nefarii  periculum  depel- 
latur.  Dicatur  sane  ejectus  esse  a me,  dum  modo  eat 
in  exsilium.  Sed,  mihi  credite,  non  est  iturus.  Num- 
quam  ego  a dis  immortalibus  optabo,  Quirites,  invidiae 
meae  levandae  causa,  ut  L.  Catilinam  ducere  exerci-  25 
turn  hostium  atque  in  armis  volitare  audiatis  : sed  tri- 
duo tamen  audietis ; multoque  magis  illud  timeo,  ne 
mihi  sit  invidiosum  aliquando,  quod  ilium  emiserim 
potius  quam  quod  ejecerim.  Sed  cum  sint  homines 
qui  ilium,  cum  profectus  sit,  ejectum  esse  dicant,  eidem  30 
si  interfectus  esset  quid  dicerent?  16.  Quamquam  isti, 
qui  Catilinam  Massiliam  ire  dictitant,  non  tarn  hoc 
queruntur  quam  verentur.  Nemo  est  istorum  tarn 
misericors,  qui  ilium  non  ad  Manlium  quam  ad  Massil- 
iensis  ire  malit.  Ille  autem,  si  (me  hercule)  hoc  quod  35 
agit  numquam  antea  cogitasset,  tamen  latrocinantem 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline . [Catil.  II. 


/ 


se  interlici  mallet  quam  exsulem  vivere.  Nunc  vero, 
cum  ei  nihil  adhuc  praeter  ipsius  voluntatem  cogi- 
tationemque  acciderit,  nisi  quod  vivis  nobis  Roma  pro- 
fectus  est,  optemus  potius  ut  eat  in  exsilium  quam 


viii.  it.  Sed  cur  tam  diu  de  uno  hoste  loquimur,  et 
de  hoste  qui  jam  fatetur  se  esse  hostem,  et  quern,  quia 
(quod  semper  volui)  murus  interest,  non  timeo  : de  eis 
qui  dissimulant,  qui  Romae  remanent,  qui  nobiscum 
ig^sunt,  nihil  dicimus  ? Quos  quidem  ego,  si  ullo  modo 
fieri  possit,  non  tam  ulcisci  studeo  quam  sanare  sibi 
ipsos,  placare  rei  publicae,  neque  id  qua  re  fieri  non 
possit,  si  me  audire  volent,  intellego.  Exponam  enim 
vobis,  Quirites,  ex  quibus  generibus  hominum  istae 
15  copiae  comparentur : deinde  singulis  medicinam  con- 
sili  atque  orationis  meae,  si  quam  potero,  adferam. 

18.  Unum  genus  est  eorum,  qui  magno  in  aere  alieno 
majores  etiam  possessiones  habent,  quarum  amore  ad« 
ducti  dissolvi  nullo  modo  possunt.  Horum  hominum 


ix.  2o.]  Spendthrifts , Debtors , Sulla's  Veterans . 105 


ix.  19.  Alterum  genus  est  eorum  qui,  quamquam 
premuntur  aere  alieno,  dominationem  tamen  exspec- 
tant,  rerum  potiri  volunt,  honores,  quos  quieta  re  pub- 
lica  desperant,  perturbata  se  consequi  posse  arbitrantur. 
Quibus  hoc  praecipiendum  videtur,  — unum  scilicet  et  5 
idem  quod  reliquis  omnibus, — ut  desperent  id  quod 
conantur  se  consequi  posse  : primum  omnium  me  ipsum 
vigilare,  adesse,  providere  rei  publicae ; deinde  mag- 
nos  animos  esse  in  bonis  viris,  magnam  concordiam 
in  maxima  multitudine,  magnas  praeterea  copias  mil-  10 
itum  ; deos  denique  immortalis  huic  invicto  populo, 
clarissimo  imperio,  pulcherrimae  urbi,  contra  tantam 
vim  sceleris  praesentis  auxilium  esse  laturos.^  Quod 
si  jam  sint  id,  quod  cum  summo  furore  cupiunt,  adepti, 
num  illi  in  cinere  urbis  et  in  sanguine  civium,  quae  15 
mente  conscelerata  ac  nefaria  concupiverunt,  se  con- 
sules  ac  dictatores  aut  etiam  reges  sperant  futuros? 
Non  vident  id  se  cupere,  quod  si  adepti  sint,  fugitivo 
alicui  aut  gladiatori  concedi  sit  necesse? 

20.  Tertium  genus  est  aetate  jam  adfectum,  sed  ta-  20 
men  exercitatione  robustum ; quo  ex  genere  iste  est 
Manlius,  cui  nunc  Catilina  succedit.  Sunt  homines  ex 
eis  coloniis  quas  Sulla  constituit : quas  ego  universas 
civium  esse  optimorum  et  fortissimorum  virorum  sen- 
tio ; sed  tamen  ei  sunt  coloni,  qui  se  in  insperatis  ac  re-  25 
pentinis  pecuniis  sumptuosius  insolentiusque  jactarunt. 

Hi  dum  aedificant  tamquam  beati,  dum  praediis  lectis, 
familiis  magnis,  conviviis  apparatis  delectantur,  in  tan- 
tum  aes  alienum  inciderunt,  ut,  si  salvi  esse  velint, 
Sulla  sit  [eis]  ab  inferis  excitandus  : qui  etiam  non  30 
nullos  agrestis,  homines  tenuis  atque  egentis,  in  ean- 
dem  illam  spem  rapinarum  veterum  impulerunt.  Quos 
ego  utrosque  in  eodem  genere  praedatorum  direpto- 
rumque  pono.  Sed  eos  hoc  moneo  : desinant  furere 
ac  proscriptiones  et  dictaturas  cogitare.  Tantus  enim  35 
illorum  temporum  dolor  inustus  est  civitati,  ut  jam  ista 


106  Conspiracy  of  Catiline.  [Catil.  II. 

non  modo  homines,  sed  ne  pecudes  quidem  mihi  pas- 
surae  esse  videantur. 

x.  21.  Quartum  genus  est  sane  varium  et  mixtum  et 
turbulentum,  qui  jam  pridem  premuntur,  qui  numquam 
S emergunt,  qui  partim  inertia,  partim  male  gerendo 
negotio,  partim  etiam  sumptibus  in  vetere  aere  alieno 
vacillant;  qui  vadimoniis,  judiciis,  proscriptione  bo- 
norum  defatigati,  permulti  et  ex  urbe  et  ex  agris  se  in 
ilia  castra  conferre  dicuntur.  Hosce  ego  non  tam  mili- 
io  tes  acris  quam  infitiatores  lentos  esse  arbitror.  Qui 
homines  primum,  si  stare  non  possunt,  conruant;  sed 
ita,  ut  non  modo  civitas,  sed  ne  vicini  quidem  proximi 
sentiant.  Nam  illud  non  intellego,  quam  ob  rem,  si 
vivere  honeste  non  possunt,  perire  turpiter  velint ; aut 
15  cur  minore  dolore  perituros  se  cum  multis,  quam  si 
soli  pereant,  arbitrentur. 

22.  Quintum  genus  est  parricidarum,  sicariorum, 
denique  omnium  facinorosorum  : quos  ego  a Catilina 
non  revoco ; nam  neque  ab  eo  divelli  possunt,  et  pere- 
20  ant  sane  in  latrocinio,  quoniam  sunt  ita  multi  ut  eos 
career  capere  non  possit.  Postremum  autem  genus 
est  non  solum  numero,  verum  etiam  genere  ipso  atque 
vita,  quod  proprium  Catilinae  est,  — de  ejus  dilec- 
tu,  immo  vero  de  complexu  ejus  ac  sinu ; quos  pexo 
25  capillo,  nitidos,  aut  imberbis  aut  bene  barbatos  videtis, 
manicatis  et  talaribus  tunicis,  velis  amictos  non  togis, 
quorum  omnis  industria  vitae  et  vigilandi  labor  in  ante- 
lucanis  cenis  expromitur.  23.  In  his  gregibus  omnes 
aleatores,  omnes  adulteri,  omnes  impuri  impudicique 
30  versantur.  Hi  pueri  tam  lepidi  ac  delicati  non  solum 
amare  et  amari,  neque  saltare  et  cantare,  sed  etiam 
sicas  vibrare  et  spargere  venena  didicerunt ; qui  nisi 
exeunt,  nisi  pereunt,  etiam  si  Catilina  perierit,  scitote 
hoc  in  re  publica  semir  arium  Catilinarum  futurum. 
35  Verum  tamen  quid  sibi  isti  miseri  volunt?  Num  suas 
secum  mulierculas  sunt  in  castra  ducturi?  Quern  ad 


xl  25.]  Cut-throats , Debauchees : the  Contrast . 107 

modum  autem  illis  carere  poterunt,  his  praesertim  jam 
noctibus?  Quo  autem  pacto  illi  Apenninum  atque 
illas  pruinas  ac  nivis  perferent?  nisi  idcirco  se  facil- 
ius  hiemem  toleraturos  putant,  quod  nudi  in  conviviis 
saltare  didicerunt.  5 

xi.  24.  O bellum  magno  opere  pertimescendum, 
cum  hanc  sit  habiturus  Catilina  scortorum  cohortem 
praetoriam  ! Instruite  nunc,  Quirites,  contra  has  tarn 
praeclaras  Catilinae  copias  vestra  praesidia  vestrosque 
exercitus.  Et  primum  gladiatori  illi  confecto  et  saucio  10 
consules  imperatoresque  vestros  opponite ; deinde  con- 
tra illam  naufragorum  ejectam  ac  debilitatam  manum 
florem  totius  Italiae  ac  robur  educite.  Jam  vero  urbes 
coloniarum  ac  municipiorum  respondebunt  Catilinae 
tumulis  silvestribus.  Neque  ego  ceteras  copias,  or-  15 
namenta,  praesidia  vestra  cum  illius  latronis  inopia 
atque  egestate  conferre  debeo.  25.  Sed  si,  omissis  his 
rebus,  quibus  nos  suppeditamur,  eget  ille,  — senatu, 
equitibus  Romanis,  urbe,  aerario,  vectigalibus,  cuncta 
Italia,  provinciis  omnibus,  exteris  nationibus,  — si,  20 
his  rebus  omissis,  causas  ipsas  quae  inter  se  confli- 
gunt  contendere  velimus,  ex  eo  ipso  quam  valde  illi 
jaceant  intellegere  possumus.  Ex  hac  enim  parte 
pudor  pugnat,  illinc  petulantia ; hinc  pudicitia,  illinc 
stuprum ; hinc  fides,  illinc  fraudatio ; hinc  pietas,  25 
illinc  scelus  ; hinc  constantia,  illinc  furor;  hinc  hones- 
tas,  illinc  turpitudo ; hinc  continentia,  illinc  libido ; 
denique  aequitas,  temperantia,  fortitudo,  prudentia, 
[virtutes  omnes,]  certant  cum  iniquitate,  luxuria,  ig- 
navia,  temeritate,  [cum  vitiis  omnibus]  ; postremo  30 
copia  cum  egestate,  bona  ratio  cum  perdita,  mens 
sana  cum  amentia,  bona  denique  spes  cum  omnium 
rerum  desperatione  confligit.  In  ejus  modi  certamine 
ac  proelio,  nonne,  etiam  si  hominum  studia  deficiant, 
di  ipsi  immortales  cogant  ab  his  praeclarissimis  virtu-  35 
tibus  tot  et  tanta  vitia  superari? 


108  Conspiracy  of  Catiline.  [Catxl.  II. 

xn.  26.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  Quirites,  vos,  quern  ad 
modum  jam  antea,  vestra  tecta  custodiis  vigiliisque 
defendite  : mihi,  ut  urbi  sine  vestro  motu  ac  sine  ullo 
tumultu  satis  esset  praesidi,  consultum  atque  pro  visum 
5 est.  Coloni  omnes  municipesque  vestri,  certiores  a me 
facti  de  hac  nocturna  excursione  Catilinae,  facile  urbis 
suas  finisque  defendent.  Gladiatores,  quam  sibi  ille 
ijianum  certissimam  fore  putavit,  — quamquam  animo 
meliore  sunt  quam  pars  patriciorum, — potestate  ta- 
io  men  nostra  continebuntur.  Q^.  Metellus,  quern  ego 
hoc  prospiciens  in  agrum  Gallicum  Picenumque  prae- 
misi,  aut  opprimet  hominem,  aut  omnis  ejus  motus 
conatusque  prohibebit.  Reliquis  autem  de  rebus  con- 
stituendis,  maturandis,  agendis,  jam  ad  senatum  re- 
15  feremus,  quem  vocari  videtis. 

27.  Nunc  illos  qui  in  urbe  remanserunt,  atque  adeo 
qui  contra  urbis  salutem  omniumque  vestrum  in  urbe  a 
Catilina  relicti  sunt,  quamquam  sunt  hostes,  tamen, 
quia  sunt  cives,  monitos  etiam  atque  etiam  volo.  Mea 
20  lenitas  si  cui  adhuc  solutior  visa  est,  hoc  exspectavit, 
ut  id  quod  latebat  erumperet.  Quod  reliquum  est, 
jam  non  possum  oblivisci  meam  hanc  esse  patriam, 
me  horum  esse  consulem,  mihi  aut  cum  his  vivendum 
aut  pro  his  esse  moriendum.  Nullus  est  portis  custos, 
25  nullus  insidiator  viae : si  qui  exire  volunt,  conivere 
possum.  V Qui  vero  se  in  urbe  commoverit,  cujus  ego 
non  modo  factum,  sed  inceptum  ullum  conatumve  con- 
tra patriam  deprehendero,  sentiet  in  hac  urbe  esse  con- 
sules  vigilantis,  esse  egregios  magistratus,  esse  fortem 
30  senatum,  esse  arma,  esse  carcerem,  quem  vindicem 
nefariorum  ac  manifestorum  scelerum  majores  nostri 
esse  voluerunt. 

xiii.  28.  Atque  haec  omnia  sic  agentur,  Quirites,  ut 
maximae  res  minimo  motu,  pericula  summa  nullo  tu- 
35  multu,  bellum  intestinum  ac  domesticum  post  hominum 
memoriam  crudelissimum  et  maximum,  me  uno  togato 


i.  i.]  How  the  Conspiracy  was  suppressed . 109 

duce  et  imperatore  sedetur.  Quod  ego  sic  adminis- 
trate, Quirites,  ut,  si  ullo  modo  fieri  poterit,  ne  impro- 
bus  quidem  quisquam  in  hac  urbe  poenam  sui  sceleris 
sufferat.  Sed  si  vis  manifestae  audaciae,  si  impen- 
dens  patriae  periculum  me  necessario  de  hac  animi  5 
lenitate  deduxerit,  illud  profecto  perficiam,  quod  in 
tanto  et  tarn  insidioso  bello  vix  optandum  videtur,  ut 
neque  bonus  quisquam  intereat,  paucorumque  poena 
vos  omnes  salvi  esse  possitis.  29.  Quae  quidem  ego 
neque  mea  prudentia  neque  humanis  consiliis  fretus  10 
polliceor  vobis,  Quirites,  sed  multis  et  non  dubiis  deo- 
rum  immortalium  significationibus,  quibus  ego  ducibus 
in  hanc  spem  sententiamque  sum  ingressus ; qui  jam 
non  procul,  ut  quondam  solebant,  ab  externo  hoste 
atque  longinquo,  sed  hie  praesentes  suo  numine  atque  15 
auxilio  sua  templa  atque  urbis  tecta  defendunt.  Quos 
vos,  Quirites,  precari,  venerari,  implorare  debetis,  ut, 
quam  urbem  pulcherrimiH  flbrentissimamque  esse  vol- 
uerunt,  hanc,  omnibus  hostium  copiis  terra  marique 
superatis,  a perditissimorum  civium  nefario  scelere  20 
defendant. 




3.  How  the  Conspiracy  was  suppressed . 

Before  the  People,  Dec.  3. 

Now  that  Catiline  had  been  driven  into  open  war,  the  conspir- 
acy within  the  city  was  in  the  hands  of  utterly  incompetent  men- 
Lentulus,  who  claimed  the  lead  by  virtue  of  his  consular  rank,  was 
vain,  pompous,  and  inefficient.  The  next  in  rank,  Cethegus,  was 
energetic  enough,  but  rash  and  bloodthirsty.  The  consul  easily 
kept  the  run  of  events,  and  at  last  succeeded  in  getting  them  to 
commit  themselves  in  writing,  when  he  had  no  difficulty  in  secur- 
ing the  documents,  and  arresting  the  conspirators.  How  this  was 
accomplished  is  told  in  the  third  oration. 

i.  1.  Rem  publicam,  Quirites,  vitamque  omnium 
vestrum,  bona,  fortunas,  conjuges  liberosque  vestros, 


no 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline. 


[Catil.  III. 


atque  hoc  domicilium  clarissimi  imperi,  fortunatissi- 
mam  pulcherrimamque  urbem,  hodierno  die  deorum 
immortalium  summo  erga  vos  amore,  laboribus,  con- 
siliis,  periculis  meis,  e flamma  atque  ferro  ac  paene 
S ex  faucibus  fati  ereptam  et  vobis  conservatam  ac 
restitutam  videtis.  2.  Et  si  non  minus  nobis  jucundi 
atque  inlustres  sunt  ei  dies  quibus  conservamur, 
quam  illi  quibus  nascimur,  — quod  salutis  certa  lae- 
titia  est,  nascendi  incerta  condicio ; et  quod  sine  sensu 
10  nascimur,  cum  voluptate  servamur,  — profecto,  quo- 
niam  ilium  qui  hanc  urbem  condidit  ad  deos  immor- 
talis  benevolentia  famaque  sustulimus,  esse  apud  vos 
posterosque  vestros  in  honore  debebit  is  qui  eandem 
hanc  urbem  conditam  amplificatamque  servavit.  Nam 
15  toti  urbi,  templis,  delubris,  tectis  ac  moenibus  subjectos 
prope  jam  ignis  circumdatosque  restinximus  ; idemque 
gladios  in  rem  publicam  destrictos  rettudimus,  mucro- 
nesque  eorum  a jugulis  vestris  dejecimus.  3.  Quae 
quoniam  in  senatu  inlustrata,  patefacta,  comperta  sunt 
20  per  me,  vobis  jam  exponam  breviter,  Quirites,  ut  et 
quanta  et  qua  ratione  investigata  et  comprehensa  sint, 
vos  qui  ignoratis  et  exspectatis  scire  possitis. 

Principio,  ut  Catilina  paucis  ante  diebus  erupit  ex 
urbe,  cum  sceleris  sui  socios,  hujusce  nefarii  belli  acer- 
25  rimos  duces,  Romae  reliquisset,  semper  vigilavi  et 
providi,  Quirites,  quern  ad  modum  in  tantis  et  tarn 

\absconditis  insidiis  salvi  esse  possemus.  11.  Nam 
turn,  cum  ex  urbe  Catilinam  eiciebam,  — non  enim 
jam  vereor  hujus  verbi  invidiam,  cum  ilia  magis  sit 
30  timenda,  quod  vivus  exierit,  — sed  turn,  cum  ilium 
exterminari  volebam,  aut  reliquam  conjuratorum  ma- 
num  simul  exituram,  aut  eos  qui  restitissent  infirmos 
sine  illo  ac  debilis  fore  putabam.  4.  Atque  ego,  ut 
vidi  quos  maximo  furore  et  scelere  esse  inflammatos 
35  sciebam  eos  nobiscum  esse,  et  Romae  remansisse,  in 
eo  omnis  dies  noctisque  consumpsi,  ut  quid  agerent, 


in.  6.] 


At  the  Mulvian  Bridge . 


hi 


quid  molirentur,  sentirem  ac  viderem ; ut,  quoniam 
auribus  vestris  propter  incredibilem  magnitudinem 
sceleris  minorem  fidem  faceret  oratio  mea,  rem  ita 
comprehenderem,  ut  turn  demum  animis  saluti  vestrae 
provideretis,  cum  oculis  maleficium  ipsum  videretis.  s 
Itaque,  ut  comperi  legatos  Allobrogum,  belli  Transal- 
pini  et  tumultus  Gallici  excitandi  causa,  a P.  Lentulo 
esse  sollicitatos,  eosque  in  Galliam  ad  suos  civis,  eo- 
demque  itinere  cum  litteris  mandatisque  ad  Catilinam 
esse  missos,  comitemque  eis  adjunctum  esse  T.  Vol-  IO 
turcium,  atque  huic  ad  Catilinam  esse  datas  litteras, 
facultatem  mihi  oblatam  putavi,  ut  — quod  erat  difficilli- 
mum,  quodque  ego  semper  optabam  ab  dis  immortali- 
bus  tota  res  non  solum  a me,  sed  etiam  a senatu  et  a 
vobis  manifesto  deprehenderetur.  5.  Itaque  hesterno  iS 
die  L.  Flaccum  et  C.  Pomptinum  praetores,  fortissi- 
mos atque  amantissimos  rei  publicae  viros,  ad  me 
vocavi;  rem  exposui,  quid  fieri  placeret  ostendi.^  Illi 
autem,  qui  omnia  de  re  publica  praeclara  atque  egre- 
gia  sentirent,  sine  recusatione  ac  sine  ulla  mora  nego-  2o 
tium  susceperunt,  et,  cum  advesperasceret,  occulte  ad 
pontem  Mulvium  pervenerunt,  atque  ibi  in  proximis 
yillis  ita  bipartite  fuerunt,  ut  Tiberis  inter  eos  et  pons 
interesset.  , Eodem  autem  et  ipsi  sine  cujusquam 
suspitione  multos  fortis  viros  eduxerant,  et  ego  ex  25 
praefectura  Reatina  compluris  delectos  adulescentis, 
quorum  opera  utor  adsidue  in  re  publica  praesidio, 
cum  gladiis  miseram.  6.  Interim,  tertia  fere  vigilia 
exacta,  cum  jam  pontem  Mulvium  magno  comitatu 
legati  Allobrogum  ingredi  inciperent,  unaque  Voltur-  3o 
cius,  fit  in  eos  impetus ; educuntur  et  ab  illis  gladii  et 
a nostris.  Res  praetoribus  erat  nota  solis,  ignorabatur 
a ,'eteris. 

hi.  Turn,  interventu  Pomptini  atque  Flacci,  pugna 
[quae  erat  commissa]  sedatur.  Litterae,  quaecumque  35 
erant  in  eo  .comitatu,  integris  signis  praetoribus  tra- 


1X2  Conspiracy  of  Catiline . [Catil.  Ill, 

duntur;  ipsi  comprehensi  ad  me,  cum  jam  dilucesce- 
ret,  deducuntur.  Atque  horum  omnium  sceleium 
improbissimum  machinatorem  Cimbrum  Gabinium  sta- 
tim  ad  me,  nihil  dum  suspicantem,  vocavi ; deinde  item 
s arcessitus  est  L.  Statilius,  et  post  eum  C.  Cethegus; 
tardissime  autem  Lentulus  venit,  credo  quod  in  litteiis 
dandis  praeter  consuetudinem  proxima  nocte  vigila- 
rat.  7.  Cum  summis  ac  clarissimis  hujus  civitatis 
viris  (qui  audita  reVrequentes  ad  me  mane  convene- 
io  rant)  litteras  a m&  prius  aperiri  quam  ad  senatum  de- 
ferrem  placeret,  — ne,  si  nihil  esset  inventum,  temere 
a me  tantus  tumultus  injectus  civitati  videretur,  ne- 
gavi  me  esse  facturum,  ut  de  periculo  publico  non  ad 
consilium  publicum  rem  integram  deferrem.  Etenim, 
,s  Quirites,  si  ea  quae  erant  ad  me  delata  reperta  non 
essent,  tamen  ego  non  arbitrabar,  in  tantis  rei  publicae 
periculis,  esse  mihi  nimiam  diligentiam  pgrtjmescen- 
dam.  Senatum  frequentem  celeriter,  ut  vidistis,  coegi.  ' 

8.  Atque  interea  stafim,  admonitu  Allobrogum,  C.  Sul- 
20  picium  praetorem,  fortem  virum,  misi,  qui  ex  aedibus 

Cethegi  si  quid  telofum  esset  efFerret : ex  quibus  die 
maximum  sicarum  nU  nerum  et  gladiorum  extulit. 

IV.  Introduxi  Volturcium  sine  Gallis : fidem  publi- 
cam  jussu  senatus  dedi : hortatus  sum,  ut  ea  quae  sci- 
25  ret  sine  timore  indicaret.  Turn  die  dixit,  cum  vix  se 
ex  magno  timore  recreasset,  ab  Lentulo  se  habere 
ad  Catilinam  mandata  et  litteras,  ut  servorum  prae- 
sidio  uteretur,  ut  ad  urbem  quam  primum  cum  exercitu 
accederet : id  autem  eo  consilio,  ut,  cum  urbem  ex 
30  omnibus  partibus  quern  ad  modum  description  dis- 
tributumque  erat  incendissent,  caedemque  infinitam 
Vivium  fecissent,  praesto  esset  ille,  qui  et  fugientis 
exciperet,  et  se  cum  his  urbanis  ducibus  conjungeiet. 

9.  Introducti  autem  Galli  jus  jurandum  sibi  etlitteias 
35  ab  Lentulo,  Cethego,  Statilio  ad  suam  gentem  data 

esse  dixerunt,  atque  ita  sibi  ab  his  et  a L.  Cassio  esse 


v.  II-]  Testimony  of  the  Gauls:  the  Letters. 


1 13 

praescriptum,  ut  equitatum  in  Italiam  quam  primum 
mitterent ; pedestris  sibi  copias  non  defuturas.  Len- 
tulum  autem  sibi  confirmasse,  ex  fatis  Sibyllinis  harus- 
picumque  responsis,  se  esse  tertium  ilium  Cornelium, 
ad  quem  legnum  hujus  urbis  atque  imperium  perve-  5 
niie  esset  necesse  5 Cinnam  ante  se  et  Sullam  fuisse  ; 
eundemque  dixisse  fatalem  hunc  annum  esse  ad  inter- 
itum  hujus  urbis  atque  imperi,  qui  esset  annus  deci- 
mus  post  virginum  absolutionem,  post  Capitoli  autem 
incensionem  vicesimus.  10.  Hanc  autem  Cethego  cum  10 
ceteris  controversiam  fuisse  dixerunt,  quod  Lentulo  et 
aliis  Saturnalibus  caedem  fieri  atque  urbem  incendi 
placeret,  Cethego  nimium  id  longum  videretur. 

. v-  Ac  ne  longum  sit,  Quirites,  tabellas  proferri  jus- 
simus,  quae  a quoque  dicebantur  datae.  Primum  15 
ostendimus  Cethego  signum : cognovit.  Nos  linum 
incidimus  : legimus.  Erat  scriptum  ipsius  manu  Allo- 
brogum  senatui  et  populo,  sese  quae  eorum  legatis  con- 
fhmasset  factuium  esse ; orare  ut  item  illi  facerent  quae 
sibi  eorum  legati  recepissent.  Turn  Cethegus,  qui  20 
paulo  ante  aliquid  tamen  de  gladiis  ac  sicis,  quae  apud 
ipsum  et  ant  deprehensa,  respondisset,  dixissetque  se 
semper  bonorum  ferramentorum  studiosum  fuisse, 
recitatis  litteris  debilitatus  atque  abjectus  conscientia 
repente  conticuit.  Introductus  est  Statilius  : cognovit  25 
et  signum  et  manum  suam.  Recitatae  sunt  tabellae  in 
eandem  fere  sententiam  : confessus  est.  Turn  ostendi 
tabellas  Lentulo,  et  quaesivi  cognosceretne  signum. 
Adnuit.  ‘ Est  vero,’  inquam,  ‘ notum  quidem  signum, 
imago  avi  tui,  clarissimi  viri,  qui  amavit  unice  patriam  30 
et  civis  suos;  quae  quidem  te  a tanto  scelere  etiam 
muta  revocare  debuit.’  11.  Leguntur  eadem  ratione  ad 
senatum  Allobrogum  populumque  litterae.  Si  quid 
de  his  rebus  dicere  vellet,  feci  potestatem.  Atque  file 
pnmo  quidem  negavit ; post  autem  aliquanto,  toto  jam  35 
mdicio  exposito  atque  edito,  surrexit ; quaesivit  a Gal- 

8 


. , • .-  • •• 


£ Izj>  Conspiracy  of  Catiline.  [Catil.  III. 

lis  quid  sibi  esset  cum  eis,  quam  ob  rem  domum  suam 
venissent,  itemque  a Volturcio.  Qui  cum  illi  brevi- 
ter  constanterque  respondissent,  per  quem  ad  eum 
quotiensque  venissent,  quaesissentque  ab  eo  nihilne 
5 secum  esset  de  fatis  Sibyllinis  locutus,  turn  ille  subito, 
scelere  demens,  quanta  conscientiae  vis  esset  ostendit. 
Nam  cum  id  posset  infitiari,  repente  praeter  opinionem 
omnium  confessus  est.  Ita  eum  non  modo  ingenium 
illud  et  dicendi  exercitatio,  qua  semper  valuit,  sed  etiam 
propter  vim  sceleris  manifesti  atque  deprehensi  impu- 
dentia,  qua  superabat  omnis,  improbitasque  defecit. 

12.  Volturcius  vero  subito  litteras  proferri  atque  ape- 
riri  jubet,  quas  sibi  a Lejitulo  ad  Catilinam  datas  esse 
dicebat.  Atque  ibi  vehementissime  perturbatus  Len- 
i5  tulus  tamen  et  signum  et  manum  suam  cqgpovjt. 
Erant  autem  [scriptae]  sine  nomine,  sed  ita : £>uis  sun 
scies  ex  eo  quem  ad  te  niisi.  Cura  ut  vir  sis , ct  co- 
gita  quem  in  locum  sis  jrogressus ; vide  ecquid  tibt 
jam  sit  necesse , et  cura  lit  omnium  tibi  auxiha  adjun- 
20  gas,  etiam  infimorum.  Gabinius  deinde  introductus, 
cum  primo  impudenter  respondere  coepisset,  ad  extre- 
mum nihil  ex  eis  quae  Galli  insimulabant  negavit. 

13.  Ac  mihi  quidem,  Quirites,  cum  ilia  certissima  visa 
sunt  argumenta  atque  indicia  sceleris,  tabellae,  sig- 
2r  na,  manus,  denique  unius  cujusque  confessio ; turn 
multo  certiora  ilia,  — color,  oculi,  voltus,  taciturmtas. 
Sic  enim  obstupuerant,  sic  terram  intuebantur,  sic  fur- 
tim  non  numquam  inter  sese  aspiciebant,  ut  non  jam 
ab  aliis  indicari,  sed  indicare  se  ipsi  viderentur. 

30  vi  Indiciis  expositis  atque  editis,  senatum  consului 
de  summa  re  publica  quid  fieri  placeret.  Dictae  sunt 
a principibus  acerrimae  ac  fortissimae  sententiae,  quas 
senatus  sine  ulla  varietate  est  secutus.  Et  quomam 
nondum  est  perscriptum  senatus  consultum,  ex  memo- 
35  ria  vobis,  Quirites,  quid  senatus  censuent  exponam. 

14.  Primum  mihi  gratiae  verbis  ampfissimis  aguntur, 


VI.  ISO 


Action  of  the  Senate . 


115 


quod  virtute,  consilio,  providentia  mea  res  publica 
maximis  periculis  sit  liberata  : deinde  L.  Flaccus  et  C. 
Pomptinus  praetores,  quod  eorum  opera  forti  fidelique 
usus  essem,  merito  ac  jure  laudantur;  atque  etiam* 
viro  forti,  conlegae  meo,  laus  impertitur,  quod  eos  qui  5 
hujus  conjurationis  participes  fuissent  a suis  et  a rei 
publicae  consiliis  removisset.  Atque  ita  censuerunt, 
ut  P.  Lentulus,  cum  se  praetura  abdicasset,  in  cus- 
todiam  traderetur ; itemque  uti  C.  Cethegus,  L.  Sta- 
tilius,  P.  Gabinius,  qui  omnes  praesentes  erant,  in  10 
custodiam  traderentur ; atque  idem  hoc  decretum  est 
in  L.  Cassium,  qui  sibi  procurationem  incendendae 
urbis  depoposcerat,  in  M.  Ceparium,  cui  ad  soJlicL 
tandos  pastores  Apuliam  attributam  esse  erat  indica- 
tum,  in  P.  Furium,  qui  est  ex  eis  colonis  quos  Faesulas  15 
L.  Sulla  deduxit,  in  Annium  Chilonem,  qui  una 
cum  hoc  Furio  semper  erat  in  hac  Allobrogum  sollb 
citatione  versatus,  in  P.  Umbrenuin,  libertinum  homi- 
nem,  a quo  primum  Gallos  ad  Gabinium  perductos 
esse  constabat.  Atque  ea  lenitate  senatus  est  usus,  20 
Quirites,  ut  ex  tanta  conjuratione,  tantaque  hac  mul- 
titudine  domesticorum  hostium,  novem  hominum  per- 
ditissimorum  poena  re  publica  conservata,  reliquorum 
mentis  sanari  posse  arbitraretur.  15.  Atque  etiam 
supplicatio  dis  immortalibus  pro  singulari  eorum  me-  25 
rito  meo  nomine  decreta  est,  quod  mihi  primum  post 
hanc  urbem  conditam  togato  contigit.  Et  his  verbis 
decreta  est : quod  urbem  incendiis , caede  civis , Italiam 
hello  liberassem . Quae  supplicatio  si  cum  ceteris  con- 
teratur,  hoc  interest,  quod  ceterae  bene  gesta,  haecuna  30 
conservata  re  publica  constituta  est.  Atque  illud,  quod 
faciendum  primum  fuit,  factum  atque  transactum  est. 
Nam  P.  Lentulus — quamquam  patefactis  indiciis, 
confessionibus  suis,  judicio  senatus  non  modo  prae- 
toris  jus,  verum  etiam  civis  amiserat  — tamen  magis-  35 
tratu  se  abdicavit,  ut,  quae  religio  C.  Mario,  Claris- 


ii 6 Conspiracy  of  Catiline.  [Catil.  III. 

simo  viro,  non  fuerat,  quo  minus  C.  Glauciam,  de  quo 
nihil  nomination  erat  decretum,  praetorem  occideret, 
ea  nos  religione  in  privato  P.  Lentulo  puniendo  libe- 
raremur. 

5 vii.  16.  Nunc  quoniam,  Quirites,  consceleratissimi 
periculosissimique  belli  nefarios  duces  captos  jam  et 
comprehensos  tenetis,  existimare  debetis  omnis  Catili- 
nae  copias,  omnis  spes  atque  opes,  his  depulsis  urbis 
periculis  concidisse.  Quern  quidem  ego  cum  ex  urbe 
io  pellebam,  hoc  providebam  animo,  Quirites,  — remoto 
Catilina,  non  mihi  esse  P.  Lentuli  somnum,  nec  L. 
Cassi  adipes,  nec  C.  Cethegi  furiosam  temeritatem 
pertimescendam.  Ille  erat  unus  timgadus  ex  istis 
omnibus,  sed  tarn  diu,  dum  urbis  moenibus  contine- 
15  batur.  Omnia  norat,  omnium  aditus  tenebat : appel- 
lare,  temptare,  sollicitare  poterat,  audebat:  erat  ei 
consilium  ad  facinus  aptum,  consilio  autem  neque 
manus  neque  lingua  deerat.  Jam  ad  certas  res  con- 
ficiendas  certos  homines  delectos  ac  descriptos  ha- 
20  bebat.  Neque  vero,  cum  aliquid  mandarat,  confectum 
putabat : nihil  erat  quod  non  ipse  obiret,  occurreret, 
vigilaret,  laboraret.  Frigus,  sitim,  famem,  ferre  po- 
terat. 17.  Hunc  ego  hominem  tam  acrem,  tam  auda- 
cem,  tam  paratum,  tam  callidum,  tam  in  scelere 
25  vigilantem,  tam  in  perditis  rebus  diligentem,  nisi  ex 
domesticis  insidiis  in  castrense  latrocinium  compulis- 
sem,  — dicam  id  quod  sentio,  Quirites,  — non  facile 
hanc  tantam  molem  mali  a cervicibus  vestris  depulis- 
sem.  Non  ille  nobis  Saturnalia  constituisset,  neque 
3°  tanto  ante  exsili  ac  fati  diem  rei  publicae  denuntiavis- 
set;  neque  commisisset  ut  signum,  ut  litterae  suae 
testes  manifesti  sceleris  deprehenderentur.  Quae 
nunc  illo  absente  sic  gesta  sunt,  ut  nullum  in  privata 
domo  furtum  umquam  sit  tam  palam  inventum,  quam 
35  haec  tanta  in  re  publica  conjuratio  manifesto  inven- 
ta  atque  deprehensa  est.  Quod  si  Catilina  in  urbe 


viii.  2o.]  The  Deliverance : Signs  and  Omens . 117 

ad  hanc  diem  remansisset,  quamquam,  quoad  fuit, 
omnibus  ejus  consiliis  occurri  atque  obstiti,  tamen,  ut 
levissime  dicam,  dimicandum  nobis  cum  illo  fuisset ; 
neque  nos  umquam,  cum  ille  in  urbe  hostis  esset, 
tantis  periculis  rem  publicam  tanta  pace,  tanto  otio,  5 
tanto  silentio  liberassemus. 

viii.  18.  Quamquam  haec  omnia,  Quirites,  ita  sunt 
a me  administrata,  ut  deorum  immortalium  nutu  atque 
consilio  et  gesta  et  provisa  esse  videantur ; idque 
cum  conjectura  consequi  possumus,  quod  vix  vide-  10 
tur  humani  consili  tantarum  rerum  gubernatio  esse 
potuisse ; turn  vero  ita  praesentes  his  temporibus  opem 
et  auxilium  nobis  tulerunt,  ut  eos  paene  oculis  videre 
possemus.  Nam  ut  ilia  omittam,  — visas  nocturno 
tempore  ab  occidente  faces,  ardoremque  caeli,  ut  ful-15 
minum  jactus,  ut  terrae  motus  relinquam,  ut  omittam 
cetera,  quae  tarn  multa  nobis  consulibus  facta  sunt, 
ut  haec,  quae  nunc  hunt,  canere  di  immortales  vide- 
rentur,  — hoc  certe,  quod  sum  dicturus,  neque  prae- 
termittendum  neque  relinquendum  est.  20 

19.  Nam  profecto  memoria  tenetis,  Cotta  et  Torquato 
consulibus,  compluris  in  Capitolio  res  de  caelo  esse 
percussas,  cum  et  simulacra  deorum  depulsa  sunt, 
et  statuae  veterum  hominum  dejectae,  et  legum  aera 
liquefacta  : tactus  est  etiam  ille  qui  hanc  urbem  con-  25 
didit  Romulus,  quern  inauratum  in  Capitolio,  parvum 
atque  lactentem,  uberibus  lupinis  inhiantem,  fuisse 
meministis.  Quo  quidem  tempore  cum  haruspices 
ex  tota  Etruria  convenissent,  caedes  atque  incendia  et 
legum  interitum  et  bellum  civile  ac  domesticum,  et  30 
totius  urbis  atque  imperi  occasum  appropinquare 
dixerunt,  nisi  di  immortales,  omni  ratione  placati,  suo 
numine  prope  fata  ipsa  flexissent.  20  Itaque  illorum 
responsis  turn  et  ludi  per  decern  dies  facti  sunt,  neque 
res  ulla  quae  ad  placandos  deos  pertineret  praeter-  35 
missa  est ; idemque  jusserunt  simulacrum  Jovis  facere 


1x8  Conspiracy  of  Catiline.  [Catil.  III. 

majus,  et  in  excelso  conlocare,  et  (contra  atque  antea 
fuerat)  ad  orientem  convertere ; ac  se  sperare  dix- 
erunt,  si  illud  signum,  quod  videtis,  solis  ortum  et 
forum  curiamque  conspiceret,  fore  ut  ea  consilia,  quae 
5 clam  essent  inita  contra  salutem  urbis  atque  imperi, 
inlustrarentur,  ut  a senatu  populoque  Romano  perspici 
possent.  Atque  [illud  signum]  conlocandum  consules 
illi  locaverunt ; sed  tanta  fuit  operis  tarditas,  ut  neque 
superioribus  consulibus,  neque  nobis  ante  hodiernum 
io  diem,  conlocaretur. 

ix.  21.  Hie  quis  potest  esse  tam  aversus  a vero,  tam 
praeceps,  tam  mente  captus,  qui  neget  haec  omnia 
quae  videmus,  praecipueque  hanc  urbem,  deorum  im- 
mortalium  nutu  ac  potestate  administrari  ? Etenim 
is  cum  esset  ita  responsum,  caedes,  incendia,  interitum 
rei  publicae  comparari,  et  ea  per  civis,  — quae  turn 
propter  magnitudinem  scelerum  non  nullis  incredibilia 
videbantur,  — ea  non  modo  cogitata  a nefariis  civibus, 
verum  etiam  suscepta  esse  sensistis.  Illud  vero  nonne 
20  ita  praesens  est,  ut  nutu  Jovis  Optimi  Maximi  factum 
esse  videatur,  ut,  cum  hodierno  die  mane  per  forum 
meo  jussu  et  conjurati  et  eorum  indices  in  aedem 
Concordiae  ducerentur,  eo  ipso  tempore  signum  sta- 
tueretur?  quo  conlocato  atque  ad  vos  senatumque  con- 
25  verso,  omnia  [et  senatus  et  vos]  quae  erant  cogitata 
contra  salutem  omnium,  inlustrata  et  patefacta  vidistis. 
22.  Quo  etiam  majore  sunt  isti  odio  supplicioque  digni, 
qui  non  solum  vestris  domiciliis  atque  tectis,  sed  etiam 
deorum  templis  atque  delubris  sunt  funestos  ac  nefa- 
3°  rios  ignis  inferre  conati.  Quibus  ego  si  me  restitisse 
dicam,  nimium  mihi  sumam,  et  non  sim  ferendus. 
Ille,  ille  Juppiter  restitit : ille  Capitolium,  ille  haec 
templa,  ille  cunctam  urbem,  ille  vos  omnis  salvos  esse 
voluit.  Dis  ego  immortalibus  ducibus  hanc  mentem, 
35  Quirites,  voluntatemque  suscepi,  atque  ad  haec  tanta 
indicia  perveni.  Jam  vero  [ilia  Allobrogum  sollici- 


x-  25-}  Thanksgiving  to  the  Gods.  1 19 

tatioj  ab  Lentulo  ceterisque  domesticis  hostibus  tam 
dementer  tantae  res  creditae  et  ignotis  et  barbaris 
[commissae'TTtterae]  numquam  essent  profecto,  nisi  ab 
dis  immortalibus  huic  tantae  audaciae  consilium  esset 
ereptum.  Quid  vero?  ut  homines  Galli,  ex  civitate  5 
male  pacata,  quae  gens  una  restat  quae  bellum  populo 
Romano  facere  posse  et  non  nolle  videatur,  spem 
imperi  ac  rerum  maximarum  ultro  sibi  a patriciis 
hominibus  oblatam  neglegerent,  vestramque  salutem 
suis  opibus  anteponerent,  id  non  divinitus  esse  factum  10 
putatis?  praesertim  qui  nos  non  pugnando,  sed  tacendo 
superare  potuerint? 

x.  23.  Quam  ob  rem,  Quirites,  quoniam  ad  omnia 
pulvinaria  supplicatio  decreta  est,  celebratote  illos  dies 
cum  conjugibus  ac  liberis  vestris.  Nam  multi  saepe  iS 
honores  dis  immortalibus  justi  habiti  sunt  ac  debiti, 
sed  profecto  justiores  numquam.  Erepti  enim  estis 
ex  crudelissimo  ac  miserrimo  interitu  ; erepti  sine 
caede,.  sine  sanguine,  sine  exercitu,  sine  dimicatione. 
Togati  me  uno  togato  duce  et  imperatore  vicistis.  20 
24.  Etenim  recordamini,  Quirites,  omnis  civilis  dissen- 
siones : non  solum  eas  quas  audistis,  sed  eas  quas 
vosmet  ipsi  meministis  atque  vidistis.  L.  Sulla  P. 
Sulpicium  oppressit;  [ejecit  ex  urbe]  C.  Marium, 
custodem  hujus  urbis,  multosque  fortis  viros  partim  25 
ejecit  ex  civitate,  partim  interemit.  Cn.  Octavius 
consul  armis  expulit  ex  urbe  conlegam  : omnis  hie 
locus  acervis  corporum  et  civium  sanguine  redundavit. 
Superavit  postea  Cinna  cum  Mario  : turn  vero,  claris- 
simis  viris  interfectis,  lumina  civitatis  exstincta  sunt.  30 
Ultus  est  hujus  victoriae  crudelitatem  postea  Sulla : 
ne  dici  quidem  opus  est  quanta  diminutione  civium, 
et  quanta  calamitate  rei  publicae.  Dissensit  M.  Lepi- 
dus  a clarissimo  ac  fortissimo  viro  Q^  Catulo : attulit 
non  tam  ipsius  interitus  rei  publicae  luctum  quam  35 
ceterorum.  25.  Atque  illae  tamen  omnes  dissensiones 


120 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline . 


[Catil.  III. 


erant  ejus  modi,  quae  non  ad  delendam,  sed  ad  com- 
mutandam  rem  publicam  pertinerent.  Non  illi  nullam 
esse  rem  publicam,  sed  in  ea  quae  esset,  se  esse  prin- 
cipes  ; neque  hanc  urbem  conflagrare,  sed  se  in  hac 
5 urbe  florere  voluerunt.  [Atque  illae  tamen  omnes 
dissensiones,  quarum  nulla  exitium  rei  publicae  quae- 
sivit,  ejus  modi  fuerunt,  ut  non  reconciliatione  concor- 
diae,  sed  internecione  civium  dijudicatae  sint.]  In  hoc 
autem  uno  post  hominum  memoriam  maximo  crudelis- 
io  simoque  bello,  quale  bellum  nulla  umquam  barbaria 
cum  sua  gente  gessit,  quo  in  bello  lex  haec  fuit 
a Lentulo,  Catilina,  Cethego,  Cassio  constituta,  ut 
omnes,  qui  salva  urbe  salvi  esse  possent,  in  hostium 
numero  ducerentur,  ita  me  gessi,  Quirites,  ut  salvi 
15  omnes  conservaremini ; et  cum  hostes  vestri  tantum 
civium  superfuturum  putassent,  quantum  infinitae 
caedi  restitisset,  tantum  autem  urbis,  quantum  flamma 
obire  non  potuisset,  et  urbem  et  civis  integros  incolu- 
misque  servavi. 

N 20  xi.  26.  Quibus  pro  tantis  rebus,  Quirites,  nullum 
V^g^ego  a vobis  praemium  virtutis,  nullum  insigne  honoris, 
nullum  monumentum  laudis  postulo,  praeterquam 
hujus  diei  memoriam  sempiternam.  In  animis  eggu. 
vestris  omnis  triumphos  meos,  omnia  ornamenta  ho- 
25  noris,  monumenta  gloriae,  laudis  insignia  condi  et 
conlocari  volo.  Nihil  me  mutum  potest  delectare, 
nihil  taciturn,  nihil  denique  ejus  modi,  quod  etiam 
minus  digni  adsequi  possint.  Memoria  vestra,  Qui- 
rites, res  nostrae  alentur,  sermonibus  crescent,  lit- 
30  terarum  monumentis  inveterascent  et  conroborabun- 
tur ; eandemque  diem  intellego,  quam  spero  aeternam 
fore,  propagatam  esse  et  ad  salutem  urbis  et  ad  me- 
moriam consulatus  mei ; unoque  tempore  in  hac  re 
publica  duos  civis  exstitisse,  quorum  alter  finis  vestri 
35  imperi  non  terrae,  sed  caeli  regionibus  terminaret, 
alter  ejusdem  imperi  domicilium  sedisque  servaret.  / 


xn-  29-j  Appeal  to  the  Citizens.  121 

xii.  27.  Sed  quoniam  earum  rerum  quas  ego  gessi 
non  eadem  est  fortuna  atque  condicio  quae  illorum 
qui  externa  bella  gesserunt,  — quod  mihi  cum  eis 
vivendum  est  quos  vici  ac  subegi,  isti  hostis  aut  in- 
terfectos  aut  oppressos  reliquerunt,  — vestrum  est,  5 
Quirites,  si  ceteris  facta  sua  recte  prosunt,  mihi 
mea  ne  quando  obsint  providere.  Mentes  enim 
hominum  audacissimorum  sceleratae  ac  nefariae  ne 
vobis  nocere  possent  ego  providi ; ne  mihi  noceant 
vestrum  est  providere.  Quamquam,  Quirites,  mihi  10 
quidem  ipsi  nihil  ab  istis  jam  noceri  potest.  Mag- 
num enim  est  in  bonis  praesidium,  quod  mihi  in 
perpetuum  comparatum  est  ; magna  in  re  publica 
dignitas,  quae  me  semper  tacita  defendet ; magna  vis 
conscientiae,  quam  qui  neglegunt,  cum  me  violare  15 
Solent,  se  [ipsi]  indicabunt.  28.  Est  etiam  nobis  is 
animus,  Quirites,  ut  non  modo  nullius  audaciae  ce- 
damus,  sed  etiam  omnis  improbos  ultro  semper  laces- 
samus.  Quod  si  omnis  impetus  domesticorum  hostium, 
depulsus  a vobis,  se  in  me  unum  convertit,  vobis  20 
erit  videndum,  Quirites,  qua  condicione  posthac  eos 
esse  velitis,  qui  se  pro  salute  vestra  obtulerint  in- 
vidiae  periculisque  omnibus  : mihi  quidem  ipsi,  quid 
est  quod  jam  ad  vitae  fructum  possit  adquiri,  cum 
praesertim  neque  in  honore  vestro,  neque  in  gloria  vir-  25 
tutis,  quicquam  videam  altius,  quo  mihi  libeat  ascen- 
dere?  29.  Illud  profecto  perficiam,  Quirites,  ut  ea  quae 
gessi  in  consul atu  privatus  tuear  atque  ornem  : ut  si 
qua  est  invidia  conservanda  re  publica  suscepta,  lae- 
dat  invidos,  mihi  valeat  ad  gloriam.  Denique  ita  me  3° 
in  re  publica  tractabo,  ut  meminerim  semper  quae 
gesserim,  curemque  ut  ea  virtute,  non  casu  gesta  esse 
vMeantur.  Vos,  Quirites,  quoniam  jam  nox  est,  vene- 
rati  Jovem,  ilium  custodem  hujus  urbis  ac  vestrum, 
in  vestra  tecta  discedite ; et  ea,  quamquam  jam  est  35 
periculum  depulsum,  tamen  aeque  ac  priore  nocte 


122 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline . 


[Catil.  IV. 


custodiis  vigiliisque  defendite.  Id  ne  vobis  diutius 
faciendum  sit,  atque  ut  in  perpetua  pace  esse  pos- 
sitis,  providebo. 


4.  Sentence  of  the  Conspirators . 

In  the  Senate,  Dec.  5. 

Two  days  later  the  Senate  was  convened,  to  determine  what  was 
to  be  done  with  the  prisoners.  It  was  a fundamental  principle  ot 
the  Roman  Constitution  that  no  citizen  should  be  put  to  death 
without  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  people.  Against  the  view  of 
Caesar,  which  favored  perpetual  confinement,  Cicero  urged  the 
very  lame  argument  that,  by  the  fact  of  taking  up  arms  against  the 
Republic,  they  had  forfeited  their  citizenship,  and  the  law  therefore 
did  not  protect  them.  This  view  prevailed,  and  the  conspirators 
— Lentulus,  Cethegus,  Statilius,  Gabinius,  and  Caeparius  — were 
strangled  by  the  public  executioners. 

This  was  one  of  those  acts  of  excessive  vigor  and  severity  which 
a man  who  feels  himself  deficient  in  decision  of  character  — as 
Cicero  was,  at  bottom  — will  sometimes  force  himself  to  commit. 
Had  he  had  the  strength  to  maintain  himself  as  a leader  in  public 
affairs,  it  need  not  have  hurt  him  in  the  end.  As  it  was,  he  was 
soon  pushed  aside  by  men  of  genuine  executive  power,  Pompey 
and  Caesar,  and  was  made  to  suffer  severely  for  his  illegal  act. 

i.  1.  Video,  patres  conscripti,  in  me  omnium  ves- 
5 trum  ora  atque  oculos  esse  conversos.  Video  vos  non 
solum  de  vestro  ac  rei  publicae,  verum  etiam,  si  id 
depulsum  sit,  de  meo  periculo  esse  sollicitos.  Est 
mihi  jucunda  in  malis  et  grata  in  dolore  vestra  erga 
me  voluntas : sed  earn,  per  deos  immortalis,  deponite ; 
10  atque  obliti  salutis  meae,  de  vobis  ac  de  vestris  liberis 
cogitate.  Mihi  si  haec  condicio  consulatus  data  est, 
ut  omnis  acerbitates,  omnis  dolores  cruciatusque  per- 
ferrem,  feram  non  solum  fortiter,  verum  etiam  libenter, 
dum  modo  meis  laboribus  vobis  populoque  Romano 
15  dignitas  salusque  pariatur.  2.  Ego  sum  ille  consul, 


lETSJ  Cicero's  Position  and  Responsibility . 123 

patres  conscripti,  cui  non  forum,  in  quo  omnis  aequitas 
continetur,  non  campus  consularibus  auspiciis  conse- 
cratus,  non  curia,  summum  auxilium  omnium  gen- 
tium, non  domus,  commune  perfugium,  non  lectus  ad 
quietem  datus,  non  denique  haec  sedes  honoris  [sella  5 
curulis]  umquam  vacua  mortis  periculo  atque  in- 
sidiis  fuit.  Ego  multa  tacui,  multa  pertuli,  multa 
concessi,  multa  meo  quodam  dolore  in  vestro  timore 
sanavi.  Nunc  si  hunc  exitum  consulatus  mei  di  im- 
mortales  esse  voluerunt,  ut  vos  populumque  Roma-  10 
num  ex  caede  miserrima,  conjuges  liberosque  vestros 
virginesque  Vestalis  ex  acerbissima  vexatione,  templa 
atque  delubra,  hanc  pulcherrimam  patriam  omnium 
nostrum  ex  foedissima  flamma,  totam  Italiam  ex  bello 
et  vastitate  eriperem,  quaecumque  mihi  uni  proponetur  15 
fortuna,  subeatur.  Etenim  si  P.  Lentulus  suum  nomen, 
inductus  a vatibus,  fatale  ad  perniciem  rei  publicae 
fore  putavit,  cur  ego  non  laeter  meum  consulatum  ad 
salutem  populi  Romani  prope  fatalem  exstitisse? 

11.  3.  Qua  re,  patres  conscripti,  consulite  vobis,  2o 
prospicite  patriae,  conservate  vos,  conjuges,  liberos  for- 
tunasque  vestras,  populi  Romani  nomen  salutemque 
defendite  : mihi  parcere  ac  de  me  cogitare  desinite. 
Nam  primum  debeo  sperare  omnis  deos,  qui  huic 
urbi  praesident,  pro  eo  mihi  ac  mereor  relaturos  esse  25 
gratiam  ; deinde,  si  quid  obtigerit,  aequo  animo  para- 
toque  moriar.  Nam  neque  turpis  mors  forti  viro 
potest  accidere,  neque  immatura  consulari,  nec  misera 
sapienti.  Nec  tamen  ego  sum  ille  ferreus,  qui  fratris 
carissimi  atque  amantissimi  praesentis  maerore  non  3° 
movear,  horumque  omnium  lacrimis,  a quibus  me  cir- 
cumsessum  videtis.  Neque  meam  mentem  non  domum 
saepe  revocat  exanimata  uxor,  et  abjecta  metu  filia,  et 
parvolus  filius,  quern  mihi  videtur  amplecti  res  publica 
tamquam  obsidem  consulatus  mei,  neque  ille,  qui  ex-  35 
spectans  hujus  exitum  diei  adstat  in  conspectu  meo 


124 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline . 


[Catil.  IV. 


gener.  Moveor  his  rebus  omnibus,  sed  in  earn  partem, 
uti  salvi  sint  vobiscum  omnes,  etiam  si  me  vis  aliqua 
oppresserit,  potius  quam  et  illi  et  nos  una  rei  publicae 
peste  pereamus. 

5 4.  Qua  re,  patres  conscripti,  incumbite  ad  salutem 

rei  publicae,  circumspicite  omnis  procellas,  quae  im- 
pendent nisi  providetis.  Non  Ti.  Gracchus,  quod  iterum 
tribunus  plebis  fieri  voluit,  non  C.  Gracchus,  quod 
agrarios  concitare  conatus  est,  non  L.  Saturninus, 
io  quod  C.  Memmium  occidit,  in  discrimen  aliquod  atque 
in  vestrae  severitatis  judicium  adducitur : tenentur  ei 
, qui  ad  urbis  incendium,  ad  vestram  omnium  caedem, 
ad  Catilinam  accipiendum,  Romae  restiterunt;  tenen- 
tur litterae,  signa,  manus,  denique  unius  cujusque 
15  confessio  ; sollicitantur  Allobroges,  servitia  excitantur, 
Catilina  arcessitur;  id  est  initum  consilium,  ut  inter- 
feeds  omnibus  nemo  ne  ad  deplorandum  quidem  populi 
Romani  nomen  atque  ad  lamentandam  tanti  imperi 
calamitatem  relinquatur. 

20  hi.  5.  Haec  omnia  indices  detulerunt,  rei  confessi 
sunt,  vos  multis  jam  judiciis  judicavistis : primum 
quod  mihi  gratias  egistis  singularibus  verbis,  et  mea 
virtute  atque  diligentia  perditorum  hominum  conjura- 
tionem  patefactam  esse  decrevistis ; deinde  quod  P. 
25  Lentulum  se  abdicare  praetura  coegistis ; turn  quod 
eum  et  ceteros,  de  quibus  judicastis,  in  custodiam 
dandos  censuistis ; maximeque  quod  meo  nomine 
supplicationem  decrevistis,  qui  honos  togato  habitus 
ante  me  est  nemini ; postremo  hesterno  die  praemia 
30  legatis  Allobrogum  Titoque  Volturcio  dedistis  amplis- 
sima.  Quae  sunt  omnia  ejus  modi,  ut  ei  qui  in  custo- 
diam nominatim  dati  sunt  sine  ulla  dubitatione  a vobis 
damnati  esse  videantur. 

6.  Sed  ego  institui  referre  ad  vos,  patres  conscripti, 
35  tamquam  integrum,  et  de  facto  quid  judicetis,  et  de 
poena  quid  censeatis.  Ilia  praedicam  quae  sunt  con- 


IV.  8.] 


What  shall  be  the  Sentence  ? 


I25 


sulis.  Ego  magnum  in  re  publica  versari  furorem,  et 
nova  quaedam  misceri  et  concitari  mala  jam  pridem 
videbam  ; sed  hanc  tantam,  tam  exitiosam  haberi  con- 
jurationem  a civibus  numquam  putavi.  Nunc  quic- 
quid  est,  quocumque  vestrae  mentes  inclinant  atque 
sententiae,  statuendum  vobis  ante  noctem  est.  Quan- 
tum facinus  ad  vos  delatum  sitvidetis.  Huic  si  paucos 
putatis  adfinis  esse,  vehementer  erratis.  Latius  opin- 
ione  disseminatum  est  hoc  malum  : manavit  non  solum 
per  Italiam,  verum  etiam  transcendit  Alpis,  et  obscure 
serpens  multas  jam  provincias  occupavit.  Id  opprimi 
sustentando  ac  prolatando  nullo  pacto  potest.  Qua- 
cumque  ratione  placet,  celeriter  vobis  vindicandum  esU 
iv.  7.  Video  adhuc  duas  esse  sententias  : unam  D. 
Silani,  qui  censet  eos,  qui  haec  delere  conati  sunt, 
morte  esse  multandos ; alteram  C.  Caesaris,  qui  mortis 


s 


15 


poenam  removet,  ceterorum  suppliciorum  omnis  acer- 
bitates  amplectitur.  Uterque  et  pro  sua  dignitate  et 
pro  rerum  magnitudine  in  summa  severitate  versatur. 
Alter  eos  qui  nos  omnis,  [qui  populum  Romanum,]  20 
vita  privare  conati  sunt,  qui  delere  imperium,  qui 
populi  Romani  nomen  exstinguere,  punctum  temporis 
frui  vita  et  hoc  communi  spiritu  non  putat  oportere  ; 
atque  hoc  genus  poenae  saepe  in  improbos  civis  in 
hac  re  publica  esse  usurpatum  recordatur.  Alter  in-  25 
tellegit  mortem  ab  dis  immortalibus  non  esse  supplici 
causa  constitutam,  sed  aut  necessitatem  naturae,  aut 
laborum  ac  miseriarum  quietem.  Itaque  earn  sapientes 
numquam  inviti,  fortes  saepe  etiam  libenter  oppetive- 
runt.  Vincula  vero  et  ea  sempiterna  certe  ad  singu-  30 
larem  poenam  nefarii  sceleris  inventa  sunt.  Municipiis 
dispertiri  jubet.  Habere  videtur  ista  res  iniquitatem  si 
imperare  velis,  difficultatem  si  rogare.  Decernatur 
tamen,  si  placet,  g.  Ego  enim  suscipiam,  et  (ut  spero) 
reperiam  qui  id  quod  salutis  omnium  causa  statueritis,  35 
non  putent  esse  suae  dignitatis  recusare.  Adjungit 


126 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline . 


[Catil.  IV 


gravem  poenam  municipibus,  si  quis  eorum  vincula 
ruperit : horribilis  custodias  circumdat,  et  dignas  sce- 
lere,  hominum  perditorum ; sancit  ne  quis  eorum 
poenam  quos  condemnat,  aut  per  senatum  aut  per 
5 populum,  levare  possit;  eripit  etiam  spem,  quae  sola 
hominem  in  miseriis  consolari  solet ; bona  praeterea 
publicari  jubet;  vitam  solam  relinquit  nefariis  ho- 
minibus,  quam  si  eripuisset,  multos  uno  dolores  animi 
atque  corporis  et  omnis  scelerum  poenas  ademisset. 
io  Itaque,  ut  aliqua  in  vita  formido  improbis  esset  posita, 
apud  inferos  ejus  modi  quaedam  illi  antiqui  supplicia 
impiis  constituta  esse  voluerunt,  quod  videlicet  intelle- 
gebant,  eis  remotis,  non  esse  mortem  ipsam  pertimes- 
cendam. 

15  v.  9.  Nunc,  patres  conscripti,  ego  mea  video  quid 
• intersit.  Si  eritis  secuti  sententiam  C.  Caesaris,  quo- 
niam  hanc  is  in  re  publica  viam  quae  popularis  habe- 
tur  secutus  est,  fortasse  minus  erunt  — hoc  auctore  et 
cognitore  hujusce  sententiae  — mihi  populares  impetus 
20  pertimescendi : sin  illam  alteram,  nescio  an  ampliusmihi 
negoti  contrahatur.  Sed  tamen  meorum  periculorum 
rationes  utilitas  rei  publicae  vincat.  Habemus  enim  a 
Caesare,  sicut  ipsius  dignitas  et  majorum/  ejus  ampli- 
tudo  postulabat,  sententiam  tamquam  obsrdem  perpe- 
25  tuae  in  rem  publicam  voluntatis.  Intellectual  est  quid 
interesset  inter  levitatem  contionatorum^f  animum  vere 
popularem,  saluti  populi  consulentem.  ^10.  Video  de 
istis,  qui  se  popularis  haberi  volunt,  abesse  non.  nemi- 
nem,  ne  de  capite  videlicet  civium  Romanorum  sen- 
30  tentiam  ferat.  At  is  et  nudius  tertius  in  custodiam 
civis  Romanos  dedit,  et  supplicationem  mihi  decrevit, 
et  indices  hesterno  die  maximis  praemiis  adfecit.  Jam 
hoc  nemini  dubium  est,  qui  reo  custodiam,  quaesitori 
gratulationem,  indici  praemium  decrevit,  quid  de  tota  re 
35  et  causa  judicarit.  At  vero  C.  Caesar  intellegit  legem 
Semproniam  esse  de  civibus  Romanis  constitutam  ; qui 


vi.  i2.]  They  have  forfeited  Citizenship. 


127 


l 


autem  rei  publicae  sit  hostis,  eum  civetn  nullo  modo 
esse  posse ; denique  ipsum  latorem  Semproniae  legis 
jussu  populi  poenas  rei  publicae  dependisse.  Idem 
ipsum  Lentulum,  largitorem  et  prodigum,  non  putat, 
cum  de  pernicie  populi  Romani,  exitio  hujus  urbis  5 
tarn  acerbe,  tarn  crudeliter  cogitarit,  etiam  appellari 
posse  popularem.  Itaque  homo  mitissimus  atque  lenis- 
simus  non  dubitat  P.  Lentulum  aeternis  tenebris  vincu- 
lisque  man  dare,  et  sancit  in  posterum,  ne  quis  hujus 
supplicioy  levando  se  jactare,  et  in  perniciem  populi  10 
Romani  posthac  popularis  esse  possit : adjungit  etiam 
publicationem  bonorum,  ut  omnis  animi  cruciatus  et 
corporis  etiam  egestas  ac  mendicitas  consequatur. 

vi.  11.  Quam  ob  sive  hoc  statueritis,  dederitis 

mihi  comitem  ad  contionem  populo  carum  atque  ju-  15 
cundum  ; sive  Silani  sententiam  sequi  malueritis,  facile 
me  [atque  vos]  crudelitatis  vituperatione  exsolveritis, 
atque  obtinebo  earn  multo  leniorem  fuisse.  Quam- 
quam,  patres  conscripti,  quae  potest  esse  in  tanti  sce- 
leris  immanitate  punienda  crudelitas?  Ego  enim  de  20 
meo  sensu  judiqo.  Nam  ita  mihi  salva  re  publica  vo- 
biscum  perfrui  liceat,  ut  ego,  quod  in  hac  causa  vehe- 
mentior  sum,  non  atrocitate  animi  moveor  — quis  est 
enim  me  mitior?  — sed  singulari  quadam  humanitate 
et  misericordia.  Videor  enim  mihi  videre  hanc  urbem,  25 
lucem  orbis  terrarum  atque  arcem  omnium  gentium, 
subito  uno  incendio  concidentem.  Cerno  animo  se- 
_p.ulta  in  patria  miseros  atque  insepultos  acervos  civium. 
Versatur  mihi  ante  oculos  aspectus  Cethegi,  et  furor 
in  vestra  caede  bacchantis.  12.  Cum  vero  mihi  pro-  30 
posui  regnantem  Lentulum,  sicut  ipse  ex  fatis  se  spe- 
rasse  confessus  est,  purpuratum  esse  huic  Gabinium, 
cum  exercitu  venisse  Catilinam,  turn  lamentationem 
matrum  familias,  turn  fugam  virginum  atque  puero- 
rum  ac  vexationem  virginum  Vestalium  perhorresco ; 35 
et  quia  mihi  vehementer  haec  videntur  misera  atque 


128 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline . 


[Catil.  IV, 


Vv 


miseranda,  idcirco  in  eos  qui  ea  petfficere  voluerunt  me  ^ 
severum  vehementemque  praebeo.  Etenin^ quaero,  si 
quis  pater  familias,  liberis  suis  a servo  inte^fectis,  uxore 
occisa,  incensa  dorn^q,  sppplicium  de  servo  non  quam 
5 acerbissimum  sumpserit,  utrum  is  clemens  ac  miseri- 
cors,  an  inhumanissimus  et  crudelissimus  esse  videa- 
tur  ? Mihi  vero  irftportunus  ac  ferreus,  qui  non  dolore 
et  cruciatu  nocSntis  suum  dolorem  cruciatuinque  le- 
nierit.  Sic  nos  in  his  hominibus,  — qui  nos,  qui  con- 
i°  juges,  qui  liberos  nostros  trucl^are  voluerunt  ; qui 
singulas  unius  cujusque  nostrum  domos  et  hoc  univer- 
sum  rei  publicae  domicilium  delere  conatisunt;  qui 
id  egerunt,  ut  gentem  Allobrogum  in  vestigiis  hujus 
urbis  atque  in  cinere  deflagrati  imperi  conlocarent,  — 

15  si  vehenjentissimi  fuerimus,  misericordes  habebimur : 
sin  remigsfores  esse  voluerimus,  summae  nobis  crudeli- 
tatis  in  patriae  civiumque  pernicie  fama  subeunda  est. 

13.  Nisi  vero  cuipiam  L.  Caesar,  vir  fortissimus  et  aman- 
tissimus  rei  publicae,  crudelior  nudius  tertius  visus  est, 

20  cum  sororis  suae,  feminae  lectissimae,  virum  praesen- 
tem  et  audientem  vita  privandum  esse  dixit,  cum  avum 
suum  jussu  consulis  interfectum,  filiumque  ejus  impu- 
berem,  legatum  a patre  missum,  in  carcere  necatum 
esse  dixit.  Quorum  quod  simile  factum  ? quod  initum 
25  delendae  rei  publicae  consilii^n?  Largitionis  voluntas 
turn  in  re  publica  versata  est,  et  partium  quaedam 
contentio.  Atque  eo  tempore  hujus  avus  Lentuli,  vir 
clarissimus,  armatus  Gracchum  est  persecutus.  Ille 
etiam  grave  turn  volnus  accepit,  ne  quid  de  summa  re 
3°  publica  deminueretur : hie  ad  evertenda  rei  publicae 
fundamenta  Gallos  arcessit,  servitia  concitat,  Catili- 
nam  vocat,  attribuit  nos  trucidandos  Cethego,  et 
ceteros  civis  djn^rfide^idos  Gabinio,  urbem  inflam- 
mandam  Cassio,  totam  Italiam  vastandam  diripien- 
35  damque  Catilinae.  Vere&mini,  censeo,  ne  in  hoc 
scelere  tarn  immani  ac  nefando  nimis  aliquid  severe 


vn.  1 5-]  No  Penalty  can  be  too  Severe . 


129 


statuisse  videamini  N^multo  magis  est  verendum  ne 
remissione  poenae  crudeles  in  patriam,  quam  ne  se- 
veritate  animadversionis  nimis  vehementes  in  acer- 
bissimos  hostis,  fuisse  videamur. 

vn.  14.  Sed  ea  quae  exaudio,  patres  conscripti,  dis-  5 
slmulare  non  possum.  Jaciuntur  enim  voces,  quae 
perveniunt  ad  auris  meas,  eorum  qui  vereri  videntur 
ut  habeam  satis  praesidi  ad  ea  quae  vos  statueritis 
hodierno  die  transigunda.  Omnia  et  provisa  et  parata 
et  constituta  sunt,  patres  conscripti,  cum  mea  summa  10 
cura  atque  diligentia,  turn  multo  etiam  majore  populi 
Romani  ad  summum  imperium  retinendun}  et  ad 
communis  fortunas  conservandas  voluntate.  Omnes£^ 
adsunt  omnium  ordinum  homines,  omnium  denique 
astatum  : plenum  est  forum,  plena  templa  circum  fo-  is 
rum,  pleni  omnes  aditus  hujus  tempi!  ac  loci.  Causa 
est  enim  post  urbem  conditam  haec  inventa  sola,  in 
qua  omnes  sentirent  unum  atque  idem,  praeter  eos 
qui,  cum  sibi  viderent  esse  pereundum,  cum  omnibus 
potius  quam  soli  perire  voluerunt.  15.  Hosce  ego  20 
homines  excipio  et  secerno  libenter,  neque  in  impro- 
borum  civium,  sed  in  acerbissimorum  hostium  numero^'O 
habendos  puto.  Ceteri  vero,  di  immortales  ! qua  fre- 
quentia,  quo  studio,  qua  virtute  ad  communem  salutem 
dignitatemque  consehtiunt ! Quid  ego  hie  equites  Ro-  25 
manos  cofhmemorem?  qui  vobis  ita  summam  ordinis 
consilique  concedunt,  ut  vobiscum  de  amore  rei  publi- 
cae  certent ; quos  ex  multorum  annorum  dissensione 
hujus  ordinis  ad  societatem  concordiamque  revocatos 
hodiernus  dies  vobiscum  atque  haec  causa  conjungit : 30 
quam  si  conjunctionem,  in  consulatu  confirmatam  meo, 
perpetuam  in  re  publica  tenuerimus,  confirmo  vobis 
nullum  posthac  malum  civile  ac  domesticum  ad  ullam 
rei  publicae  partem  esse  venturum.  Pari  studio  defen- 
dundae  rei  publicae  convenisse  video  tribunos  aerarios,  35 
fortissimos  viros ; scribas  item  universos,  quos  cum 

9 


130 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline. 


[Catil.  IV. 


casu  hie  dies  ad  aerariura  frequentasset,  video  ab  ex- 
spectatione  sortis  ad  salutem  communem  esse  conver- 
ses. 16.  Omnis  ingenuorum  adest  multitudo,  etiara 

tenuissimorum.  Quis  est  enim  cui  non  haec  templa, 

S aspectus  urbis,  possessio  libertatis,  lux  denique  haec 
ipsa  et  [hoc]  commune  patriae  solum,  cum  sit  carum 
turn  vero  dulce  atque  jucundum  ? 

x viii.  Operae  pretium  est,  patres  conscripti,  liberti- 
norum  hominum  studia  cognoscere,  qui,  sua  virtute 
io  fortunam  hujus  civitatis  consecuti,  hanc  suam  patriam 
judicant,  — quam  quidam  hie  nati,  et  summo  loco  nati, 
non  patriam  suam  sed  urbem  hostium  esse  judicave- 
runt.  Sed  quid  ego  hosce  homines  ordinesque  com 
memoro,  quos  privatae  fortunae,  quos  communis  res 
is  publica,  quos  denique  libertas,  ea  quae  dulcissima  est, 
ad  salutem  patriae  defendendam  excitavit  ? Servus 
est  nemo,  qui  modo  tolerabili  condicione  sit  servitutis, 
qui  non  audaciam  civium  perhorrescat,  qui  non  haec 
stare  cupiat,  qui  non  quantum  audet  et  quantum  potest 
20  conferat  ad  salutem  voluntatis,  vt.  Qua  re  si  quem 
vestrum  forte  commovet  hoc,  quod  auditum  est,  leno- 
nem  quendam  Lentuli  concursare  circum  tabernas, 
pretio  sperare  sollicitari  posse  animos  egentium  atque 
imperitorum, — est  id  quidem  coeptum  atque  tempta- 
2S  turn  ; sed  nulli  sunt  inventi  tam  aut  fortuna  miseri  aut 
voluntate  perditi,  qui  non  ilium  ipsum  sellae  atque 
operis  et  quaestus  cotidiani  locum,  qui  non  cubile  ac 
lectulum  suum,  qui  denique  non  cursum  hunc  otiosum 
vitae  suae  salvum  esse  velint.  Multo  vero  maxima 
30  pars  eorum  qui  in  tabernis  sunt,  immo  vero  — id  enim 
potius  est  dicendum  — genus  hoc  universum,  amantis- 
simum  est  oti.  Etenirn  omne  instrumentum,  omnis 
opera  atque  quaestus  frequentia  civium  sustentatur, 
alitur  otio  : quorum  si  quaestus  occlusis  tabernis  minui 
35  solet,  quid  tandem  incensis  futurum  fuit  ? 

18.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  patres  conscripti,  vobis  populi 


Romani  praesidia  non 


os  ne  populo  Romano 


131 


deesse  videamini  providete.  ix.  Habetis  consulem  ex 
plurimis  periculis  et  insidiis'atque  ex  media  morte,  non 
ad  vitam  suam,  sed  ad  salutern  vestram  reservatum. 
Omnes  ordines  ad  conservandam  rem  publicam  mente,  5 
voluntate,  voce  consentiunt.  Obsessa  facibus  et  telis 
impiae  conjurationis  vobis  supplex  manus  tendit  patria 
communis  ; vobis  se,  vobis  vitam  omnium  civium,  vobis 
arcem  et  Capitolium,  vobis  aras  Penatium,  vobis  ilium 
ignem  Vestae  sempiternum,  vobis  omnium  deorum  10 
templa  atque  delubra,  vobis  muros  atque  urbis  tecta 
commendat.  Praeterea  de  vestra  vita,  de  conjugum 
vestrarum  atque  liberorum  anima\  de  fortunis  omnium, 
de  sedibus,  de  focis  vestris,  hodierno  die  vobis  judican- 
dum  est.  ^19.  Habetis  ducem  metnorem  vestri,  oblitum  15 
sui,  quae  non  semper  facultas  datur  : habetis  omnis 
ordines,  omnis  homines,  univer^um)  populum  Roma- 
num  — id  quod  in  qfvili  causa  hodierno  die  primum 
videmus  — unum  atque  idem  sentientem.  Cogitate 
quantis  laboribus  fundatum  imperium,  quanta  virtute  20 
stabilitam  libertatem,  quanta  deorum  benignitate  auc- 
tas  exaggeratasque  fortunas,  una  nox  paene  delerit. 

Id  ne  umquam  posthac  non  modo  non  confici,  sed  ne 
cogitari  quidem  possit  a civibus,  hodierno  die  provi- 
dendum  est.  Atque  haec  non  ut  vos,  qui  mihi  studio  25 
paene  praecurritis,  excitarem,  locutus  sum  ; sed  ut  mea 
vox,  quae  debet  esse  in  re  publica  princeps,  officio 
functa  consulari  videretur. 

x.  20.  Nunc,  ante  quam  ad  sententiam  redeo,  de 
me  pauca  dicam.  Ego,  quanta  manus  est  conjurato- 30 
rum,  quam  videtis  esse  permagnam,  tantam  me  inimi- 
corum  multitudinem  suscepisse  video  : sed  earn  judico 
esse  turpem  et  infirmam  et  abjectam.  Quod  si  ali- 
quando  alicujus  furore  et  scelere  concitata  manus  ista 
plus  valuerit  quam  vestra  ac  rei  publicae  dignitas,  me  35 
tamen  meorum  factorum  atque  consiliorum  numquam, 


132 


Conspiracy  of  Catiline . 


[Catil.  IV. 

patres  conscripti,  poenitebit.  Etenim  mors,  quam  ilii 
fortasse  minitantur,  omnibus  est  parata  : vitae  tantam 
laudem^  quanta  vos  me  vestris  decretis  honestastis, 
nemo  est  adsecutus.  Ceteris  enim  semper  bene  gesta, 

5 mihi  uni  conservata  re  publica,  gratulationem  decre- 
vistis.  21.  Sit  Scipio  ille  clarus,  cujus  consilio  atque 
virtute  Hannibal  in  Africam  redire  atque  Italia  dece- 
dere  coactus  est ; ornetur  alter  eximia  laude  Africanus, 
qui  duas  urbis  huic  imperio  infestissimas,  Karthaginem 
io  Numantiamque,  delevit ; habeatur  vir  egregius  Paulus 
ille,  cujus  currum  rex  potentissimus  quondam  et  nobi- 
lissimus  Perses  honestavit;  sit  aeterna  gloria  Marius, 
qui  bis  Italiam  obsidione  et  metu  servitutis  liberavit ; 
anteponatur  omnibus  Pompeius,  cujus  res  gestae  atque 
is  virtutes  isdem  quibus  solis  cursus  regionibus  ac  ter- 
. minis  continentpr : erit  profecto  inter  horum  laudes 
aliquid  loci  noatrae  glorias,  — nisi  forte  majus  est  pate- 
facere  nobis  , prdvincias  quo  exire  possimus,  quam 
curare  ut  etianj  illi  qui  absunt  habeant  quo  victores 
20  revertantum  ,22.  Quamquam  est  uno  loco  condicio 
melior  externae  victoriae  quam  domesticae,  — quod 
hostes  alienigenae  aut  oppressi  serviunt,  aut  recepti 
in  amicitiam  beneficio  se  obligatos  putant ; qui  autem 
ex  numero  civium,  dementia  aliqua  depravati,  hostes 
25  patriae  semel  esse  coeperunt,  eos  cum  a pernicie  rei 
publicae  reppuleris,  nec  vi  coercere  nec  beneficio 
placare  possis.  Qua  re  mihi  cum  perditis  civibus 
aeternum  bellum  susceptum  esse  video.  Id  ego  vestro 
bonorumque  omnium  auxilio,  memoriaque  tantorum 
30  periculorum,  — quae  non  modo  in  hoc  populo,  qui 
servatus  est,  sed  in  omnium  gentium  sermonibus  ac 
mentibus  semper  haerebit,  — a me  atque  a meis  facile 
propulsari  posse  confido.  Neque  ulla  profecto  tanta 
vis  reperietur,  quae  conjunctionem  vestram  equitum- 
35  que  Romanorum,  et  tantam  conspirationem  bonorum 
omnium,  confringere  et  labefactare  possit. 


XI.  24.] 


Appeal  to  the  Senators . 


133 


xi.  23.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  pro  imperio,  pro  exercitu, 
pro  provincia,  quam  neglexi,  pro  triumpho  ceteris- 
que  laudis  insignibus,  quae  sunt  a me  propter  urbis 
vestraeque  salutis  custodiam  repudiata,  pro  clientelis 
hospitiisque  provincialibus,  quae  tamen  urbanis  opibus  5 
non  minore  labore  tueor  quam  comparo,  pro  his  igitur 
omnibus  rebus,  pro  meis  in  vos  singularibus  studiis, 
proque  hac  quam  perspicitis  ad  conservandam  rem 
publicam  diligentia,  nihil  a vobis  nisi  hujus  temporis 
totiusque  mer  consulatus  memoriam  postulo  : quae  dum  10 
erit  vestris  fixa  mentibus,  tutissimo  me  muro  saeptum 
esse  arbitrabor.  Quod  si  meam  spem  vis  improborum 
fefellerit  atque  superaverit,  commendo  vobis  parvum 
meum  filium,  cui  profecto  satis  erit  praesidi  non  solum 
ad  salutem,  verum  etiam  ad  dignitatem,  si  ejus,  qui  15 
haec  omnia  suo  solius  periculo  conservarit,  ilium  filium 
esse  memineritis.  24.  Quapropter  de  summa  salute 
vestra  populique  Romani,  de  vestris  conjugibus  ac 
liberis,  de  aris  ac  focis,  de  fanis  atque  templis,  de 
totius  urbis  tectis  ac  sedibus,  de  imperio  ac  libertate,  20 
de  salute  Italiae,  de  universa  re  publica,  decernite  dili- 
genter,  ut  instituistis,  ac  fortiter.  Habetis  eum  con- 
sulem  qui  et  parere  vestris  decretis  non  dubitet,  et  ea 
quae  statueritis,  quoad  vivet,  defendere  et  per  se  ipsum 
praestare  possit.  25 


THE  CITIZENSHIP  OF  ARC II I AS. 

B.C.  62. 

The  case  of  Archias,  though  not  a public  one,  yet  had  its  origin 
in  the  politics  of  the  time.  The  aristocratic  faction,  suspecting 
that  much  of  the  strength  of  their  opponents  was  derived  from  the 
fraudulent  votes  of  those  who  were  not  citizens,  procured  in  b.c.  65 
the  passage  of  the  Lex  Papia , by  which  “ all  the  strangers,  who  pos- 
sessed neither  Roman  nor  Latin  burgess-rights,  were  ejected  from 
the  capital  ” (Mommsen).  Archias,  a native  of  Antioch,  but  for 
many  years  a Roman  citizen,  a friend  of  Lucius  Lucullus,  was 
accused  in  b.c.  62,  by  a certain  Gratius,  under  this  law,  on  the 
ground  that  he  was  not  a citizen.  The  case  was  tried  before 
the  praetor  Quintus  Cicero,  brother  of  the  orator. 

It  was  a very  small  matter  to  disprove  the  charge,  and  com- 
pletely establish  Archias’s  claims  to  citizenship.  The  greater  part 
of  the  speech,  therefore,  is  made  up  of  an  eulogy  upon  the  poet, 
and  upon  poetry  and  literature  in  general.  It  is,  for  this  reason, 
one  of  the  most  agreeable  of  Cicero’s  orations,  and  perhaps  the 
greatest  favorite  of  them  all. 

SI  QUID  est  in  me  ingeni,  judices,  quod  sentio 
quam  sit  exiguum,  aut  si  qua  exercitatio  dicendi, 
in  qua  me  non  infitior  mediocriter  esse  versatum,  aut 
si  hujusce  rei  ratio  aliqua  ab  optimarum  artium  studiis 
5 ac  disciplina  profecta,  a qua  ego  nullum  confiteor  aeta- 
tis  meae  tempus  abhorruisse,  earum  rerum  omnium  vel 
in  primis  hie  A.  Licinius  fructum  a me  repetere  prope 
suo  jure  debet.  Nam  quoad  longissime  potest  mens 
mea  respicere  spatium  praeteriti  temporis,  et  pueritiae 
10  memoriam  recordari  ultimam,  inde  usque  repetens 
hunc  video  mihi  principem  et  ad  suscipiendam  et  ad 
ingrediendam  rationem  horum  studiorum  exstitisse. 
Qiiod  si  haec  vox,  hujus  hortatu  praeceptisque  con- 
formata,  non  nullis  aliquando  saluti  fuit,  a quo  id 
15  accepimus  quo  ceteris  opitulari  et  alios  servare  pos- 
semus,  huic  profecto  ipsi,  quantum  est  situm  in  nobis, 


III.  4.] 


Character  of  the  Plea. 


I35 


et  opem  et  salutem  ferre  debemus.  2.  Ac  ne  quis  a 
nobis  hoc  ita  dici  forte  miretur,  quod  alia  quaedam  in 
hoc  facultas  sit  ingeni,  neque  haec  dicendi  ratio  aut 
disciplina,  ne  nos  quidem  huic  uni  studio  penitus  um- 
quam  dediti  fuimus.  Etenim  omnes  artes,  quae  ad  5 
humanitatem  pertinent,  habent  quoddam  commune 
vinculum,  et  quasi  cognatione  quadam  inter  se  con- 
tinentur. 

11.  3.  Sed  ne  cui  vestrum  mirum  esse  videatur  me 
in  quaestione  legitima  et  in  judicio  publico  — cum  res  IO 
agatur  apud  praetorem  populi  Romani,  lectissimum 
virum,  et  apud  severissimos  judices,  tanto  conventu 
hominum  ac  frequentia  — hoc  uti  genere  dicendi, 
quod  non  modo  a consuetudine  judiciorum,  verum 
etiam  a forensi  sermone  abhqrreat;  quaeso  a vobis,  i5 
ut  in  hac  causa  mihi  detis  hanc  veniam,  adcommo- 
datam  huic  reo,  vobis  (quem  ad  modum  spero)  non 
molestam,  ut  me  pro  summo  poeta  atque  eruditissimo 
homine  dicentem,  hoc  concursu  hominum  literatissi- 
morum,  hhc  vestra  humanitate,  hoc  denique  praetore  20 
exercente  judicium,  patiamini  de  studiis  humanitatis 
ac  litterarum  paulo  loqui  liberius,  et  in  ejus  modi  per- 
sona, quae  propter  otium  ac  studium  minime  in  judi- 
ciis  periculisque  tractata  est,  uti  prope  novo  quodam 
et  inusitato  genere  dicendi.  4.  Quod  si  mihi  a vobis  25 
tribui  concedique  sentiam,  perficiam  profecto  ut  hunc 
A.  Licinium  non  modo  non  segregandum,  cum  sit 
civis,  a numero  civium,  verum  etiam  si  non  esset, 
putetis  asciscendum  fuisse. 

hi.  Nam  ut  primum  ex  pueris  excessit  Archias,  30 
atque  ab  eis  artibus  quibus  aetas  puerilis  ad  humanita- 
tem informari  solet  se  ad  scribendi  studium  contulit, 
primum  Antiochiae  — nam  ibi  natus  est  loco  nobili  — 
celebri  quondam  urbe  et  copiosa,  atque  eruditissimis 
hominibus  liberalissimisque  studiis  adfluenti,  celeriter  35 
antecellere  omnibus  ingeni  gloria  contigit.  Post  in 





136 


Citizenship  of  Archias. 


[Arch. 


ceteris  Asiae  partibus  cunctaeque  Graeciae  sic  ejus 
adventus  celebrabantur,  ut  famara  ingeni  exspectatio 
hominis,  exspectationem  ipsius  adventus  admiratioque 
superaret.  5.  Erat  Italia  tunc  plena  Graecarum  artium 
5 ac  disciplinarum,  studiaque  haec  et  in  Latio  vehemen- 
tius  turn  colebantur  quam  nunc  eisdem  in  oppidis,  et 
hie  Romae  propter  tranquillitatem  rei  publicae  non 
neglegebantur.  Itaque  hunc  et  Tarentini  et  Regini 
et  Neapolitani  civitate  ceterisque  praemiis  donarunt; 
10  et  omnes,  qui  aliquid  de  ingeniis  poterant  judicare, 
cognitione  atque  hospitio  dignum  existimarunt.  Hac 
tanta  celebritate  famae  cum  esset  jam  absentibus  notus, 
Romam  venit  Mario  consule  et  Catulo.  Nactus  est 
primum  consules  eos,  quorum  alter  res  ad  scriben- 
15  dum  maximas,  alter  cum  res  gestas  turn  etiam  studium 
atque  auris  adhibere  posset.  Statim  Luculli,  cum 
praetextatus  etiam  turn  Archias  esset,  eum  domum 
suam  receperunt.  Sic  etiam  hoc  non  solum  ingeni 
ac  litterarum,  verum  etiam  naturae  atque  virtutis,  ut 
20  domus,  quae  hujus  adulescentiae  prima  fuit,  eadem 
esset  familiarissima  senectuti.  6.  Erat  temporibus 
illis  jucundus  Metello  illi  Numidico  et  ejus  Pio  filio ; 
audiebatur  a M.  Aemilio ; vivebat  cum  Q^,  Catulo  et 
patre  et  filio  ; a L.  Crasso  colebatur  ; Lucullos  vero  et 
25  Drusum  et  Octavios  et  Catonem  et  totam  Hortensiorum 
domum  devinctam  consuetudine  cum  teneret,  adficie- 
batur  summo  honore,  quod  eum  non  solum  colebant 
qui  aliquid  percipere  atque  audire  studebant,  verum 
etiam  si  qui  forte  simulabant.  iv.  Interim  satis  longo 
30  intervallo,  cum  esset  cum  M.  Lucullo  in  Siciliam  pro- 
fectus,  et  cum  ex  ea  provincia  cum  eodem  Lucullo 
decederet,  venit  Heracliam : quae  cum  esset  civitas 
aequissimo  jure  ac  foedere,  ascribi  se  in  earn  civita- 
tem  voluit ; idque,  cum  ipse  per  se  dignus  putaretur, 
35  turn  auctoritate  et  gratia  Luculli  ab  Heracliensibus 
impetravit. 


v 9]  His  Technical  Right  as  Citizen.  137 

t.  Data  est  civitas  Silvani  lege  et  Carbonis:  Si  qui 
foederatis  civitatibus  ascripti  fuissent;  si  turn,  cum 
lex  ferebatur , m Italia  domicilium  habuissent;  et 
si  sexaginta  diebus  apud  praetorem  essent  professi. 
Cum  hie  domicilium  Romae  multos  jam  annos  habe-  5 
ret,  professus  est  apud  praetorem  Q.  Metellum  fami- 
liarissimum  suum.  8.  Si  nihil  aliud  nisi  de  civitate 
ac  lege  dicimus,  nihil  dico  amplius  : causa  dicta  est, 
Quid  enim  horum  infirmari,  Grati,  potest?  Hera- 
cliaene  esse  turn  ascriptum  negabis?  Adest  vir  summa  IO 
auctoritate  et  religione  et  fide,  M.  Lucullus,  qui  se  non 
opinari  sed  scire,  non  audisse  sed  vidisse,  non  inter- 
fuisse  sed  egisse  dicit.  Adsunt  Heraclienses  legati, 
nobilissimi  homines : hujus  judici  causa  cum  mandatis 
et  cum  publico  testimonio  [venerunt]  ; qui  hunc  ascrip-  I5 
turn  Heracliensem  dicunt.  Hie  tu  tabulas  desideras 
Heracliensium  publicas:  quas  Italico  bello  incenso  ta- 
bulario  interisse  scimus  omnis.  Est  ridiculum  ad  ea 
quae  habemus  nihil  dicere,  quaerere  quae  habere  non 
possumus ; et  de  hominum  memoria  tacere,  litterarum  2o 
memoriam  flagitare;  et,  cum  habeas  amplissimi  viri 
religionem,  integerrimi  municipi  jus  jurandum  fidem- 
que,  ea  quae  depravari  nullo  modo  possunt  repudiare, 
tabulas,  quas  idem  dicis  solere  corrumpi,  desiderare. 

»•  An  domicilium  Romae  non  habuit  is,  qui  tot  annis  25 
ante  civitatem  datam  sedem  omnium  rerum  ac  fortu- 
narum  suarum  Romae  conlocavit?  At  non  est  pro- 
fessus. Immo  vero  eis  tabulis  professus,  quae  solae 
ex  ilia  professione  conlegioque  praetorum  obtinent  pub- 
licarum  tabularum  auctoritatem.  v.  Nam  — cum  Appi  3c 
tabulae  neglegentius  adservatae  dicerentur;  Gabini, 
quam  diu  incolumis  fuit,  levitas,  post  damnationem 
calamitas  omnem  tabularum  fidem  resignasset — Me- 
tellus,  homo  sanctissimus  modestissimusque  omnium, 
tanta  diligentia  fuit,  ut  ad  L.  Lentulum  praetorem  et  35 
ad  judices  venerit,  et  unius  nominis  litura  se  commo- 


138 


Citizenship  of  Archias. 


[Arch. 


turn  esse  dixerit.  In  his  igitur  tabulis  nullam  lituram 
in  nomine  A.  Licini  videtis. 

10.  Quae  cum  ita  sint,  quid  est  quod  de  ejus  civitate 
dubitetis,  praesertim  cum  aliis  quoque  in  civitatibus 
5 fuerit  ascriptus  ? Etenim  cum  mediocribus  multis  et 
aut  nulla  aut  humili  aliqua  arte  praeditis  gratuito  civi- 
tatem  in  Graecia  homines  impertiebant,  Reginos  credo 
aut  Locrensis  aut  Neapolitanos  aut  Tarentinos,  quod 
scenicis  artificibus  largiri  solebant,  id  huic  summa 
10  ingeni  praedito  gloria  noluisse ! Quid  ? cum  ceteri 
non  modo  post  civitatem  datam,  sed  etiam  post  legem 
Papiam  aliquo  modo  in  eorum  municipiorum  tabulas 
inrepserunt,  hie,  qui  ne  utitur  quidem  illis  in  quibus 
est  scriptus,  quod  semper  se  Heracliensem  esse  voluit, 
15  reicietur  ? 11.  Census  nostros  requiris  scilicet.  Est 

enim  obscurum  proximis  censoribus  hunc  cum  claris- 
simo  imperatore  L.  Lucullo  apud  exercitum  fuisse ; 
superioribus,  cum  eodem  quaestore  fuisse  in  Asia ; 
primis  Julio  et  Crasso  nullam  populi  partem  esse  cen- 
20  sam.  Sed  — quoniam  census  non  jus  civitatis  confir- 
mat,  ac  tantum  modo  indicat  eum  qui  sit  census  [ita]  se 
jam  turn  gessisse  pro  cive  — eis  temporibus  quibus  tu 
criminaris  ne  ipsius  quidem  judicio  in  civium  Roma- 
norum  jure  esse  versatum,  et  testamentum  saepe  fecit 
25  nostris  legibus,  et  adiit  hereditates  civium  Roma- 
norum,  et  in  beneficiis  ad  aerarium  delatus  est  a L. 
Lucullo  pro  consule.  vi.  Quaere  argumenta,  si  qua 
potes : numquam  enim  hie  neque  suo  neque  amicorum 
judicio  revincetur. 

30  12.  Quaeres  a nobis,  Grati,  cur  tanto  opere  hoc 

homine  delectemur.  Quia  suppeditat  nobis  ubi  et 
animus  ex  hoc  forensi  strepitu  reficiatur,  et  aures  con- 
vitio  defessae  conquiescant.  An  tu  existimas  aut  sup- 
petere  nobis  posse  quod  cotidie  dicamus  in  tanta 
35  varietate  rerum,  nisi  animos  nostros  doctrina  excola- 
mus;  aut  ferre  animos  tantam  posse  contentionem, 


VI.  140 


The  Utility  of  Letters. 


139 


nisi  eos  doctrina  eadem  relaxemus  ? Ego  vero  fateor 
me  his  studiis  esse  deditum  : ceteros  pudeat,  si  qui  se 
ita  litteris  abdiderunt  ut  nihil  possint  ex  eis  neque  ad 
communem  adferre  fructum,  neque  in  aspectum  lu- 
cemque  proferre  : me  autem  quid  pudeat,  qui  tot  annos  5 
ita  vivo,  judices,  ut  a nullius  uraquam  me  tempore  aut 
commodo  aut  otium  meum  abstraxerit,  aqt  voluptas 
avocarit,  aut  denique  somnus  retardant  ? Sfe.  Qua  re 
quis  tandem  me  reprehendat,  aut  quis  mihi  jure  sus- 
censeat,  si,  quantum  ceteris  ad  suas  res  obeundas,  to 
quantum  ad  festos  dies  ludorum  celebrandos,  quantum 
ad  alias  voluptates  et  ad  ipsam  requiem  animi  et  cor- 
poris conceditur  temporum,  quantum  alii  tribuunt  tem- 
pestivis  conviviis,  quantum  denique  alveolo,  quantum 
pilae,  tantum  mihi  egomet  ad  haec  studia  recolenda  15 
sumpsero  ? Atque  hoc  ideo  mihi  concedendum  est 
magis,  quod  ex  his  studiis  haec  quoque  crescit  oratio 
et  facultas;  quae,  quantacumque  in  me  est , numquam 
amicorum  periculis  defuit.  Quae  si  cui  levior  videtur, 
ilia  quidem  certe^uae  summa  sunt,  ex  quo  fonte  20 
hauriam  sentio.  14.  Nam  nisi  multorum  praeceptis 
multisque  litteris  mihi  ab  adulescentia  suasissem,  nihil 
esse  in  vita  magno  opere  expetendum  nisi  laudem 
atque  honestatem,  in  ea  autem  persequenda  omnis 
cruciatus  corporis,  omnia  pericula  mortis  atque  exsili  25 
parvi  esse  ducenda,  numquam  me  pro  salute  vestra  in 
tot  ac  tantas  dimicationes  atque  in  hos  profligatorum 
hominum  cotidianos  impetus  objecissem.  Sed  pleni 
omnes  sunt  libri,  plenae  sapientium  voces,  plena  ex- 
.#  emplorum  vetustas : quae  jacerent  in  tenebris  omnia,  30 
nisi  litterarum  lumen  accederet.  Quam  multas  nobis 
imagines  — non  solum  ad  intuendum,  verum  etiam  ad 
imitandu  n — fortissimorum  virorum  expressas  scrip- 
tores  et  Graeci  et  Latini  reliquerunt  ? Quas  ego  mihi 
semper  ifF^administranda  re  publica  proponens,  ani-  35 
mum  et  mentem  meam  ipsa  cogitatione  hominum  ex- 
cellentium  conformabam. 


140 


Citizenship  of  Archias . 


[Arch. 


vii.  15.  Quaeret  quispiam  : 6 Quid?  illi  ipsi  summi 
viri,  quorum  virtutes  litteris  proditae  sunt,  istane  doc- 
trina,  quam  tu  effers  laudibus,  eruditi  fuerunt?’  Dif- 
ficile est  hoc  de  omnibus  confirmare,  sed  tamen  est 
5 certe  quod  respondeam.  Ego  multos  homines  excel- 
lent animo  ac  virtute  fuisse,  et  sine  doctrina  naturae 
ipsius  habitu  prope  divino  per  se  ipsos  et  moderatos  et 
gravis  exstitisse,  fateor : etiam  illud  adjungo,  saepius 
ad  laudem  atque  virtutem  naturam  sine  doctrina  quam 
10  sine  natura  valuisse  doctrinam.  Atque  idem  ego  con- 
tendo,  cum  ad  naturam  eximiam  atque  inlustrem  acces- 
serit  ratio  quaedam  conformatioque  doctrinae,  turn  illud 
nescio  quid  praeclarum  ac  singulare  solere  exsistere. 
16.  Ex  hoc  esse  hunc  numero,  quern  patres  nostri  vide- 
15  runt,  divinum  hominem  Africanum  ; ex  hoc  C.  Laelium, 
L.  Furium,  moderatissimos  homines  et  continentissi- 
mos  ; ex  hoc  fortissimum  virum  et  illis  temporibus  doc- 
tissimum,  M.  Catonem  ilium  senem  : qui  profecto  si 
nihil  ad  percipiendam  [colendam]  virtutem  litteris  adju- 
varentur,  numquam  se  ad  earum  studium  contulissent 
\ Quod  si  non  hie  tantus  fructus  ostenderetur,  et  si  ex 
his  studiis  delectatio  sola  peteretur,  tamen  (ut  opinor) 
hanc  animi  adversionem  humanissimam  ac  liberalissi- 
mam  judicaretis.  Nam  ceterae  neque  temporum  sunt 
25  neque  aetatum  omnium  neque  locorum  : haec  studia 
adulescentiam  alunt,  senectutem  oblectant,  secundas 
res  ornant,  adversis  perfugium  ac  solacium  praebent, 
delectant  domi,  non  impediunt  foris,  pernoctant  nobis- 
cum, peregrinantur,  rusticantur?) 

30  17.  Quod  si  ipsi  haec  neque  attingere  neque  sensu 

nostro  gustare  possemus,  tamen  ea  mirari  deberemus, 
etiam  cum  in  aliis  videremus.  viii.  Quis  nostrum  tarn 
animo  agresti  ac  duro  fuit,  ut  Rosci  morte  nuper  non 
commoveretur?  qui  cum  esset  senex  mortuus,  tamen 
35  propter  excellentem  artem  ac  venustatem  videbatur 
omnino  mori  non  debuisse.  Ergo  file  corporis  motu 


IX.  1 9.] 


The  Poet's  Claim  to  Honor. 


H1 


tantum  araorem  sibi  conciliarat  a nobis  omnibus  : nos 
animorum  incredibilis  motus  celeritatemque  ingenio- 
rum  neglegemus  ? 18.  Quotiens  ego  hunc  Archiam 

vidi,  judices,  — utar  enim  vestra  benignitate,  quoniam 
me  in  hoc  novo  genere  dicendi  tam  diligenter  atten-  5 
ditis,  — quotiens  ego  hunc  vidi,  cum  litteram  scripsis- 
set  nullam,  magnum  numerum  optimorum  versuum  de 
eis  ipsis  rebus  quae  turn  agerentur  dicere  ex  tempore  ! 
Quotiens  revocatum  eandem  rem  dicere,  commutatis 
verbis  atque  sententiis  ! Quae  vero  adcurate  cogita-  10 
teque  scripsisset,  ea  sic  vidi  probari,  ut  ad  veterum 
scriptorum  laudem  perveniret.  Hunc  ego  non  dili- 
gam?  non  admirer?  non  omni  ratione  defendendum 
putem  ? 

Atque  sic  a summis  hominibus  eruditissimisque  ac-  15 
cepimus,  ceterarum  rerum  studia  et  doctrina  et  prae- 
ceptis  et  arte  constare  : poetam  natura  ipsa  valere,  et 
mentis  viribus  excitari,  et  quasi  divino  quodam  spiritu 
inflari.  Qua  re  suo  jure  noster  ille  Ennius  sanctos 
appellat  poetas,  quod  quasi  deorum  aliquo  dono  atque  20 
munere  commendati  nobis  esse  videantur.  19.  Sit 
igitur,  judices,  sanctum  apud  vos,  humanissimos  ho- 
mines, hoc  poetae  nomen,  quod  nulla  umquam  bar- 
baria  violavit.  Saxa  et  solitudines  voci  respondent, 
bestiae  saepe  immanes*  cantu  flectuntur  atque  consis-  25 
tunt : nos,  instituti  rebus  optimis,  non  poetarum  voce 
moveamur?  Homerum  Colophonii  civem  esse  dicunt 
suum,  Chii  suum  vindicant,  Salaminii  repetunt,  Smyr- 
naei  vero  suum  esse  confirmant,  itaque  etiam  delubrum 
ejus  in  oppido  dedicaverunt : permulti  alii  praeterea  30 
pugnant  inter  se  atque  contendunt.  ix.  Ergo  illi 
alienum,  quia  poeta  fuit,  post  mortem  etiam  expetunt : 
nos  hunc  vivum,  qui  et  voluntate  et  legibus  noster  est, 
repudiabimus  ? praesertim  cum  omne  olim  studium 
atque  omne  ingenium  contulerit  Archias  ad  populi  35 
Romani  gloriam  laudemque  celebrandam  ? Nam  et 


142 


Citizenship  of  Archias. 


[Arch. 


Cimbricas  res  adulescens  attigit,  et  ipsi  illi  C.  Mario, 
qui  durior  ad  haec  studia  videbatur,  jucundus  fuit. 

2orNeque  enim  quisquam  est  tam  aversus  a Musis, 
qui  non  mandari  versibus  aeternum  suorum  laborum 
5 facile  praeconium  patiatur.  TThemistoclem  ilium,  sum™ 
mum  Athenis  virum,  dixisse  aiunt,  cum  ex  eo  quae- 
reretur,  quod  acroama  aut  cujus  vocem  libentissime 
audiret  : Ejus,  a quo  sua  virtus  optime  praedicare- 
tur.  Itaque  ille  Marius  item  eximie  L.  Plotium  dilexit, 
ro  cujus  ingenio  putabat  ea  quae  gesserat  posse  celebiari. 
21.  Mithridaticum  vero  bellum,  magnum  atque  difficile 
et  in  multa  varietate  terra  marique  versatum,  totum  ab 
hoc  expressum  est : qui  libri  non  modo  L.  Lucullum, 
fortissimum  et  clarissimum  virum,  verum  etiam  populi 
15  Romani  nomen  inlustrant.  Populus  enim  Romanus 
aperuit  Lucullo  imperante  Pontum,  et  regiis  quondam 
opibus  et  ipsa  natura  et  regione  vallatum  : populi  Ro- 
mani exercitus,  eodem  duce,  non  maxima  manu  innu- 
merabilis  Armeniorum  copia?  fudit : populi  Romani 
20  laus  est  urbem  amicissimam  Cyzicenorum  ejusdem 
consilio  ex  omni  impetu  regio  atque  totius  belli  ore  ac 
faucibus  ereptam  esse  atque  servatam : nostra  semper 
feretur  et  praedicabitur,  L.  Lucullo  dimicante,  cum 
interfectis  ducibus  depressa  hostium  classis,  et  incredi- 
25  bilis  apud  Tenedum  pugna  ilia  navalis : nostra  sunt 
tropaea,  nostra  monimenta,  nostri  triumphi.  Quae 
quorum  ingeniis  efferuntur,  ab  eis  populi  Romani  fama 
celebratur.  22.  Carus  fuit  Africano  superiori^noster 
Ennius,  itaque  etiam  in  sepulcro  Scipionum  putatur  is 
30  esse  constitutus  ex  marmore.  At  eis  laudibus  certe 
non  solum  ipse  qui  laudatur,  sed  etiam  populi  Romani 
nomen  ornatur.  In  caelum  hujus  proavus  Cato  tollitur  : 
magnus  honos  populi  Romani  rebus  adjungitui.  Om- 
nes  denique  illi  IVIaxiim,  iVI  a reel  li , Fulvii,  non  sine 
35  communi  omnium  nostrum  laude  decorantur.  x.  Eigo 
ilium,  qui  haec  fecerat,  Rudinum  hominem,  majores 


X.  25-J 


Fa?ne  is  conveyed  by  Letters. 


I43 


nostri  in  civitatem  receperunt : nos  hunc  Heraclien- 
sem,  multis  civitatibus  expetitum,  in  hac  autem  legibus 
constitutum,  de  nostra  civitate  eiciemus? 

23.  Nam  si  quis  minorem  gloriae  fructum  putat  ex 
Graecis  versibus  percipi  quam  ex  Latinis,  vehementer  s 
errat:  propterea  quod  Graeca  leguntur  in  omnibus 
fere  gentibus,  Latina  suis  finibus,  exiguis  sane,  con- 
tinentur.  Qua  re  si  res  eae  quas  gessimus  orbis 
terrae  regionibus  definiuntur,  cupere  debemus,  quo 
manuum  nostrarum  tela  pervenerint,  eodem  gloriam  i0 
famamque  penetrare ; quod  cum  ipsis  populis  de  quo- 
rum rebus  scribitur,  haec  ampla  sunt,  turn  eis  certe, 
qui  de  vita  gloriae  causa  dimicant,  hoc  maximum  et 
periculorum  incitamentum  est  et  laborum.  24.  Quam 
multos  scriptores  rerum  suarum  magnus  ille  Alexander  iS 
secum  habuisse  dicitur ! Atque  is  tamen,  cum  in 
Sigeo  ad  Achillis  tumulum  astitisset  : O fortunate 

inquit  adulescens , qui  tuae  virtutis  Homerum  frac- 
conem  inveneris!  Et  vere.  Nam  nisi  Ilias  ilia  exsti- 
tisset,  idem  tumulus,  qui  corpus  ejus  contexerat,  20 
nomen  etiam  obruisset.  Qijid?  noster  hie  Magnus, 
qui  cum  virtute  fortunam  adaequavit,  nonne  Theopha- 
nem  Mytilenaeum,  scriptorem  rerum  suarum,  in  con- 
done militum  civitate  donavit ; et  nostri  ilii  fortes  viri, 
sed  rustici  ac  milites,  dulcedine  quadam  gloriae  com-  25 
mod,  quasi  participes  ejusdem  laudis,  magno  illud 
clamore  approbaverunt  ? 

25.  Itaque,  credo,  si  civis  Romanus  Archias  legibus 
non  esset,  ut  ab  aliquo  imperatore  civitate  donaretur 
perficere  non  potuit.  Sulla  cum  Hispanos  donaret  et  30 
Gallos,  credo  hunc  petentem  repudiasset:  quem  nos 
in  contione  vidimus,  cum  ei  libellum  malus  poeta  de 
populo  subjecisset,  quod  epigramma  in  eum  fecisset, 
tantummodo  alternis  versibus  longiusculis,  statim  ex 
eis  rebus  quas  tunc  vendebat  jubere  ei  praemium  35 
tribui,  sed  ea  condicione,  ne  quid  postea  scriberet. 


144 


Citizenship  of  Arckias. 


[Arch. 


Qui  sedulitatem  mali  poetae  duxerit  aliquo  tamen 
praemio  dignam,  hujus  ingenium  et  virtutem  in  scri- 
bendo  et  copiam  non  expetisset?  26.  Quid?  a Q^ 
Metello  Pio,  familiarissimo  suo,  qui  civitate  multos 
donavit,  neque  per  se  neque  per  Lucullos  impetravis- 
set?  qui  praesertim  usque  eo  de  suis  rebus  scribi 
cuperet,  ut  etiam  Cordubae  natis  poetis,  pingue  quid- 
dam  sonantibus  atque  peregrinum,  tamen  auris  suas 
dederet. 

io  xi.  Neque  enim  est  hoc  dissimulandum  (quod  ob- 
scurari  non  potest)  sed  prae  nobis  ferendum : trahi- 
mur  omnes  studio  laudis,  et  optimus  quisque  maxime 
gloria  ducitur.  Ipsi  illi  philosophi,  etiam  in  eis  libellis 
quos  de  contemnenda  gloria  scribunt,  nomen  suum 
15  inscribunt : in  eo  ipso,  in  quo  praedicationem  nobilita- 
temque  despiciunt,  praedicari  de  se  ac  nominari  vo- 
lunt.  27.  Decimus  quidem  Brutus,  summus  vir  et 
imperator,  Acci,  amicissimi  sui,  carminibus  templorum 
ac  monumentorum  aditus  exornavit  suorum.  Jam 
20  vero  ille,  qui  cum  Aetolis  Ennio  comite  bellavit,  Ful- 
vius,  non  dubitavit  Martis  manubias  Musis  consecrare. 
Qua  re  in  qua  urbe  imperatores  prope  armati  poeta- 
rum  nomen  et  Musarum  delubra  coluerunt,  in  ea  non 
debent  togati  judices  a Musarum  honore  et  a poetarum 

25  salute  abhorrere.  . . 

28.  Atque  ut  id  libentius  faciatis,  jam  me  vobis,  judi- 
ces, indicabo,  et  de  meo  quodam  amore  gloriae,  nimis 
acri  fortasse  verum  tamen  honesto  vobis,  confitebor. 
Nam  quas  res  nos  in  consulatu  nostro  vobiscum  simul 
30  pro  salute  hujusce  imperi  et  pro  vita  civium  proque 
universa  re  publica  gessimus,  attigit  hie  versibus 
atque  inchoavit : quibus  auditis,  quod  mihi  magna 
res  et  jucunda  visa  est,  hunc  ad  perficiendum  ador- 
navi.  Nullam  enim  virtus  aliam  mercedem  laborum 
35  periculorumque  desiderat,  praeter  hanc  laudis  et  glo- 
riae : qua  quidem  detracta,  judices,  quid  est  quod  in 


XII.  3I-J 


Fame  the  Motive  of  Virtue. 


r45 


hoc  tam  exiguo  vitae  curriculo  [et  tam  brevi]  tantis 
nos  in  laboribus  exerceamus  ? 29.  Certe  si  nihil  ani- 

mus praesentiret  in  posterum,  et  si  quibus  regionibus 
vitae  spatium  circumscriptum  est,  eisdem  omnis  cogi- 
tationes  terminaret  suas  ; nec  tantis  se  laboribus  fran-  5 
geret,  neque  tot  curis  vigiliisque  angeretur,  nec  totiens 
de  ipsa  vita  dimicaret.  Nunc  insidet  quaedam  in 
optimo  quoque  virtus,  quae  noctis  ac  dies  animum 
gloriae  stimulis  concitat,  atque  admonet  non  cum  vitae 
tempore  esse  dimittendam  commemorationem  nominis  io 
nostri,  sed  cum  omni  posteritate  adaequandam. 

xn.  30.  An  vero  tam  parvi  animi  videamur  esse 
omnes,  qui  in  re  publica  atque  in  his  vitae  periculis 
laboribusque  versamur,  ut,  cum  usque  ad  extremum 
spatium  nullum  tranquillum  atque  otiosum  spiritum  15 
duxerimus,  nobiscum  simul  moritura  omnia  arbitre- 
mur?  An  statuas  et  imagines,  non  animorum  simu- 
lacra sed  corporum,  studiose  multi  summi  homines 
reliquerunt ; consiliorum  relinquere  ac  virtutum  nos- 
trarum  effigiem  nonne  multo  malle  debemus,  summis  20 
ingeniis  expressam  et  politam?  Ego  vero  omnia  quae 
gerebam,  jam  turn  in  gerendo  spargere  me  acdissemi- 
nare  arbitrabar  in  orbis  terrae  memoriam  sempiternam. 
Haec  vero  sive  a meo  sensu  post  mortem  afutura  est, 
sive  — ut  sapientissimi  homines  putaverunt  — ad  ali-  25 
quam  mei  partem  pertinebit,  nunc  quidem  certe  cogi- 
tatione  quadam  speque  delector. 

31.  Qua  re  conservate,  judices,  hominem  pudore 
eo,  quem  amicorum  videtis  comprobari  cum  dignitate 
turn  etiam  vetustate ; ingenio  autem  tanto,  quantum  id  30 
convenit  existimari,  quod  summorum  hominum  inge- 
niis expetitum  esse  videatis ; causa  vero  ejus  modi, 
quae  beneficio  legis,  auctoritate  municipi,  testimonio 
Luculli,  tabulis  Metelli  comprobetur.  v Quae  cum  ita 
sint,  petimus  a vobis,  judices,  si  qua  non  modo  hu-  35 
mana,  verum  etiam  divina  in  tantis  ingeniis  com- 

10 


I . 

4 


Citizenship  of  Arcliias. 

mendatio  debet  esse,  ut  eum  qui  vos,  qui  vestros 
imperatores,  qui  populi  Romani  res  gestas  semper 
ornavit,  qui  etiam  his  recentibus  nostris  vestrisque 
domesticis  periculis  aeternum  se  testimonium  laudis 
5 daturum  esse  profitetur,  estque  ex  eo  numero  qui 
semper  apud  omnis  sancti  sunt  habiti  itaque  dicti, 
sic  in  vestram  accipiatis  fidem,  ut  humanitate  vestra 
levatus  potius  quam  acerbitate  violatus  esse  videatui . 
32.  Quae  de  causa  pro  mea  consuetudine  breviter 
io  simpliciterque  dixi,  judices,  ea  confido  probata  esse 
omnibus.  Quae  autem  remota  a mea  judicialique 
consuetudine,  et  de  hominis  ingenio  et  communiter  de 
ipsius  studio  locutus  sum,  ea,  judices,  a vobis  spero 
esse  in  bonam  partem  accepta ; ab  eo  qui  judicium 
15  exercet,  certo  scio. 


w 1 

•jiiF  l 


CICERO'S  EXILE  AND  RETURN. 

( Extract  fro7n  the  Defence  of  Sestius .) 

b.  c.  56. 

The  year  b.  c.  6o  is  marked  by  the  coalition  between  Caesar, 

Pompey,  and  Crassus,  — sometimes  called  the  First  Triumvirate, * 

of  which  the  immediate  result  was  the  election  of  Caesar  to  the 
consulship  for  the  following  year.  During  the  existence  of  this 
coalition,  the  Senate  was  almost  wholly  stripped  of  power.  The 
chief  act  of  Caesar’s  administration  was  his  iniquitous  law  for 
dividing  the  fertile  and  populous  territory  of  Campania  among 
needy  citizens  of  Rome ; which  was  carried  with  such  a degree  of 
mob  violence,  that  Bibulus,  Caesar’s  colleague,  after  vainly  resist- 
ing  it,  shut  himself  up  in  his  house,  leaving  affairs  of  state  to  their 
own  course.  Cicero  had  refused  to  serve  as  one  of  the  Board  ( viginti 
viri)  for  executing  this  law,  and  thus  brought  upon  himself  the  re- 
sentment of  the  party  in  power  ; whose  leaders,  while  claiming  to  be 
his  personal  friends,  gave  him  no  support  in  the  attacks  which 
were  presently  made  upon  him.  His  most  active  enemy  was  Publius 
Clodius,  a man  of  patrician  birth  (of  the  great  Claudian  house, 
whence  his  name  Clodius),  who,  in  order  to  hold  the  plebeian 
office  of  Tribune,  caused  himself  to  be  adopted  as  son  into  a 
plebeian  family.  As  Tribune,  early  in  b.  c.  58,  he  introduced  a bill 
(apparently  never  passed)  aimed  at  Cicero,  making  it  penal  to  put 
to  death  a Roman  citizen  without  trial.  Upon  this,  Cicero  and  his 
friends  as  many,  it  is  said,  as  20,000  — went  into  mourning.  The 
consuls,  Gabinius  and  Piso,  refused  to  interfere.  Pompey  would 
not  meet  or  see  his  eloquent  advocate.  Caesar,  just  departing  for 
his  campaigns  in  Gaul,  waited  till  he  should  be  assured  of  Clodius’s 
triumph.  As  the  affair  was  just  coming  to  blows,  Cicero  withdrew 
into  voluntary  exile,  which  was  followed,  the  next  day,  by  a decree 
( finvilegium ) forbidding  him  by  name  the  use  of  fire  or  water 
--the  regular  formula  for  a sentence  of  banishment— anywhere 
within  four  hundred  miles  of  Rome. 

The  year  of  his  exile  Cicero  spent  mostly  in  Thessalonica,  with 
his  friend  Plancius,  quaestor  of  Macedonia,  the  same  whom  he 
afterwards  defended  on  a charge  of  bribery.  In  the  summer  of  the 
following  year  he  was  restored,  - by  the  late  but  earnest  efforts 


148 


Cicero’s  Exile  and  Return. 


[Sestius, 


of  Pompey,  by  the  vows  of  Italy,  by  the  resolutions  of  the  Senate, 
by  the  courage  and  energy  of  the  tribune  Annius  Milo”  (Veil. 
Paterc.).  The  consuls  of  this  year,  Lentulus  and  Metellus,  with 
eight  of  the  tribunes,  actively  favored  Cicero’s  recall.  But  it  was 
violently  resisted  by  Clodius,  who  attempted  to  prevent  it  by  an 
appeal  to  terror  ; and  the  disorders  which  followed  led  the  way  to 
that  period  of  party  passion  and  mob  rule,  which  culminated  in  the 
civil  war  and  the  dictatorship  of  Julius  Caesar.  The  most  full  and 
authentic  account  of  these  disorders  is  contained  in  Cicero’s  de- 
fence of  Publius  Sestius,  a colleague  of  Milo  in  the  tribuneship, 
who  was  brought  to  trial  on  a charge  of  assault  (de  vi).  The  fol- 
lowing extracts  include  nearly  a third  of  this  great  speech. 

FUERAT  ille  annus  jam  in  re  publica,  judices,  cum 
in  magno  motu  et  multorum  timore  intentus  est 
arcus  in  me  unum,  si  cut  volgo  ignari  rerum  loqueban- 
tur ; re  quidem  vera  in  universam  rem  publicam,  tra- 
5 ductione  ad  plebem  furibundi  hominis  ac  perditi,  mihi 
irati,  sed  multo  acrius  oti  et  communis  salutis  inimici. 
Hunc  vir  clarissimus  mihique  multis  repugnantibus 
amicissimus,  Cn.  Pompeius,  omni  cautione,  foedere, 
exsecratione  devinxerat  nihil  in  tribunatu  conti  a me 
10  esse  facturum.  Quod  ille  nefarius,  ex  omnium  sce- 
lerum  colluvione  natus,  parum  se  foedus  violaturum 
arbitratus  est,  nisi  ipsum  cautorem  alieni  periculi  suis 
propriis  periculis  terruisset.  2.  Sed  fuit  profecto  quae- 
dam  ilia  rei  publicae  fortuna  fatalis,  ut  ille  caecus  atque 
15  amens  tribunus  plebis  nancisceretur,  quid  dicam? 
consules  ? hocine  ut  ego  nomine  appellem  eversores 
hujus  imperi,  proditores  vestrae  dignitatis,  hostis  bo- 
norum  omnium?  — qui  ad  delendum  senatum,  adfli- 
gendum  equestrem  ordinem,  exstinguenda  omnia  jura 
20  atque  instituta  majorum  se  illis  fascibus  ceterisque 
insignibus  summi  honoris  atque  imperi  ornatos  esse 
arbitrabantur.  Quorum  (per  deos  immortalis!)  si 
nondum  scelera  volneraque  inusta  rei  publicae  voltis 
recordari,  voltum  atque  incessum  animis  intueroini. 
25  Facilius  eorum  facta  occurrent  mentibus  vestris,  si  ora 
ipsa  oculis  proposueritis. 


ix.  2o.]  The  Consuls  Gabtmus  and  P/so.  149 

3.  Alter  unguentis  adfluens,  calamistrata  coma,  de- 
spiciens  conscios  stuprorum  ac  veteres  vexatores  aeta- 
tulae  suae,  puteali  et  faeneratorum  gregibus  inflatus, — 
a quibus  compulsus  olim,  ne  in  Scyllaeo  illo  aeris 
alieni  tamquam  [in]  fretu  ad  columnam  adhaeresceret,  5 
in  tribunatus  portum  perfugerat, — contemnebat  equites 
Romanos,  minitabatur  senatui,  venditabat  se  operis, 
atque  ab  eis  se  ereptum,  ne  de  ambitu  causam  diceret, 
praedicabat,  ab  isdemque  se  etiam  invito  senatu  pro- 
vinciam  sperare  dicebat : eamque  nisi  adeptus  esset,  JO 
se  incolumem  nullo  modo  fore  arbitrabatur. 

4.  Alter,  O di  boni ! quam  taeter  incedebat ! quam 
truculentus  ! quam  terribilis  aspectu  ! — unum  aliquem 
te  ex  barbatis  illis,  exemplum  imperi  veteris,  imagi- 
nem  antiquitatis,  columen  rei  publicae  diceres  intueri : 15 
vestitus  aspere  nostra  hac  purpura  plebeia  ac  paene 
fusca ; capillo  ita  horrido,  ut  Capua,  in  qua  ipsa  turn 
imaginis  ornandae  causa  duumviratum  gerebat,  Se- 
plasiam  sublaturus  videretur.  Nam  quid  ego  de  super- 
cilio  dicam,  quod  turn  hominibus  non  supercilium,  sed  20 
pignus  rei  publicae  videbatur  ? [Tanta  erat  gravitas  in 
oculo,  tanta  contractio  frontis,  ut  illo  supercilio  annus 
die  niti  tamqtiam  vade  videretur] . 5.  Erat  hie  omnium 
sermo  : ‘ Est  tamen  rei  publicae  magnum  firmumque 
subsidium  ; habeo  quern  opponam  labi  illi  atque  caeno  ; 25 
voltu,  me  dius  fidius,  conlegae  sui  libidinem  levitatem- 
que  franget;  habebit  senatus  in  hunc  annum  quern 
sequatur  ; non  deerit  auctor  et  dux  bonis.’  Mihi  deni- 
que  homines  praecipue  gratulabantur,  quod  habiturus 
essem,  contra  tribunum  plebis  furiosum  et  audacem,  3° 
cum  amicum  et  adfinem,  turn  etiam  fortem  et  gravem 
consulem. 

6.  Atque  eorum  alter  fefellit  nerninem.  Quis  enim 
clavum  tanti  imperi  tenere,  et  gubernacula  rei  publicae 
tractare  in  maximo  cursu  ac  fluctibus,  posse  arbitra-  35 
retur  hominem  emersum  subito  ex  diuturnis  tenebris 


IS° 


Cicero's  Exile  and  Return . 


[Sestius, 


lustrorum  ac  stuprorum,  vino,  ganeis,  lenociniis  adul- 
teriisque  confectum?  cum  is  praeter  spem  in  altissimo 
gradu  alienis  opibus  positus  esset,  qui  non  modo  tem- 
pestatem  impendentem  intueri  temulentus,  sed  ne  lu- 
5 cem  quidem  insolitam  aspicere  posset?  7.  Alter  multos 
plane  in  omnis  partis  fefellit.  Erat  enim  hominum 
opinioni  nobilitate  ipsa,  blanda  conciliatricula,  com- 
mendatus.  Omnes  boni  semper  nobilitati  favemus,  et 
quia  utile  est  rei  publicae  nobilis  homines  esse  dignos 
IO  majoribus  suis,  et  quia  valet  apud  nos  clarorum  homi- 
num et  bene  de  re  publica  meritorum  memoria  etiam 
mortuorum.  Quia  tristem  semper,  quia  taciturnum, 
quia  subhorridum  atque  incultum  videbant,  et  quod 
erat  eo  nomine,  ut  ingenerata  familiae  frugalitas  vide- 
15  retur,  favebant,  gaudebant,  et  ad  integritatem  majo- 
rum  spe  sua  hominem  vocabant,  materni  generis  obliti. 
8.  Ego  autem  — vere  dicam,  judices  — tantum  esse  in 
homine  sceleris,  audaciae,  crudelitatis,  quantum  ipse 
cum  re  publica  sensi,  numquam  putavi.  Nequam  esse 
20  hominem  et  levem  et  [falsa  opinione]  errore  hominum 
ab  adulescentia  commendatum  sciebam.  Etenim  ani- 
mus ejus  voltu,  flagitia  parietibus  tegebantur  ; sed  haec 
obstructio  nec  diuturna  est,  neque  obdueta  ita  ut  curi- 
osis  oculis  perspici  non  possit. 

25  9.  Videbamus  genus  vitae,  desidiam,  inertiam  : in- 

clusas  ejus  libidines  qui  paulo  propius  accesserant  in- 
tuebantur : denique  etiam  sermones  ansas  dabant,  qui- 
bus  reconditos  ejus  sensus  tenere  possemus*  Laudabat 
homo  doctus  philosophos  nescio  quos,  neque  eorum 
i°  tamen  nomina  poterat  dicere  : sed  tamen  eos  laudabat 
maxime  qui  dicuntur  praeter  ceteros  esse  auctores  et 
laudatores  voluptatis  — cujus  et  quo  tempore  et  quo 
modo  non  quaerebat ; verbum  ipsum  omnibus  animi 
et  corporis  sensibns  devorabat : eosdemque  praeclare 
35  dicere  aiebat,  sapientis  omnia  sua  causa  facere ; rem 
publicam  capessere  hominem  bene  sanum  non  opor- 


xiv.  32.]  The  Crime:  the  General  Mourning,  151 

tere;  nihil  esse  praestabilius  otiosa  vita,  plena  et  con- 
ferta  voluptatibus  ; eos  autem,  qui  dicerent  dignitati 
esse  serviendum,  rei  publicae  consulendum,  offici  ra- 
tionem  in  omni  vita,  non  commodi  esse  ducendam, 
adeunda  pro  patria  pericula,  volnera  excipienda,  mor-  5 
tem  oppetendam,  vaticinari  atque  insanire  dicebat. 

10.  Ex  his  adsiduis  ejus  cotidianisque  sermonibus,  et 
quod  videbam  quibuscum  hominibus  in  interiore  parte 
aedium  viveret,  et  quod  ita  domus  ipsa  fumabat  lit  mul- 
ta  ejus  sermonis  indicia  redolerent,  statuebam  sic,  boni  IO 
nihil  ab  illis  nugis  esse  exspectandum,  mali  quidem 
certe  nihil  pertimescendum.  Sed  ita  est,  judices,  ut, 
si  gladium  parvo  puero  aut  si  imbecillo  seni  aut  debili 
dederis,  ipse  impetu  suo  nemini  noceat,  sin  ad  nudum 
vel  fortissimi  viri  corpus  accesserit,  possit  acie  ipsa  et  15 
ferri  viribus  volnerare  ; sic  cum  hominibus  enervatis 
atque  exsanguibus  consulatus  tamquam  gladius  esset 
datus,  qui  per  se  pungere  neminem  umquam  potuissent, 
ei  summi  imperi  nomine  armati  totam  rem  publicam 
contrucidaverunt.  Foedus  fecerunt  cum  tribuno  plebis  20 
palam,  ut  ab  eo  provincias  acciperent  quas  ipsi  vel- 
lent ; exercitum  et  pecuniam  quantam  vellent  ea  lege, 
si  ipsi  prius  tribuno  plebis  adflictam  et  constrictam 
rem  publicam  tradidissent  : id  autem  foedus  meo 
sanguine  ici  posse  dicebant.  Qua  re  patefacta  — 25 
neque  enim  dissimulari  tantum  scelus  poterat  nec 
latere  — promulgantur  uno  eodemque  tempore  roga- 
tiones  ab  eodem  tribuno  de  mea  pernicie  et  de  provin- 
ciis  consulum  nominatim.  . . . 

11.  Erat  igitur  in  luctu  senatus  ; squalebat  civitas,  3° 
publico  consilio  veste  mutata  ; nullum  erat  Italiae 
municipium,  nulla  colonia,  nulla  praefectura,  nulla 
Romae  societas  vectigalium,  nullum  conlegium  aut 
concilium  aut  omnino  aliquod  commune  consilium, 
quod  turn  non  honorificentissime  de  mea  salute  decre-  35 
visset : cum  subito  edicunt  duo  consules,  ut  ad  suum 


w 


152 


Ciceros  Exile  and  Return.  [Sestius, 


vestitum  senatores  redirent.  Quis  umquam  consul 
senatum  ipsius  decretis  parere  prohibuit  ? Quis  tyran- 
nus  miseros  lugere  vetuit  ? Parumne  est,  Piso  — ut 
omittam  Gabinium  — quod  tantum  homines  fefellisti, 

5 ut  neglegeres  auctoritatem  senatus,  optimi  cujusque 
consilia  contemneres,  rem  publicam  proderes,  con- 
sular nomen  adfligeres  ? Etiamne  edicere  audebas, 
ne  maererent  homines  meam,  suam,  rei  publicae  ca- 
lamitatem?  ne  hunc  suum  dolorem  veste  significarent? 
I0  Sive  ilia  vestis  mutatio  ad  luctum  ipsorum,  sive  ad 
deprecandum  valebat,  quis  umquam  tarn  crudelis  fuit 
qui  prohiberet  quemquam  aut  sibi  maerere  aut  ceteris 
supplicare  ? 12.  Quid?  sua  sponte  homines  in  ami- 

corum  periculis  vestitum  mutare  non  solent  ? Pro  te 
15  ipso,  Piso,  nemone  mutabit  ? ne  isti  quidem,  quos 
[legatos]  non  modo  nullo  senatus  consulto,  sed  etiam 
repugnante  senatu  tibi  tute  legasti  ? Ergo  hominis 
desperati  et  proditoris  rei  publicae  casum  lugebunt 
fortasse  qui  volent  : civis  florentissimi  benevolentia 
20  bonorum  et  optime  de  salute  patriae  meriti  periculum 
conjunctum  cum  periculo  civitatis  lugere  senatui  non 
licebit  ? Eidemque  consules  (si  appellandi  sunt  con- 
sules,  quos  nemo  est  quin  non  modo  ex  memoria,  sed 
etiam.  ex  fastis  evellendos  putet),  pacto  jam  foedere 
25  provinciarum,  producti  in  circo  Elaminio  in  contionem 
ab  ilia  furia  ac  peste  patriae,  maximo  cum  gemitu  ves- 
tro  ilia  omnia  voce  ac  sententia  sua  comprobaverunt. 
Isdem  consulibus  sedentibus  atque  inspectantibus  lata 
lex  est,  Ne  ausfcia  valerent , ne  quis  obnuntiaret , ne 
3°  quis  legi  inter cederet : ut  omnibus  fastis  diebus  legem 
ferri  liceret ut  lex  Aelia , lex  Fufa  ne  valeret . qua 
una  rogatione  quis  est  qui  non  intellegat  universam  rem 
publicam  esse  deletam  ? 13.  Isdemque  consulibus  in- 

spectantibus, servorum  dilectus  habebantur  pro  tribu- 
35  nali  Aurelio  nomine  conlegiorum,  cumvicatim  homines 
conscriberentur,  decuriarentur,  ad  vim,  ad  manus,  ad 


xvii.  3^*]  Appeal  to  Violence  and  Terror . 153 

caedem,  ad  direptionem  incitarentur.  Isdemque  consu- 
libus  arma  in  templum  Castoris  palam  comportabantui . 
gradus  ejusdem  templi  tollebantur;  armati  homines 
forum  et  condones  tenebant;  caedes  lapidationesque 
fiebant.  Niillus  erat  senatus,  nihil  reliqui  magistra-  5 
tus ; unus  omnem  omnium  potestatem  armis  et  latro- 
ciniis  possidebat,  non  aliqua  vi  sua,  sed  cum  duo  con- 
sules  a re  publica  provinciarum  foedere  retraxisset, 
insultabat,  dominabatur,  [aliis  pollicebatur,]  terrore  ac 
metu  multos,  pluris  etiam  spe  et  promissis  tenebat.  i0 
14.  Quae  cum  essent  ejus  modi,  judices,  — cum  sena- 
tus duces  nullos  ac  pro  ducibus  proditores  aut  potius 
apertos  hostis  haberet,  equester  ordo  reus  a consuli- 
bus  citaretur,  Italiae  totius  auctoritas  repudiaretur,  alii 
nominatim  relegarentur,  alii  metu  et  periculo  terre-  15 
rentur,  arma  essent  in  templis,  armati  in  foro,  eaque 
non  silentio  consulum  dissimularentur,  sed  et  voce  et 
sententia  comprobarentur,  cum  omnes  urbem  nondum 
excisam  et  eversam,  sed  jam  captam  atque  oppres- 
sam  videremus,  — tamen  his  tantis  malis  tanto  bono-  20 
rum  studio,  judices,  restitissemus  : sed  me  alii  metus 
atque  aliae  curae  suspitionesque  moverunt.  15.  Ex- 
ponam  enim  hodierno  die,  judices,  omnem  rationem 
facti  et  consili  mei,  neque  huic  vestro  tanto  studio 
audiendi  nec  vero  huic  tantae  multitudini,  quanta  mea  2 5 
memoria  numquam  ullo  in  judicio  fuit,  deero.  Nam 
si  ego  — in  causa  tarn  bona,  tanto  studio  senatus,  con- 
sensu tarn  incredibili  bonorum  omnium,  tarn  parato, 
tota  denique  Italia  ad  omnem  contentionem  expedita 
— cessi  tribuni  plebis,  despicatissimi  hominis,  furori,  3 
contemptissimorum  consulum  levitatem  audaciamque 
pertimui,  nimium  me  timidum,  nullius  animi,  nullius 
consili  fuisse  confiteor. 

16.  Erat  autem  mihi  contentio  non  cum  victore  exer- 
citu,  sed  cum  operis  conductis  et  ad  diripiendam  urbem  35 
concitatis.  Habebam  inimicum  non  C.  Marium,  ter- 


*54 


Cicero's  Exile  and  Return. 


[Sestius, 


rorem  hostiurn,  spem  subsidiumque  patriae,  sed  duo 
importuna  prodigia,  quos  egestas,  quos  aeris  alieni 
magnitudo,  quos  levitas,  quos  improbitas  tribuno  ple- 
bis  constrictos  addixerat.  Quos  homines  si  — id  quod 
5 facile  factu  fuit,  et  quod  fieri  debuit,  quodque  a me 
optimi  et  fortissimi  cives  flagitabant  — vi  armisque 
superassem,  non  verebar  ne  quis  aut  vim  vi  depul- 
sam  reprehenderet,  aut  perditorum  civium  [vel  potius 
domesticorum  hostium]  mortem  maereret.  it.  Sed  me 
xo  ilia  moverunt.  Omnibus  in  contionibus  ilia  furia  cla- 
mabat  se  quae  faceret  contra  salutem  meam  facere 
auctore  Cn.  Pompeio,  clarissimo  viro  mihique  et  nunc 
et  quoad  licuit  amicissimo.  M.  Crassus,  quocum 
mihi  omnes  erant  amicitiae  necessitudines,  vir  fortissi- 
15  mus,  ab  eadem  ilia  peste  infestissimus  esse  meis  for- 
tunis  praedicabatur.  C.  Caesar,  qui  a me  nullo  meo 
merito  alienus  esse  debebat,  inimicissimus  esse  meae 
saluti  ab  eodem  cotidianis  contionibus  dicebatur.  His 
se  tribus  auctoribus  in  consiliis  capiendis,  adjutoribus 
20  in  re  gerenda  esse  usurum  dicebat : ex  quibus  unum 
habere  exercitum  in  Italia  maximum  ; duo,  qui  privati 
turn  essent,  et  praesto  esse  et  parare,  si  vellent,  exerci- 
tum posse,  idque  facturos  esse  dicebat.  18.  Nec  mihi  ille 
judicium  populi,  nec  legitimam  aliquam  contentionem, 
25  nec  disceptationem  aut  causae  dictionem,  sed  vim,  arma, 
exercitus,  imperatores,  castra  denuntiabat.  Quid  ergo? 
inimici  oratio,  vana  praesertim,  tam  improbe  in  claris- 
simos  viros  conjecta  me  movit  ? Me  vero  non  illius 
oratio,  sed  eorum  taciturnitas,  in  quos  ilia  oratio  tam 
30  improba  conferebatur : qui  turn,  quamquam  ob  alias 
causas  tacebant,  tamen  hominibus  omnia  timentibus 
tacendo  loqui,  non  infitiando  confiteri  videbantur.  Illi 
autem  alio  turn  timore  perterriti  [quod  acta  ilia  atque 
omnis  res  anni  superioris  labefactari  a praetoribus,  in- 
35  firmari  a senatu  atque  principibus  civitatis  putabant], 
tribunum  popularem  a se  alienare  nolebant,  suaque 


xx.  46.]  Why  he  shuns  an  Affeal  to  Force . 155 

sibi  propiora  esse  pericula  quam  mea  loquebantur. 
19.  Sed  tamen  et  Crassus  a consulibus  meam  causam 
suscipiendam  esse  dicebat,  et  eorum  fidem  Pompeius 
implorabat,  neque  se  privatum  publice  susceptae  cau- 
sae defuturum  esse  dicebat.  Quem  virum  studiosum 
mei,  cupidissimum  rei  publicae  conservandae  [domi 
meae],  certi  homines  [ad  earn  rem  positi]  monuerunt, 
ut  esset  cautior,  ejusque  vitae  a me  insidias  apud  me 
domi  positas  esse  dixerunt ; atque  hanc  ejus  suspitio- 
nem  alii  litteris  mittendis,  alii  nuntiis,  alii  coram  ipsi 
excitaverunt,  ut  ille,  cum  a me  certe  nihil  timeret,  ab 
illis  ne  quid  meo  nomine  molirentur  sibi  cavendum 
putaret.  Ipse  autem  Caesar,  quem  maxime  homines 
ignari  veritatis  mihi  esse  iratum  putabant,  erat  ad 
portas,  erat  cum  imperio ; erat  in  Italia  ejus  exercitus, 
inque  eo  exercitu  ipsius  tribuni  plebis,  inimici  mei, 
fratrem  praefecerat. 

20.  Unum  enim  mihi  restabat  illud,  quod  forsitan  non 
nemo  vir  fortis  et  acris  animi  magnique  dixerit : 4 Re- 
stitisses,  repugnasses,  mortem  pugnans  oppetisses.’  De 
quo  te,  te,  inquam,  patria,  testor,  et  vos,  penates  patrii- 
que  dei,  me  vestrarum  sedum  templorumque  causa,  me 
propter  salutem  meorum  civium,  quae  mihi  semper 
fuit  mea  carior  vita,  dimicationem  caedemque  fugisse. 
Etenim  si  mihi  in  aliqua  nave  cum  meis  amicis  navi- 
ganti  hoc,  judices,  accidisset,  ut  multi  ex  multis  locis 
praedones  classibus  earn  navem  se  oppressuros  mini- 
tarentur,  nisi  me  unum  sibi  dedidissent,  si  id  vectores 
negarent,  ac  mecum  simul  interire  quam  me  tradere 
hostibus  mallent,  jecissem  ipse  me  potius  in  profun- 
dum,  ut  ceteros  conservarem,  quam  illos  mei  tarn  cupi- 
dos  non  modo  ad  certam  mortem,  sed  in  magnum  vitae 
discrimen  adducerem.  21.  Cum  vero  in  hanc  rei  pub- 
licae navem,  ereptis  senatui,  gubernaculis,  fluitantem  in 
alto  tempestatibus  seditionum  ac  discordiarum,  armatae 
tot  classes,  nisi  ego  essem  unus  deditus,  incursurae 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


156  Cicero's  Exile  and  Return.  [Sestius, 

viderentur,  — cum  proscriptio,  caedes,  direptio  denun- 
tiaretur ; cum  alii  me  suspitione  periculi  sui  non 
defenderent,  alii  vetere  odio  bonorum  incitarentur,  alii 
inviderent,  alii  obstare  sibi  me  arbitrarentur,  alii  ul- 
5 cisci  dolorem  aliquem  suum  vellent,  alii  rem  ipsam 
publicam  atque  hunc  bonorum  statum  otiumque  odis- 
sent,  et  ob  hasce  causas  tot  tamque  varias  me  unum 
deposcerent, — depugnarem  potius  cum  summo  non 
dicam  exitio,  sed  periculo  certe  vestro  liberorumque 
10  vestrorum  quam  [non]  id,  quod  omnibus  impendebat, 
unus  pro  omnibus  susciperem  ac  subirem? 

22.  ‘ Victi  essent  improbi.’  At  cives,  at  ab  eo  pri- 
vato,  qui  sine  armis  etiam  consul  rem  publicam  conser- 
varat.  Sin  victi  essent  boni,  qui  superessent?  nonne 
15  ad  servos  videtis  rem  publicam  venturam  fuisse?  An 
mihi  ipsi,  ut  quidam  putant,  fuit  mors  aequo  animo 
oppetenda?  Quid?  turn  mortemne  fugiebam?  an  erat 
res  ulla  quam  mihi  magis  optandam  putarem?  aut  ego 
illas  res  tantas  in  tanta  improborum  multitudine  cum 
20  gerebam,  non  mihi  mors,  non  exitium  ob  oculos  ver- 
sabatur?  non  haec  denique  a me  turn  tamquam  fata 
in  ipsa  re  gerenda  canebantur?  23.  An  erat  mihi  in 
tanto  luctu  meorum,  tanta  dijunctione,  tanta  acerbi- 
tate,  tanta  spoliatione  omnium  rerum,  quas  mihi  aut 
25  natura  aut  fortuna  dederat,  vita  retinenda?  Tam 
eram  rudis,  tam  ignarus  rerum,  tam  expers  consili  aut 
ingeni?  nihil  audieram?  nihil  videram?  nihil  ipse 
legendo  quaerendoque  cognoveram?  Nesciebam  vitae 
brevem  esse  cursum,  gloriae  sempiternum?  cum  esset 
3°  omnibus  definita  mors,  optandum  esse  ut  vita,  quae 
necessitati  deberetur,  patriae  potius  donata  quam 
reservata  naturae  videretur?  Nesciebam  inter  sapi- 
entissimos  homines  hanc  contentionem  fuisse,  ut  alii 
dicerent  animos  hominum  sensusque  morte  restingui, 
35  alii  autem  turn  mentis  maxime  sapientium  ac  fortium 
virorum,  cum  ex  corpore  excessissent,  sentire  ac  vi- 


xxn.  50.]  His  Exile  has  saved  the  State. 


iS7 


gere?  Quorum  alterum  fugiendum  non  esse,  carere 
sensu : alterum  etiam  optandum,  meliore  esse  sensu. 

24.  Haec  ego  et  multa  alia  cogitans  hoc  videbam,  si 
causam  publicam  mea  mors  peremisset,  neminem  um- 
quam  fore  qui  auderet  suscipere  contra  improbos  civis 
salutem  rei  publicae.  Itaque  non  solum  si  vi  interis- 
sem,  sed  etiam  si  morbo  exstinctus  essem,  fore  puta- 
bam  ut  exemplum  rei  publicae  conservandae  mecum 
simul  interiret.  Quis  enim  umquam  — me  a senatu 
populoque  Romano  tanto  omnium  bonorum  studio  non 
restituto,  quod  certe,  si  essem  interfectus,  accidere  non 
potuisset  — ullam  rei  publicae  partem  cum  sua  minima 
invidia  auderet  attingere?  Servavi  igitur  rem  publi- 
cam discessu  meo,  judices  : caedem  a vobis  liberisque 
vestris,  vastitatem,  incendia,  rapinas  meo  dolore  luctu- 
que  depuli,  et  unus  bis  rem  publicam  servavi,  semel  glo- 
ria, iterum  aerumna  mea.  25.  Neque  enim  in  hoc  me 
hominem  esse  infitiabor  umquam,  ut  me  optimo  fratre, 
carissimis  liberis,  fidissima  conjuge,  vestro  conspectu, 
patria,  hoc  honoris  gradu,  sine  dolore  caruisse  glorier. 
Quod  si  fecissem,  quod  a me  beneficium  haberetis, 
cum  pro  vobis  ea,  quae  mihi  essent  vilia,  reliquissem? 
Hoc  meo  quidem  animo  surami  in  patriam  amoris  mei 
signum  esse  debet  certissimum,  quod,  cum  abesse  ab 
ea  sine  summo  dolore  non  possem,  hunc  me  perpeti 
quam  illam  labefactari  ab  improbis  malui. 

26.  Memineram,  judices,  divinum  ilium  virum,  at- 
que  ex  isdem  quibus  nos  radicibus  natutn  ad  salutem 
hujus  imperi,  C.  Marium,  summa  senectute,  cum  vi 
prope  justorum  armorum  profugisset,  primo  senile 
corpus  paludibus  occultasse  demersum,  deinde  ad 
infimorum  ac  tenuissimorum  hominum  [Minturnis]  mi- 
sericordiam  confugisse ; inde  navigio  perparvo,  cum 
omnis  portus  terrasque  fugeret,  in  oras  Africae  deser- 
tissimas  pervenisse.  27.  Atque  ille  vitam  suam,  ne 
inultus  esset,  ad  incertissimam  spem  et  ad  rei  publicae 


5 

io 

IS 

20 

25 

30 

35 


158  Cicero's  Exile  and  Return . [Sestius, 

fatum  reservavit : ego,  qui  (quern  ad  modum  multi 
in  senatu  me  absente  dixerunt)  periculo  rei  publicae 
vivebam,  quique  ob  earn  causam  consularibus  litteris 
de  senatus  sententia  exteris  nationibus  commendabar, 
5 nonne,  si  meam  vitam  deseruissem,  rem  publicam 
prodidissem?  in  qua  quidem  nunc  me  restituto  vivit 
mecum  simul  exemplum  fidei  publicae.  Quod  si 
immortale  retinetur,  quis  non  intellegit  immortalem 
hanc  civitatem  futuram?  28.  Nam  externa  bella 
10  regum,  gentium,  nationum  jam  pridem  ita  exstincta 
sunt,  ut  praeclare  cum  eis  agamus,  quos  pacatos 
esse  patiamur.  Denique  ex  bellica  victoria  non  fere 
quemquam  est  invidia  civium  consecuta.  Domes- 
ticis  malis  et  audacium  civium  consiliis  saepe  est  re- 
15  sistendum,  eorumque  periculorum  est  in  re  publica 
retmenda  medicina  : quam  omnem,  judices,  perdidis- 
setis,  si  meo  interitu  senatui  populoque  Romano  dolo- 
ris  sui  de  me  declarandi  potestas  esset  erepta.  Qua 
re  moneo  vos,  adulescentes,  atque  hoc  meo  jure  prae- 
20  cipio,  qui  dignitatem,  qui  rem  publicam,  qui  glonam 
spectatis,  ne,  si  quae  vos  aliquando  necessitas  ad  rem 
publicam  contra  improbos  civis  defendendam  vocabit, 
segniores  sitis,  et  recordatione  mei  casus  a consiliis 
fortibus  refugiatis.  29.  Primum,  non  est  periculum  ne 
25  quis  umquam  incidat  in  ejus  modi  consules,  praesertim 
si  erit  eis  id  quod  debetur  persolutum.  Deinde  num- 
quam  jam,  ut  spero,  quisquam  improbus  consilio  et 
auxilio  bonorum  se  oppugnare  rem  publicam  dicet  illis 
tacentibus,  nec  armati  exercitus  terrorem  opponet  to- 
3°  gatis  ; neque  erit  justa  causa  ad  portas  sedenti  impera- 
tori,  qua  re  suum  terrorem  falso  jactari  opponique  pati- 
atur.  Numquam  denique  erit  tarn  oppressus  senatus, 
ut  ei  ne  supplicandi  quidem  ac  lugendi  sit  potestas ; 
tarn  captus  equester  ordo,  ut  equites  Romani  a consule 
35  relegentur.  Quae  cum  omnia  atque  etiam  multo  alia 
majora,  quae  consulto  praetereo,  accidissent,  videtis 


xxiv.  54-]  The  Consuls  have  their  Rezvard , 159 

me  tamen  in  meam  pristinam  dignitatem,  brevi  tem- 
pore doloris  interjecto,  rei  publicae  voce  esse  re- 
vocatum. 

30.  Sed  (ut  revertar  ad  illud  quod  mihi  in  hac  omni 
est  oratione  propositum,  omnibus  malis  illo  anno  sce- 
lere  consulum  rem  publicam  esse  confectam)  primum 
illo  ipso  die,  qui  mihi  funestus  fuit,  omnibus  bonis 
luctuosus,  — cum  ego  me  e complexu  patriae  con- 
spectuque  vestro  eripuissem,  et  metu  vestri  periculi, 
non  mei,  furori  hominis,  sceleri,  perfidiae,  telis  minis- 
que  cessissem,  patriamque,  quae  mihi  erat  carissima, 
propter  ipsius  patriae  caritatem  reliquissem ; cum 
meum  ilium  casum  tarn  horribilem,  tarn  gravem,  tarn 
repentinum  non  solum  homines,  sed  tecta  urbis  ac  tem- 
pla  lugerent,  nemo  vestrum  forum,  nemo  curiam,  nemo 
lucern  aspicere  vellet,  — illo,  inquam,  ipso  die,  die 
dico?  immo  hora  atque  etiam  puncto  temporis  eodem, 
mihi  reique  publicae  pernicies,  Gabinio  et  Pisoni  pro- 
vincia  rogata  est.  31.  Pro  dei  immortales,  custodes  et 
conservatores  hujus  urbis  atque  imperi ! quaenam  ilia 
in  re  publica  monstra,  quae  scelera  vidistis  ! Civis  erat 
expulsus  is,  qui  rem  publicam  ex  senatus  auctoritate 
cum  omnibus  bonis  defenderat,  et  expulsus  non  alio 
aliquo,  sed  eo  ipso  crimine.  Erat  autem  expulsus 
sine  judicio,  vi,  lapidibus,  ferro,  servitio  denique  con- 
citato  : lex  erat  lata  vasto  ac  relicto  foro  et  sicariis  ser- 
visque  tradito  ; et  ea  lex,  quae  ut  ne  ferretur,  senatus 
fuerat  veste  mutata.  32.  Hac  tanta  perturbatione  civi- 
tatis  ne  noctem  quidem  consules  inter  meum  interitum 
et  suam  praedam  interesse  passi  sunt : statim  me  per- 
culso  ad  meum  sanguinem  hauriendum,  et  spirante 
etiam  re  publica  ad  ejus  spolia  detrahenda  advolave- 
runt.  Omitto  gratulationes,  epulas,  partitionem  aerari, 
beneficia,  spem,  promissa,  praedam,  laetitiam  pauco- 
rum  in  luctu  omnium.  Vexabatur  uxor  mea  : liberi 
ad  necem  quaerebantur : gener,  et  Piso  gener  a Pi- 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


i6o 


Cicero’s  Exile  and  Return. 


[Sestius, 


sonis  consulis  pedibus  supplex  reiciebatur : bona  di- 
ripiebantur,  eaque  ad  consules  deferebantur : domus 
ardebat  in  Palatio : consules  epulabantur.  Quod  si 
meis  incommodis  laetabantur,  urbis  tamen  periculo 
5 commoverentur.  . . . 

33.  Hie  aliquando,  serius  quam  ipse  vellet,  Cn. 
Pompeius,  invitissimis  eis  qui  mentem  optimi  ac  fortis- 
simi  viri  suis  consiliis  fictisque  terroribus  a defensione 
meae  salutis  averterant,  excitavit  illam  suam  non  sopi- 
io  tarn,  sed  suspitione  aliqua  retardatam  consuetudinem 
reipublicae  bene  gerendae.  Non  est  passus  ille  vir  — 
qui  sceleratissimos  civis,  qui  acerrimos  hostis,  qui  maxi- 
mas  nationes,  qui  reges,  qui  gentis  feras  atque  inaudi- 
tas,  qui  praedonum  infinitam  manum,  qui  etiam  servitia 
15  virtute  victoriaque  domuisset,  qui  omnibus  bellis  terra 
marique  compressis  imperium  populi  Romani  orbis 
terrarum  terminis  definisset  — rem  publicam  everti 
scelere  paucorum,  quam  ipse  non  solum  consiliis,  sed 
etiam  sanguine  suo  saepe  servasset.  34.  Accessit  ad 
20  causam  publicam : restitit  auctoritate  sua  reliquis  re- 
bus : questus  est  de  praeteritis.  Fieri  quaedam  ad 
meliorem  spem  inclinatio  visa  est.  Decrevit  senatus 
frequens  de  meo  reditu  Kalendis  Juniis,  dissentiente 
nullo,  referente  L.  Ninnio,  cujus  in  mea  causa  num- 
25  quam  fides  virtusque  contremuit.  De  meo  reditu  octo 
tribuni  promulgaverunt.  Ex  quo  intellectum  est  non 
inihi  absenti  ^crevisse  amicos,  in  ea  praesertim  for- 
tuna,  in  qua  non  nulli  etiam,  quos  esse  putaveram,  non 
erant,  sed  eos  voluntatem  semper  eandem,  libertatem 
30  non  eandem  semper  habuisse.  Nam  ex  novem  tribu- 
nis,  quos  tamen  habueram,  unus  me  absente  defluxit, 
qui  cognomen  sibi  ex  Aeliorum  imaginibus  adripuit, 
quo  magis  nationis  ejus  esse  quam  generis  videretur. 

35.  Abiit  ille  annus:  veniunt  Kalendae  Januariae. 
35  Vos  haec  melius  scire  potestis ; equidem  audita  dico : 
quae  turn  frequentia  senatus,  quae  exspectatio  populi, 


xxxiv.  74*] 


Cotta  moves  his  Recall . 


161 


qui  concursus  legatorum  ex  Italia  cuncta,  quae  virtus, 
actio,  gravitas  P.  Lentuli  consulis  fuerit,  quae  etiam 
conlegae  ejus  moderatio  de  me ; qui  cum  inimicitias 
sibi  mecum  ex  rei  publicae  dissensione  susceptas  esse 
dixisset,  eas  se  patribus  conscriptis  dixit  et  temporibus  5 
rei  publicae  permissurum.  36.  Turn  princeps  rogatus 
sententiam  L.  Cotta  dixit  — id  quod  dignissimum  re 
publica  fuit — nihil  de  me  actum  esse  jure,  nihil  more 
majorum,  nihil  legibus  ; non  posse  quemquam  de  civi- 
tate  tolli  sine  judicio  ; de  capite  non  modo  ferri  sed  10 
ne  judicari  quidem  posse  nisi  comitiis  centuriatis ; vim 
fuisse  illam,  flammam  quassatae  rei  publicae  pertur- 
batorumque  temporum  jure  judiciisque  sublatis  ; magna 
rerum  permutatione  impendente,  declinasse  me  pau- 
lum,  et  spe  reliquae  tranquillitatis  praesentis  fluctus  15 
tempestatemque  fugisse  : qua  re,  cum  absens  rem  pub- 
licam  non  minus  magnis  periculis  quam  quodam  tem- 
pore praesens  liberassem,  non  restitui  me  solum,  sed 
etiam  ornari  a senatu  decere.  Disputavit  etiam  multa 
prudenter,  ita  de  me  ilium  amentissimum  et  profliga-  20 
tissimum  hostem  pudoris  et  pudicitiae  scripsisse  quae 
scripsisset,  eis  verbis,  rebus,  sententiis,  ut,  etiam  si 
jure  esset  rogatum,  tamen  vim  habere  non  posset: 
qua  re  me,  qui  nulla  lege  abessem,  non  restitui  lege, 
sed  revocari  senatus  auctoritate  oportere.  37.  Hunc  25 
nemo  erat  quin  verissime  sentire  diceret.  Sed  post 
eum  rogatus  Cn.  Pompeius,  approbata  laudataque 
Cottae  sententia,  dixit  sese  oti  mei  causa,  ut  omni 
populari  concitatione  defungerer,  censere  ut  ad  se- 
natus auctoritatem  populi  quoque  Romani  beneficium  3° 
erga  me  adjungeretur.  Cum  omnes  certatim,  aliusque 
alio  gravius  atque  ornatius  de  mea  salute  dixisset, 
fieretque  sine  ulla  varietate  discessio,  surrexit  (ut  sci- 
tis)  Atilius  hie  Gavianus,  nec  ausus  est,  cum  esset 
emptus,  intercedere : noctem  sibi  ad  deliberandum  35 
postulavit.  Clamor  senatus  : querellae,  preces,  socer 


11 


162 


Cicero's  Exile  and  Return . 


[Sestius, 


ad  pedes  abjectus.  Ille  se  adfirmare  postero  die  mo- 
ram  nullam  esse  facturum.  Creditum  est : discessum 
est.  Illi  interea  deliberatori  merces,  longa  interposita 
nocte,  duplicata  est.  Consecuti  dies  pauci  omnino 
5 Januario  mense  per  quos  senatum  haberi  liceret : sed 
tamen  actum  nihil  nisi  de  me. 

38.  Cum  omni  mora,  ludificatione,  calumnia  senatus 
auctoritas  impediretur,  venit  tandem  concilio  de  me 
agendi  dies  vm.  Kalendas  Februarias.  Princeps  ro- 
io  gationis,  vir  mihi  amicissimus,  Q^.  Fabricius,  templum 
aliquanto  ante  lucem  occupavit.  Quietus  eo  die  Ses- 
tius,  is  qui  est  de  vi  reus  : actor  hie  defensorque  causae 
meae  nihil  progreditur ; consilia  exspectat  inimicorum 
meorum.  Quid  illi,  quorum  consilio  P.  Sestius  in 
IS  judicium  vocatur,  quo  se  pacto  gerunt?  Cum  forum, 
comitium,  curiam  multa  de  nocte  armatis  hominibus 
ac  servis  plerisque  occupavissent,  impetum  faciunt  in 
Fabricium ; manus  adferunt,  occidunt  non  nullos,  vol- 
nerant  multos.  39.  Venientem  in  forum,  virum  opti- 
20  mum  et  constantissimum , M.  Cispium,  tribunum  plebis, 
vi  depellunt : caedem  in  foro  maximam  faciunt : uni- 
versique,  destrictis  gladiis  et  cruentis,  in  omnibus  fori 
partibus  fratrem  meum  [virum  optimum,  fortissimum 
meique  amantissimum]  oculis  quaerebant,  voce  posce- 
25  bant.  Quorum  ille  telis  libenter  in  tanto  luctu  ac  desi- 
derio  mei  [non  repugnandi,  sed  moriendi  causa]  corpus 
obtulisset  suum,  nisi  suam  vitam  ad  spem  mei  leditus 
reservasset.  Subiit  tamen  vim  illam  nefariam  conscele- 
ratorum  latronum,  et,  cum  ad  fratris  salutem  a populo 
30  Romano  deprecandam  venisset,  pulsus  e rostris  in  co- 
mitio  jacuit,  seque  servorum  et  libertorum  corporibus 
obtexit,  vitamque  turn  suam  noctis  et  fugae  praesidio, 

non  juris  judiciorumque  defendit.  40.  Meministis  turn, 

judices,  corporibus  civium  Tiberim  compleri,  cloacas 
35  refarciri,  e foro  spongiis  effingi  sanguinem,  ut  omnes 
tantam  illam  copiam  et  tam  magnificum  apparatum 


xxxvi.  78.]  Bloody  Fight  in  the  Forum . 163 

non  privatum  aut  plebeium,  sed  patricium  et  praetorium 
esse  arbitrarentur. 

Nihil  neque  ante  hoc  tempus  neque  hoc  ipso  turbu- 
lentissimo  die  criminamini  Sestium.  4 Atqui  vis  in 
foro  versata  est.’  Certe  : quando  enim  major?  La- 
pidationes  persaepe  vidimus  : non  ita  saepe,  sed  nim- 
ium  tamen  saepe  gladios.  Caedem  vero  tantam,  tantos 
acervos  corporum  exstructos,  nisi  forte  illo  Cinnano 
atque  Octaviano  die,  quis  umquam  in  foro  vidit?  qua 
ex  concitatione  animorum?  Nam  ex  pertinacia  aut 
constantia  intercessoris  oritur  saepe  seditio,  culpa  at- 
que improbitate  latoris  oblato  commodo  aliquo  impen- 
ds aut  largitione ; oritur  ex  concertatione  magistra- 
tuum  ; oritur  sensim  ex  clamore  primum,  deinde  aliqua 
discessione  contionis  : vix,  sero  et  raro  ad  manus  per- 
venitur.  Nullo  vero  verbo  facto,  nulla  condone  advo- 
cata,  nulla  lata  lege,  concitatam  nocturnam  seditionem 
quis  audivit?  41.  An  veri  simile  est,  ut  civis  Romanus 
aut  homo  liber  quisquam  cum  gladio  in  forum  descen- 
derit  ante  lucem,  ne  de  me  ferri  pateretur,  praeter  eos 
qui  ab  illo  pestifero  ac  perdito  civi  jam  pridem  rei  pub- 
licae  sanguine  saginantur?  Hie  jam  de  ipso  accusa- 
tore  quaero,  qui  P.  Sestium  queritur  cum  multitudine 
in  tribunatu  et  cum  praesidio  magno  fuisse,  num  illo 
die  fuerit?  Certe  non  fuit.  Victa  igitur  est  causa  rei 
publicae,  et  victa  non  auspiciis,  non  intercessione,  non 
suffragiis,  sed  vi,  manu,  ferro.  Nam  si  obnuntiasset 
[Fabricio]  \s  praetor  qui  se  servasse  de  caelo  dixerat, 
accepisset  res  publica  plagam,  sed  earn  quam  accep- 
tam  gemere  posset : si  intercessisset  conlega  Fabricio, 
laesisset  rem  publicam,  sed  [rem  publicam]  jure  laesis- 
set.  Gladiatores  tu  novicios,  pro  exspectata  aedilitate 
suppositos,  cum  sicariis  e carcere  emissis  ante  lucem 
immittas?  magistratus  templo  deicias?  caedem  maxi- 
mam  facias?  forum  spurces?  et,  cum  omnia  vi  et  armis 
egeris,  accuses  eum  qui  se  praesidio  munierit,  non  ut 
te  oppugnaret,  sed  ut  vitam  suam  posset  defendere? 


5 

10 

i5 

20 

25 

30 

35 


164 


Cicero's  Exile  and  Return . [Sestius, 


42.  Atqui  ne  ex  eo  quidem  tempore  id  egit  Sestius, 
ut  a suis  munitus  tuto  in  foro  magistratum  gereret,  rem 
publicam  administraret.  Itaque  fretus  sanctitate  tribu- 
natus,  cum  se  non  modo  contra  vim  et  ferrum,  sed 

5 etiam  contra  verba  atque  interfationem  legibus  sacratis 
esse  armatum  putaret,  venit  in  templum  Castoris,  ob- 
nuntiavit  consuli : cum  subito  manus  ilia  Clodiana,  in 
caede  civium  saepe  jam  victrix,  exclamat,  incitatur, 
invadit;  inermem  atque  imparatum  tribunum  alii  gla- 
I0  diis  adoriuntur,  alii  fragmentis  saeptorum  et  fustibus  : 
a quibus  hie,  multis  volneribus  acceptis,  [ac]  debilitato 
corpore  et  contrucidato,  se  abjecit  exanimatus ; neque 
ulla  alia  re  ab  se  mortem  nisi  opinione  mortis  depulit. 
Quern  cum  jacentem  et  concisum  plurimis  volneribus, 
15  extremo  spiritu  exsanguem  et  confectum  viderent,  de- 
fetigatione  magis  et  errore  quam  misericordia  et  modo 
aliquando  caedere  destiterunt.  * 

43.  Adiit  ad  rem  publicam  [tribunus  plebis]  Milo, — 
de  cujus  laude  plura  dicam,  non  quo  aut  ipse  haec  dici 

20  quam  existimari  malit,  aut  ego  hunc  laudis  fructum 
praesenti  libenter  impertiam,  praesertim  cum  verbis 
consequi  non  possim  ; sed  quod  existimo,  si  Milonis 
causam  accusatoris  voce  conlaudatam  probaro,  vos  in 
hoc  crimine  parem  Sesti  causam  existimaturos.  Adiit 
25  igitur  T.  Annius  ad  causam  rei  publicae  sic,  ut  civem 
patriae  recuperare  vellet  ereptum.  Simplex  causa, 
constans  ratio,  plena  consensionis  omnium,  plena  con- 
cordiae.  Conlegas  adjutores  habebat : consulis  alterius 
summum  studium,  alterius  animus  paene  placatus ; 
3°  de  praetoribus  unus  alienus ; senatus  incredibilis  vo- 
luntas, equitum  Romanorum  animi  ad  causam  excitati, 
erecta  Italia.  Duo  soli  erant  empti  ad  impediendum  : 
qui  si  homines  despecti  et  contempti  tantam  rem  sus- 
tinere  non  potuissent,  se  causam  quam  suscepeiat 
35  nullo  labore  peracturum  videbat.  Agebat  auctoritate, 
agebat  consilio,  agebat  per  summum  ordinem,  agebat 


XLII.  90.] 


Milo  and  Clodius. 


i65 

exemplo  bonorum  et  fortium  civium.  Quid  republica, 
quid  se  dignum  esset,  quis  ipse  esset,  quid  sperare, 
quid  majoribus  suis  reddere  deberet,  diligentissime 
cogitabat.  44.  Huic  gravitati  hominis  videbat  ille 
gladiator  se,  si  moribus  ageret,  parem  esse  non 
posse.  Ad  cotidianam  caedem,  incendia,  rapinas  se 
cum  exercitu  suo  contulit : domum  oppugnare,  itine- 
ribus  occurrere,  vi  lacessere  et  terrere  coepit.  Non 
movit  hominem  summa  gravitate  summaque  constantia. 
Sed  — quamquam  dolor  animi,  innata  libertas,  prompta 
excellensque  virtus  fortissimum  virum  hortabatur,  vi 
vim  oblatam,  praesertim  saepius,  ut  frangeret  et  refu- 
taret  — tanta  moderatio  fuit  hominis,  tantum  consilium, 
ut  contineret  dolorem,  neque  eadem  se  re  ulcisceretur 
qua  esset  lacessitus  ; sed  ilium,  tot  jam  in  funeribus  rei 
publicae  exsultantem  ac  tripudiantem,  legum,  si  posset, 
laqueis  constringeret.  45.  Descendit  ad  accusandum. 
Quis  umquam  tarn  proprie  rei  publicae  causa?  nullis 
inimicitiis,  nullis  praemiis,  nulla  hominum  postulatione 
aut  etiam  opinione  id  eum  umquam  esse  facturum. 
Fracti  erant  animi  hominis  : hoc  enim  accusante,  pris- 
tini  illius  sui  judici  turpitudinem  desperabat.  Ecce 
tibi  consul,  praetor,  tribunus  plebis  nova  novi  generis 
edicta  proponunt : Ne  reus  adsit , ne  citetur , ne  quae- 
ratur , ne  wientionen/i  omnino  cuiquam  judicum  aut 
judiciorum  facer e liceat . Quid  ageret  vir  ad  vir- 
tutem,  dignitatem,  gloriam  natus,  vi  sceleratorum 
hominum  conroborata,  legibus  judiciisque  sublatis? 
Cervices  tribunus  plebis  privato,  praestantissimus  vii 
profligatissimo  homini  daret?  an  causam  susceptam 
adfligeret?  an  se  domi  contineret?  Et  vinci  turpe  puta- 
vit,  et  deterreri,  et  latere.  Perfecit  ut,  quoniam  sibi  in 
ilium  legibus  uti  non  liceret,  illius  vim  neque  in  suo 
neque  in  rei  publicae  periculo  pertimesceret. 

46.  Quo  modo  igitur  hoc  in  genere  [praesidi  com- 
parati]  accusas  Sestium,  cum  idem  laudes  Milonem? 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

3° 

35 


1 66 


Cicero's  Exile  and  Return . [Sestius, 


An  qui  sua  tecta  defendit,  qui  ab  aris,  focis,  ferrum 
flammamque  depellit,  qui  sibi  licere  volt  tuto  esse  in 
foro,  in  templo,  in  curia,  jure  praesidium  comparat ; 
qui  volneribus,  quae  cernit  cotidie  toto  corpore,  mone- 
5 tur  ut  aliquo  praesidio  caput  et  cervices  et  jugulum 
ac  latera  tutetur,  — hunc  de  vi  accusandum  putas? 

47.  Quis  enim  nostrum,  judices,  ignorat  ita  naturam 
rerum  tulisse,  ut  quodam  tempore  homines,  nondum 
neque  naturali  neque  civili  jure  descripto,  fusi  per 
io  agros  ac  dispersi  vagarentur,  tantumque  haberent 
quantum  manu  ac  viribus  per  caedem  ac  volnera  aut 
eripere  aut  retinere  potuissent?  Qui  igitur  primi  vir- 
tute  et  consilio  praestanti  exstiterunt,  ei,  perspecto 
genere  humanae  docilitatis  atque  ingeni,  dissipatos 
15  unum  in  locum  congregarunt,  eosque  ex  feritate  ilia 
ad  justitiam  atque  ad  mansuetudinem  transduxerunt. 
Turn  res  ad  communem  utilitatem  quas  publicas  ap- 
pellamus ; turn  conventicula  hominum,  quae  postea 
civitates  nominatae  sunt;  turn  domicilia  conjuncta, 
20  quas  urbis  dicimus,  invento  et  divino  jure  et  humano  ut 
moenibus  saepserunt.  48.  Atque  inter  hanc  vitam  per- 
politam  humanitate  et  illam  immanem  nihil  tarn  inter- 


25  valeat  necesse  est,  — id  est,  judicia,  quibus  omne  jus 
continetur.  Judicia  displicent  aut  nulla  sunt : vis  do- 
minetur  necesse  est.  Hoc  vident  omnes.  Milo  et  vidit 
et  fecit  [ut  jus  experiretur,  vim  depelleret].  Altero 
uti  voluit,  ut  virtus  audaciam  vinceret ; altero  usus 
30  necessario  est,  ne  virtus  ab  audacia  vinceretur.  Eadem- 
que  ratio  fuit  Sesti,  si  minus  in  accusando  — neque 
enim  per  omnis  fuit  idem  fieri  necesse  — at  certe  in 
necessitate  defendendae  salutis  suae,  praesidioque  con- 
tra vim  et  manum  comparando.  . . . 

35  49.  Reditus  vero  meus  qui  fuerit  quis  ignorat?  quern 

ad  modum  mihi  advenienti  tamquam  totius  Italiae  at- 


est  quam  jus  atque  vis.  Horum  utro  uti  nolumus, 
altero  est  utendum.  Vim  volumus  exstingui : jus 


lxix.  144.]  His  Welcome  back  to  Italy . 


167 


que  ipsius  patriae  dextram  porrexerint  Brundisini,  — 
cum  ipsis  Nonis  Sextilibus  idem  dies  adventus  mei  fuis- 
set  reditus que,  qui  natalis  idem  carissimae  filiae,  quam 
ex  gravissimo  turn  prirnum  desiderio  luctuque  conspexi ; 
idem  etiam  ipsius  coloniae  Brundisinae ; idem  (ut  sci- 
tis)  aedis  Salutis : cumque  me  domus  eadem  optimo- 
rum  et  doctissimorum  virorum,  M.  Laeni  Flacci  et 
patris  et  fratris  ejus,  laetissima  accepisset,  quae  proxi- 
mo anno  maerens  receperat  et  suo  praesidio  periculo- 
que  defenderat ; cumque  itinere  toto  urbes  Italiae  festos 
dies  agere  adventus  mei  videbantur ; viae  multitudine 
legatorum  undique  missorum  celebrabantur  ; ad  urbem 
accessus  incredibili  hominum  multitudine  et  gratula- 
tione  florebat ; iter  a porta,  in  Capitolium  ascensus, 
domum  reditus  erat  ejus  modi,  ut  summa  in  laetitia 
illud  dolerem,  civitatem  tarn  gratam  tarn  miseram 
atque  oppressam  fuisse. 

50.  Sed  me  repente,  judices,  de  fortissimorum  et 
clarissimorum  civium  dignitate  et  gloria  dicentem  et 
plura  etiam  dicere  parantem,  horum  aspectus  in  ipso 
cursu  orationis  repressit.  Video  P.  Sestium  — meae 
salutis,  vestrae  auctoritatis,  publicae  causae  defenso- 
rem,  propugnatorem,  actorem  — reum.  Video  hunc 
praetextatum  ejus  filium  oculis  lacrimantibus  me  intu- 
entem.  Video  Milonem,  vindicem  vestrae  libertatis, 
custodem  salutis  meae,  subsidium  adflictae  rei  publi- 
cae, exstinctorem  domestici  latrocini,  repressorem 
caedis  cotidianae,  defensorem  templorum  atque  tecto- 
rum,  praesidium  curiae,  sordidatum  et  reum.  Video 
P.  Lentulum,  cujus  ego  patrem  deum  ac  parentem 
statuo  fortunae  ac  nominis  mei  et  fratris  rerumque 
nostrarum,  in  hoc  misero  squalore  et  sordibus : cui 
superior  annus  idem  et  virilem  patris  et  praetextam 
populi  judicio  togam  dederit,  hunc  hoc  anno  in  hac 
toga  rogationis  injustissimae  subitam  acerbitatem 
pro  patre  fortissimo  et  clarissimo  cive  deprecantem. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


1 68 


Cicero's  Exile  and  Return . 


[Sestius. 


51.  Atque  hie  tot  et  talium  civium  squalor,  hie  luctus, 
hae  sordes  susceptae  sunt  propter  unum  me  : quia  me 
defenderunt,  quia  meum  casum  luctumque  doluerunt, 
quia  me  lugenti  patriae,  flagitanti  senatui,  poscenti 
5 Italiae,  vobis  omnibus  orantibus  reddiderunt.  Quod 
tantum  est  in  me  scelus?  Quid  tanto  opere  deliqui  illo 
die,  cum  ad  vos  indicia,  litteras,  confessiones  commu- 
nis exiti  detuli,  cum  parui  vobis?  Ac  si  scelestum  est 
amare  patriam,  pertuli  poenarum  satis.  Eversa  domus 
io  est,  fortunae  vexatae,  dissipati  liberi,  raptata  conjux, 
frater  optimus,  incredibili  pietate,  amore  inaudito, 
maximo  in  squalore  volutatus  est  ad  pedes  inimicis- 
simorum.  Ego  pulsus  aris,  focis,  dis  penatibus, 
distractus  a meis,  carui  patria,  quam,  ut  levissime 
15  dicam,  certe  dilexeram  : pertuli  crudelitatem  inimico- 
rum,  scelus  infidelium,  fraudem  invidorum. 

52.  Si  hoc  non  est  satis,  quod  haec  omnia  deleta  vi- 
dentur  reditu  meo,  multo  mihi,  multo  (inquam),  judi- 
ces,  praestat  in  eandem  illam  recidere  fortunam,  quam 
20  tantam  importare  meis  defensoribus  et  conservatoribus 
calamitatem.  An  ego  in  hac  urbe  esse  possim,  his 
pulsis  qui  me  hujus  urbis  compotem  fecerunt?  Non 
ero,  non  potero  esse,  judices.  Neque  hie  umquam 
puer,  qui  his  lacrimis  qua  sit  pietate  declarat,  amisso 
25  patre  suo  propter  me,  me  ipsum  incolumem  videbit; 
nec  quotienscumque  me  viderit,  ingemescet  ac  pestem 
suam  ac  patris  sui  se  dicet  videre.  Ego  vero  hos  in 
omni  fortuna,  quaecumque  erit  oblata,  complectar ; 
nec  me  ab  eis  quos  meo  nomine  sordidatos  videtis 
30  umquam  ulla  fortuna  divellet ; neque  eae  nationes, 
quibus  me  senatus  commendavit,  quibus  de  me  gratias 
egit.  hunc  exsulem  propter  me  sine  me  videbunt. 


DEFENCE  OF  MILO . 

B.  C.  52. 

During  the  absence  of  Caesar  in  Gaul,  and  after  the  disastrous 
campaign  of  Crassus  in  the  East  (b.  c.  54),  Pompey  remained  in 
Rome,  with  an  influence  which  would  have  amounted  to  absolute 
power,  if  he  had  been  a man  of  more  political  sagacity,  and  had 
known  his  own  mind  better.  The  reaj  leader  of  the  popular  party 
at  this  time  was  Clodius,  a man  of  versatile  and  brilliant  gifts,  of 
high  birth  but  infamous  life,  a bitter  and  unscrupulous  partisan  in 
politics ; wfci&'ffter  the  death  °f  Oassns,  the  unnatural  coalition 
was  di -•  drifted  easily  into  the  ranks  of  the  oli- 
garchy, attached  him.  The  strife  of  par- 
ties, which^^r^fe  the  time  of  Cicero’s  recall,  soon  raged 

with  more  viole^j^ythan  ever.  The  organized  mob,  headed  by  Clo- 
dius, was  resisted  by  a troop  of  professional  bullies  and  prize-fight- 
ers ( gladiatores ),  purchased  and  led  by  Milo.  This  was  greatly 
praised  in  him  as  a mark  of  public  spirit.  (De  Off.  ii.  17.)  His 
hearty  partisanship,  his  lavish  use  of  money,  his  personal  courage, 
his  headstrong  temper,  and  his  friendly  relations  with  many  mem- 
bers of  the  aristocracy,  made  him  a recognized  leader  ; while  Cicero 
himself  was  personally  grateful  to  him  for  his  bold  and  unhesitating 
defence  at  the  time  of  his  darkest  fortunes. 

Under  the  auspices  of  these  two  leaders,  the  old  political  strife 
was  turned  into  a contest  of  bludgeons.  The  disorders  were  so 
great,  that  the  year  B.  c.  53  was  half  over  before  consuls  were 
elected  — who  should  have  been  chosen  six  months  before  the  be- 
ginning of  the  year.  The  next  year  began  with  the  same  disorder, 
and  with  no  consuls.  Milo  was  a candidate  for  the  consulship,  but 
his  election  had  been  successfully  resisted  by  Clodius.  On  the  18th 
of  January,  the  quarrel  came  to  a bloody  crisis.  Milo  had  set  out 
from  Rome,  towards  nightfall,  with  a large  retinue,  including  his 
troop  of  armed  guards  or  dependants,  for  Lanuvium,  a village  about 
twenty  miles  S.E.  of  Rome,  where  he  held  an  office  of  some  local 
dignity.  He  was  met  on  the  Appian  Way,  a few  miles  out,  by  Clo- 
dius, returning  on  horseback,  with  thirty  armed  attendants,  from  one 
of  his  estates.  As  they  passed  each  other,  their  mob  of  followers 
came  to  blows.  Clodius  was  wounded,  and  driven  into  a shop  or 


Defence  of  Milo . 


[Milo, 


170 


tavern  by  the  wayside.  Here  Milo,  not  to  leave  so  dangerous  an 
enemy  alive,  followed  him  up ; and  Clodius  with  a dozen  others, 
including  the  owner  of  the  tavern,  was  killed.  The  meeting  was 
probably  accidental  on  both  sides.  But  each  had  openly  threatened 
the  other’s  life  : each  party  violently  charged  the  other  with  pre- 
meditated assault,  and  actual  or  intended  murder.  Anarchy  broke 
loose  in  Rome.  The  funeral  of  Clodius  was  an  occasion  of  riot 
and  conflagration.  Other  disorders  followed.  Quiet  was  only  re- 
stored at  last  by  the  appointment  of  Pompey  as  “ consul  without 
colleague,”  who  for  about  six  months  held  the  city  under  a sort  of 
martial  law. 

A special  court  was  organized  early  in  the  year,  to  try  all  cases 
arising  out  of  the  brawl  in  the  Appian  Way.  The  trial  of  Milo, 
before  this  court,  on  the  charge  of  assault  ah# Took  place 
about  the  10th  of  April.  Cicero  uhd^'fi^9dl|  d^fep^both  from 
political  motives  and  from  personaT^e^te  ^^fe^oweWas  guarded 
by  armed  troops— a strange  sight  then  in  ^c^ne^^lfom  the  vio- 
lence of  the  mob  which  raged  outside.  Cicero,  whose  nerves  were 
shaken  by  the  uproar,  lost  his  self-command,  and  spoke  “ not  with 
his  usual  firmness.”  Milo  was ' condemned  by  thirty-eight  votes 
out  of  fifty-one,  and  went  into  exile  at  Marseilles.  Cicero,  dissatis- 
fied with  the  speech  ^actually  delivered,  as  taken  down  by  short-hand, 
wrote  out  at  his  leisure  the  master-piece  of  eloquence  and  specious 
argument  which  follows. 

ETSI  vereor,  judices,  ne  turpe  sit  pro  fortissimo 
viro  dicere  incipientem  timere,  minimeque  de- 
ceit, cum  T.  Annius  ipse  magis  de  rei  publicae  salute 
quam  de  sua  perturbetur,  me  ad  ejus  causam  parem 
5 animi  magnitudinem  adferre  non  posse,  tamen  haec 
novi  judici  nova  forma  terret  oculos,  qui,  quocumque 
inciderunt,  consuetudinem  fori  et  pristinum  morem 
judiciorum  requirunt.  Non  enim  corona  consessus 
vester  cinctus  est,  ut  solebat ; non  usitata  frequentia 
10  stipati  sumus : 2.  non  ilia  praesidia,  quae  pro  templis 
omnibus  cernitis,  etsi  contra  vim  conlocata  sunt,  non 
adferunt  tamen  [oratori]  aliquid,  ut  in  foro  et  in  judi- 
cio,  quamquam  praesidiis  salutaribus  et  necessariis 
saepti  sumus,  tamen  ne  non  timere  quidem  sine  aliquo 


ii.  4*]  The  Crowd : the  Military 


io 


timore  possimus.  Quae  si  opposita 
cederem  tempori,  judices,  nec  inter  t 
rum  existimarem  esse  oratori  locum, 
et  reficit  Cn.  Pompei,  sapientissimi  et 
consilium,  qui  profecto  nec  justitiae  suae 
quern  reum  sententiis  judicum  tradidisset,  eun 
militum  dedere,  nec  sapientiae,  temeritatem  co 
tae  multitudinis  auctoritate  publica  armare.  3.  Quam 
ob  rem  ilia  arma,  centuriones,  cohortes  non  periculum 
nobis,  sed  praesidium  denuntiant;  neque  solum  ut 
quieto,  sed  etiam  ut  magno  animo  simus  hortantur ; 
neque  auxilium  modo  defensioni  meae,  verum  etiam 
silentium  pollicentur.  ^Reliqua  vero  multitudo,  quae 
quidem  est  civium,  tota  nostra  est;  neque  eorum  quis- 
quam,  quos  undique  intuentis,  unde  aliqua  fori  pars  15 
aspici  potest,  et  hujus  exitum  judici  exspectantis 
videtis,  non  cum  virtuti  Milonis  favet,  turn  de  se, 
de  liberis  suis,  de  patria,  de  fortunis  hodierno  die 
decertari  putat.^ 

11.  Unum  genus  est  adversum  infestumque  nobis,  20 
eorum  quos  P.  Clodi  furor  rapinis  et  incendiis  et  omni- 
bus exitiis  publicis  pavit : qui  hesterna  etiam  condone 
incitati  sunt,  ut  vobis  voce  praeirent  quid  judicaretis. 
Quorum  clamor  si  qui  forte  fuerit,  admonere  vos  debe- 
bit,  ut  eum  civem  retineatis,  qui  semper  genus  illud  25 
hominum  clamoresque  maximos  prae  vestra  salute  ne- 
glexit.  4.  Quam  ob  rem  adeste  animis,  judices,  et 
timorem  si  quern  habetis  deponite.  Nam  — si  umquam 
de  bonis  et  fortibus  viris,  si  umquam  de  bene  meritis  civi- 
bus  potestas  [vobis]  judicandi  fuit,  si  denique  umquam  3° 
locus  amplissimorum  ordinum  delectis  viris  datus  est, 
ut  sua  studia  erga  fords  et  bonos  civis,  quae  voltu  et 
verbis  saepe  significassent,  re  et  sententiis  declararent 
— hoc  profecto  tempore  earn  potestatem  omnem  vos 
habetis,  ut  statuatis  utrum  nos,  qui  semper  vestrae  35 
auctoritati  dediti  fuimus,  semper  miseri  lugeamus,  an, 


Defence  of  Milo . 


[Milo, 


rditissimis  civibus,  aliquando  per 
•am  fidem,  virtutem,  sapientiamque 
Quid  enim  nobis  duobus,  judices, 
id  magis  sollicitum,  magis  exercitum 
l potest,  qui,  spe  amplissimorum  praemi- 
rem  publicam  adducti,  metu  crudelissimorum 
iciorum  carere  non  possumus  ? Equidem  ceteras 
tempestates  et  procellas  in  illis  dum  taxat  fluctibus 
contionum  semper  putavi  Miloni  esse  subeundas,  quia 
io  semper  pro  bonis  contra  improbos  senserat ; in  judicio 
vero,  et  in  eo  consilio  in  quo  ex  cunctis  ordinibus 
amplissimi  viri  judicarent,  numquam  existimavi  spem 
ullam  esse  habituros  Milonis  inimicos,  ad  ejus  non 
modo  salutem  exstinguendam,  sed  etiam  gloriam  per 
15  tabs  viros  infringendam.  6.  Quamquam  in  hac  causa, 
judices,  T.  Anni  tribunatu,  rebusque  omnibus  pro  sa- 
lute rei  publicae  gestis  ad  hujus  criminis  defensionem 
non  abutemur.  Nisi  oculis  videritis  insidias  Miloni  a 
Clodio  factas,  nec  deprecaturi  sumus  ut  crimen  hoc 
20  nobis  propter  multa  praeclara  in  rem  publicam  merita 
condonetis,  nec  postulaturi,  ut  si  mors  P.  Clodi  salus 
vestra  fuerit,  idcirco  earn  virtuti  Milonis  potius  quatn 
populi  Romani  felicitati  adsignetis.  Sed  si  illius  in- 
sidiae  clarioresthac  luce  fuerint,  turn  denique  obse- 
25  crabo  obtestaborque  vos,  judices,  si  cetera  amisimus, 
hoc  saltern  nobis  ut  relinquatur,  ab  inimicorum  audacia 
telisque  vitam  ut  impune  liceat  defendere. 

in.  7.  Sed  ante  quam  ad  6am  orationem  venio  quae 
est  propria  vestrae  quaestionis,  videntur  ea  esse  re- 
30  futanda,  quae  et  in  senatu  ab  inimicis  saepe  jactata 
sunt,  et  in  condone  ab  improbis,  et  paulo  ante  ab  ac- 
cusatoribus,  ut  omni  errore  sublato,  rem  plane  quae 
veniat  in  judicium  videre  possitis.  Negant  intueri 
lucem  esse  fas  ei  qui  a se  hominem  occisum  esse  fate- 
35  atur.  In  qua  tandem  urbe  hoc  homines  stultissimi 
disputant  ? nempe  in  ea  quae  primum  judicium  de 


I73 


iv.  io.]  Death  M^Wubiie  Enemies  Lawful. 


io 


i5 


capite  vidit  M.  Horati,  fortissimi  viri,  qui  nondum  li- 
bera civitate,  tamen  populi  Romani  comitiis  liberatus 
est,  cum  sua  manu  sororem  esse  interfectam  fateretur. 

8.  An  est  quisquam  qui  hoc  ignoret,  cum  de  homine 
occiso  quaeratur,  aut  negari  solere  omnino  esse  factum  5 
aut  recte  et  jure  factum  esse  defendi  ? Nisi  vero  ex- 
istimatis  dementem  P.  Africanum  fuisse,  qui  cum  a 
C.  Carbone  [tribuno  plebis  seditiose]  in  contione  in- 
terrogaretur  quid  de  Ti.  Gracchi  morte  sentiret,  re- 
spondent jure  caesum  videri.  Neque  enim  posset  aut 
Ahala  ille  Servilius,  aut  P.  Nasica,  aut  L.  Opimius, 
aut  C.  Marius,  aut  me  consule  senatus,  non  nefarius 
haberi,  si  sceleratos  civis  interfici  nefas  esset.  Itaque 
hoc,  judices,  non  sine  causa  etiam  fictis  fabulis  doc- 
tissimi  homines  memoriae  prodiderunt,  eum  qui  patris 
ulciscendi  causa  matrem  necavisset,  variatis  hominum 
sententiis,  non  solum  divina,  sed  etiam  sapientissimae 
deae  sententia  liberatum.  9.  Quod  si  duodecim  tabulae 
nocturnum  furem  quoquo  modo,  diurnum  autem,  si  se 
telo  defenderet,  interfici  impune  voluerunt,  quis  est  20 
qui,  quoquo  modo  quis  interfectus  sit,  puniendum  pu- 
tet,  cum  videat  aliquando  gladium  nobis  ad  hominem 
occidendum  ab  ipsis  porrigi  legibus. 

iv.  Atqui  si  tempus  est  ullum  jure  hominis  necandi, 
quae  multa  sunt,  certe  illud  est  non  modo  justum,  ve- 
rum  etiam  necessarium,  cum  vi  vis  inlata  defenditur. 
Pudicitiam  cum  eriperet  militi  tribunus  militaris  in 
exercitu  C.  Mari,  propinquus  ejus  imperatoris,  inter- 
fectusab  eo  est,  cui  vim  adferebat.  Facere  enim  pro- 
bus adulescens  periculose  quam  perpeti  turpiter  maluit.  3° 
Atoue  hunc  ille  summus  vir  scelere  solutuii^fcfcfclo 
liberavit.  10.  Insidiatori  vero  et  latron* 
inferri  injusta  nex  ? Quid  comitpfi 
dii  volunt  ? quos  habere  cex 
nullo  pacto  liceret.  Est 


25 


m 


Defence  of  MilMk 


[Milo, 


legimus,  verum  ex  natura  ipsa  adripuimus,  hausimus, 
expressimus;  ad  quam  non  docti  sed  facti,  non  insti- 
tuti  sed  imbuti  sumus, — ut,  si  vita  nostra  in  aliquas 
insidias,  si  in  vim  et  in  tela  aut  latronum  aut  inimi- 
5 corum  incidisset,  omnis  honesta  ratio  esset  expedi- 
endae  salutis.  11.  Silent  enim  leges  inter  arma ; nec 
se  exspectari  jubent,  cum  ei  qui  exspectare  velit, 
ante  injusta  poena  luenda  sit,  quam  justa  repetenda. 
Etsi  persapienter  et  quodam  modo  tacite  dat  ipsa  lex 
io  potestatem  defendendi,  quae  non  hominem  occidi, 
sed  esse  cum  telo  hominis  occidendi  causa  vetat ; ut, 
cum  causa  non  telum  quaereretur,  qui  sui  defendendi 
causa  telo  esset  usus  non  hominis  occidendi  causa 
habuisse  telum  judicaretur.  Quapropter  hoc  maneat 
15  in  causa,  judices  : non  enim  dubito  quin  probaturus 
sim  vobis  defensionem  meam,  si  id  memineritis  quod 
oblivisci  non  potestis,  insidiatorem  jure  interfici  posse. 

v.  12.  Sequitur  illud,  quod  a Milonis  inimicis  sae- 
pissime  dicitur,  caedem  in  qua  P.  Clodius  occisus 
20  est  senatum  judicasse  contra  rem  publicam  esse 
factam.  Illam  vero  senatus  non  sententiis  suis  so- 
lum, sed  etiam  studiis  comprobavit.  Quotiens  enim 
est  ilia  causa  a nobis  acta  in  senatu  ! quibus  adsensi- 
onibus  universi  ordinis,  quam  nec  tacitis  nec  occultis  ! 
25  Quando  enim  frequentissimo  senatu  quattuor  aut  sum- 
mum  quinque  sunt  inventi  qui  Milonis  causam  non 
probarent?  Declarant  hujus  ambusti  tribuni  plebis 
illae  intermortuae  condones,  quibus  cotidie  meam  po- 
tentiam  invidiose  criminabatur,  cum  diceret  senatum 
non  quod  sentiret,  sed  quod  ego  vellem  decernere. 
Qucjjj^^m  si  potentia  est  appellanda — potius  quam 
agna  in  rem  publiqam  merita  mediocris 
ctoritas,  aut  propter  hos  officiosos 
ud  bonos  gratia,  — appel- 
nos  utamur  pro  salute 
rditorum. 


30 


vi.  1 5-]  Motive  and  Nature  of  the  Trial.  175 

13.  Hanc  vero  quaestionem,  etsi  non  est  iniqua,  num- 
quam  tamen  senatus  constituendam  putavit.  Erant 
enim  leges,  erant  quaestiones  vel  de  caede  vel  de  vi ; 
nec  tantum  maerorem  ac  luctura  senatui  mors  P.  Clodi 
adferebat,  ut  nova  quaestio  constitueretur.  Cujus  enim  5 
de  illo  incesto  stupro  judicium  decernendi  senatui  po- 
testas  esset  erepta,  de  ejus  interitu  quis  potest  credere 
senatum  judicium  novum  constituendum  putasse?  Cur 
igitur  incendium  curiae,  oppugnationem  aedium  M. 
Lepidi,  caedem  hanc  ipsam  contra  rem  publicam  se-  I0 
natus  factam  esse  decrevit?  quia  nulla  vis  umquam  est 
in  libera  civitate  suscepta  inter  civis  non  contra  rem 
publicam.  14.  Non  enim  est  ilia  defensio  contra  vim 
umquam  optanda,  sed  non  numquam  est  necessaria. 
Nisi  vero  aut  ille  dies  quo  Ti.  Gracchus  est  caesus,  aut  15 
ille  quo  Gaius,  aut  quo  arma  Saturnini  offressa  sunt , 
etiam  si  e re  publica  oppressa  sunt,  rem  publicam  ta- 
men non  volnerarunt.  vi.  Itaque  ego  ipse  decrevi, 
cum  caedem  in  Appia  factam  esse  constaret,  non 
eum  qui  se  defendisset  contra  rem  publicam  fecisse,  20 
sed,  cum  inesset  in  re  vis  et  insidiae,  crimen  judicio 
reservavi,  rem  notavi.  Quod  si  per  furiosum  ilium 
tribunum  senatui  quod  sentiebat  perficere  licuisset, 
novam  quaestionem  nullam  haberemus.  Decernebat 
enim,  ut  veteribus  legibus,  tantum  modo  extra  ordi-  25 
nem,  quaereretur.  Divisa  sententia  est,  postulante 
nescio  quo  : nihil  enim  necesse  est  omnium  me  flagitia 
proferre. . Sic  reliqua  auctoritas  senatus  empta  inter- 
cessione  sublata  est. 

15.  At  enim  Cn.  Pompeius  rogatione  sua  et  de  re  et  3° 
de  causa  judicavit : tulit  enim  de  caede  quae  in  Appia 
via  facta  esset,  in  qua  P.  Clodius  occisus  esset.  Quid 
ergo  tulit?  nempe  ut  quaereretur.  Quid  porro  quaeren- 
dum  est?  Factumne  sit?  at  constat.  A quo?  at  paret. 
Vidit  igitur,  etiam  in  confessione  facti,  juris  tamen  35 
defensionem  suscipi  posse.  Quod  nisi  vidisset  posse 


\ 


176 


Defence  of  Milo . 


[Milo, 


absolvi  eum  qui  fateretur,  cum  videret  nos  fateri, 
neque  quaeri  umquam  jussisset,  nec  vobis  tam  hanc 
salutarem  in  judicando  litteram  quam  illam  tristem 
dedisset.  Mihi  vero  Cn.  Pompeius  non  modo  nihil 
5 gravius  contra  Milonem  judicasse,  sed  etiam  statuisse 
videtur  quid  vos  in  judicando  spectare  oporteret.  Nam 
qui  non  poenam  confessioni,  sed  defensionem  dedit,  is 
causam  interitus  quaerendam,  non  interitum  putavit. 
16.  Jam  illud  ipse  dicet  profecto,  quod  sua  sponte  fecit, 
I0  Publione  Clodio  tribuendum  putarit  an  tempori. 

vii.  Domi  suae  nobilissimus  vir,  senatus  propug- 
nator,  atque  illis  quidem  temporibus  paene  patronus, 
avunculus  hujus  judicis  nostri,  fortissimi  viri,  M.  Cato- 
nis,  tribunus  plebis  M.  Drusus  occisus  est.  Nihil  de 
I5  ejus  morte  populus  consultus,  nulla  quaestio  decreta  a 
senatu  est.  Quantum  luctum  in  hac  urbe  fuisse  a nos- 
tris  patribus  accepimus,  cum  P.  Africano  domi  suae 
quiescenti  ilia  nocturna  vis  esset  inlata?  Quis  turn 
non  gemuit?  \ Quis  non  arsit  dolore,  quern  immor- 
20  talem,  si  fieri  posset,  omnes  esse  cuperent,  ejus  ne 
necessariam  quidem  exspectatam  esse  mortem  y Num 
igitur  ulla  quaestio  de  Africani  morte  lata  est?  certe 
nulla.  IT.  Quid  ita?  quia  non  alio  facinore  clari  ho- 
mines, alio  obscuri  necantur.  Intersit  inter  vitae  digni- 
25  tatem  summorum  atque  infimorum  : mors  quidem  inlata 
per  scelus  isdem  et  poenis  teneatur  et  legibus.  Nisi 
forte  magis  erit  parricida,  si  qui  consularem  patrem 
quam  si  quis  humilem  necarit : aut  eo  mors  atrocior 
erit  P.  Clodi,  quod  is  in  monumentis  majorum  suorum 
3°  sit  interfectus^ — hoc  enim  ab  istis  saepe  dicitur ; pro- 
inde  quasi  Appius  ille  Caecus  viam  muniverit,  non  qua 
populus  uteretur,  sed  ubi  impune  sui  posteri  latroci- 
narentur ! 

18.  Itaque  in  eadem  ista  Appia  via  cum  ornatissi- 
35  mum  equitem  Romanum  P.  Clodius  M.  Papirium 
occidisset,  non  fuit  illud  facinus  puniendum,  homo 


177 


viii.  2i.]  idiots  mnd  Crimes  of  Clod  ins. 

enim  nobilis  m suis  monumentis  equitem  Romanum 
occiderat : nunc  ejusdem  Appiae  nomen  quantas  tra- 
goedias  excitat ! Quae  cruentata  antea  caede  honesti 
atque  innocentis  viri  silebatur,  eadem  nunc  crebro 
usurpatur,  postea  quam  latronis  et  parricidae  sanguine 
imbuta  est.  Sed  quid  ego  ilia  commemoro?  Com- 
prehensus  est  in  templo  Castoris  servus  P.  Clodi,  quem 
ille  ad  Cn.  Pompeium  interficiendum  collocarat : ex- 
torta  est  ei  cmjfitenti  sica  de  manibus : caruit  foro 
postea  Pompeius,  caruit  senatu,  caruit  publico  : janua 
se  ac  parietibus,  non  jure  legum  judiciorumque 
texit.  19.  Num  quae  rogatio  lata,  num  quae  nova 
quaestio  decreta  est?  Atqui  si  res,  si  vir,  si  tempus 
ullum  dignum  fuit,  certe  haec  in  ilia  causa  summa 
omnia  fuerunt.  Insidiator  erat  in  foro  conlocatus, 
atque  in  vestibulo  ipso  senatus ; ei  viro  autem  mors 
parabatur,  cujus  in  vita  nitebatur  salus  civitatis ; eo 
porro  rei  publicae  tempore,  quo,  si  unus  ille  occidisset, 
non  haec  solum  civitas,  sed  gentes  omnes  concidissent. 
Nisi  vero  quia  perfecta  res  non  est,  non  fuit  poenienda  : 
proinde  quasi  exitus  rerum,  non  hominum  consilia 
legibus  vindicentur.  Minus  dolendum  fuit  re  non  per- 
fecta, sed  poeniendum  certe  nihilo  minus.  20.  Quo- 
tiens  ego  ipse,  judices,  ex  P.  Clodi  telis  et  ex  cruentis 
ejus  manibus  effugi ! ex  quibus  si  me  non  vel  mea  vel 
rei  publicae  fortuna  servasset,  quis  tandem  de  interitu 
meo  quaestionem  tulisset? 

viii.  Sed  stulti  sumus  qui  Drusum,  qui  Africanum, 
Pompeium,  nosmet  ipsos  cum  P.  Clodio  conferre  aude- 
amus.  Tolerabilia  fuerunt  ilia : P.  Clodi  mortem 
aequo  animo  ferre  nemo  potest.  Luget  senatus,  mae- 
ret  equester  ordo,  tota  civitas  confecta  senio  est,  squa- 
lent  municipia,  adflictantur  colotiiae,  agri  denique  ipsi 
tam  beneficum,  tam  salutarem,  tarn  mansuetum  civem 
desiderant.  21.  Non  fuit  ea  causa,  judices,  profecto, 
non  fuit,  cur  sibi  censeret  Pompeius  quaestionem  feren- 


S 

io 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


12 


Defence  of  Milo.  [Milo, 


dam ; sed  homo  sapiens  atque  alta  et  divina  quadam 
mente  praeditus  multa  vidit : fuisse  ilium  sibi  inimicum, 
familiarem  Milonem ; in  communi  omnium  laetitia,  si 
etiam  ipse  gauderet,  timuit  ne  videretur  infirmior  fides 
5 reconciliat^S  gratiae ; multa  etiam  alia  vidit,  sed  illud 
maxime,  quamvis  atrociter  ipse  tulisset,  vos  tamen 
fortiter  judicatures.  Itaque  delegit  ex  florentissimis 
ordinibus  ipsa  lumina  : neque  vero,  quod  non  nulli  dic- 
titant,  secrevit  in  judicibus  legendis  amicos  meos.  Ne- 
io  que  enim  hoc  cogitavit  vir  justissimus  ; neque  in  bonis 
viris  legendis  id  adsequi  potuisset,  etiam  si  cupisset. 
Non  enim  mea  gratia  familiaritatibus  continetui:,  quae 
]^te  patere  non  possunt,  propterea  quod^consuetudmes 
,x  eu>y vTfkus  non  possunt  esse  cum  multis  ; sed,  si  quidpossu- 
15  mus,  ex  eo  possumus,  quod  res  publica  nos  conjunxit 
cum  bonis : ex  quibus  ille  cum  optimos  viros  legeret, 
idque  maxime  ad  fidem  suam  pertinere  arbitraretur, 
non  potuit  legere  non  studiosos  mei.  22.  Quod  vero 
te,  L.  Domiti,  huic  quaestioni  praeesse  maxime  voluit, 
20  nihil  quaesivit  [aliud]  nisi  justitiam,  gravitatem,  hu- 
manitatem,  fidem.  Tulitut  consularem  necesse  esset . 
credo,  quod  principum  munus  esse  ducebat  resistere 
et  levitati  multitudinis  et  perditorum  temeritati.  Ex 
consularibus  te  creavit  potissimum : dederas  enim 

25  quam  contemneres  popularis  insanias  jam  ab  adu- 
lescentia  documenta  maxima. 

ix.  23.  Quam  ob  rem,  judices,  ut  aliquando  ad  cau- 
sam  crimenque  veniamus,  — si  neque  omnis  confessio 
facti  est  inusitata,  neque  de  causa  nostra  quicquam 
3°  aliter  ac  nos  vellemus  a senatu  judicatum  est,  et  lator 
ipse  legis,  cum  esset  controversia  nulla  facti,  juris 
tamen  disceptationem  esse  voluit,  et  ei  lecti  judices 
isque  praepositus  est  quaestioni,  qui  haec  juste  sapien- 
terque  disceptet,  — reliquum  est,  judices,  ut  nihil  jam 
35  quaerere  aliud  debeatis,  nisi  uter  utri  insidias  fecerit. 
Quod  quo  facilius  argumentis  perspicere  possitis,  rem 


IX.  26.] 


Clodius  resolves  to  kill  him . 


179 


gestam  vobis  dum  breviter  expono,  quaeso,  diligenter 
attendite. 

24.  P.  Clodius  cum  statuisset  omni  scelere  in  prae- 
tura  vexare  rem  publicam,  videretque  ita  tracta  esse 
comitia  anno  superiore,  ut  non  multos  mensis  praetu- 
ram  gerere  posset,  — qui  non  honoris  gradum  specta- 
ret,  ut  ceteri,  sed  et  L.  Paulum  conlegam  effugere 
vellet,  singulari  virtute  civem,  et  annum  integrum  ad 
dilacerandam  rem  publicam  quaereret,  — subito  reliquit 
annum  suum,  seseque  in  annum  proximum  transtulit : 
non  (ut  fit)  religione  aliqua,  sed  ut  haberet,  quod  ipse 
dicebat,  ad  praeturam  gerendam,  hoc  est,  ad  ever- 
tendam  rem  publicam,  plenum  annum  atque  integrum. 
25.  Occurrebat  ei  mancam  ac  debilem  praeturam  futu- 
ram  suam  consule  Milone  : eum  porro  summo  consensu 
populi  Romani  consulem  fieri  videbat.  Contulit  se 
ad  ejus  competitores,  sed  ita,  totam  ut  petitionem  ipse 
solus  etiam  invitis  illis  gubernaret,  tota  ut  comitia  suis, 
ut  dictitabat,  umeris  sustineret.  Convocabat  tribus,  se 
interponebat,  Collinam  novam  dilectu  perditissimorum 
civium  conscribebat.  Quanto  ille  plura  miscebat,  tan- 
to  hie  magis  in  dies  convalescebat.  Ubi  vidit  homo 
ad  omne  facinus  paratissimus  fortissimum  virum,  in- 
imicissimum  suum,  certissimum  consulem,  idque  intel- 
lexit  non  solum  sermonibus,  sed  etiam  suffragiis  pop- 
uli Romani  saepe  esse  declaratum,  palam  agere  coepit, 
et  aperte  dicere  occidendum  Milonem.  26.  Servos 
agrestis  et  barbaros,  quibus  silvas  publicas  depopula- 
te erat  Etruriamque  vexarat,  ex  Apennino  dedux- 
erat,  quos  videbatis.  Res  erat  minime  obscura.  Ete- 
nim  palam  dictitabat  consulatum  Miloni  eripi  non 
posse,  vitam  posse.  Significavit  hoc  saepe  in  senatu, 
dixit  in  condone.  Quin  etiam  M.  Favonio,  fortissimo 
viro,  quaerenti  ex  eo  qua  spe  fureret  Milone  vivo,  re- 
sponds triduo  ilium  aut  summum  quadriduo  esse  peri- 
turum  : quam  vocem  ejus  ad  hunc  M.  Catonem  statim 
Favonius  detulit. 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


i8o 


Defence  of  Milo . 


[Milo, 


x.  27.  Interim  cum  sciret  Clodius  — neque  enim  erat 
difficile  scire  — iter  sollemne,  legitimum,  necessarium 
ante  diem  xm.  Kalendas  Februarias  Miloni  esse  Lanu- 
vium  ad  flaminem  prodendum,  [quod  erat  dictator 
5 Lanuvi  Milo,]  Roma  subito  ipse  profectus  pridie  est,  ut 
ante  suum  fundum,  quod  re  intellectual  est,  Miloni  in- 
sidias  conlocaret.  Atque  ita  profectus  est,  ut  contionem 
turbulentam,  in  qua  ejus  furor  desideratus  est,  [quae 
illo  ipso  die  habita  est,]  relinqueret,  quam  nisi  obire 
I0  facinoris  locum  tempusque  voluisset,  numquam  reli- 
quisset.  28.  Milo  autem  cum  in  senatu  fuisset  eo  die, 
quoad  senatus  est  dimissus,  domum  venit;  calceos  et 
vestimenta  mutavit;  paulisper,  dum  se  uxor  (ut  lit) 
comparat,  commoratus  est;  dein  profectus  id  tem- 
,5  poris  cum  jam  Clodius,  si  quidem  eo  die  Romam 
venturus  erat,  redire  potuisset.  Ob  viam  fit  ei  Clodius, 
expeditus,  in  equo,  nulla  raeda,  nullis  impediments ; 
nullis  Graecis  comitibus,  ut  solebat ; sine  uxore,  quo 
numquam  fere : cum  hie  insidiator,  qui  iter  illud  ad 
20  caedem  faciendam  apparasset,  cum  uxore  veheretur  in 
raeda,  paenulatus,  magno  et  impedito  et  muliebri  ac 
delicato  ancillarum  puerorumque  comitatu.  29.  b it  o 
viam  Clodio  ante  fundum  ejus  hora  fere  undecima,  aut 
non  multo  secus.  Statim  complures  cum  telis  in  hunc 
25  faciunt  de  loco  superiore  impetum : adversi  raedanum 
occidunt.  Cum  autem  hie  de  raeda  rejecta  paenula  de- 
siluisset,  seque  acri  animo  defenderet,  illi  qui  erant  cum 
Clodio,  gladiis  eductis,  partim  recurrere  ad  raedam, 
ut  a tergo  Milonem  adorirentur ; partim,  quod  hunc 
30  jam  interfectum  putarent,  caedere  incipiunt  ejus  servos, 
L post  erant : ex  quibus  qui  animo  fldeh  m domtnum 
et  praesenti  fuerunt,  partim  occisi  sunt,  paitim,  cu 
ad  raedam  pugnari  viderent,  domino  su“™e  Pr°' 
hiberentur,  Milonem  occisum  et  ex  ipso  Clodio  au^ 
35  rent  et  re  vera  putarent,  fecerunt  id  servi  Miloms 
dicam  enim  aperte,  non  derivandi  crimmis  causa,  sed 


xi.  32-]  He  kills  Clodius  in  Self-defence . 181 

ut  factum  est  — nec  imperante  nec  sciente  nec  prae- 
sente  domino,  quod  suos  quisque  servos  in  tali  re 
facere  voluisset. 

xi.  30.  Haec,  sicuti  exposui,  ita  gesta  sunt,  judices. 
Insidiator  superatus  est,  vi  victa  vis,  vel  potius  oppressa  5 
virtute  audacia  est.  Nihil  dico  quid  res  publica  con- 
secuta  sit,  nihil  quid  vos,  nihil  quid  omnes  boni : nihil 
sane  id  prosit  Miloni,  qui  hoc  fato  natus  est,  ut  ne  se 
quidem  servare  potuerit,  quin  una  rem  publicam  vosque 
servaret.  Si  id  jure  fieri  non  potuit,  nihil  habeo  10 
quod  defendam.  Sin  hoc  et  ratio  doctis,  et  necessi- 
tas  barbaris,  et  mos  gentibus,  et  feris  etiam  beluis 
natura  ipsa  praescripsit,  — ut  omnem  semper  vim, 
quacumque  ope  possent,  a corpore,  a capite,  a vita 
sua  propulsarent,  — non  potestis  hoc  facinus  impro-  15 
bum  judicare,  quin  simul  judicetis  omnibus,  qui  in  . 
latrones  inciderint,  aut  illorum  telis  aut  vestris  sen- 
mntiis  esse  pereundum.  31.  Quod  si  ita  putasset,  certe 
d$fcabilius  Miloni  fuit.  dare  jugulum  P.  Clodio,  non 
tonal  ab  illo  neque  turn  primum  petitum,  quam  jugu-  20 
lari  a vobis,  quia  se  non  jugulandum  illi  tradidisset. 

hoc  nemo  vestrum  ita  sentit,  non  illud  jam  in  ju- 
flfeium  venit,  occisusne  sit  (quod  fatemur),  sed  jure 
Si»iSnjuria,  quod  multis  in  causis  saepe  quaesitum  est. 
Mfidias  factas  esse  constat,  et  id  est  quod  senatus  con-  25 
I iAttiilrem  publicam  factum  judicavit : ab  utro  factae  sint 
tnaertum  est.  De  hoc  igitur  latum  est  ut  quaereretur. 

3 it  senatus  rem  non  hominem  notavit,  et  Pompeius 
ire  non  de  facto  quaestionem  tulit.  xn.  Num  quid 

r aliud  in  judicium  venit,  nisi  uter  utri  insidias  3° 

feojprit?  Profecto  nihil:  si  hie  illi,  ut  ne  sit  impune  ; 
Sfcille  huic,  ut  scelere  solvamur. 

r?32.  Quonam  igitur  pacto  probari  potest  insidias  Mi- 
loni fecisse  Clodium0  Satis  est  in  ilia  quidem  tarn 
audaci,  tarn  nefaria  belua,  docere  smagnam  ei  causam,  35 
magnam  spem  in  Milonis  morte  propositam,  magnas 


182 


[Milo, 


Defence  of  Milo. 


utilitates  fuisse.  Itaque  illud  Cassianum  cui  bono  fue- 
rit  in  his  personis  valeat ; etsi  boni  nullo  emolumento 
impelluntur  in  fraudem,  improbi  saepe  parvo.  Atqui 
Milone  interfecto  Clodius  haec  adsequebatur,  non  modo 
5 ut  praetor  esset  non  eo  consule  quo  sceleris  nihil  facere 
posset ; sed  etiam  ut  eis  consulibus  praetor  esset,  qui- 
bus  si  non  adjuvantibus  at  coniventibus  certe,  speraret 
posse  se  eludere  in  illis  suis  cogitatis  furoribus : cujus 
illi  conatus,  ut  ipse  ratiocinabatur,  nec  cuperent  re- 
I0  pritnere  si  possent,  cum  tantum  beneficium  ei  se  debere 
arbitrarentur ; et,  si  vellent,  fortasse  vix  possent  fran- 
gerq  hominis  sceleratissimi  conroboratam  jam  vetustate 
audaciam. 

33.  An  vero,  judices,  vos  soli  ignoratis?  vos  hospites 
15  in  hac  urbe  versamini?  vestrae  peregrinantur  aures, 
neque  in  hoc  pervagato  civitatis  sermone  versantur, 
quas  ille  leges  — si  leges  nominandae  sunt  ac  non 
faces  urbis,  pestes  rei  publicae  — fuerit  impositui*^ 
nobis  omnibus  atque  inusturus?  Exhibe,  quaeso,  Sej^ 
20  Clodi,  exhibe  librarium  illud  legum  vestrarum,  quts# 
te  aiunt  eripuisse  e domo  et  ex  mediis  armis  turbaqust 
nocturna  tamquam  Palladium  sustulisse,  ut  praeclaroift 
videlicet  munus  atque  mstrumentum  tribunatus  :aaflt 
aliquem,  si  nactus  esses,  qui  tuo  arbitrio  tribunatumie 
25  gereret,  deferre  possesi  Atque  per  ...  an  hujuSiSte 
legis  quam  Clodius  a se  inventam  gloriatur,  mentfl©- 
nem  facere  ausus  esset  vivo  Milone,  non  dicam  consul*® 
De  nostrum  enim  omnium  — non  audeo  totum  diceial, 
Videte  quid  ea  viti  lex  habitura  fuerit,  cujus  pericuhsafc 
3°  etiam  reprehensio  est.  Et  aspexit  me  illis  quidsp, 
oculis,  quibus  turn  solebat  cum  omnibus  omnia  mitwiii 
batur.  Movet  me  quippe' lumen  curiae  ! xm.  Quit®® 
tu  me  tibi  iratum,  Sexte,  putas,  cujus  inimicissimtim 
multo  crudelius  etiam  poenitus  es,  quam  erat  humani- 
35  tatis  meae  postulare?  Tu  P.  Clodi  cruentum  cadaver 
ejecisti  domo  ; tu  in  publicum  abjecisti ; tu  spoliatum 


xiii.  35*]  He  loses  by  the  Death  of  Clodius . 183 

imaginibus,  exsequiis,  pompa,  laudatione,  infelicissi- 
mis  lignis  semiustilatum,  nocturnis  canibus  dilani- 
andum  reliquisti.  Qua  re,  etsi  nefarie  fecisti,  tamen 
quoniam  in  meo  inimico  crudelitatem  exprompsisti 
tuam,  laudare  non  possum,  irasci  certe  non  debeo.  5 
•j  34o  Audistis , judices , quantum  Clodi  interiwexxX.  00 
cidi  Milonem : convertite  animos  nunc  vicissim  ad 
Milonem.  Quid  Milonis  intererat  interfici  Clodi- 
um?  Quid  erat  cur  Milo  non  dicam  admitteret,  sed 
optaret?  ‘Obstabat  in  spe  consulatus  Miloni  Clo-  10 
dius.’  At  eo  repugnante  fiebat,  immo  vero  eo  liebat 
magis ; nec  me  suffragatore  meliore  utebatur  quam 
Clodio.  Valebat  apud  vos,  judices,  Milonis  erga  me 
remque  publicam  meritorum  memoria  ; valebant  pre- 
ces  et  lacrimae  nostrae,  quibus  ego  turn  vos  mirifice  15 
moveri  sentiebam  ; sed  plus  multo  valebat  periculorum 
impendentium  timor.  Quis  enim  erat  civium  qui  sibi 
solutam  P.  Clodi  praeturam  sine  maximo  rerum  no- 
varum  metu  proponeret?  Solutam  autem  fore  vide- 
batis,  nisi  esset  is  consul,  qui  earn  auderet  possetque  20 
constringere.  Eum  Milonem  unum  esse  cum  sentiret 
universus  populus  Romanus,  quis  dubitaret  suftlragio 
suo  se  metu,  periculo  rem  publicam  liberare?  At 
nunc,  Clodio  remoto,  usitatis  jam  rebus  enitendum  est 
Miloni,  ut  tueatur  dignitatem  suam  : singularis  ilia  et  25 
huic  uni  concessa  gloria,  quae  cotidie  augebatur  fran- 
gendis  furoribus  Clodianis,  jam  Clodi  morte  cecidit. 
Vos  adepti  estis,  ne  quern  civem  metueretis  : hie  exer- 
citationem  virtutis,  suffragationem  consulatus,  fontem 
perennemkqgloriae  suae  perdidit.  Itaque  Milonis  con-  3° 
sulatus,  qui  ^vivo  Clodio  labefactari  non  poterat,  mor- 
tuo  ideninue  temptari  coeptus  est.  Non  modo  igitur 
nihil  prodest,  sed  obest  etiam  Clodi  mors  Miloni. 

35.  ‘At  valuit  odium,  fecit  iratus,  fecit  inimicus,  fuit 
ultor  injrrriae,  poenitor  doloris  sui.’  Quid?  si  haec  35 
non  dico  majora  fuerunt  in  Clodio  quam  in  Milone, 


Defence  of  Milo. 


[Milo, 


184 


sed  in  illo  maxima,  nulla  in  hoc?  quidvoltis  amplius? 
Quid  enim  odisset  Clodium  Milo,  segetem  ac  mate- 
riem  suae  gloriae,  praeter  hoc  civile  odium,  quo  omnis 
improbos  odimus?  Ille  erat  ut  odisset,  primum  defen- 
5 sorem  salutis  meae,  deinde  vexatorem  furoris,  domito- 
rem  armorum  suorum,  postremo  etiam  accusatorem 
suum : reus  enim  Milonis  lege  Plotia  fuit  Clodius, 
quoad  vixit.  Quo  tandem  animo  hoc  tyrannum  ilium 
tulisse  creditis?  quantum  odium  illius,  et  in  homine 
I0  injusto  quam  etiam  justum  fuisse? 

xiv.  36.  Reliquum  est  ut  jam  ilium  natura  ipsius 
consuetudoque  defendat,  hunc  autem  haec  eadem 
coarguat.  Nihil  per  vim  umquam  Clodius,  omnia  per 
vim  Milo.  Quid?  ego,  judices,  cum  maerentibus  vobis 
15  urbe  cessi,  judiciumne  timui?  non  servos,  non  arma, 
non  vim?  Quae  fuisset  igitur  justa  causa  restituendi 
mei,  nisi  fuisset  injusta  eiciendi?  Diem  mihi,  credo, 
dixerat,  multam  inrogarat,  actionem  perduellionis  m- 
tenderat : et  mihi  videlicet  in  causa  aut  mala  aut  mea, 
20  non  et  praeclarissima  et  vestra,  judicium  timendum  fuit. 
Servoruin  et  egentium  civium  et  tacinorosorum  armis 
meos  civis,  meis  consiliis  periculisque  servatos,  pro  me 
obici  nolui.  37.  Vidi  enim,  vidi  hunc  ipsum  Q;.  Hor- 
tensium,  lumen  et  ornamentum  rei  publicae,  paene 
25  interfici  servorum  manu,  cum  mihi  adessetj  qua  in 
turba  C.  Vibienus  senator,  vir  optimus,  cum  hoc  cum 
esset  una,  ita  est  mulcatus,  ut  vitam  amiserit.  Itaque 
quando  illius  postea  sica  ilia,  quam  a Catilina  acce- 
perat,  conquievit?  Haec  intentata  nobis  est ; huic  ego 
30  vos  obici  pro  me  non  sum  passus ; haec  insidiata 
Pompeio  est ; haec  istam  Appiam,  monimentum  sui 
nominis,  nece  Papiri  cruentavit;  haec  eaden  longo 
intervallo  conversa  rursus  est  in  me : nuper  quidem, 
ut  scitis,  me  ad  regiam  paene  confecit.  • v 
35  38.  Quid  simile  Milonis?  cujus  vis  omnis  haec  sem- 

per fuit,  ne  P.  Clodius,  cum  in  judicium  detrahi  non 


xv.  4o*]  He  had  often  sfared  Clodius's  Life . 185 


posset,  vi  oppressam  civitatem  teneret.  Quem  si 
interficere  voluisset,  quantae  quotiens  occasiones,  quam 
praeclarae  fuerunt ! Potuitne,  cum  domum  ac  deos 
penatis  suos  illo  oppugnante  defenderet,  jure  se 
ulcisci?  Potuitne,  civi  egregio  et  viro  fortissimo,  P. 
Sestio,  conlega  suo,  volnerato?  Potuitne,  Q^Fabricio, 
viro  optimo,  cum  de  reditu  meo  legem  ferret,  pulso, 
crudelissima  in  foro  caede  facta?  Potuitne,  L.  Caecili, 
justissimi  fortissknique  praetoris,  oppugnata  domo? 
Potuitne  illo  die,  cum  est  lata  lex  de  me ; cum  totius 
Italiae  concursus,  quem  mea  salus  concitarat,  facti 
illius  gloriam  libens  agnovisset,  ut,  etiam  si  id  Milo 
fecisset,  cuncta  civita's  earn  laudem  pro  sua  vindicaret? 
‘ xv.  39.  At  quod  erat  tempus?  Clarissimus  et  for- 
tissimus  consul,  inimicus  Clodio,  [P.  Lentulus,]  ultor 
sceleris  illius,  propugnator  senatus,  defensor  vestrae 
voluntatis,  patronus  publici  consensus,  restitutor  salutis 
meae ; septem  praetores,  octo  tribuni  plebei,  illius 
adversarii,  defensores  mei ; Cn.  Pompeius,  auctor  et 
dux  mei  reditus,  illius  hostis,  cujus  sententiam  senatus 
[omnis]  de  salute  mea  gravissimam  et  ornatissimam 
secutus  est,  qui  populum  Romanum  est  cohortatus,  qui 
cum  de  me  decretum  Capuae  fecisset,  ipse  cunctae 
Italiae  cupienti  et  ejus  fidem  imploranti  signum  dedit, 
ut  ad  me  restituendum  Romam  concurrerent ; omnium 
denique  in  ilium  odia  civium  ardebant  desiderio  mei, 
quem  qui  turn  interemisset,  non  de  impunitate  ejus,  sed 
de  praemiis  cogitaretur.  40.  Tamen  se  Milo  continuit, 
et  P.  Clodium  in  judicium  bis,  ad  vim  numquam  voca- 
vit.  Quid  ? privato  Milone  et  reo  ad  populum  accusante 
P.  Clodio,  cum  in  Cn.  Pompeium  pro  Milone  dicentem 
impetus  factus  est,  quae  turn  non  modo  occasio,  sed 
etiam  causa  illius  opprimendi  fuit ! Nuper  vero  cum 
M.  Antonius  summam  spem  salutis  bonis  omnibus 
attulisset,  gravissimamque  adulescens  nobilissimus  rei 
publicae  partem  fortissimo  suscepisset,  atque  illam 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


i86 


Defence  of  Milo. 


[Milo, 


beluam,  judici  laqueos  declinantem,  jam  inretitam 
teneret,  qui  locus,  quod  tempus  illud,  di  immortales, 
fuit!  cum  se  ille  fugiens  in  scalarum  tenebris  abdi- 
disset,  magnum  Miloni  fuit  conficere  illam  pestem 
5 nulla  sua  invidia,  M.  vero  Antoni  maxima  gloria? 
41.  Quid?  comitiis  in  campo  quotiens  potestas  fuit! 
cum  ille  in  saepta  ruisset,  gladios  destringendos, 
lapides  jaciendos  curavisset ; dein  subito,  voltu  Milonis 
perterritus,  fugeret  ad  Tiberim,  vos  et  omnes  boni  vota 
io  faceretis,  ut  Miloni  uti  virtute  sua  liberet. 

xvi.  Quern  igitur  cum  omnium  gratia  noluit,  hunc 
voluit  cum  aliquorum  querellar'  quern  jure,  quem  loco, 
quern  tempore,  quem  impune  non  est  ausus,  hunc 
injuria,  iniquo  loco,  alieno  tempore,  periculo  capitis, 
iS  non  dubitavit  occidere?  42.  praesertim,  judices,  cum 
honoris  amplissimi  contentio  et  dies  comitiorum  subes- 
set,  quo  quidem  tempore  — scio  enim  quam  timida  sit 
ambitio,  quantaque  et  quam  sollicita  sit  cupiditas  con- 
sulates—omnia,  non  modo  quae  reprehendi  palam, 
20  sed  etiam  obscure  quae  cogitari  possunt  timemus, 
rumorem,  fabulam  fictam,  levem  perhorrescimus,  ora 
omnium  atque  oculos  intuemur.  Nihil  est  enim 
tam  molle,  tarn  tenerum,  tam  aut  fragile  aut  flexi- 
bile,  quam  voluntas  erga  nos  sensusque  civium, 
25  qui  non  modo  improbitati  irascuntur  candidatorum, 
sed  etiam  in  recte  factis  saepe  fastidiunt.  43.  Hunc 
igitur  diem  campi  speratum  atque  exoptatum  sibi  pro- 
ponens  Milo,  cruentis  manibus  scelus  et  facinus  prae 
se  ferens  et  confitens,  ad  ilia  augusta  centuriarum 
3°  auspicia  veniebat?  Quam  hoc  non  credibile  in  hoc ! 
quam  idem  in  Clodio  non  dubitandum,  cum  se  ille 
interfecto  Milone  regnaturum  putaret!  Quid?  (quod 
caput  est  [audaciae],  judices)  quis  ignorat  maximam 
inlecebram  esse  peccandi  impunitatis  spem  ? In  utro 
35  igitur  haec  fuit?  in  Milone,  qui  etiam  nunc  reus  est 
facti  aut  praeclari  aut  certe  necessarii,  an  in  Clodio, 


187 


IO 


15 


xvii.  46  ] How  Clodius  laid  his  Plans . 

qui  ita  judicia  poenamque  contempserat,  ut  eum  nihil 
delectaret  quod  aut  per  naturam  fas  esset,  aut  per 
leges  liceret. 

44.  'Sed  quid  ego  argumentor?  quid  plura  disputo? 
Te,  Qc  Petili,  appello,  optimum  et  fortissimum  civem  : 
te,  M.  Cato,  testor,  quos  mihi  diyina  quaedam  sors 
dedit  judices.  Vos  ex  M.  Favonio  audistis  Clodium 
sibi  dixisse,  et  audistis  vivo  Clodio,  periturum  Milonem 
triduo.  Post  diem  tertium  gesta  res  est  quam  dixerat. 
Cum  ille  non  dubitarit  aperire  quid  cogitaret,  vos 
potestis  dubitare  quid  fecerit?  xvn.  45.  Quern  ad 
modum  igitur  eum  dies  non  fefellit?  Dixi  equidem 
modo.  Dictatoris  Lanuvini  stata  sacrificia  nosse  ne- 
goti  nihil  erat.  Vidit  necesse  esse  Miloni  proficisci 
Lanuvium  illo  ipso  quo  est  profectus  die.  Itaque 
antevertit.  At  quo  die?  Quo,  ut  ante  dixi,  fuit  insa- 
nissima  contio  ab  ipsius  mercenario  tribuno  plebis 
concitata : quern  diem  ille,  quam  contionem,  quos  .A 

clamores,  nisi  ad  cogitatum  facinus  approperareL,! 
numquam  reliquisset.  Ergo  illi  ne  causa  quidem  20 
itineris,  etiam  causa  manendi : Miloni  manendi  nulla 
[facultas],  exeundi  non  causa  solum,  sed  etiam  neces- 
sitas  fuit.  Quid?  si,  ut  ille  scivit  Milonem  fore  eo  die 
in  via,  sic  Clodium  Milo  ne  suspicari  quidem  po*uit? 

46.  Primum  quaero  qui  id  scire  potuerit?  quod  vosf^s 
idem  in  Clodio  quaerere  non  potestis*  Ut  enim  ne- 
minem  alium  nisi  T.  Patinam,  familiarissim arm  suum, 
rogasset,  scire  potuit  illo  ipso  die  Lanuv*  a dictatore 
Milone  prodi  flaminem  necesse  esse.  Sed  erant  per- 
multi  alii,  ex  quibus  id  facillimof ccire  posset:  [omnes  3° 
scilicet  Lanuvini.]  Milo  de  Ciodi  reditu  unde  quae 
sivit?  Quaesierit  sane  — videie  quid  *Vobis 
servum  etiam,  ut  Q^  Arrius,?  mens  amicu 
ruperit.  Legite  testimonia  testium 


i88 


Defence  of  Milo. 


[MlLOj 


10 


15 


Clodius  eadem  hora  Interamnae  fuerat  et  Romae,  — 
P.  Clodium  illo  die  in  Albano  mansurum  fuisse ; sed 
subito  ei  esse  nuntiatum  Cyrum  architectum  esse  rnoi- 
tuum,  itaque  repente  Romam  constituisse  proficisci. 
Dixit  hoc  comes  item  P.  Clodi,  C.  Clodius. 

xviii.  47.  Videte,  judices,  quantae  res  his  testimo- 
niis  sint  confectae.  Primum  certe  liberatur  Milo  non 
eo  consilio  profectus  esse,  ut  insidiaretur  in  via  Clodio  : 
quippe,  si  ille  obvius  ei  futurus  omnino  non  erat. 
Deinde  — non  enim  video  cur  non  meum  quoque 
a gam  negotium  — scitis,  judices,  fuisse  qui  in  hac 
rogatione  suadenda  dicerent  Milonis  manu  caedem 
esse  factam,  consilio  vero  majoris  alicujus.  Me  videli- 
cet latronem  ac  sicarium  abjecti  homines  et  perditi 
describebant.  Jacent  suis  testibus  [ei]  qui  Clodium 
negant  eo  die  Romam,  nisi  de  Cyro  audisset,  fuisse 
rediturum.  Respiravi,  liberatus  sum  ; non  vereor  ne, 
quod  ne  suspicari  quidem  potuerim,  videar  id  cogitasse. 
.48.  Nunc  persequar  cetera.  Nam  occurrit  lllud  : ‘ Igi- 
20  tur  ne  Clodius  quidem  de  insidiis  cogitavit,  quomam 
fuit  in  Albano  mansurus.’  Si  quidem  exiturus  ad 
caedem  e villa  non  fuisset.  Video  enim  ilium,  qui 
dicatur  de  Cyri  morte  nuntiasse,  non  id  nuntiasse,  sed 
Milonem  appropinquare.  Nam  quid  de  Cyro  nuntia- 
25  ret,  quern  Clodius  Roma  proficiscens  reliquerat  mori- 
entem?  Una  fui,  testamentum  simul  obsignavi  cum 
Clodio : testamentum  autem  palam  fecerat,  et  ilium 

heredem  e*  me  scripserat.  Quern-  pridie  hora  tertia 
animam  efflant°m  .jreliquisset,  eum  mortuum  postiidie 
3°  hora  decima  deniqu?  ^i. nuntiabdtur? 

xix.  49.  Age,  sit  ifa  , factum.  Quae  causa  cur 
am  properaret?  chi'  in  noctem  se  coniceret? 
ferebat  festinhtionis,  quod  heres  erat?  Pri- 
‘1  cur  properato  opus  esset : deinde,  si 
ndem  j;rat  quod  ea  nocte  consequi 
i postridie  Romam  mane 


xx-  53-]  Why  did  Cl o dins  return  that  Night  ? 189 


venisset?  Atque  ut  illi  nocturnus  ad  urbem  adventus 
vitandus  potius  quam  expetendus  fuit,  sic  Miloni,  cum 
insidiator  esset,  si  ilium  ad  urbem  nocte  accessurum 
sciebat,  subsidendum  atque  exspectandum  fuit.  50. 
Nemo  ei  neganti  non  credidisset,  quern  esse  omnes 
salvum  etiam  confitentem  volunt.  Sustinuisset  hoc 
crimen  primum  ipse  ille  latronum  occultator  et  recep- 
tor locus,  cum  neque  muta  solitudo  indicasset  neque 
caeca  nox  ostendisset  Milonem ; deinde  ibi  multi  ab 
illo  violati,  spoliati,  bonis  expulsi,  multi  haec  etiam 
timentes  in  suspitionem  caderent,  tota  denique  rea 
citaretur  Etruria.  51.  Atque  illo  die  certe  Aricia 
rediens  devertit  Clodius  ad  Albanum.  Quod  ut  sci- 
ret  Milo  ilium  Ariciae  fuisse,  suspicari  tamen  debuit 
eum,  etiam  si  Romam  illo  die  reverti  vellet,  ad  villam 
suam,  quae  viam  tangeret,  deversurum.  Cur  neque 
ante  occurrit,  ne  ille  in  villa  resideret,  nec  eo  in  loco 
subsedit,  quo  ille  noctu  venturus  esset? 

Video  adhuc  constare,  judices,  omnia  : — Miloni 
etiam  utile  fuisse  Clodium  vivere,  illi  ad  ea  quae  con- 
cupierat  optatissimum  interitum  Milonis ; odium  fuisse 
illius  in  hunc  acerbissimum,  nullum  hujus  in  ilium; 
consuetudinem  illius  perpetuam  in  vi  inferenda,  hujus 
tantum  in  repellenda ; 52.  mortem  ab  illo  denuntiatam 
Miloni  et  praedicatam  palam,  nihil  umquam  auditum 
ex  Milone ; profectionis  hujus  diem  illi  notum,  reditus 
illius  huic  ignotum  fuisse;  hujus  iter  necessarium, 
illius  etiam  potius  alienum ; hunc  prae  se  tulisse 
illo  die  Roma  exiturum,  ilium  eo  die  se  dissimulasse 
rediturum  ; hunc  nullius  rei  mutasse  consilium,  ilium 
causam  mutandi  consili  finxisse ; huic,  si  insidiaretur, 
noctem  prope  urbem  exspectandam,  illi,  etiam  si  hunc 
non  timeret,  tamen  accessum  ad  urbem  nocturnum 
fuisse  metuendum. 

xx.  53.  Videamus  nunc  (id  quod  caput  est)  locus 
ad  insidias  ille  ipse,  ubi  congress^  sunt,  utri  tandem 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


[Milo, 


jp0  Defence  of  Milo. 

fuerit  aptior.  Id  vero,  judices,  etiam  dubitandum  et 
diutius  cogitandum  est?  Ante  fundum  Clodi,  quo  in 
fundo  propter  insanas  illas  substructiones  facile  homi- 
num  mille  versabantur  valentium,  edito  adversari  atque 
c excelso  loco,  superiorem  se  fore  putarat  Milo,  et  ob 
earn  rem  eum  locum  ad  pugnam  potissimum  elegerat. 
an  in  eo  ioco  est  potius  exspectatus  ab  eo  qui  ipsius 
loci  spe  facere  impetum  cogitarat?  Res  loquitur  ipsa, 
judices,  quae  semper  valet  plurimum.  54.  Si  haec 
I0  non  gesta  audiretis,  sed  picta  videretis,  tamen  appare- 
nt uter  esset  insidiator,  uter  nihil  cogitaret  mali,  cum 
alter  veheretur  in  raeda  paenulatus,  una  sederet  uxor. 
Quid  horum  non  impeditissimum  ? vestitus  an  vehic- 
ulum  an  comes?  Quid  minus  promptum  ad  pug- 
K nam,  cum  paenula  inretitus,  raeda  impeditus,  uxore 
paene  constrictus  esset?  Videte  nunc  ilium,  primum 
egredientem  e villa,  subito  : cur?  vespen  : quid  ne- 
cesse  est?  tarde : qui  convenit,  praesertim  id  tempo- 
ris?  Devertit  in  villa m Pompei.  Pompeium  ut  vide- 
20  ret?  sciebat  in  Alsiensi  esse:  villam  ut  perspiceretr 
miliens  in  ea  fuerat.  Quid  ergo  erat?  morae  et  ter- 
giversationes : dum  hie  veniret,  locum  relinquere 

noluit.  ....  • -1,/r-i 

xxi.  55.  Acre  nunc ; iter  expediti  latroms  cum  Milo- 

25  nis  impediments  comparate.  Semper  ille  antea  cum 
uxore,  turn  sine  ea ; numquam  nisi  in  raeda,  turn  in 
equo ; comites  Graeculi,  quocumque  ibat,  etiam  cum 
in  castra  Etrusca  properabat,  turn  nugarum  in  comitatu 
nihil.  Milo,  qui  numquam,  turn  casu  pueros  sjrap  io- 
3o  niacos  uxoris  ducebat  et  ancillarum  greges.  Me,  qui 
semper  secum  scorta,  semper  exoletos,  semper  lupas 
duceret,  turn  neminem,  nisi  ut  virum  a viro  lectum 
esse  diceres.  Cur  igitur  victus  est?  Quia  non  sem- 
per viator  a latrone,  non  numquam  etiam  latro  a viatore 
35  occiditur:  quia,  quamquam  paratus  in  imparatos  Clo- 
dius,  tamen  mulier  inciderat  in  viros.  56.  Mec  veio 


xxii.  58.]  Why  Clodius  was  defeated . 


191 

sic  erat  umquam  non  paratus  Milo  contra  ilium,  ut  non 
satis  fere  esset  paratus.  Semper  [ille]  et  quantum 
interesset  P.  Clodi  se  perire,  et  quanto'  illi  odio  esset, 
et  quantum  ille  auderet  cogitabat.  Quam  ob  rem 
vitam  suam,  quam  maximis  praemiis  propositam  et  5 
paene  addictam  sciebat,  numquam  in  pericuLum  sine 
praesidio  et  sine  custodia  proiciebat.  Adde  casus, 
adde  incertos  exitus  pugnarum  Martemque  commu- 
nem,  qui  saepe  spoliantem  jam  et  exsultantem  evertit 
et  perculit  ab  abjecto  : adde  inscitiam  pransi,  poti,  osci-  I0 
tantis  ducis,  qui  cum  a tergo  hostem  interclusum  reli- 
quisset,  nihil  de  ejus  extremis  comitibus  cogitavit,  in 
quos  incensos  ira  vitamque  domini  desperantis  cum 
incidisset,  haesit  in  eis  poenis,  quas  ab  eo  servi  fideles 
pro  domini  vita  expetiverunt.  ^ 

57.  Cur  igitur  eos  manu  misit?  Metuebat  scilicet  ne 
indicaretur,  ne  dolorem  perferre  non  possent,  ne  tor- 
mentis  cogerentur  occisum  esse  a servis  Milonis  in 
Appia  via  P.  Clodium  confiteri.  Quid  opus  est  tortore? 
quid  quaeris?  Occideritne?  occidit.  Jure  an  injuria?  20 
nihil  ad  tortorem  : facti  enim  in  eculeo  quaestio  est,  ju- 
ris in  judicio.  dxxn.  Quod  igitur  in  causa  quaerendum 
est,  indagamus  hie  : quod  tormentis  invenire  vis,  id 
fatemur.  Manu  vero  cur  miserit,  si  id  potius  quaeris, 
quam  cur  parum  amplis  adfecerit  praemiis,  nescis  25 
inimici  factum  reprehendere.  58.  Dixit  enim  hie 
idem,  qui  omnia  semper  constanter  et  fortiter,  M. 
Cato,  et  dixit  in  turbulepta  contione,  quae  tamen  hujus 
auctoritate  placata  est,  non  libertate  solum,  sed  etiam 
omnibus  praemiis  dignissimos  fuisse,  qui  domini  caput  30 
defendissent.  Quod  enim  praemium  satis  magnum  est 
tarn  benevolis,  tam  bonis,  tarn  fidelibus  servis,  propter 
quos  vivit?  Etsi  id  quidem  non  tanti  est,  quam  quod 
propter  eosdem  non  sanguine  et  volneribus  suis  crude- 
lissimi  inimici  mentem  oculosque  satiavit.  Quos  nisi  35 
manu  misissety  tormentis  etiam  dedendi  fuerunt  conser- 


192 


Defence  of  Milo. 


[Milo, 


vatores  domini,  ultores  sceleris,  defensores  necis.  Hie 
vero  nihil  habet  in  his  malis  quod  minus  moleste  ferat, 
quam,  etiam  si  quid  ipsi  accidat,  esse  tamen  illis  meri- 
tum  praemium  persolutum. 

5 59.  Sed  quaestiones  urgent  Milonem,  quae  sunt  ha- 

bitae  nunc  in  atrio  Libertatis.  Quibusnam  de  servis? 
rogas?  de  P.  Clodi.  Quis  eos  postulavit?  Appius. 
Quis  produxit?  Appius.  Unde?  ab  Appio.  Di 
boni!  quid  potest  agi  severius?  [De  servis  nulla 
10  legs  quaestio  est  in  dominum  nisi  de  incestu,  ut  fuit  in 
Clodium.]  Proxime  deos  accessit  Clodius,  propius 
quam  turn  cum  ad  ipsos  penetrarat,  cujus  de  moite 
tamquam  de  caerimoniis  violatis  quaeritur.  Sed  tamen 
majores  nostri  in  dominum  [de  servo]  quaeri  noluerunt, 
15  non  quin  posset  verum  inveniri,  sed  quia  videbatur  in- 
dignum  esse  et  [domini]  morte  ipsa  tristius.  In  reum 
de  servo  accusatoris  cum  quaeritur,  verum  inveniri 
potest?  60.  Age  vero,  quae  erat  aut  qualis  quaestio? 
‘Heus  tu,  Rufio’  (verbi  causa)  ‘cave  sis  mentiaris. 
20  Clodius  insidias  fecit  Miloni?  ’ ‘ Fecit : ’ ‘ certa  crux.’ 

< Nullas  fecit : ’ ‘ sperata  libertas.’  Quid  hac  quaestione 
certius?  Subito  abrepti  in  quaestionem,  tamen  sepa- 
rantur  a ceteris  et  in  areas  coniciuntur,  ne  quis  cum 
eis  conloqui  possit.  Hi  centum  dies  penes  accusato- 
25  rem  cum  fuissent,  ab  eo  ipso  accusatore  producti  sunt. 
Quid  hac  quaestione  dici  potest  integrius,  quid  incor- 
ruptius? 

xxiii.  61.  Quod  si  nondum  satis  cernitis,  cum  res 
ipsa  tot  tam  Claris  argumentis  signisque  luceat,  pura 
30  mente  atque  Integra  Milonem,  nullo  scelere  imbutum, 
nullo  metu  perterritum,  nulla  conscientia  exammatum 
Romam  revertisse,  recordamini  (per  deos  immortahs  .) 
quae  fuerit  celeritas  reditus  ejus,  qui  ingressus  in 
forum  ardente  curia,  quae  magnitudo  ammi,  qui  vol- 
35  tus,  quae  oratio.  Neque  vero  se  populo  solum,  sed 
etiam  senatui  commisit;  neque  senatm  modo,  ^ed 


XXIV.  64.] 


Milo's  Conduct  afterwards . 


193 


etiam  publicis  praesidiis  et  armis  ; neque  his  tantum, 
verum  etiam  ejus  potestati,  cui  senatus  totam  rem  pub- 
licam,  omnem  Italiae  pubem,  cuncta  populi  Romani 
arma  commiserat : cui  numquam  se  hie  profecto  tra- 
didisset,  nisi  causae,  suae  confideret,  praesertim  omnia  5 
audienti,  magna  metuenti,  multa  suspicanti,  non  nulla 
credenti.  Magna  vis  est  conscientiae,  judices,  et 
magna  in  utramque  partem,  ut  neque  timeant  qui 
nihil  commiseri  U,  et  poenam  semper  ante  oculos  ver- 
sari  putent  qufpeccarint.  IO 

62.  Neque  vero  sine  ratione  certa  causa  Milonis 
semper  a senatu  probata  est.  Videbant  enim  sapien- 
tissimi  homines  facti  rationem,  praesentiam  animi, 
defensionis  constantiam.  An  vero  obliti  estis,  judices, 
recenti  illo  nuntio  necis  Clodianae,  non  modo  inimico-  15 
rum  Milonis  sermones  et  opiniones,  sed  non  nullorum 
etiam  imperitorum?  Negabant  eum  Romam  esse  red- 
iturum.  63.  Sive  enim  illud  animo  irato  ac  percito 
fecisset,  ut  incensus  odio  trucidaret  inimicum,  arbitra- 
bantur  eum  tanti  mortem  P.  Clodi  putasse,  ut  aequo  20 
animo  patria  careret,  cum  sanguine  inimici  explesset 
odium  suum ; sive  etiam  illius  morte  patriam  liberare 
voluisset,  non  dubitaturum  fortem  virum  quin,  cum  suo 
periculo  salutem  populo  Romano  attulisset,  cederet 
aequo  animo  [legibus],  secum  auferret  gloriam  sempi-  25 
ternam,  nobis  haec  fruenda  relinqueret,  quae  ipse 
servasset.  Multi  etiam  Catilinam  atque  ilia  portenta 
loquebantur  : 4 Erumpet,  occupabit  aliquem  locum,  bel- 
lum  patriae  faciet.5  Miseros  interdum  civis  optime  de 
re  publica  meritos,  in  quibus  homines  non  modo  res  3° 
praeclarissimas  obliviscuntur,  sed  etiam  nefarias  sus- 
picantur ! 64.  Ergo  ilia  falsa  fuerunt,  quae  certe  vera 

exstitissent,  si  Milo  admisisset  aliquid  quod  non  posset 
honeste  vereque  defendere. 

xxiv.  Quid?  quae  postea  sunt  in  eum  congesta,  35 
quae  quemvis  etiam  mediocrium  delictorum  conscien- 

13 


Defence  of  Milo . 


[Milo 


tia  perculissent,  ut  sustinuit,  di  immortales  ! Sustinuit? 
immo  vero  ut  contempsit  ac  pro  nihilo  putavit,  quae 
neque  maximo  animo  nocens  neque  innocens  nisi  for- 
tissimus  vir  neglegere  potuisset ! Scutorum,  gladio- 
5 rum,  frenorum,  pilorumque  etiam  multitudo  deprehendi 
posse  indicabatur;  nullum  in  urbe  vicum,  nullum 
angiportum  esse  dicebant,  in  quo  Miloni  conducta  non 
esset  domus;  arma  in  villam  Ocriculanam  devecta 
Tiberi,  domus  in  clivo  Capitolino^  scutis  referta, 


IO  plena  omnia  malleolorum  ad  urbis  incendia  comparato- 
rum  : haec  non  delata  solum,  sed  paene  credita,  nec 
ante  repudiata  sunt  quam  quaesita.  65.  Laudabam 
equidem  incredibilem  diligentiam  Cn.  Pompei,  sed 
dicam  ut  sentio,  judices.  Nimis  multa  audire  cogun- 
15  tur,  neque  aliter  facere  possunt,  ei  quibus  tota  com- 
missa  est  res  publica.  Quin  etiam  fuit  audiendus  popa 
Licinius  nescio  qui  de  Circo  maximo,  servos  Miloms, 
apud  se  ebrios  factos,  sibi  confessos  esse  de  interfi-  i 
ciendo  Pompeio  conjurasse,  dein  postea  se  gladio  per- 
20  cussum  esse  ab  uno  de  illis,  ne  indicaiet.  Pompeio 
in  hortos  nuntiavit ; arcessor  in  primis ; de  amicorum 
sententia  rem  defert  ad  senatum.  Non  poteram  in 


illius  mei  patriaeque  custodis  tanta  suspitione  non 


25  fessionem  servorum  audiri,  volnus  in  latere,  quod 
acu  punctum  videretur,  pro  ictu  gladiatoris  probari.  j 


timebat,  non  ea  solum  quae  timenda  erant,  sed  omnia, 
ne  vos  aliquid  timeretis.  Oppugnata  domus  C.  Cae- 
3°  saris,  clarissimi  et  fortissimi  viri,  p^  m,,Uaa  nnrtis 
horas  nuntiabatur.  Nemo  audierat 
nemo  senserat : tamen  audiebatur. 

Pompeium,  praestantissima  virtute 
suspicari : diligentiam,  tota  republica 
35  nulla m putabam.  Frequentissimo 
Capitolio  senator  inventus  est  qui  IV 


metu  exanimari ; sed  mirabar  tamen  credi  popae,  con- 


66.  Verurn,  ut  intellego,  cavebat  magis  Pompeius  quam 


xxv.  68.]  Pom-pey  has  nothing  to  fear  from  Milo . 195 


esse  diceret.  Nudavit  se  in  sanctissimo  templo,  quo- 
niam  vita  talis  et  civis  et  viri  fidem  non  faciebat,  ut  eo 
tacente  res  ipsa  loqueretur. 

/xxv.  67.  Omnia  falsa  atque  insidiose  ficta  comperta 
sunt.  Cum  tamen,  si  metuitur  etiam  nunc  Milo,  non  5 
jam  hoc  Clodianum  crimen  timemus,  sed  tuas,  Cn. 
Pompei  — te  enim  jam  appello,  et  ea  voce  ut  me 
exaudire  possis  — tuas,  tuas,  inquam,  suspitiones  per- 
horrescimus  : si  Milonem  times  ; si  hunc  de  tua  vita 
nefarie  aut  nunc  cogitare  aut  molitum  aliquando  ali-  IO 
quid  putas  ; si  Italiae  dilectus  (ut  non  nulli  conquisi- 
tores  tui  dictitarunt) , si  haec  arma,  si  Capitolinae 
cohortes,  si  excubiae,  si  vigiliae,  si  dilecta  juventus 
quae  tuum  corpus  domumque  custodit  contra  Milonis 
impetum  armata  est,  atque  ilia  omnia  in  hunc  unum  15 
instituta,  parata,  intenta  sunt,  — magna  in  hoc  certe 
vis  et  incredibilis  animus,  et  non  unius  viri  vires  atque 
opes  judicantur,  si  quidem  in  hunc  unum  et  praestan- 
tissimus  dux  electus  et  tota  res  publica  armata  est. 

68.  Sed  quis  non  intellegit  omnis  tibi  rei  publicae  20 
partis  aegras  et  labantis,  ut  eas  his  armis  sanares  et 
confirmares,  esse  commissas?  Quod  si  locus  Miloni 
datus  esset,  probasset  profecto  tibi  ipsi  neminem  um- 
quam  hominem  homini  cariorem  fuisse  quam  te  sibi ; 
nullum  se  umquam  periculum  pro  tua  dignitate  fugisse  ; 25 
cum  ipsa  ilia  taeterrima  peste  se  saepissime  oro  tua  • 


gloria  contendisse  ; tribunatum  suum  ad  sa 
quae  tibi  carissima  fuisset,  consiliis  tuis 


se  a te  postea  defensum  in  periculo  capitis,  aajutum  in 
petitione  praeturae ; duos  se  habere  semper  amicissi-  30 
mos  sperasse,  te  tuo  beneficio,  me  suo.  Quae  si  non 
probaret,  si  tibi  ita  penitus  inhaesisset  ista  suspitio 
nullo  ut  evelli  modo  posset,  si  denique  Italia  a dilectu, 
urbs  ab  armis  sine  Milonis  clade  numquam  esset 
conquietura,  ne  ille  haud  dubitans  cessisset  patria,  is  35 
qui  ita  natus  est  et  ita  consuevit : te,  Magne,  tamen 
antestaretur,  quod  nunc  etiam  facit. 


196  Defe7ice  of  Milo . [Milo, 

xxvi.  69.  Vide  quam  sit  varia  vitae  commutabilisque 
ratio,  quam  vaga  volubilisque  fortuna,  quantae  infi- 
delitates  in  amicis,  quam  ad  tempus  aptae  simulationes, 
quantae  in  periculis  fugae  proximorum,  quantae  timi- 
5 ditates.  Erit,  erit  illud  profecto  tempus,  et  inlucescet 
aliquando  ille  dies,  cum  tu  — salutaribus,  ut  spero, 
rebus  tuis,  sed  fortasse  motu  aliquo  communium  tern- 
porum,  qui  quam  crebro  accidat  experti  scire  debemus 
— et  amicissimi  benevolentiam  et  gravissimi  hominis 
10  fidem  et  unius  post  homines  natos  fortissimi  viri  mag- 
nitudinem  animi  desideres.  TO.  Quamquanx  quis  hoc 
credat,  Cn.  Pompeium,  juris  publici,  moris  majorum, 
rei  denique  publicae  peritissimum,  cum  senatus  ei  com- 
miserit  ut  videret  Ne  quid  res  'publica  detrimenti  caj)- 
15  eret  (quo  uno  versiculo  satis  armati  semper  consules 
fuerunt,  etiam  nullis  armis  datis),  hunc  exercitu,  hunc 
dilectu  dato,  judicium  exspectaturum  fuisse  in  ejus 
consiliis  vindicandis,  qui  vi  judicia  ipsa  tolleret?  Satis 
judicatum  est  a Pompeio,  satis,  falso  ista  conferri  in 
20  Milonem,  qui  legem  tulit,  qua,  ut  ego  sentio,  Milonem 
absolvi  a vobis  oporteret,  ut  omnes  confitentur,  liceret. 
Ti.  Quod  vero  in  illo  loco  atque  illis  publicorum  prae- 
sidiorum  copiis  circumfusus  sedet,  satis  declarat  se  non 
terrorem  inferre  vobis — quid  enim  minus  illo  dignum 
25  quam  cogere  ut  vos  eum  condemnetis,  in  quern  ani- 
madvertere  ipse  et  more  majorum  et  suo  jure  posset? 
sed  praesidio  esse,  ut  intellegatis  contra  hesternam 
illam  contionem  licere  vobis  quod  sentiatis  libere 
judicare. 

30  xxvix.  72.  Nec  vero  me,  judices,  Clodianum  crimen 
movet,  nec  tarn  sum  demens  tamque  vestri  sensus 
ignarus  atque  expers,  ut  nesciam  quid  de  morte  Clodi 
sentiatis.  De  qua,  si  jam  nollem  ita  diluere  crimen,  ut 
dilui,  tamen  impune  Miloni  palam  clamare  ac  mentiri 
35  gloriose  liceret : 4 Occidi,  occidi,  non  Sp.  Maelium,  qui 
annona  levanda  jacturisque  rei  familiaris,  quia  nitnis 


/ 


xxvii.  1 74-]  The  Crimes  of  Clodius  recited. 


197 


ampljecti  plebem  videbatur,  in  suspitionem  incidit 
regnj  appetendi ; non  Ti.  Gracchum,  qui  conlegae 
magi|stratum  per  seditionem  abrogavit,  quorum  inter- 
fectories  impleverunt  orbem  terrarum  nominis  sui  glo- 
sed  eum  — auderet  enim  dicere,  cum  patriam  5 


na 


periqulo  suo  liberasset — cujus  nefandum  adulterium 
in  pulvinaribus  sanctissimis  nobilissimae  feminae  com- 
preh;enderunt ; 73.  eum  cujus  supplicio  senatus  sollem- 
nis  religiones  expiandas  saepe  censuit ; eum  quern  cum 
sorore  germana  nefarium  stuprum  fecisse  L.  Lucullus  10 
juratus  se  quaestionibus  habitis  dixit  comperisse ; eum 
qui  civem  quern  senatus,  quern  populus  Romanus,  quern 
omnes  gentes  urbis  ac  vitae  civium  conservatorem 
judiparant,  servorum  armis  exterminavit ; eum  qui 
regna  dedit,  ademit,  orbem  terrarum  quibuscum  voluit  15 
parfitus  est;  eum  qui,  plurimis  caedibus  in  foro  factis, 
sin^  ulari  virtute  et  gloria  civem  domum  vi  et  armis 
compulit ; eum  cui  nihil  umquam  nefas  fuit,  nec  in 
faciiore  nec  in  libidine  ; eum  qui  aedem  Nympharum 
incqndit,  ut  memoriam  publicam  recensionis  tabulis  20 
publicis  impressam  exstingueret ; 74.  eum  denique, 
cuiljam  nulla  lex  erat,  nullum  civile  jus,  nulli 
possessionum  termini;  qui  non  calumnia  litium,  non 
injustis  vindiciis  ac  sacramentis  alienos  fundos,  sed 
castris,  exercitu,  signis  inferendis  petebat ; qui  non  25 
sohm  Etruscos  — eos  enim  penitus  contempserat  — 
sed  hunc  P.  Varium,  fortissimum  atque  optimum 
civem,  judicem  nostrum,  pellere  possessionibus  armis 
caftrisque  conatus  est ; qui  cum  architectis  et  decem- 
[is  villas  multorum  hortosque  peragrabat ; qui  3° 
^■iculo  et  Alpibus  spem  possessionum  terminarat 
[rum;  qui,  .cum  ab  equite  Romano  splendido  et  f 
[i,  M.  Paconio,  non  impetrasset  ut  sibi  insulam  in 
labu  Prilio  venderet,  repente  luntribus  in  earn  insulam 
materiem,  calcem,  caementa,  arma  convexit,  domino-  35 
que  trans  ripam  inspectante,  non  dubitavit  exstruere 


Defence  of  Milo . 


198 


aedificium  in  alieno  ; 75.  qui  huic  T.  Furfanio,  -- cui 
viro,  di  immortales ! quid  enim  ego  de  muliebcula 
Scantia,  quid  de  adulescente  P.  Apinio  dicam?  quo- 
rum utrique  mortem  est  minitatus,  nisi  sibi  hortorum 
5 possessione  cessissent,  — sed  ausum  esse  Furfanio 
dicere,  si  sibi  pecuniam,  quantam  poposcerat,  non 
dedisset,  mortuum  se  in  domum  ejus  inlaturum,  qua 
invidia  huic  esset  tali  viro  conflagrandum  ; qui  Appium 
fratrem,  hominem  mihi  conjunctum  fidissima  gratia, 
10  absentem  de  possessione  fundi  dejecit ; qui  parietem 
sic  per  vestibulum  sororis  instituit  ducere,  sic  agere 
fundamenta,  ut  sororem  non  modo  vestibulo  privaret, 
sed  omni  aditu  et  limine. 

xxvin.  76.  Quamquam  haec  quidem  jam  tolerabilia 
15  videbantur,  etsi  aequabiliter  in  rem  publicam,  in  pri- 
vates, in  longinquos,  in  propinquos,  in  alienos,  in  suos 
inruebat ; sed  nescio  quo  modo  jam  usu  obduruerat  et 
percalluerat  civitatis  incredibilis  patientia.  Quae  vero 
aderant  jam  et  impendebant,  quonam  modo  ea  aut  de- 
20  pellere  potuissetis  aut  ferre?  Imperium  ille  si  nactus 
esset,  — omitto  socios,  exteras  nationes,  reges,  tetrar- 
chas  ; vota  enim  faceretis,  ut  in  eos  se  potius  immitte- 
ret  quam  in  vestras  possessiones,  vestra  tecta,  vestras 
pecunias  : — pecunias  dico?  a liberis  (me  dius  fidius)  et 
25  a conjugibus  vestris  numquam  ille  effrenatas  suas  libid- 
ines  cohibuisset.  Fingi  haec  putatis,  quae  patent,  quae 
nota  sunt  omnibus,  quae  tenentur?  servorum  exercitus 
ilium  in  urbe  conscripturum  fuisse,  per  quos  totam 
rem  publicam  resque  privatas  omnium  possideret?  77. 
3°  Quam  ob  rem  si  cruentum  gladium  tenens  clamaret 
T.  Annius  : 6 Adeste,  quaeso,  atque  audite,  cives : P. 
Clodium  interfeci ; ejus  furores,  quos  nullis  jam  legi- 
bus,  nullis  judiciis  frenare  poteramus,  hoc  ferro  et  hac 
dextera  a cervicibus  vestris  reppuli,  per  me  ut  unum 
35  jus,  aequitas,  leges,  libertas,  pudor,  pudicitia  in  civitate 
maneret ! ’ esset  vero  timendum,  quonam  modo  id 


tfxix.  79.]  Milo  might  well  have  slain  him , 


199 


ferret  civitas  ! Nunc  enim  quis  est  qui  non  probet, 
qui  non  laudet,  qui  non  unum  post  hominum  memo- 
riam  T.  Annium  plurimum  rei  publicae  profuisse, 
maxima  laetitia  populum  Romanum,  cunctam  Italiam, 
nationes  omnis  adfecisse  et  dicat  et  sentiat?  Non  s 
queo  vetera  ilia  populi  Romani  gaudia  quanta  fuerint 
judicare  : multas  tamen  jam  summorum  imperatorum 
clarissimas  victorias  aetas  nostra  vidit,  quarumt  nulla 
neqye  tam  diuturnam  attulit  laetitiam  nec  fantam. 

78;  Mandate  hoc  memoriae,  judices.  Spero  multa  vos  IO 
liberosque  vestros  in  re  publica  bona  esse  visuros  : in 
eis  singulis  ita  semper  existimabitis,  vivo  P.  Clotfm 
nihil  eorum  vos  visuros  fuisse-  In  spem  maximam, 
et  (quern  ad  modum  confido)  verissimam  sumus  ad- 
ductqhunc  ipsum  annum,  hoc  ipso  summo  viro  con- 
sale,  compressa  hominum  licentia,  cupiditatibus  fractis, 
legibuslet  judiciis  cortstitu'tis,  salutarem  civitati  fore. 
Num  quis  est  igitur  tam  demens,  qui  hoc  P.  Clodio 
vivo  contingere  potuisse  arbitretur?  Quid?  ea  quae 
tenetis,  privata  atque  vestra,  dominante  homine  furioso  20 
quod  jus  perpetuae  possessionis  habere  potuissent? 
:;;.xxixr.  Non,  timeo,  judices,  ne  odio  inimicitiarum 
mearum  inflammatus  libentius  haec  in  ilium  evomere 
viriear  quam  verius.  Etenim  si  praecipuum  esse  de- 
ttM^,i^men  ita  communis  erat  omnium  ille  hostis,  25 
ut,in  ocanmuni  odio  paene  aequaliter  versaretur  odium 
meum.  . Non  potest  dici  satis,  ne  cogitari  quidem, 
in  illo  sceleris,  quantum  exiti  fuerit.  79.  Quin 
” idite,, judices.  Nempe  haec  est  quaestio  de 

Mpgite  animis  — ljberae  sunt  enim  30 
cogittrtrQiiassirtet  quae  volunt  sic  intuentur  ut 
c'iitomusb'«^ft«[ • i48lemus  — fingite  igitur  cogita- 
f'one  Slfeagin^lSP  h«|)o)s  condicionis  meae,  si  possim 
etittere  ut  Milonerh  afesolvatis,  sed  ita,  si  P.  Clodius 
revixerit.  'Quid  voltu  extimuistis?  quonam  modo  ille  35 
von  ’»vUa  adliceret,  quos  mortuus  inani  cogitatione  per-  " 


200 


Defence  of  Milo. 


[Milo, 


cussit?  Quid  ! si  ipse  Cn.  Pompeius,  qui  ea  virtute  ac 
fortuna  est  ut  ea  potuerit  semper  quae  nemo  praeter 
ilium,  si  is,  inquam,  potuisset  aut  quaestionem  de  morte 
P.  Clodi  ferre  aut  ipsum  ab  inferis  excitare,  utrum 
5 putatis  potius  facturum  fuisse  ? Etiam  si  propter  ami- 
citiam  vellet  ilium  ab  inferis  evocare,  propter  rem 
publicam  non  fecisset.  Ejus  igitur  mortis  sedetis  ulto- 
res,  cujus  vitam  si  putetis  per  vos  restitui  posse,  nolitis  ; 
et  de  ejus  nece  lata  quaestio  est,  qui  si  lege  eadem  re- 
io  viviscere  posset,  lata  lex  numquam  esset.  Hujus  ergo 
interfector  si  esset,  in  confitendo  ab  eisne  poenam 
timeret  quos  liberavisset?  80.  Graeci  homines  deorum 
honores  tribuunt  eis  viris  qui  tyrannos  necaverunt. 
Quae  ego  vidi  Athenis  ! quae  aliis  in  urbibus  Graeciae  ! 
15  quas  res  divinas  talibus  institutas  viris  ! quos  cantus, 
quae  carmina  ! prope  ad  immortalitatis  et  religionem 
et  memoriam  consecrantur.  Vbs  tanti  conservatorem 
populi,  tanti  sceleris  ultorem  non  modo  honoribus  nullis 
adficietis,  sed  etiam  ad  supplicium  rapi  patiemiru? 
20  Confiteretur,  confiteretur,  inquam,  si  fecisset,  et  magno 
animo  et  libenter  fecisse  se  libertatis  omnium  causa, 
quod  esset  ei  non  confitendum  modo,  verum  etiam 
praedicandum. 

xxx.  81.  Etenim  si  id  non  negat  ex  quo  nihil  petit  nisi 
25  ut  ignoscatur,  dubitaret  id  fateri  ex  quo  etiam  prae- 
mia  laudis  essent  petenda?  nisi  vero  gratius  putat  esse 
vobis  sui  se  capitis  quam  vestri  defensorem  fuisse,  cum 
praesertim  [in]  ea  confessione,  si  grati  esse  veiled^ 
honores  adsequeretur  amplissimos.  Si  Ltactu«elWb>fe 
30  non  probaretur  — quamquam  $85  pbtbtei© 

cuiouam  non  probari?  — sed  tam^ok^tigs 'JoritiikMt 
viri  virtus  civibus  grata  cecidiafei^  artithWes 

stantique  cederet  ex  ingrata 
ingratius  quam  laetari  ceteros,  fugere  eum  solum  prop- 
35  ter  quern  ceteri  laetarentur?  82.  Quamquam  hoc 
^Amimo  semper  omnes  fuimus  in  patriae  prodito''bus 


xxxi.  84.]  He  deserves  well  of  the  State . 201 

opprimendis,  ut,  quoniam  nostra  futura  esset  gloria, 
periculum  quoque  et  invidiam  nostram  putaremus. 
Nam  quae  mihi  ipsi  tribuenda  laus  esset,  cum  tantum 
in  consulatu  meo  pro  vobis  ac  liberis  vestris  ausus 
essem,  si  id,  quod  conabar  sine  maximis  dimication- 
ibus  meis  me  esse  ausurum  arbitrarer?  Quae  mulier 
sceleratum  ac  perniciosum  civem  interficere  non  au- 
deret,  si  periculum  non  timeret?  Proposita  invidia, 
morte,  poena,  qui  nihilo  segnius  rem  publicam  defendit, 
is  vir  vere  putandus  est.  Populi  grati  est  praemiis 
adficere  bene  mejitos  de  re  publica  civis ; viri  fortis  ne 
suppliciis  quidem  moveri  ut  fortiter  fecisse  paeniteat. 
83.  Quam  ob  rem  uteretur  eadem  confessione  T.  An- 
nius  qua  Ahala,  qua  Nasica,  qua  Opimius,  qua  Marius, 
qua  nosmet  ipsi ; et,  si  grata  res  publica  esset,  laeta- 
retur:  si  ingrata,  tamenj  in  gravi  fortuna  conscientia 
sua  niteretur. 

r ' 

Sed  hujus  benefici  gratiam,  judices,  fortuna  populi 
Romani  et  vestra  felicitas  et  di  immortales  sibi  deberi 
putant.  Neci  vero  quisquam  aliter  arbitrari  potest, 
nisi  qui  nullam  vim  esse  ducit  numenve  divinum ; 
quern  neque  imperi  nostri  magnitudo  neque  sol  ille 
nec  caeli  signorumque  motus  nec  vicissitudines  rerum 
atque  ordines  movent,  neque  (id  quod  maximum 
est)  majorum  sapientia,  qui  sacra,  qui  caerimonias, 
qui  auspicia  et  ipsi  sanctissime  coluerunt,  et  nobis  suis 
posteris  prodiderunt.  xxxi.  84.  Est,  est  profecto  ilia 
vis  : neque  in  his  corporibus  atque  in  hac  imbecillitate 
nostra  inest  quiddam  quod  vigeat  et  sentiat,  et  non 
inest  in  hoc  tanto  naturae  tarn  praeclaro  motu.  Nisi 
forte  idcirco  non  putant,  quia  non  apparet  nec  cernitur  : 
proinde  quasi  nostram  ipsam  mentem  qua  sapimus, 
qua  providemus,  qua  haec  ipsa  agimus  ac  dicimus, 
videre  aut  plane  qualis  aut  ubi  sit  sentire  possimus. 
Ea  vis  igitur  ipsa,  quae  saepe  incredibilis  huic  urbi 
felicitates  atque  opes  attulit,  illam  perniciem  exstinxit 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


202 


[Milo, 


Defence  of  Milo . 

ac  sustulit ; cui  primum  mentem  injecit,  ut  vi  irritare 
ferroque  lacessere  fortissimum  virum  auderet,  vincere- 
turque  ab  eo,  quern  si  vicisset  habiturus  esset  impuni- 
tatem  6t  licGntiam  sGrnpitGinam. 

5 85.  Non  est  humano  consilio,  ne  mediocri  quidem, 

iudices,  deorum  immortalium  cura,  res  ilia  perfecta. 
Religiones  me  hercule  ipsae,  quae  illam  beluam  cadere 
viderunt,  commosse  se  videntur,  et  jus  in  illo  suum 
retinuisse.  Vos  enim  jam,  Albani  tumuli  atque  luci, 
io  vos,  inquam,  imploro  atque  obtestor ; vosque,  Albano- 
rum  obrutae  arae,  sacrorum  populi  Romani  sociae  et 
aequales,  quas  ille  praeceps  amentia,  caesis  prostra- 
tisque  sanctissimis  lucis,  substructionum  insanis  moli- 
bus  oppresserat.  Vestrae  turn  [arae]  vestrae  religiones 
15  viguerunt;  vestra  vis  valuit,  quam  ille  omni  scelere 
polluerat.  Tuque  ex  tuo  edito  monte,  Latiaris  sancte 
Juppiter,  cujus  ille  lacus,  nemora  finisque  saepe  omni 
nefario  stupro  et  scelere  macularat,  aliquando  ad  eum 
poeniendum  oculos  aperuisti.  Vobis  illae,  vobis  vestro 
20  in  conspectu  serae,  sed  justae  tamen  et  debitae  poenae 
solutae  sunt.  86.  Nisi  forte  hoc  etiam  casu  factum 
esse  dicemus,  ut  ante  ipsum  sacrarium  Bonae  deae, 
quod  est  in  fundo  T.  Sergi  Galli,  in  primis  honesti  et 
ornati  adulescentis,  ante  ipsam,  inquam,  Bonam  deam, 
25  cum  proelium  commisisset,  primum  illud  volnus  ac- 
ciperet,  quo  taeterrimam  mortem  obiret ; ut  non  ab- 
solute judicio  illo  nefario  vidpetur,  sed  ad  hanc 
insignem  poenam  reservatus.  yOcxx!!.  Nec  vero  non 
eadem  ira  deorum  hanc  ejus  satellitibus  injecit  arnen- 
3°  tiam,  ut  sine  imaginibus,  sine  cantu  atque  ludis,  sine 
exsequiis,  sine  lamentis,  sine  laudationibus,  sine  funere, 
oblitus  cruore  et  luto,  spoliatus  illius  supremi  diei  cele- 
britate,  cui  cedere  inimici  etiam  solent,  ambureretur 
abjectus.  Non  fuisse  credo  fas  clarissimorum  virorum 
35  formas  illi  taeterrimo  parricidae  aliquid  decons  adferre, 
neque  ullo  in  loco  potius  mortem  ejus  lacerari  quam  in 
quo  vita  esset  damnata. 


xxxiii.  89.]  Crimes  and  Madness  of  Clodius. 


203 


87.  Dura  (me  dius  fidius)  mihi  jam  Fortuna  populi 
, Romani  et  crudelis  videbatur,  quae  tot  annos  ilium 
in  hanc  rem  publicam  insultare  pateretur.  Polluerat 
stupro  sanctissimas  religiones,  senatus  gravissima  de- 
creta  perfregerat,  pecunia  se  a judicibus  palam  redem-  5 
erat,  vexarat  in  tribunatu  senatum,  omnium  ordinum 
consensu  pro  salute  rei  publicae  gesta  resciderat, 

' me  patria  expulerat,  bona  diripuerat,  domum  incende- 
rat,  liberos,  conjugem  meam  vexarat,  Cn.  Pompeio 
nefarium  bellum  indixerat,  magistratuum  privatorum-  I0 
que  caedis  effecerat,  domum  mei  fratris  incenderat, 
vastarat  Etruriam,  multos  sedibus  ac  fortunis  ejece- 
rat.  Instabat,  urgebat.  Capere  ejus  amentiam  civitas, 
Italia,  provinciae,  regna  .non  poterant.  Incidebantur 
jam  domi  leges,  quae  nos  servis  nostris  addicerent.  15 
Nihil  erat  cuju.o'uam,  quod  quidem  ille  adamasset, 
quod  non  hoc  anno  suum  fore  putaret.  88.  Obstabat 
ejus  cogitationibus  nemo  praeter  Milonem.  Ilium 
ipsum,  qui  obstare  poterat,  novo  reditu  in  gratiam 
quasi  devinctum  arbitrabatur  : Caesaris  potentiam  20 

suam  esse  dicebat : bonorum  animos  in  meo  casu 

contempserat : Milo  unus  urgebat.  

xxxiii.  Hie  di  immortales,  ut  supra  dixi,  mentem 
illi  perdito  ac  furioso  dederunt,  ut  huic  faceret  insidias. 
Aliter  perire  pestis  ilia  non  potuit : numquam  ilium  25 
res  publica  suo  jure  esset  ulta.  Senatus  (credo)  prae- 
torem  eum  circumscripsisset.  Ne  cum  soiebat  quidem 
id  facere,  in  privato  eodem  hoc  aliquid  profecerat. 

89.  An  consules  in  praetore  coercendo  fortes  fuissent? 
Primum,  Milone  occiso  habuisset  suos  consules  : deinde  3° 
quis  in  eo  praetore  consul  fortis  esset,  per  quern  tri- 
bunum  virtutem  consularem  crudelissime  vexatam  esse 
rneminisset?  Oppressisset  omnia,  possideret,  teneret : 
lege  nova  [quae  est  inventa  apud  eum  cum  reliquis 
legibus  Clodianis]  servos  nostros  libertos  suos  fecisset : 35 
postremo,  nisi  eum  di  immortales  in  earn  mentem 


204 


Defence  of  Milo. 


[Milo, 


impulissent,  ut  homo  effeminatus  fortissimum  virum 
conaretur  occidere,  hodie  rem  publicam  nullam  habe- 
retis.  90.  An  ille  praetor,  ille  vero  consul,  — si  inodo 
haec  templa  atque  ipsa  moenia  stare  eo  vivo  tam  diu  et 
S consulatum  ejus  exspectare  potuissent,  — ille  denique 
vivus  mali  nihil  fecisset,  qui  mortuus,  uno  ex  suis  satel- 
litibus  [Sex.  Clodio]  duce,  curiam  incenderit?  Quo 
quid  miserius,  quid  acerbius,  quid  luctuosius  vidimus? 
Templum  sanctitatis,  amplitudinis,  mentis,  consili 
IO  publici,  caput  urbis,  aram  sociorum,  portum  omnium 
gentium,  sedem  ab  universo  populo  concessam  uni 
ordini,  inflammari,  exscindi,  funestari?  neque  id  fieri 
a multitudine  imperita  — quamquam  esset  miserum  id 
ipsum  — sed  ab  uno?  Qui  cum  tantum  ausus  sit  ustor 
15  pro  mortuo,  quid  signifer  pro  vivo  non  esset  ausus?  In 
curiam  potissimum  abjecit,  ut  earn  mdrtuus  incenderet, 
quam  vivus  everterat.  91.  Et- sunt  qui  de  via  Appia 
querantur,  taceant  de  curia!  et  qui  ab  eo  spirante  ; 
forum  putent  potuisse  defendi,  cujus  non  restitent 
20  cadaveri  curia  ! Excitate,  excitate  ipsum,  si  potestis, 
a mortuis.  Frangetis  impetum  vivi,  cujus  vix  susti- 
netis  furias  insepulti?  Nisi  vero  sustinuistis  eos  qui  : 
cum  facibus  ad  curiam  cucurrerunt,  cum  falcibus 
ad  Castoris,  cum  gladiis  toto  foro  volitarunt.  Caedi  ■ 
25  vidistis  populum  Romanum,  contionem  gladiis  distur-  > 
bari,  cum  audiretur  silentio  M.  Caelius,  tnbunus 
plebis,  vir  et  in  re  publica  fortissimus,  et  fin  suscepta 
causa  firmissimus,  et  bonorum  voluntati  et  auctoritati 
senatus  deditus,  et  in  hac  Milonis  sive  invidia  sive 
30  fortuna  singulari,  divina  et  incredibili  fide. 

xxxxv.  92.  Sed  jam  satis  multa  de  causa : extra 
causam  etiam  nimis  fortasse  multa.  Quid  restat  nisi 
ut  orem  obtesterque  vos,  judices,  ut  earn  misericoi- 
diam  tribuatis  fortissimo  viro,  quam  ipse  non  implorat, 

35  ego  etiam  repugnante  hoc  et  imploro  et  exposco. 
Nolite,  si  in  nostro  omnium  fletu  nullam  lacrimam 


xxxiv.  94*]  He  bids  Farewell  to  the  City . 205 

aspexistis  Milonis,  si  voltum  semper  eundem,  si  vocem, 
si  orationem  stabilem  ac  non  mutatam  videtis,  hoc 
minus  ei  parcere  : haud  scio  an  multo  sit  etiam  adju- 
vandus  magis.  Etenim  si  in  gladiatoriis  pugnis  et 
infimi  generis  hominum  condicione  atque  fortuna  timi-  5 
dos  atque  supplices  et  ut  vivere  liceat  obsecrantis 
etiam  odisse  solemus,  fortis  atque  animosos  et  se  acriter 
ipsos  morti  offerentis  servare  cupimus,  eorumque  nos 
magis  miseret  qui  nostram  misericordiam  non  requirunt 
quam  qui  illam  efflagitant,  — quanto  hoc  magis  in  for-  I0 
tissimis  civibus  facere  debemus?  93.  Me  quidem,  ju- 
dices,  exanimant  et  interimunt  hae  voces  Milonis,  quas 
audio  adsidue  et  quibus  intersum  cotidie.  4 Valeant,’ 
inquit,  4 valeant  cives  mei  : sint  incolumes,  sint  floren- 
tes,  sint  beati : stet  haec  urbs  praeclara  mihique  patria  15 
carissima,  quoijao^niodo  erit  merita  de  me.  Tranquilla 
re  publida  me#8Hr'e».  quoniam  mihi  cum  illis  non  licet, 
sine  me  ipsi,  se<b propter  me  tamen  perfruantur.  Ego 
cedam  atque  3&fe®&4si  mihi  bona  re  publica  frui  non 
licuerit,  at  carebo  mala,  et  quam  primum  tetigero  20 
bene  moratam  et  liberam  civitatem,  in  ea  conquiescam. 

94.  O frustra,*  inquit,  ‘ mihi  suscepti  labores  ! O spes 
lallaces  et  cogitationes  inanes  meae  ! Ego  cum  tribu- 
nus  plebis  re  publica  oppressa  me  senatui  dedissem, 
quern  exstinctum  accepbram,  equitibus  Romanis,  quo-  25 
mm  vires  erant  debiles, 'bonis  viris,  qui  omnem  auc- 
toritatem  Clodianis  a(rn$xs  abjecerant,  mihi  umquam 
bonorum  praesidium  defuturum  putarem?  ego  cum 
te  mecum  enim  saepissime  loquitur  — 6 patriae 
reddidissem,  mihi  putarem  in  patria  non  futurum  3° 
locum?  Ubi  nunc  senatus  est,  quern  secuti  sumus? 
ubi  equites  Romani  illi  [illi],?  inquit,  4 tui?  ubi  studia 
municipiorum?  ubi  Italiae  voces?  ubi  denique  tua 
ilia,  M.  Tulli,  quae  plurimis  fuit  auxilio,  vox  atque 
defensio?  mihine  ea  soli,  qui  pro  te  totiens  morti  me  35 
obtuli,  nihil  potest  opitulari?’ 


Defence  of  Milo. 


[Milo, 


206 

Y 


xxxv.  95.  Nec  vero  haec,  judices,  ut  ego  nunc, 
flens,  sed  hoc  eodem  loquitur  voltu  quo  videtis.  Ne- 
gat  enim,  negat  ingratis  civibus  fecisse  se  quae 
fecerit ; timidis  et  omnia  circumspicientibus  pericula 
5 non  negat,  Plebem  et  infimam  multitudinem,  quae 
P.  Clodio  duce  fortunis  vestris  imminebat,  earn,  quo 
tutior  esset  vestra  vita,  se  fecisse  commemorat  ut  non 
modo  virtute  flecteret,  sed  etiam  tribus  suis  patrimoniis 
deleniret ; nec  timet  ne,  cum  plebem  muneribus  pla- 
10  carit,  vos  non  conciliarit  meritis  in  rem  publicam 
singularibus.  Senatus  erga  se  benevolentiam  tempo- 
ribus  his  ipsis  saepe  esse  perspectam,  vestias  vero  et 
vestrorum  ordinum  occursationes,  studia,  sermones, 
quemcumque  cursum  fortuna  dederit,  se  secum  abla- 
15  turum  esse  dicit.  96.  Meminit  etiam  sibi  vocem  prae- 
conis  modo  defuisse,  quam  minime  de^rarit ; populi 
vero  cunctis  suffragiis,  quod  unum.  ciipifcrit,  se  consu- 
lem  declaratum  : nunc  denique,  contra  se  sint 

futura,  sibi  facinoris  suspitionemj  i:acti  crimen 

20  obstare.  Addit  haec,  quae  certe  ver<a  fcunt : fortis  et 
sapientis  viros  non  tarn  praemia  sequi  solere  recte 
factorum,  quam  ipsa  recte  facta;  se  nihil  in  vita  nisi 
praeclarissime  fecisse,  si  quidem  nihil  sit  praestabilius 
viro  quam  periculis  patriam  liberare  ; beatos  esse  quibus 
25  ea  res  honori  fuerit  a suis  civibpt&^eT.  nec  tamen  eos 
miseros  qui  beneficio  civis  supsd\4fdrint ; sed  tamen  ex 
omnibus  praemiis  virtutis,  si  etsaebhabenda  ratio  prae- 
miorum,  amplissimum  esse  pmemium  gloriam  : esse 
banc  unam  quae  brevitatem  vitae  posteritatis  memoria 
30  consolaretur ; quae  efficeret  ut  absentes  adessemus, 
mortui  viveremus ; hanc  denique  esse,  cujus  gradi- 
bus  etiam  in  caelum  homines  viderentur  ascendere. 
98.  ‘ De  me,’  inquit,  ‘ semper  populus  Romanus,  sem- 
per omnes  gentes  loquentur,  nulla  umquam  obmute- 
35  scet  vetustas.  Quin  hoc  tempore  ipso,  cum  omnes  a 
meis  inimicis  faces  invidiae  meae  subiciantur,  tamen 


xxxvi.  ioo.]  Cicero  makes  Milo's  Cause  his  own . 207 

omni  in  hominum  coetu  gratiis  agendis  et  gratulatio- 
nibus  habendis  et  omni  sermone  celebramur.’  Omitto 
Etruriae  festos  et  actos  et  institutos  dies  : centesima 
lux  est  haec  ab  interitu  P.  Clodi,  et  (o'pinor)  altera. 
Qua  fines  imperi  populi  Romani  sunt,  ea“  non  solum  5 
fama  jam  de  illo,  sed  etiam  laetitia  peragravit.  Quam 
ob  rem  f Ubi  corpus  hoc  sit  non,’  inquit,  6 laboro,  qup- 
niam  omnibus  in  terris  et  jam  versatur  et  semper 
habitabit  nominis  mei  gloria.’ 

xxxvi.  99.  Haec  tu  mecum  saepe  his  absentibus,  IO 
sed  isdem  audientibus  haec  ego  tecum,  Milo:  4 Te 
quidem,  cum  isto  animo  es,  satis  laudare  non  possum  ; 
sed,  quo  est  ista  magis  divina  virtus,  eo  majore  a te 
dolore  divellor.  Nec  vero,  si  mihi  eriperis,  reliqua 
est  ilia  tamen  ad  consolandum  querella,  ut  eis  irasci  15 
possim,  a quibus  tantum  volnus  accepero.  Non  enim 
iiiimicfeinei  eripienb  *ed  amicissimi ; non  male 

al:quawd[o«#£  .aeqaieriti,  sed  semper  optime.’  Nullum 
1 iqu^opPiqijrtd^B,  mihi  tantum  dolorem  inuretis  — * 
etsi  qafe^&q^t^esse  tantus?  — sed  ne  hunc  quidem  20 
ipsum,  utdfehviscar  quanti  me  semper  feceritis.  Quae 
si  vos  cepit  oblivio,  aut  si  in  me  aliquid  offendistis,  cur 
non  id  meo  capite  potius  luitur  quam  Milonis?  Prae- 
clare  enim  vixero,  si  quid  mihi  accident  prius  quam 
hoc  tantum  mali  videro.  100.  Nunc  me  una  consolatio  25 
sustentat,  quod  tibi,  T.  Anni,  nullum  a me  amoris, 
nullum  studi,  nullum  pietatis  officium  defuit.  Ego 
inimicitias  potentium  pro  te  appetivi ; ego  meum  saepe 
corpus  et  vitam  objeci  armis  dnimicorum  tuorum ; 
ego  me  plurimis  pro  te  supplicem  abjeci ; bona,  for-  3° 
tunas  meas  ac  liberorum  meorum  in  communionem 
tuorum  temporum  contuli hoc  denique  ipso  die,  si 
quae  vis  est  parata,  si  quae  dimicatio  capitis  futura, 
deposco.  Quid  jam  restat?  Quid  habeo  quod  faciam 
pro  tuis  in  me  meritis,  nisi  ut  earn  fertunam,  quaecum-  35 
que  erit  tua,  ducam  meam?  Non  recuso,  non  abnuo ; 


208 


[Milo, 


Defence  of  Milo. 

vosque  obsecro,  judices,  ut  vestra  beneficia,  quae  in 
me  contulistis,  aut  in  hujus  salute  augeatis,  aut  in 
ejusdem  exitio  occasura  esse  videatis. 

xxxvii.  101.  His  lacrimis  non  movetur  Milo.  Est 
5 quodam  incredibili  robore  animi.  Exsilium  lbi  esse 
putat,  ubi  virtuti  non  sit  locus ; mortem  naturae  fi- 
nem  esse,  non  poenam.  Sed  hie  ea  mente  qua  natus 
est.  Quid  vos,  judices?  quo  tandem  animo  eritis? 
Memoriam  Milonis  retinebitis,  ipsum  eicietis?  et  erit 
,o  dignior  locus  in  terris  ullus  qui  hanc  virtutem  excipiat, 
quam  hie  qui  procreavit?  Vos,  vos  appello,  fortissimi 
viri,  qui  multum  pro  re  publica  sanguinem  effudistis : 
vos  in  viri  et  in  civis  invicti  appello  periculo,  centurio- 
nes,  vosque  milites : vobis  non  modo  mspectantibus, 

15  sed  etiam  armatis  et  huic  judicio  praesidentibus,  haec 
tanta  virtus  ex  hac  urbe  expelletur,  exterminabitur, 
proicietur?  102.  O me  miser'am  l liKtdicem  ! 

Revocare  tu  me  in  patriam,  hos  : 

ego  te  in  patria  per  eosdem  retinere  Qilld 

20  respondebo  liberis  meis,  qui  te  parenM^-^eafon  pu- 
tant?  Quid  tibi,  Quinte  frater,  qui  nunc  abtes,  consorti 
mecum  temporum  illorum  ? Mene  non  potuisse  Milo-  , 
nis  salutem  tueri  per  eosdem,  per  quos  nostram  llle  { 
servasset?  At  in  qua  causa  non  potuisse?  quae  est 
25  grata  gentibus  ....  non  potuisse  f eis-qui  maxime  , 
P.  Clodi  morte  acquierunt : quo  deprecante?  me. 

103.  Quodnam  ego  concepi  tantum  scelus,  aut  quod 
in  me  tantum  facinus  admisi,  judicesjicum  ilia  indicia 
communis  exiti  indagavi,  patefeci,  protuli,  exstinxi? 

30  Omnes  in  me  meosque  redundant  ex  fonte  illo  dolores. 
Quid  me  reducem  esse  voluistis?  an  ut  inspectante  me 
expellerentur  ei  per  quos  essem  restitutus?  Nolite, 
obsecro  vos,  acerbiorem  mihi  pati  reditum  esse,  quam 
fuerit  ille  ipse  discessus.  Nam  qui  possum  putare  me 
35  restitutum  esse,  si  distrahar  ab  his,  per  quos  restitutus 
sum? 


xxxvm.  io5j  Last  Appeal  to  the  Court.  209 

xxxviii.  Utinam  di  immortales  fecissent  — pace  tua, 
patria,  dixerim ; metuo  enim  ne  scelerate  dicam  in  te 
quod  pro  Milone  dicam  pie  — utinam  P.  Clodius  non 
modo  viveret,  sed  etiam  praetor,  consul,  dictator  esset, 
potius  quam  hoc  spectaculum  viderem ! 104.  O di  5 

immortales  ! fortem  et  a vobis,  judices,  conservandum 
virum  ! ‘ Minime,  minime,’  inquit.  ‘ Immo  vero  poe- 
nas  ille  debitas  luerit : nos  subeamus,  si  ita  necesse 
est,  non  debitas.’  Hicine  vir,  patriae  natus,  usquam 
nisi  in  patria  morietur?  aut,  si  forte,  pro  patria  ? IO 
Hujus  vos  animi  monumenta  retinebitis,  corporis  in 
Italia  nullum  sepulcrum  esse  patiemini?  Hunc  sua 
quisquam  sententia  ex  hac  urbe  expellet,  quem  omnes 
urbes  expulsum  a vobis  ad  se  vocabunt?  105.  O ter- 
rain illam  beatam,  quae  hunc  virum  exceperit : hanc  15 
ingratam,  si  ejecerit;  miseram,  si  amiserit ! 

Sed  finis  sit:  neque  enim  prae  lacrimis  jam  loqui 
possum,  et  hie  se  lacrimis  defendi  vetat.  Vos  oro 
obtestorque,  judices,  ut  in  sententiis  ferendis,  quod 
sentietis  id  audeatis.  Vestram  virtutem,  justitiam,  20 
fidem,  mihi  credite,  is  maxime  probabit,  qui  in  judi- 
cibus  legendis  optimum  et  sapientissimum  et  fortis- 
simum  quemque  elegit. 


THE  PARDON  OF  MAR  CELL  US. 

B.  C.  46. 

Marcus  Claudius  Marcellus  (consul  b.  c.  51)  had  been  an 
honest  but  active  and  bitter  partisan  of  the  Senate  in  the  struggle 
which  finally  broke  out  in  civil  war.  It  was  he  who  introduced  the 
several  decrees  which  set  a limit  to  Caesar’s  power,  and  put  him  in 
the  attitude  of  a public  enemy  After  the  defeat  at  Pharsalia,  and 
the  death  of  Pompey,  he  still  refused  to  make  terms  with  the  vic- 
tor, but  remained  in  voluntary  exile  at  Mitylene.  When,  contrary 
to  the  general  fear,  no  massacre  or  proscription  followed  Caesar’s 
victory,  his  friends  were  encouraged  to  hope  for  a full  pardon  ; 
and,  in  the  summer  of  B.  c.  46,  in  a meeting  of  the  Senate,  Caesar 
was  openly  entreated  in  his  behalf.  In  reply,  the  dictator  reminded 
the  senators  of  the  intense  and  persistent  hostility  of  Marcellus  ; 
but  added,  that  he  would  not  stand  in  the  way  if  the  Senate  desired 
his  restoration.  The  senators  were  then,  in  regular  form,  called  up 
for  the  expression  of  their  wishes  ; and,  when  it  came  to  Cicero’s 
name,  he  expressed  the  formal  thanks  of  the  body  in  the  following 
speech.  It  is  remarkable — especially  in  contrast  to  the  language 
which  Cicero  used  two  years  later  — for  the  tone  of  its  eulogy  of 
Csesar,  and  for  the  hope  it  expresses  of  an  era  of  good  feeling  and 
a restored  republic. 

Marcellus  set  out  for  Rome,  but  never  arrived.  He  was  assas- 
sinated at  the  Piraeus,  and  buried  in  the  Academy  near  Athens. 
(See  the  letter  of  Sulpicius,  Fam.  iv.  12.) 

DIUTURNI  silenti,  patres  conscripti,  quo  eram  his 
temporibus  usus  — non  timore  aliquo,  sed  par- 
tim  dolore,  partim  verecundia  — finem  hodiernus  dies 
attulit,  idemque  initium  quae  vellem  quaeque  sentirem 
5 meo  pristino  more  dicendi.  Tantam  enitn  mansuetu- 
dinem,  tam  inusitatam  inauditamque  clementiam,  tan- 
tum  in  summa  potestate  rerum  omnium  modum,  tam 
denique  incredibilem  sapientiam  ac  paene  divinam, 
tacitus  praeterire  nullo  modo  possum.  2.  M.  enim 
10  Marcello  vobis,  patres  conscripti,  reique  publicae  red- 
dito,  non  illius  solum,  sed  etiam  meam  vocem  et 


n-  5*]  The  Greatness  of  Ccesar’s  Triumph . 211 

auctoritatem  et  vobis  et  rei  publicae  conservatam  ac 
restitutam  puto.  Dolebam  enim,  patres  conscripti,  et 
vehementer  angebar,  virum  talem,  cum  in  eadem 
causa  in  qua  ego  fuisset,  non  in  eadem  esse  fortuna  ; 
nec  mihi  persuadere  poteram,  nec  fas  esse  ducebam,  5 
versari  me  in  nostro  vetere  curriculo,  illo  aemulo  atque 
imitatore  studiorum  ac  laborum  meorum,  quasi  quo- 
dam  socio  a me  et  comite,  distracto. 

Ergo  et  mihi  meae  pristinae  vitae  consuetudinem, 

C.  Caesar,  interclusam  aperuisti,  et  his  omnibus  ad  10 
bene  de  [omni]  re  publica  sperandum  quasi  signum 
aliquod  sustulisti.  3.  Intellectum  est  enim  mihi  qui- 
dem  in  multis,  et  maxime  in  me  ipso,  sed  paulo 
ante  [in]  omnibus,  cum  M.  Marcellum  senatui  rei- 
que  publicae  concessisti,  commemoratis  praesertim  15 
offensionibus,  te  auctoritatem  hujus  ordinis  dignita- 
temque  rei  publicae  tuis  vel  doloribus  vel  suspitionibus 
anteferre.  Ille  quidem  fructum  omnis  ante  actae  vitae 
hodierno  die  maximum  cepit,  cum  summo  consensu 
senatus,  turn  judicio  tuo  gravissimo  et  maximo.  Ex  20 
quo  profecto  intellegis  quanta  in  dato  beneficio  sit 
laus,  cum  in  accepto  sit  tanta  gloria.  Est  vero  for- 
tunatus  ille,  cujus  ex  salute  non  minor  paene  ad 
omnis  quam  ad  ipsum  ventura  sit  laetitia  pervenerit. 

4.  Quod  quidem  ei  merito  atque  optimo  jure  contigit.  25 
Quis  enim  est  illo  aut  nobilitate  aut  probitate  aut 
optimarum  artium  studio  aut  innocentia  aut  ullo  laudis 
genere  praestantior? 

11.  Nullius  tantum  flumen  est  ingeni,  nullius  dicendi 
aut  scribendi  tanta  vis,  tanta  copia,  quae  non  dicam  3° 
exornare,  sed  enarrare,  C.  Caesar,  res  tuas  gestas 
possit.  Tamen  adfirmo,  et  hoc  pace  dicam  tua,  nul- 
lam  in  his  esse  laudem  ampliorem  quam  earn  quam 
hodierno  die  consecutus  es.  5.  Soleo  saepe  ante 
oculos  ponere,  idque  libenter  crebris  usurpare  sermo-  35 
nibus,  omnis  nostrorum  imperatorum,  omnis  exterarum 


212 


The  Pardon  of  Marcellus. 


[Marc. 


gentium  potentissimorumque  populorum,  omnis  cla- 
rissimorum  regum  res  gestas,  cum  tuis  nec  contentio- 
num  magnitudine  nec  numero  proeliorum  nec  varietate 
regionum  nec  celeritate  conficiendi  nec  dissimilitudine 
5 bellorum  posse  conferri ; nec  vero  disjunctissimas 
terras  citius  passibus  cujusquam  potuisse  peragrari, 
quam  tuis  non  dicam  cursibus,  sed  victoriis  lustratae 
sunt.  6.  Quae  quidem  ego  nisi  ita  magna  esse  fatear, 
ut  ea  vix  cujusquam  mens  aut  cogitatio  capere  possit, 
jo  amens  sim  : sed  tamen  sunt  alia  majora.  Nam  belli— 
cas  laudes  solent  quidam  extenuare  verbis,  easque 
detrahere  ducibus,  communicare  cum  multis,  ne  pro- 
priae  sint  imperatorum.  Et  certe  in  armis  militum 
virtus,  locorum  opportunitas,  auxilia  sociorum,  classes, 
15  commeatus  multum  juvant : maximam  vero  partem 
quasi  suo  jure  Fortuna  sibi  vindicat,  et  quicquid  pros- 
pere  gestum  est,  id  paene  omne  ducit  suum.  7.  At 
vero  hujus  gloriae,  C.  Caesar,  quam  es  paulo  ante 
adeptus,  socium  habes  neminem  : totum  hoc  quantum- 
20  cumque  est  (quod  certe  maximum  est)  totum  est,  in- 
quam,  tuum.  Nihil  sibi  ex  ista  laude  centurio,  nihil 
praefectus,  nihil  cohors,  nihil  turma  decerpit : quin 
etiam  ilia  ipsa  rerum  humanarum  domina,  Fortuna, 
in  istius  societatem  gloriae  se  non  offert : tibi  cedit ; 
25  tuam  esse  totam  et  propriam  fatetur.  Numquam  enim 
temeritas  cum  sapientia  commiscetur,  neque  ad  con- 
silium casus  admittitur. 

hi.  8.  Domuisti  gentis  immanitate  barbaras,  multi- 
tudine  innumerabilis,  locis  infinitas,  omni  copiarum 
30  genere  abundantis : sed  tamen  ea  vicisti,  quae  et 

naturam  et  condicionem  ut  vinci  possent  habebant. 
Nulla  est  enim  tanta  vis,  quae  non  ferro  et  viribus 
debilitari  frangique  possit.  Animum  vincere,  ira- 
cundiam  cohibere,  victoriam  temperare,  adversarium 
35  nobilitate,  ingenio,  virtute  praestantem  non  modo  ex- 
tollere  jacentem,  sed  etiam  amplificare  ejus  pristmam 


iv.  ii.]  True  Glory  of  CcesaVs  Victory . 213 

dignitatem,  haec  qui  facit,  non  ego  eum  cum  summis 
viris  comparo,  sed  simillimum  deo  judico.  9.  Itaque, 

C.  Caesar,  bellicae  tuae  laudes  celebrabuntur  illae 
quidem  non  solum  nostris,  sed  paene  omnium  gentium 
litteris  atque  linguis,  nec  ulla  umquam  aetas  de  tuis  5 
laudibus  conticescet.  Sed  tamen  ejus  modi  res  nescio 
quo  modo  etiam  cum  leguntur,  obstrepi  clamore  mili- 
tum  videntur  et  tubarum  sono.  At  vero  cum  aliquid 
clementer,  mansuete,  juste,  moderate,  sapienter  fac- 
tum— in  iracundia  praesertim,  quae  est  inimica  con-  10 
silio,  et  in  victoria,  quae  natura  insolens  et  superba 
est — audimus  aut  legimus,  quo  studio  incendimur, 
non  modo  in  gestis  rebus,  sed  etiam  in  fictis,  ut  eos 
saepe,  quos  numquam  vidimus,  diligamus ! 10.  Te 

vero,  quem  praesentem  intuemur,  cujus  mentem  sen-  15 
susque  et  os  cernimus,  ut,  quicquid  belli  fortuna  reli- 
quum  rei  publicae  fecerit,  id  esse  salvum  velis,  quibus 
laudibus  efferemus?  quibus  studiis  prosequemur?  qua 
benevolentia  complectemur ? Parietes  (me  dius  fidius) 
ut  mihi  videtur  hujus  curiae  tibi  gratias  agere  gestiunt,  20 
quod  brevi  tempore  futura  sit  ilia  auctoritas  in  his  ma- 
jorum  suorum  et  suis  sedibus.  iv.  Equidem  cum  C. 
Marcelli,  viri  optimi  et  commemorabili  pietate  praediti, 
lacrimas  modo  vobiscum  viderem,  omnium  Marcello- 
rum  meum  pectus  memoria  obfudit,  quibus  tu  etiam  25 
mortuis,  M.  Marcello  conservato,  dignitatem  suam 
reddidisti,  nobilissimamque  familiam  jam  ad  paucos 
redactam  paene  ab  interitu  vindicasti.  11.  Hunc  tu 
igitur  diem  tuis  maximis  et  innumerabilibus  gratula- 
tionibus  jure  antepones.  Haec  enim  res  unius  est  pro-  30 
pria  C.  Caesaris  : ceterae  duce  te  gestae  magnae  illae 
quidem,  sed  tamen  multo  magnoque  comitatu.  Hujus 
autem  rei  tu  idem  es  et  dux  et  comes  : quae  quidem 
tanta  est,  ut  tropaeis  et  monumentis  tuis  adlatura 
finem  sit  aetas, — nihil  est  enim  opere  et  manu  fac-  35 
turn,  quod  non  [aliquando]  conficiat  et  consumat 


214 


[Marc. 


The  Pardon  of  Marcellus. 

vetustas  : — 12.  at  haec  [tua  justitia  et  lenitas  animi] 
florescet  cotidie  magis,  ita  ut  quantum  tuis  operibus 
diuturnitas  detrahet,  tantum  adferat  laudibus.  Et 
ceteros  quidem  omnis  victores  bellorum  civilium  jam 
5 ante  aequitate  et  misericordia  viceras  : hodierno  vero 
die  te  ipsum  vicisti.  Vereor  ut  hoc,  quod  dicatn,  per- 
inde  intellegi  possit  auditum  atque  ipse  cogitans  sen- 
tio  : ipsam  victoriam  vicisse  videris,  cum  ea  quae  ilia 
erat  adepta  victis  remisisti.  Nam  cum  ipsius  victoriae 
io  condicione  omnes  victi  occidissemus,  clementiae  tuae 
judicio  conservati  sumus.  Recte  igitur  unus  invictus 
es,  a quo  etiam  ipsius  victoriae  condicio  visque  devicta 
est. 

v.  13.  Atque  hoc  C.  Caesaris  judicium,  patres  con- 
15  scripti,  quam  late  pateat  attendite.  Omnes  enim,  qui 
ad  ilia  arma  fato  sumus  nescio  quo  rei  publicae  misero 
funestoque  compulsi,  etsi  aliqua  culpa  tenemur  erroris 
humani,  scelere  certe  liberati  sumus.  Nam  cum  M. 
Marcellum  deprecantibus  vobis  rei  publicae  conserva- 
20  vit,  me  et  mihi  et  item  rei  publicae,  nullo  deprecante, 
reliquos  amplissimos  viros  et  sibi  ipsos  et  patriae  red- 
didit : quorum  et  frequentiam  et  dignitatem  hoc  ipso 
in  consessu  videtis.  Non  ille  hostis  induxit  in  curiam, 
sed  judicavit  a plerisque  ignoratione  potius  et  falso 
25  atque  inani  metu  quam  cupiditate  aut  crudelitate  hel- 
ium esse  susceptum.  14.  Quo  quidem  in  bello  semper 
de  pace  audiendum  putavi,  semperque  dolui  non  modo 
pacem,  sed  etiam  orationem  civium  pacem  flagitan- 
tium  repudiari.  Neque  enim  ego  ilia  nec  ulla  umquam 
30  secutus  sum  arma  civilia ; semperque  mea  consilia 
pads  et  togae  socia,  non  belli  atque  armorum  fuerunt. 
Hominem  sum  secutus  privato  consilio,  non  publico  ; 
tantumque  apud  me  grati  animi  fidelis  memoria  valuit, 
ut  nulla  non  modo  cupiditate,  sed  ne  spe  quidem, 
35  prudens  et  sciens  tamquam  ad  interitum  ruerem  vo- 
luntarium.  15.  Quod  quidem  meum  consilium  minime 


vi.  1 9-]  Ccesar  would  'prefer  Peace  to  Victory . 215 


obscurum  fuit.  Nam  et  in  hoc  ordine  integra  re 
multa  de  pace  dixi,  et  in  ipso  bello  eadem  etiam  cum 
capitis  mei  periculo  sensi.  Ex  quo  nemo  jam  erit  tarn 
injustus  existimator  rerum,  qui  dubitet  quae  Caesaris 
de  bello  voluntas  fuerit,  cum  pacis  auctores  conservan- 
dos  statim  censuerit,  ceteris  fuerit  iratior.  Atque  id 
minus  mirum  fortasse  turn,  cum  esset  incertus  exitus 
et  anceps  fortuna  belli : qui  vero  victor  pacis  auctores 
diligit,  is  profecto  declarat  se  maluisse  non  dimicare 
quam  vincere. 

vi.  16.  Atque  hujus  quidem  rei  M.  Marcello  sum 
testis.  Nostri  enim  sensus  ut  in  pace  semper,  sic  turn 
etiam  in  bello  congruebant.  Quotiens  ego  eum  et 
quanto  cum  dolore  vidi,  cum  insolentiam  certorum 
hominum  turn  etiam  ipsius  victoriae  ferocitatem  exti- 
mescentem  ! Quo  gratior  tua  liberalitas,  C.  Caesar, 
nobis,  qui  ilia  vidimus,  debet  esse.  Non  enim 
jam  causae  sunt  inter  se,  sed  victoriae  comparandae. 

17.  Vidimus  tuum  victoriam  proeliorum  exitu  termina- 
tam  : gladium  vagina  vacuum  in  urbe  non  vidimus. 
Quos  amisimus  civis,  eos  Martis  vis  perculit,  non  ira 
victoriae ; ut  dubitare  debeat  nemo  quin  multos,  si  fieri 
posset,  C.  Caesar  ab  inferis  excitaret,  quoniam  ex 
eadem  acie  conservat  quos  potest.  Alterius  vero 
partis  nihil  amplius  dicam  quam  (id  quod  omnes  ve- 
rebamur)  nimis  iracundam  futuram  fuisse  victoriam. 

18.  Quidam  enim  non  modo  armatis,  sed  interdum 
etiam  otiosis  minabantur ; nec  quid  quisque  sensisset, 
sed  ubi  fuisset  cogitandum  esse  dicebant : ut  mihi 
quidem  videantur  di  immortales,  etiam  si  poenas  a 
populo  Romano  ob  aliquod  delictum  expetiverunt,  qui 
civile  bellum  tantum  et  tarn  luctuosum  excitaverunt,  vel 
placati  jam  vel  satiati  aliquando,  omnem  spem  salutis 
ad  clementiam  victoris  et  sapientiam  contulisse. 

19.  Qua  re  gaude  tuo  isto  tarn  excellenti  bono,  et 
fruere  cum  fortuna  et  gloria,  turn  etiam  natura  et  mo- 


5 

to 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


216  The  Pardon  of  Marcellus.  [Marc. 

ribus  tuis  : ex  quo  quidern  maximus  est  fructus  jucun- 
ditasque  sapienti.  Cetera  cum  tua  recordabere,  etsi 
persaepe  virtuti,  tamen  plerumque  felicitati  tuae  gratu- 
labere : de  nobis,  quos  in  re  publica  tecum  simul 
5 esse  voluisti,  quotiens  cogitabis,  totiens  de  maximis 
tuis  beneficiis,  totiens  de  incredibili  liberalitate,  totiens 
de  singulari  sapientia  tua  cogitabis : quae  non  modo 
summa  bona,  sed  nimirum  audebo  vel  sola  dicere. 
Tantus  est  enim  splendor  in  laude  vera,  tanta  in  mag- 
io  nitudine  animi  et  consili  dignitas,  ut  haec  a virtute 
donata,  cetera  a fortuna  commodata  esse  videantur. 
20.  Noli  igitur  in  conservandis  bonis  viris  defetigari 
— non  cupiditate  praesertim  aliqua  aut  pravitate  lap- 
sis,  sed  opinione  offici  stulta  fortasse,  certe  non  im- 
15  proba,  et  specie  quadam  rei  publicae  : non  enim  tua 
culpa  est  si  te  aliqui  timuerunt,  contraque  summa 
laus,  quod  minime  timendum  fuisse  senserunt. 

vii.  21.  Nunc  venio  ad  gravissimam  querelam  et 
atrocissimam  suspitionem  tuam,  quae  non  tibi  ipsi 
20  magis  quam  cum  omnibus  civibus  turn  maxime  nobis, 
qui  a te  conservati  sumus,  providenda  est : quam  etsi 
spero  falsam  esse,  tamen  numquam  extenuabo  verbis. 
Tua  enim  cautio  nostra  cautio  est,  ut  si  in  alterutro 
peccandum  sit,  malim  videri  nimis  timidus  quam  pa- 
25  rum  prudens.  Sed  quisnam  est  iste  tarn  demens?  De 
tuisne?  — tametsi  qui  magis  sunt  tui  quam  quibus  tu 
salutem  insperantibus  reddidisti?  — an  ex  hoc  numero, 
qui  una  tecum  fuerunt?  Non  est  credibilis  tantus  in 
ullo  furor,  ut  quo  duce  omnia  summa  sit  adeptus, 
3°  hujus  vitam  non  anteponat  suae.  An  si  nihil  tui  cogi- 
tant  sceleris,  cavendum  est  ne  quid  inimici?  Qui? 
omnes  enim,  qui  fuerunt,  aut  sua  pertinacia  vitam 
amiserunt,  aut  tua  misericordia  retinuerunt ; ut  aut 
nulli  supersint  de  inimicis,  aut  qui  fuerunt  sint  ami- 
35  cissimi.  22.  Sed  tamen  cum  in  animis  hominum 
tantae  latebrae  sint  et  tanti  recessus,  augeamus  sane 


viii.  25.]  The  Wounds  of  War  must  be  healed . 217 


suspitionem  tuam  ; simul  enim  augebimus  diligentiam. 
Nam  quis  est  omnium  tarn  ignarus  rerum,  tarn  rudis 
in  re  publica,  tarn  nihil  umquam  nec  de  sua  nec  de 
communi  salute  cogitans,  qui  non  intellegat  tua  salute 
contineri  suam,  et  ex  unius  tua  vita  pendere  omnium? 
Equidem  de  te  dies  noctisque  (ut  debeo)  cogitans, 
casus  dumtaxat  humanos  et  incertos  eventus  valetu- 
dinis  et  naturae  communis  fragilitatem  extimesco  ; do- 
leoque,  cum  res  publica  immortalis  esse  debeat,  earn 
in  unius  mortalis  anima  consistere.  23.  Si  vero  ad 
humanos  casus  incertosque  motus  valetudinis  sceleris 
etiam  accedit  insidiarumque  consensio,  quern  deum,  si 
cupiat,  posse  opitulari  rei  publicae  credamus? 

viii.  Omnia  sunt  excitanda  tibi,  C.  Caesar,  uni, 
quae  jacere  sends,  belli  ipsius  impetu,  quod  necesse 
fuit,  perculsa  atque  prostrata  : constituenda  judicia, 

revocanda  fides,  comprimendae  libidines,  propaganda 
suboles  : omnia,  quae  dilapsa  jam  diffluxerunt,  severis 
legibus  vincienda  sunt.  24.  Non  fuit  recusandum  in 
tanto  civili  bello,  tanto  animorum  ardore  et  armo- 
rum,  quin  quassata  res  publica,  quicumque  belli  even- 
tus fuisset,  multa  perderet  et  ornamenta  dignitatis  et 
praesidia  stabilitatis  suae  ; multaque  uterque  dux  fa- 
ceret  armatus,  quae  idem  togatus  fieri  prohibuisset. 
Quae  quidem  tibi  nunc  omnia  belli  volnera  sananda 
sunt,  quibus  praeter  te  nemo  mederi  potest.  25.  Itaque 
illam  tuam  praeclarissimam  et  sapientissimam  vocem 
invitus  audivi : 6 Satis  diu  vel  naturae  vixi  vel  gloriae.’ 
Satis,  si  ita  vis,  fortasse  naturae,  addo  etiam,  si  placet, 
gloriae:  at,  quod  maximum  est,  patriae  certe  parum. 
Qua  re  omitte  istam,  quaeso,  doctorum  homi'num  in 
contemnenda  morte  prudentiam  : noli  nostro  periculo 
esse  sapiens.  Saepe  enim  venit  ad  auris  meas,  te 
idem  istud  nimis  crebro  dicere,  tibi  satis  te  vixisse. 
Credo:  sed  turn  id  audirem,  si  tibi  soli  viveres,  aut  si 
tibi  etiam  soli  natus  esses.  Omnium  salutem  civium 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


2l8 


Pardon  of  Marcellus. 


[Marc. 


cunctamque  rem  publicam  res  tuae  gestae  complexae 
sunt : tantum  abes  a perfectione  maximorum  operum, 
ut  fundamenta  nondum  quae  cogitas  jeceris.  Hie  tu 
modum  vitae  tuae  non  salute  rei  publicae,  sed  aequi- 
5 tate  animi  definies?  Quid,  si  istud  ne  gloriae  tuae 
quidem  satis  est?  cujus  te  esse  avidissimum,  quam- 
vis  sis  sapiens,  non  negabis.  26.  Parumne  igitur, 
inquies,  magna  relinquemus?  Immo  vero  aliis  quam- 
vis  multis  satis,  tibi  uni  parum.  Quicquid  est  enim, 
io  quamvis  amplum  sit,  id  est  parum  turn,  cum  est  ali- 
quid  amplius.  Quod  si  rerum  tuarum  immortalium, 
C.  Caesar,  hie  exitus  futurus  fuit,  ut  devictis  adversa- 
riis  rem  publicam  in  eo  statu  relinqueres  in  quo  nunc 
est,  vide,  quaeso,  ne  tua  divina  virtus  admirationis 
15  plus  sit  habitura  quam  gloriae:  si  quidem  gloria  est 
inlustris  ac  pervagata  magnorum  vel  in  suos  vel  in 
patriam  vel  in  omne  genus  hominum  fama  meritorum. 

ix.  27.  Haec  igitur  tibi  reliqua  pars  est : hie  restat 
actus,  in  hoc  elaborandum  est,  ut  rem  publicam  con- 
20  stituas,  eaque  tu  in  primis  summa  tranquil litate  et 
otio  perfruare  : turn  te,  si  voles,  cum  et  patriae  quod 
debes  solveris,  et  naturam  ipsam  expleveris  satietate 
vivendi,  satis  diu  vixisse  dicito.  Quid  est  enim  [om- 
nino]  hoc  ipsum  diu,  in  quo  est  aliquid  extremum? 
25  quod  cum  venit,  omnis  voluptas  praeterita  pro  nihilo 
est  quia  postea  nulla  est  futura.  Quamquam  iste  tuus 
animus  numquam  his  angustiis,  quas  natura  nobis  ad 
vivendum  dedit,  contentus  fuit : semper  immortalitatis 
amore  flagravit.  28.  Nec  vero  haec  tua  vita  ducenda 
3°  est,  quae  corpore  et  spiritu  continetur.  Ilia,  inquam, 
ilia  vita  est  tua,  quae  vigebit  memoria  saeculorum  om- 
nium, quam  posteritas  alet,  quam  ipsa  aeternitas  semper 
tuebitur.  Huic  tu  inservias,  huic  te  ostentes  oportet, 
quae  quidem  quae  miretur  jam  pridem  multa  habet : 
35  nunc  etiam  quae  laudet  exspectat.  Obstupescent  pos- 
teri  certe  imperia,  provincias,  Rhenurn,  Oceanum, 


x-  32 •]  The  Judgments  of  Posterity.  219 

Nilum,  pugnas  innumerabilis,  incredibilis  victorias, 
monimenta,  munera,  triumphos  audientes  et  legentes 
tuos.  29.  Sed  nisi  haec  urbs  stabilita  tuis  consiliis  et 
institutis  erit,  vagabitur  modo  tuum  nomen  longe  atque 
late  : sedem  stabilem  et  domicilium  certum  non  habe-  5 
bit.  Erit  inter  eos  etiam  qui  nascentur,  sient  inter  nos 
fuit,  magna  dissensio,  cum  alii  laudibus  ad  caelum 
res  tuas  gestas  efferent,  alii  fortasse  aliquid  requirent, 
idque  vel  maximum,  nisi  belli  civilis  incendium  salute 
patriae  restinxeris,  ut  illud  fati  fuisse  videatur,  hoc  10 
consili.  Servi  igitur  eis  etiam  judicibus,  qui  multis 
post  saeculis  de  te  judicabunt,  et  quidem  haud  scio  an 
incorruptius  quam  nos.  Nam  et  sine  amore  et  sine 
cupiditate  et  rursus  sine  odio  et  sine  invidia  judicabunt. 

30,  Id  autem  etiam  si  turn  ad  te,  ut  quidam  fa'lso  pu-  15 
tant,  non  pertinebit,  nunc  certe  pertinet  esse  te  talem, 
ut  tuas  laudes  obscuratura  nulla  umquam  sit  oblivio. 

x.  Diversae  voluntates  civium  fuerunt,  distractaeque 
sententiae.  Non  enim  consmis  solum  et  studiis,  sed 
armis  etiam  et  castris  dissidebamus.  Erat  enim  ob-  20 
scuritas  quaedam;  erat  certamen  inter  clarissimos  du- 
ces : multi  dubitabant  quid  optimum  esset,  multi  quid 
sibi  expediret,  multi  quid  deceret,  non  nulli  etiam 
quid  liceret.  31.  Perfuncta  res  publica  est  hoc  misero 
fatalique  bello  : vicic  is,  qui  non  fortuna  inflammaret  25 
odium  suum,  sed  bonitate  leniret;  neque  omnis  quibus 
iratus  esset,  eosdem  [etiam]  exsilio  aut  morte  dignos 
judicaret.  Arma  ab  aliis  posita,  ab  aliis  erepta  sunt. 
Ingratus  est  injustusque  civis,  qui,  armorum  periculo 
liberatus,  arumum  tamen  retinet  armatum  ; ut  etiam  30 
ille  melior  sit  qui  in  acie  cecidit,  qui  in  causa  animam 
profudit.  Quae  enim  pertinacia  quibusdam,  eadem 
aliis  constantia  videri  potest.  32.  Sed  jam  omnis 
fracta  dissensio  est  armis,  exstincta  aequitate  victoris  : 
restat  ut  omnes  unum  velint,  qui  modo  habent  aliquid  35 
non  solum  sapientiae,  sed  etiam  sanitatis.  Nisi  te,  C. 


220 


The  Pardon  of  Marcellus. 


Caesar,  salvo,  et  in  ista  sententia  qua  cum  a'ntea  turn 
hodie  vel  maxime  usus  es  manente,  salvi  esse  non  pos- 
sumus.  Qua  re  omnes  te,  qui  haec  salva  esse  volu- 
mus,  et  hortamur  et  obsecramus,  ut  vitae  tuae  et  saluti 
s consulas ; omnesque  tibi,  ut  pro  aliis  etiam  loquar 
quod  de  me  ipse  sentio,  quoniam  subesse  aliquid  putas 
quod  cavendum  sit,  non  modo  excubias  et  custodias, 
sed  etiam  laterum  nostrorum  oppositus  et  corporum 


pollicemur. 

io  xi.  33.  Sed,  ut  unde  est  orsa,  in  eodem  terminetur 
oratio,  — maximas  tibi  omnes  gratias  agimus,  C.  Cae- 
sar, majores  etiam  habemus.  Nam  omnes  idem  sen- 
tiunt,  quod  ex  omnium  precibus  et  lacnmis  sentire 
potuisti : sed  quia  non  est  omnibus  stantibus  ne- 

IS  cesse  dicere,  a me  certe  dici  volunt,  cui  necesse  est 
quodam  modo,  et  quod  fieri  decet  — M.  Marcello  a te 
huic  ordini  populoque  Romano  et  rei  publicae  red- 
dito  — fieri  id  intellego.  Nam  laetari  omms  non  de 
unius  solum,  sed  de  communi  omnium  salute  sentio. 
20  34.  Quod  autem  summae  benevolentiae  est,  quae  mea 
erga  ilium  omnibus  semper  nota  tuit,  ut  vix  C.  Mar- 
cello, optimo  et  amantissimo  fratri,  praeter  eum  qui- 
dem  cederem  nemini,  cum  id  sollicitudine,  cura,  labore 
tam  diu  praestiterim,  quam  diu  est  de  illius  salute  du- 
25  bitatum,  certe  hoc  tempore,  magmis  curis,  molestns, 
doloribus  liberatus,  praestare  debeo-  Itaque,  C.  Cae- 
sar, sic  tibi  gratias  ago,  ut  omnibus  .me  rebus  a te  non 
conservato  solum,  sed  etiam  ornato,  f.amen  ad  tua  in 
me  unum  innumerabilia  merita,  quod  fieri  jam  posse 
30  non  arbitrabar,  maximus  hoc  tuo  facto  cuimulus  acces- 
serit.  \ 


PLEA  FOR  LIGARIUS. 

B.  C.  46. 


Though  the  case  of  Ligarius  is  of  no  importance  in  itself,  the 
speech  of  Cicero  in  his  defence  ranks  among  the  first  of  his  ora- 
tions in  rhetorical  merit ; and  is  interesting,  besides,  for  the  glimpse 
it  gives  of  the  state  of  feeling  in  Rome  during  Caesar’s  dictatorship. 

Quintus  Ligarius  had  held  a subordinate  position  in  Africa,  in 
the  Pompeian  army  under  P.  Attius  Varus,  in  the  first  year  of 
the  Civil  War.  In  this  capacity  it  had  fallen  to  him  to  prevent 
the  landing  of  L.  /Elius  Tubero,  whom  the  Senate  had  sent  to  take 
command  in  Africa,  but  to  whom  Varus  refused  to  give  up  the  post. 
When  then  the  war  was  over,  Caesar  spared  the  life  of  Ligarius, 
but  kept  him  in  exile,  until  a personal  application  was  made  by  his 
brother  for  his  recall.  Quintus  Tubero  (afterwards  a distinguished 
jurist)  came  forward  to  oppose  this,  on  the  ground  that  Ligarius  had 
not  merely  taken  sides  in  the  Civil  War,  but  had  stood  with  Juba  and 
the  foreign  enemies  of  Rome  against  his  native  country.  The  case 
was  argued  in  the  Forum  before  Caesar  himself,  sitting  in  judgment 
as  Dictator.  Caesar,  with  characteristic  magnanimity,  gave  Ligarius 
a full  pardon.  This  Ligarius  requited,  a year  and  a half  later,  by 
joining  in  the  plot  for  Caesar’s  murder. 


OVUM  crimen,  C.  Caesar,  et  ante  hunc  diem  non 


auditum  propinquus  meus  ad  te  Tubero  de- 
tulit,  Ligarium  in  Africa  fuisse ; idque  C.  Pansa, 
praestanti  vir  ingenio,  fretus  fortasse  familiaritate  ea 
quae  est  ei  tecum,  ausus  est  confiteri.  Itaque  quo  me  5 
vertam  nescio.  Paratus  enim  veneram,  cum  tu  id  neque 
per  te  scires  neque  audire  aliunde  potuisses,  ut  igno- 
ratione  tua  ad  hominis  miseri  salutem  abuterer.  Sed 
quoniam  diligentia  inimici  investigatum  est  quod  late- 
bat,  confitendum  est,  opinor,  praesertim  cum  meus  10 
necessarius  Pansa  fecerit  ut  id  integrum  jam  non 
esset ; omissaque  controversia,  omnis  oratio  ad  miseri- 
cordiam  tuam  conferenda  est,  qua  plurimi  sunt  con- 
servati,  cum  a te  non  liberationem  culpae,  sed  errati 


222 


Plea  for  Ligarius. 


[Ligar. 


veniam  impetravissent.  2.  Habes  igitur,  Tubero,  quod 
est  accusatori  maxime  optandum,  confitentem  reum ; 
sed  tamen  hoc  confitentem,  se  in  ea  parte  fuisse  qua 
te,  qua  virum  omni  laude  dignum,  patrem  tuum.  Ita- 
5 que  prius  de  vestro  delicto  confiteamini  necesse  est, 
quam  Ligari  ullam  culpam  reprehendatis. 

enim  Ligarius,  cum  esset  nulla  belli  suspitio, 
legatus  in  Africam  [cum]  C.  Considio  profectus  est. 
Qua  in  legatione  et  civibus  et  sociis  ita  se  probavit,  ut 
io  decedens  Considius  provincia  satis  facere  hominibus 
non  posset,  si  quemquam  alium  provinciae  praefecis- 
set.  Itaque  Ligarius,  cum  diu  recusans  nihil  profe- 
cisset,  provinciam  accepit  invitus : cui  sic  praefuit  in 
pace,  ut  et  civibus  et  sociis  gratissima  esset  ejus  in- 
15  tegritas  ac  fides.  3.  Bellum  subito  exarsit,  quod  qui 
erant  in  Africa  ante  audierunt  geri  quam  paran.  Quo 
audito,  partim  cupiditate  inconsiderata,  partim  caeco 
quodam  timore  primo  salutis,  post  etiam  studx  sui, 
quaerebant  aliquem  ducem ; cum  Ligarius,  domum 
20  spectans,  ad  suos  redire  cupiens,  nullo  se  imphcari 
negotio  passus  est.  Interim  P.  Attius  Varus,  fiul 
praetor  Africam  obtinuerat,  Uticam  vemt.  Ad  _eum 
statim  concursum  est.  Atque  ille  non  mediocn  cu- 
piditate adripuit  imperium,  — si  illud  imperium  esse 
25  potuit,  quod  ad  privatum  clamore  multitudims  impe- 
ritae,  nullo  publico  consilio,  deferebatur.  4.  Itaque 
Ligarius,  qui  omne  tale  negotium  cuperet  effugere, 
paulum  adventu  Vari  conquievit. 

11.  Adhuc,  C.  Caesar,  Q^  Ligarius  omm  culpa 
30  vacat.  Domo  est  egressus  non  modo  nullum  ad 
bellum,  sed  ne  ad  minimam  quidem  suspitionem  bel  1 . 
legatus  in  pace  profectus  est : in  provincia  pacatissima 
ita  se  gessit,  ut  ei  pacem  esse  expediret.  Profectio 
certe  animum  tuum  non  debet  offendere  : num  igi  m 
35  remansio?  Multo  minus.  Nam  profectio  voluntatem 
habuit  non  turpem,  remansio  necessitatem  etiam  ho- 


III.  7.] 


The  Clemency  of  Caesar. 


223 


nestam.  Ergo  haec  duo  tempora  carent  crimine : 
unum  cum  est  legatus  profectus,  alterum,  cum  ecflagi- 
tatus  a provincia  praepositus  Africae  est.  5.  Tertium 
tempus  est  quod  post  adventum  Vari  in  Africa  restitit, 
quod  si  est  criminosum,  necessitatis  crimen  est,  non  5 
voluntatis.  An  ille,  si  potuisset  ullo  modo  evadere, 
Uticae  quam  Romae,  cum  P.  Attio  quam  cum  con- 
cordissimis  fratribus,  cum  alienis  esse  quam  cum  suis 
maluisset?  Cum  ipsa  legatio  plena  desideri  ac  sol- 
licitudinis  fuisset  propter  incredibilem  quendam  fra-  10 
trum  amorem,  hie  aequo  animo  esse  potuit,  belli 
discidio  distractus  a fratribus? 

6.  Nullum  igitur  habes,  Caesar,  adhuc  in  Liga- 
rio  signum  alienae  a te  voluntatis.  Cujus  ego  causam 
animadverte,  quaeso,  qua  fide  defendam  : prodo  meam.  15 
O clementiam  admirabilem  atque  omnium  laude,  prae- 
dicatione,  litteris,  monumentisque  decorandam  ! cum 
M.  Cicero  apud  te  defendit  alium  in  ea  voluntate 
non  fuisse,  in  qua  se  ipsum  confitetur  fuisse ; nec  tuas 
tacitas  cogitationes  extimescit,  nec  quid  tibi  de  alio  20 
audienti  de  se  ipso  occurrat  reformidat.  hi.  Vide 
quam  non  reformidem  : vide  quanta  lux  liberalitatis  et 
sapientiae  tuae  mihi  apud  te  dicenti  oboriatur.  Quan- 
tum potero,  voce  contendam  ut  [hoc]  populus  Roma- 
nus  exaudiat.  7o  Suscepto  bello  Caesar,  gesto  etiam  25 
ex  parte  magna,  nulla  vi  coactus,  judicio  ac  voluntate, 
ad  ea  arma  profectus  sum  quae  erant  sumpta  contra 
te.  Apud  quern  igitur  hoc  dico?  Nempe  apud  eum, 
qui,  cum  hoc  sciret,  tamen  me,  ante  quam  vidit,  rei 
publicae  reddidit ; qui  ad  me  ex  Aegypto  litteras  misit,  3° 
ut  essem  idem  qui  fuissem  ; qui  cum  ipse  imperator 
in  toto  imperio  populi  Romani  unus  esset,  esse  me 
alterum  passus  est;  a quo,  hoc  ipso  C.  Pansa  mihi 
hunc  nuntium  perferente,  concessos  fascis  laureatos 
tenui,  quoad  tenendos  putavi ; qui  mihi  turn  denique  se  35 
salutem  putavit  reddere,  si  earn  nullis  spoliatam  orna- 


224 


[Ligar. 


Plea  for  Ligarius. 

mentis  dedisset.  8.  Vide,  quaeso,  Tubero,  ut  qui  de 
meo  facto  non  dubitem,  de  Ligari  non  audeam  con- 
fiteri.  Atque  haec  propterea  de  me  dixi,  ut  mihi 
Tubero,  cum  de  se  eadem  dicerem,  ignosceret : cujus 
5 ego  industriae  gloriaeque  faveo,  vel  propter  propin- 
quam  cognationem,  vel  quod  ejus  ingenio  studnsque 
delector,  vel  quod  laudem  adulescentis  propinqui  ex- 
istimo  etiam  ad  meum  aliquem  fructum  redundare. 

9.  Sed  hoc  quaero  : Quis  putat  esse  crimen  fuisse  in 
io  Africa?  Nempe  is,  qui  et  ipse  in  eadem  Africa  esse 
voluit,  et  prohibitum  se  a Ligario  queritur,  et  certe 
contra  ipsum  Caesarem  est  congressus  armatus.  Qipd 
enim  tuus  Me,  Tubero,  destrictus  in  acie  Pharsalica 
gladius  agebat?  Cujus  latus  Me  mucro  petebat?  Qiji 
15  sensus  erat  armorum  tuorum?  quae  tua  mens,  oculi, 
manus,  ardor  animi?  quid  cupiebas?  quid  optabas. 
Nimis  urgeo : commoveri  videtur  adulescens : ad  me 

revertar  : isdem  in  armis  fui.  _ . 

xv.  io.  Quid  autem  aliud  egimus,  Tubero,  nisi  ut 
2°  quod  hie  potest  nos  possemus?  Quorum  igitur  lmpu- 
nitas,  Caesar,  tuae  clementiae  laus  est,  eorum  ipsorum 
ad  crudelitatem  te  acuit  oratio.  Atque  in  hac  causa 
non  nihil  equidem,  Tubero,  etiam  tuam,  sed  multo 
magis  patris  tui  prudentiam  desidero,  quod  homo,  cum 
25  ingenio  turn  etiam  doctrina  excellens,  genus  hoc  cau- 
sae quod  esset  non  viderit.  Nam  si  vidisset,  quovis 
profecto  quam  isto  modo  a te  agi  maluisset. 

Arguis  fatentem.  Non  est  satis  : accusas  eum  qui 
causam  habet  aut  (ut  ego  dico)  meliorem  quam  tu, 
30  aut  (ut  tu  vis)  parem.  u.  Haec  admirabilia  : sed  pro- 
dio-i  simile  est  quod  dicam.  Non  habet  earn  vim  ista 
accusatio  ut  Q^.  Ligarius  condemnetur,  sed  ut  necetur. 
Hoc  egit  civis  Romanus  ante  te  nemo.  Externi  isti 
mores  usque  ad  sanguinem  incitari  [solent]  odio,  aut 
35  levium  Graecorum,  aut  immanium  barbarorum.  Nam 
quid  agis  aliud?  Romae  ne  sit?  ut  domo  careat?  ne 


V.  IS.] 


Malignity  of  the  Charge. 


225 


cum  optimis  fratribus,  ne  cum  hoc  T.  Broccho  avun- 
culo,  ne  cum  ejus  filio  consobrino  suo,  ne  nobiscum 
vivat?  ne  sit  in  patria?  Num  est?  num  potest  magis 
carere  his  omnibus  quam  caret?  Italia  prohibetur ; 
exsulat.  Non  tu  ergo  eum  patria  privare,  qua  caret,  5 
sed  vita  vis.  12.  At  istud  ne  apud  eum  quidem  dicta- 
torem,  qui  omnis  quos  oderat  morte  multabat,  quis- 
quam  egit  isto  modo.  Ipse  jubebat  occidi  nullo  postu- 
late ; praemiis  etiam  invitabat : quae  tamen  crudelitas 
ab  hoc  eodem  aliquot  annis  post,  quem  tu  nunc  cru-  IO 
delem  esse  vis,  vindicata  est.  v.  ‘ Ego  vero  istud  non 
postulo,’  inquies.  Ita  me  hercule  existimo,  Tubero. 
Novi  enim  te,  novi  patrem,  novi  domum  nomenque 
vestrum  ; studia  generis  ac  familiae  vestrae  virtutis, 
humanitatis,  doctrinae,  plurimarum  artium  atque  opti-  15 
marum,  nota  mihi  sunt.  13.  Itaque  certo  scio  vos  non 
petere  sanguinem,  sed  parum  attenditis.  Res  enim 
eo  spectat,  ut  ea  poena,  in  qua  adhuc  Ligarius  est, 
non  videamini  esse  contend.  Quae  est  igitur  alia 
praeter  mortem?  Si  enim  est  in  exsilio,  sicuti  est,  20 
quid  amplius  postulatis?  An,  ne  ignoscatur?  Hoc 
vero  multo  acerbius  multoque  est  durius.  Quod  nos 
[domi]  petimus  precibus,  lacrimis,  strati  ad  pedes, 
non  tarn  nostrae  causae  fidentes  quam  hujus  huma- 
nitati,  id  ne  impetremus  oppugnabis,  et  in  nostrum  2 5 
fletum  inrumpes,  et  nos  jacentis  ad  pedes  supplicum 
voce  prohibebis?  14.  Si,  cum  hoc  domi  faceremus,  — 
quod  et  fecimus  et,  ut  spero,  non  frustra  fecimus,  — 
tu  repente  inruisses  et  clamare  coepisses : ' C.  Caesar, 
cave  ignoscas,  cave  te  fratrum  pro  fratris  salute  obse-  30 
crantium  misereat,’  nonne  omnem  humanitatem  exu- 
isses?  Quanto  hoc  durius,  quod  nos  domi  petimus, 
id  te  in  foro  eppugnare,  et  in  tali  miseria  multorum 
perfugium  misericordiae  tollere  ! Dicam  plane,  Cae- 
sar, quod  sentio.  15.  Si  in  [hac]  tanta  tua  fortuna  35 
lenitas  tanta  non  esset,  quam  tu  per  te,  per  te  inquam, 


[Ligar. 


226  Plca  for  Ligar  ms. 

obtines,_  intellego  quid  loquar,  — acerbissimo  luctu 
redundaret  ista  victoria.  Quam  multi  eniin  essent  de 
victoribus  qui  te  crudelem  esse  vellent,  cum  etiam  de 
victis  reperiantur  ! quam  multi  qui,  cum  a te  ignosci 
r nemini  vellent,  impedirent  clementiam  tuam,  cum 
etiam  hi,  quibus  ipse  ignovisti,  nolint  te  esse  in  alios 
misericordem.  16.  Quod  si  probate  Caesan  possemus 
in  Africa  Ligarium  omnino  non  fuisse,  si  honesto  et 
misericordi  mendacio  saluti  civi  calamitoso  esse  velle- 
,0  mus,  tamen  hominis  non  esset,  in  tanto  discnmine  et 
periculo  civis,  refellere  et  redarguere  nostrum  menda- 
cium;  et,  si  esset  alicujus,  ejus  certe  non  esset,  qui  in 
eadem  causa  et  fortuna  fuisset.  Sed  tamen  aliud  est 
errare  Caesarem  nolle,  aliud  nolle  miseren.  Tunc 
IC  diceres,  'Caesar,  cave  credas : fuit  in  Alnca,  tulit 
arma  contra  te.’  Nunc  quid  dicis?  ' Cave  ignoscas. 
Haec  nec  hominis  nec  ad  hominem  vox  est:  qua  qui 
apud  te,  C.  Caesar,  utitur,  suam  citius  abiciet  humam- 
tatem  quam  extorquebit  tuam. 

20  vi  n.  Ac  primus  aditus  et  postulatio  Tuberoms 
haec,  ut  opinor,  fuit:  velle  se  de  Ligari  scelere 
dicere.  Non  dubito  quin  admiratus  sis,  vel  quod  de 
nullo  alio  [quisquam],  vel  quod  is  qui  in  eadem  causa 
fuisset,  vel  quidnam  novi  [sceleris]  adferret.  Scelus  tu 
25  illud  vocas,  Tubero?  Cur?  isto  enim  nomine  ilia  adhuc 
causa  caruit.  Alii  errorem  appellant,  aln  timorem  ; 
qui  durius,  spem,  cupiditatem,  odium,  pertinaciam ; 
qui  gravissime,  temeritatem  : scelus  praeter  te  adhuc 
nemo.  Ac  mihi  quidem,  si  proprium  et  verum  nomen 
30  nostri  mali  quaeritur,  fatalis  quaedam  calamitas  inci- 
disse  videtur,  et  improvidas  hominum  mentis  occupa- 
visse,  ut  nemo  mirari  debeat  humana  consilia  divina 
necessitate  esse  superata.  18.  Liceat  esse  miseios: 
quamquam  hoc  victore  esse  non  possumus.  Sed  non 
35  loquor  de  nobis  : de  illis  loquor  qui  occiderunt.  hue- 
rint  cupidi,  fuerint  irati,  fuerint  pertinaces : sceleris 


vn.  2i.]  Hozv  Ccesar  has  used  his  Victory. 


227 


vero  crimine,  furoris,  parricidi  liceat  Cn.  Pompeio 
mortuo,  liceat  multis  aliis  carere.  Quando  hoc  quis- 
quam  ex  te,  Caesar,  audivit?  aut  tua  quid  aliud  arma 
voluerunt,  nisi  a te  contumeliam  propulsare?  Quid 
egit  tuus  invictus  exercitus,  nisi  ut  suum  jus  tueretur 
et  dignitatem  tuam?  Quid?  tu,  cum  pacem  esse  cu- 
piebas,  idne  agebas,  ut  tibi  cum  sceleratis,  an  ut  cum 
bonis  civibus  conveniret?  19.  Mihi  vero,  Caesar,  tua 
in  me  maxima  merita  tanta  certe  non  viderentur,  si  me 
ut  sceleratum  a te  conservatum  putarem.  Quo  modo 
autem  tu  de  re  publica  bene  meritus  esses,  cum  tot 
sceleratos  incolumi  dignitate  esse  voluisses?  Seces- 
sionem  tu  illam  existimavisti,  Caesar,  initio,  non 
bellum ; neque  hostile  odium,  sed  civile  discidium, 
utrisque  cupientibus  rem  publicam  salvam,  sed  partim 
consiliis,  partim  studiis  a communi  utilitate  aberran- 
tibus.  Principum  dignitas  erat  paene  par,  non  par 
fortasse  eorum  qui  sequebantur : causa  turn  dubia, 
quod  erat  aliquid  in  utraque  parte  quod  probari  posset ; 
nunc  melior  ea  judicanda  est,  quam  etiam  di  adjuve- 
runt.  Cognita  vero  dementia  tua,  quis  non  earn 
victoriam  probet,  in  qua  occiderit  nemo  nisi  armatus? 

vn.  20.  Sed  — ut  omittam  communem  causam,  veni- 
amus  ad  nostram  — utrum  tandem  existimas  facilius 
fuisse,  Tubero,  Ligarium  ex  Africa  exire,  an  vos  in 
Africam  non  venire?  ‘ Poteramusne,’  inquies,  ‘cum 
senatus  censuisset?’  Si  me  consulis,  nullo  modo. 
Sed  tamen  Ligarium  senatus  idem  legaverat.  At- 
que  ille  eo  tempore  paruit,  cum  parere  senatui  ne- 
cesse  erat : vos  tunc  paruistis,  cum  paruit  nemo  qui 
noluit.  Reprehendo  igitur?  Minime  vero.  Neque 
enim  licuit  aliter  vestro  generi,  nomini,  familiae, 
disciplinae.  Sed  hoc  non  concedo,  ut,  quibus  rebus 
gloriemini  in  vobis,  easdem  in  aliis  reprehendatis. 
21.  Tuberonis  sors  conjecta  est  ex  senatus  consulto, 
cum  ipse  non  adesset,  morbo  etiam  impediretur.  Sta- 


5 

10 

15 

20 

25 

30 

35 


228 


Plea  for  Ligarius. 


[Ligar. 


tuerat  excusare.  Haec  ego  novi  propter  omnis  neces- 
situdines  quae  mihi  sunt  cum  L.  Tuberone  . domi  una 
eruditi,  militiae  contubernales,  post  adfines,  in  omni 
denique  vita  familiares : magnum  etiam  vinculum, 
5 quod  isdem  studiis  semper  usi  sumus.  Scio  igitur 
Tuberonem  domi  manere  voluisse : sed  ita  quidam 


agebat,  ita  rei  publicae  sanctissimum  nomen  oppo- 
nebat,  ut,  etiam  si  aliter  sentiret,  verborum  tamen 
ipsorum  pondu’s  sustinere  non  posset.  . 22.  Cessit 
10  auctoritati  amplissimi  viri,  vel  potius  paruit.  Una  est 
profectus  cum  eis,  quorum  erat  una  causa:  tardius 
iter  fecit ; itaque  in  Africam  venit  jam  occupatam. 
Hinc  in  Ligarium  crimen  oritur,  vel  ira  potius.  Nam 
si  crimen  est  [ilium]  voluisse,  non  minus  magnum  est 
15  vos  Africam,  arcem  omnium  provinciarum,  natam  ad 
bellum  contra  hanc  urbem  gerundum,  obtinere  volu- 
isse, quam  aliquem  se  maluisse.  Atque  is  tamen  ali- 
quis  Ligarius  non  fuit.  Varus  imperium  se  habere 
dicebat : fascis  certe  habebat.  23.  Sed  quoquo  modo 
20  se  illud  habet,  haec  querella  Tubero,  vestra,  quid 
valet?  'Recepti  in  provinciam  non  sumus.  Quid, 
si  essetis?  Caesarine  earn  tradituri  fuistis,  an  contra 
Caesarem  retenturi?  vm.  Vide  quid  licentiae,  Cae- 
sar, nobis  tua  liberalitas  det,  vel  potius  audaciae.  Si 
25  respondent  Tubero,  Africam,  quo  senatus  eum  sorsque 
miserat,  tibi  patrem  suum  traditurum  tuisse,  non  dubi- 
tabo  apud  ipsum  te,  cujus  id  eum  facere  mterfuit, 
gravissimis  verbis  ejus  consilium  reprehendere.  Non 
enim,  si  tibi  ea  res  grata  fuisset,  esset  etiam  probata. 

30  24.  Sed  jam  hoc  totum  omitto,  non  tam  ne  offendam 

tuas  patientissimas  auris,  quam  ne  Tubero  quod  num- 
quam  cogitavit  facturus  fuisse  videatur.  Vemebatis 
igitur  in  Africam,  provinciam  unam  ex  omnibus  huic 
victoriae  maxime  infestam,  in  qua  erat  rex  potentissi- 
35  mus,  inimicus  huic  causae,  aliena  voluntas,  conventus 
firmi  atque  magni.  Quaero : quid  factun  fuistis? 


ix.  27-]  His  Eneinies  in  the  same  Fault . 229 

quamquam  quid  facturi  fueritis  dubitem,  cum  videam 
quid  feceritis?  Prohibiti  estis  in  provincia  vestra 
pedem  ponere,  et  prohibiti  summa  injuria.  25.  Quo 
modo  id  tulistis?  acceptae  injuriae  querellam  ad  quem 
detulistis?  Nempe  ad  eum,  cujus  auctoritatem  secuti  5 
in  societatem  belli  veneratis.  Quod  si  Caesaris  causa 
in  provinciam  veniebatis,  ad  eum  profecto  exclusi  pro- 
vincia venissetis.  .Venistis  ad  Pompeium.  Quae  est 
ergo  apud  Caesarem  querella,  cum  eum  accusetis,  a 
quo  queramini  prohibitos  esse  vos  contra  Caesarem  10 
gerere  bellum?  Atque  in  hoc  quidem  vel  cum  men- 
dacio,  si  voltis,  gloriemini  per  me  licet,  vos  provin- 
ciam fuisse  Caesari  tradituros.  Etiam  si  a Varo  et  a 
quibusdam  aliis  prohibiti  estis,  ego  tamen  confiteor 
culpam  esse  Ligari,  qui  vos  tantae  laudis  occasione  15 
privaverit. 

ix.  26.  Sed  vide,  quaeso,  Caesar,  constantiam  or- 
natissimi  viri  [Tuberonis],  quam  ego,  quamvis  ipse 
probarem,  ut  probo,  tamen  non  commemorarem,  nisi 
a te  cognovissem  in  primis  earn  virtutem  solere  lau-  20 
dari.  Quae  fuit  igitur  umquam  in  ullo  homine  tanta 
constantia?  Constantiam  dico?  nescio  an  melius  pa- 
tientiam  possim  dicere.  Quotus  enim  istud  quisque 
fecisset,  ut,  a quibus  partibus  in  dissensione  civili  non 
esset  receptus,  esset  etiam  cum  crudelitate  rejectus,  25 
ad  eos  ipsos  rediret?  Magni  cujusdam  animi  atque 
ejus  viri  est,  quem  de  suscepta  causa  propositaque 
sententia  nulla  contumelia,  nulla  vis,  nullum  pericu- 
lum  possit  depellere.  27.  Ut  enim  cetera  paria  Tube- 
roni  cum  Varo  fuissent,  — honos,  nobilitas,  splendor,  3° 
ingenium,  quae  nequaquam  fuerunt,  — hoc  certe 
praecipuum  Tuberonis,  quod  justo  cum  imperio  ex 
senatus  consulto  in  provinciam  suam  venerat.  Hinc 
prohibitus  non  ad  Caesarem,  ne  iratus,  non  domum, 
ne  iners,  non  in  aliquam  regionem,  ne  condemnare  35 
causam  illam  quam  secutus  erat,  videretur  : in  Mace- 


230 


Plea  for  Ligarius. 


[Ligar. 


doniam  ad  Cn.  Pompei  castra  venit,  in  earn  ipsam 
causam  aqua  erat  rejectus  injuria.  28.  Quid?  cum  ista 
res  nihil  commovisset  ejus  animum  ad  quern  veneratis, 
languidiore  (credo)  studio  in  causa  fuistis ; tantum 
5 modo  in  praesidiis  eratis,  animi  vero  a causa  abhor- 
rebant:  an,  ut  fit  in  civilibus  bellis  ....  nec  in 
vobis  magis  quam  in  reliquis ; omnes  enim  vincendi 
studio  tenebamur.  Pacis  equidem  semper  auctor  fui, 
sed  turn  sero  : erat  enim  amentis,  cum  aciem  videres, 
io  pacem  cogitare.  Omnes,  inquam,  vincere  volebamus : 
tu  certe  praecipue,  qui  in  eum  locum  veneras,  ubi 
tibi  esset  pereundum  nisi  vicisses.  Quamquam,  ut 
nunc  se  res  habet,  non  dubito  quin  hanc  salutem  ante- 
ponas  illi  victoriae.  x.  29.  Haec  ego  non  dicerem, 
15  Tubero,  si  aut  vos  constantiae  vestrae  aut  Caesarem 
benefici  sui  paeniteret.  Nunc  quaero  utrum  vestras 
injurias  an  rei  publicae  persequamini : si  rei  publicae, 
quid  de  vestra  in  ilia  causa  perseverantia  responde- 
bitis?  si  vestras,  videte  ne  erretis,  qui  Caesarem  ves- 
20  tris  inimicis  iratum  fore  putetis,  cum  ignoverit  suis. 

Itaque  num  tibi  videor  in  causa  Ligari  esse  occupa- 
tus?  num  de  ejus  facto  dicere?  Quicquid  dixi,  ad 
unam  summam  referri  volo,  vel  humanitatis,  vel  cle- 
mentiae,  vel  misericordiae  tuae.  30.  Causas,  Caesar, 
25  egi  multas  equidem  tecum,  dum  te  in  foro  tenuit  ratio 
honorum  tuorum,  certe  numquam  hoc  modo  : ‘ Ignos- 
cite,  judices : erravit,  lapsus  est,  non  putavit ; si  um- 
quam  posthac  ’ — ad  parentem  sic  agi  solet : ad  judices, 
‘ Non  fecit,  non  cogitavit : falsi  testes,  fictum  crimen. 
30  Die  te,  Caesar,  de  facto  Ligari  judicem  esse ; quibus 
in  praesidiis  fuerit  quaere : taceo,  ne  haec  quidem 
conligo,  quae  fortasse  valerent  etiam  apud  judicem  . 
‘ Legatus  ante  bellum  profectus,  relictus  in  pace,  bello 
oppressus,  in  eo  ipso  non  acerbus,  jam  est  totus  animo 
35  ac  studio  tuus.’  Ad  judicem  sic,  sed  ego  apud  pa- 
rentem loquor  : ‘ Erravit,  temere  fecit,  paenitet : ad 


23 1 


XL  33-]  How  the  Case  should  be  judged. 

cleraentiam  tuam  confugio,  delicti  veniam  peto,  ut 
ignoscatur  oro.’  Si  nemo  impetravit,  adroganter : si 
plurimi,  tu  idem  fer  opem,  qui  spem  dedisti.  31.  An 
sperandi  Ligario  causa  non  sit,  cum  mihi  apud  te  locus 
sit  etiam  pro  altero  deprecandi?  Qiiamquam  nec  in  5 
hac  01  atione  spes  est  posita  causae,  nec  in  eorum 
studiis  qui  a te  pro  Ligario  petunt,  tui  necessarii, 
xi.  Vidi  enim  et  cognovi  quid  maxime  spectares,  cum 
pro  alicujus  salute  multi  laborarent : causas  apud  te 
rogantium  gratiosiores  esse  quam  voltus ; neque  te  I0 
spectare  quam  tuus  esset  necessarius  is  qui  te  oraret, 
sed  quam  illius,  pio  quo  laboraret.  Itaque  tribuis  tu 
quidem  tuis  ita  multa,  ut  mihi  beatiores  illi  videantur 
interdum  qui  tua  liberalitate  fruuntur,  quam  tu  ipse, 
qui  illis  tam  multa  concedas.  Sed  video  tamen  apud  15 
te  causas,  ut  dixi,  valere  plus  quam  preces ; ab  eisque 
te  moveri  maxime,  quorum  justissimum  videas  dolo- 
rem  in  petendo. 

32.  In  Ligario  conservando  multis  tu  quidem 
gratum  facies  necessariis  tuis,  sed  hoc,  quaeso,  con-  20 
sidera,  quod  soles.  Possum  fortissimos  viros,  Sabinos, 
tibi  probatissimos,  totumque  agrum  Sabinum,  florem 
Italiae  ac  robur  rei  publicae,  proponere.  Nosti  opti- 
mos  homines.  Animadverte  horum  omnium  maesti- 
tiam  et  dolorem  : hujus  T.  Brocchi  (de  quo  non  dubito  25 
quid  existimes)  lacrimas,  squaloremque  ipsius  et  fili 
vides.  33.  Quid  de  fratribus  dicam?  Noli,  Caesar, 
putare  de  unius  capite  nos  agere.  Aut  tres  tibi  Ligarii 
retinendi  in  civitate  sunt,  aut  tres  ex  civitate  extermi- 
nandi : [nam]  quodvis  exsilium  his  est  optatius  quam  30 
patria,  quam  domus,  quam  di  penates,  uno  illo  exsu- 
lante.  Si  fraterne,  si  pie,  si  cum  dolore  faciunt, 
moveant  te  horum  lacrimae,  moveat  pietas,  moveat 
germanitas  : valeat  tua  vox  ilia,  quae  vicit.  Te  enim 
dicere  audiebamus  nos  omnis  adversarios  putare,  nisi  35 
qui  nobiscum  essent ; te  omnis  qui  contra  te  non  es- 


232 


Plea  for  Ligarius. 


[Ligar. 


IO 


sent,  tuos.  Videsne  igitur  hunc  splendorem  omnium, 
hanc  Brocchorum  domum,  hunc  L.  Marcium,  C.  Cae- 
setium,  L.  Corfidium,  hos  omnis  equites  Romanos,  qui 
adsunt  veste  mutata,  non  solum  notos  tibi,  verum  etiam 
probatos  viros,  qui  tecum  fuerunt?  Atque  his  iras- 
cebamur,  hos  requirebamus,  his  non  nulli  etiam  mina- 
bamur.  Conserva  igitur  tuis  suos,  ut,  quern  ad  modum 
cetera  quae  dicta  sunt  a te,  sic  hoc  verissimum  repe- 
ri  2itur« 

xn*  34.  Quod  si  penitus  perspicere  posses  concor- 
diam  Ligariorum,  omnis  fratres  tecum  judicares  fuisse. 
An  potest  quisquam  dubitare  quin,  si  Q.  Ligarius  in 
Italia  esse  potuisset,  in  eadem  sententia  fuent  futurus, 
in  qua  fratres  fuerunt?  Quis  est  qui  horum  consen- 
I5  sum  conspirantem  et  paene  conflatum  in  hac  prope  ae- 
qualitate  fraterna  [non]  noverit?  qui  hoc  non  sentiat, 
quidvis  prius  futurum  fuisse,  quam  ut  hi  fratres  dive 
sas  sententias  fortunasque  sequerentur?  Voluntate 
igitur  omnes  tecum  fuerunt:  tempestate  abreptus  es 
2o  unus,  qui  si  consilio  id  fecisset,  esset  eorum  similis, 
quos  tu  tamen  salvos  esse  voluisti.  35.  Sed  lent  ad 
bellum,  dissenserit  non  a te  solum,  verum  etiam  a ira- 
tribus : hi  te  orant  tui.  Equidem,  cum  tuis  omnibus 
negotiis  interessem,  memoria  teneo  qualis  T.  Eiganus 
25  quaestor  urbanus  fuerit  erga  te  et  dignitatem  tuam. 
Sed  parum  est  me  hoc  meminisse  : spero  etiam  te  (qui 
oblivisci  nihil  soles  nisi  injurias,  quomam  hoc  est 
animi,  quoniam  etiam  ingeni  tui)  te  aliquid  de  hujus 
illo  quaestorio  officio,  etiam  de  aliis  quibusdam  quaes- 
30  toribus  reminiscentem,  recordan.  36.  Hie  igitui  i. 
Ligarius,  qui  turn  nihil  egit  aliud  — neque  emm  laec 
divinabat  — nisi  ut  tui  eurn  studiosum  et  bonum  virum 
judicares,  nunc  a te  supplex  fratns  _ salutem  peti  . 
quam  hujus  admonitus  officio  cum  utnsque  his  dede- 
35  ris,  tris  fratres  optimos  et  integerrimos  non  solum  sibi 
ipsos,  neque  his  tot  talibus  vins,  neque  nobis  neces 
sariis  tuis,  sed  etiam  rei  publicae  condonavens. 


233 


XII.  38.]  How  C cesar  has  used  his  Victory. 

37.  Fac  igitur,  quod  de  homine  nobilissimo  et  cla- 
rissimo  fecisti  nuper  in  curia,  nunc  idem  in  foro  de 
optimis  et  huic  omni  frequentiae  probatissimis  fratri- 
bus.  Ut  concessisti  ilium  senatui,  sic  da  hunc  populo, 
cujus  voluntatem  carissimam  semper  habuisti ; et,  si  5 
ille  dies  tibi  gloriosissimus,  populo  Romano  gratissimus 
fuit,  noli,  obsecro,  dubitare,  C.  Caesar,  similem  illi 
gloriae  laudem  quam  saepissime  quaerere.  Nihil  est 
tam  populare  quam  bonitas,  nulla  de  virtutibus  tuis 
plurimis  nec  admirabilior  nec  gratior  misericordia  est.  m 
38.  Homines  enim  ad  deos  nulla  re  propius  accedunt 
quam  salutem  hominibus  dando.  Nihil  habet  nec 
fortuna  tua  majus  quam  ut  possis,  nec  natura  melius 
quam  ut  velis,  servare  quam  plurimos.  Longiorem 
orationem  causa  forsitan  postulet,  tua  certe  natura  15 
breviorem.  Qua  re  cum  utilius  esse  arbitrer  te  ipsum 
quam  me  aut  quemquam  loqui  tecum,  finem  jam  fa- 
ciam : tantum  te  admonebo,  si  illi  absenti  salutem 
dederis,  praesentibus  his  omnibus  te  daturum. 


THE  STRUGGLE  AGAINST  ANTONY. 

b.  c.  43- 

Julius  Cesar  was  assassinated  on  the  Ides  of  March  (March 
ic>  b.  c.  44,  by  a band  of  conspirators,  headed  by  Marcus  Junius 
Brutus  and  Caius  Cassius  Longinus.  The  conspirators  fancied  that 
if  the  dictator  were  out  of  the  way  the  Republic  could  be  restore  . 
But  the  success  of  Ctesar  had  made  any  return  to  the  republic 
impossible.  Nor  had  the  conspirators  made  any  provision  for 
their  own  safety,  much  less  for  getting  control  of  the  government. 
The  only  question  was,  who  should  succeed  to  the  power  of  the 
murdered  dictator.  And  the  only  persons  who  had  any  chance  of 
doing  so  were  Mark  Antony,  Caesar’s  surviving  colleague  in  the 
consulship,  and  the  young  Caius  Caesar  Octavianus,  Caesars  grand 
nephew,  adopted  son,  and  heir,  afterwards  the  emperor  Augustus 
Antony  had  come  into  possession  of  Caesar’s  papers  and  es  a es, 
caused  his  “acts”  to  be  legally  confirmed,  seized  the  public  fun  s 
abolished  the  office  of  dictator,  and  secured  as  large  a share  of 
authority  as  he  could.  He  was  a man  of  inordinate  ambition,  con- 
trolled only  by  an  equally  unbounded  self-indulgence,  u er  y wi 
out  principle  or  scruple,  and  (if  we  may  trust  the  character  of  him 
drawn  by  Cicero)  a monster  of  profligacy  and  crime  He  had 
married  for  his  third  wife  Fulvia,  widow  of  Publius  Clodms  an 
shared,  with  her,  that  tribune’s  vindictive  hate  of  Cicero.  His  c ^ 
league,  Publius  Cornelius  Dolabella,  Cicero  s son-in-law,  had  been 
appointed  by  Caesar  to  succeed  him  as  consul,  an  assum 
office  at  his  death.  He  dallied  with  the  conspirators,  suppress 
the  violence  of  the  mob  that  threatened  them,  and  might  have  had 
some  pretensions  to  the  power,  with  the  support  of  the  aristocracy, 
but  was  easily  outgeneralled  or  bought  off  by  Antony.  Lepi  us 
who  had  a military  command,  and  in  whom  the  aristocracy  had  some 
hope  was  also  gained  over  by  Antony.  Octavianus,  now  twen  y 
years  old,  hastened  from  Epirus  to  claim  his  inheritance,  and  ta  e 
part  in  the  conflict  which  he  saw  approaching.  He  was  a young 
man  of  precocious  talent,  of  cool  and  wary  temper,  of  ambition 
equal  to  Antony’s,  and  of  a political  sagacity  which,  through 
lono-  life,  seems  never  to  have  been  at  fault. 

Neither  of  the  two  chief  claimants  was  strong  enough  alone  to 
be  quite  independent  of  the  other  ; though  at  first  they  stood  in  the 


235 


The  Struggle  against  Antony. 

attitude  of  rivals,  and  in  their  antagonism  there  seemed  still  some 
hope  for  the  republic.  Each  endeavored  to  secure  the  countenance 
of  the  Senate,  and  to  gain  control  over  the  public  armies ; and 
each  succeeded  in  attaching  to  himself  a considerable  force,  while 
neither  was  strong  enough  to  hold  the  capital  against  the  other. 

Meanwhile  Cicero,  who  at  first  hailed  the  death  of  Cssar  as  the 
restoration  of  the  republic,  lost  courage,  and  set  out  in  July  for 
Greece.  Detained,  however,  by  contrary  winds,  and  receiving 
more  favorable  news  from  Rome,  he  returned  to  the  city  at  the  end 
of  August,  to  find  that  all  his  hopes  were  void.  Still,  he  made  an 
effort  at  conciliation,  in  a speech  in  the  Senate,  on  the  2d  of  Sep- 
tember. In  this  he  replied  severely  to  an  attack  made  upon 
him  by  Antony  the  day  before,  but  still  took  pains  to  leave  the 
door  open  for  a restoration  of  good-will.  It  was  to  no  purpose. 
Antony  replied,  September  19,  with  such  bitterness  — directly 
charging  Cicero  with  the  murder  of  Clodius  and  of  Caesar  — that 
it  was  clear  he  meant  there  should  be  no  alternative  but  civil  war. 
Cicero  did  not  venture  to  answer  him  in  the  Senate  ; but  replied, 
ten  weeks  later,  in  a pamphlet  — by  many  regarded  as  his  master- 
piece — as  bitter  and  uncompromising  as  the  consul’s  attack. 
From  its  likeness  in  tone  to  the  famous  invectives  of  Demos- 
thenes, this  was  called  a “ Philippic  ; ” and  the  term  has  been 
extended  to  the  entire  series  of  fourteen  orations  against  An- 
tony, commencing  with  that  of  September  2,  and  ending  with  the 
triumphant  speech  (given  below)  with  which  his  political  career 
closed. 

The  winter  was  spent  in  attempts  at  negotiation,  every  stage 
illustrated  by  the  running  commentary  of  Cicero’s  Philippics.  At 
last,  in  the  spring  of  B.  c.  43,  diplomacy  was  at  an  end.  Actual 
hostilities  broke  out  first  in  Cisalpine  Gaul  (North  Italy),  where 
Decimus  Brutus  — who  had  taken  command  of  that  province,  ac- 
cording to  Caesar’s  will  — held  the  town  of  Mutina  {Modena)  to 
resist  Antony;  Octavianus,  with  his  independent  force,  having 
also  ranged  himself  on  the  side  of  the  Senate.  The  consuls,  Aulus 
Hirtius  and  C.  Vibius  Pansa,  had  after  some  hesitation  vigorously 
taken  up  the  same  cause.  In  April  the  consuls  met  Antony  in  two 
battles,  on  the  15th  at  Bononia  (. Bologna ),  on  the  27th  near 
Mutina.  In  both  battles  Antony  was  defeated  ; but  in  the  first  the 
consul  Pansa  was  mortally  wounded,  and  in  the  second  Hirtius  was 
killed.  It  was  on  the  reception  of  the  news  of  the  victory  at 


236 


The  Struggle  against  Antony.  [Phil.  XIV. 

Bononia,  while  Pansa’s  fate  was  unknown,  that  Cicero,  in  the 
Senate,  delivered  his  fourteenth  and  last  Philippic. 

The  rejoicings  were  soon  at  an  end.  Octavianus  found  that  his 
own  interests  were  best  served  by  uniting  with  Antony  against  the 
Senate.  These  two  — with  Lepidus  as  a third  triumvir  — came 
easily  into  possession  of  supreme  power.  A remorseless  proscrip- 
tion followed,  in  which  the  most  illustrious  victim  was  Cicero,  sac- 
rificed to  Antony’s  resentment,  the  vindictive  hate  of  Fulvia,  and 

the  cold  ingratitude  of  Octavianus. 

Of  the  fourteen  Philippics,  the  Second  is  by  far  the  most  famous. 

It  is  a long  and  elaborate  invective,  — in  some  parts  exceeding  y 
bitter  and  coarse,  - reviewing  the  domestic  and  political  career  of 
Mark  Antony,  charging  him  with  every  personal  vice  and  almos 
every  public  crime.  In  its  allusions  to  the  public  acts  of  Cae- 
sar its  hostility  is  uncompromising,  vindictive,  often  scornfu  . 
The  revival  of  the  title  “perpetual  dictator”  seems  to  have  inspired 
Cicero  with  hatred,  horror,  and  fear  ; and  his  real  hostility  was  no 
longer  disguised  after  Caesar’s  death.  This  oration  contains  the 
celebrated  portrait  of  him,  interesting  as  the  only  extant  testimony, 
publicly  spoken  at  the  time,  of  one  who  was  at  once  contemporary, 
peer,  and  rival:  — 

Fuit  in  illo  ingenium , ratio , memoria , httera,  cura,  cogitatio, 
diligentia.  Res  bello  gesserat,  quamvis  rei  publico:  calamitosas  at 
tamen  magnas.  Multos  annos  regnare  meditatus , magno  labore, 
mult  is  periculis,  quod  cogitarat  effecerat.  Muneribus,  mommen- 
tis  congiariis , epulis  multitudinem  imperitam  delemerat : suos 
pramiis,  adversaries  dementia  specie  devinxerat.  Quid  multa  l 
attulerat  jam  liber ce  civitatjpartim  metu  partim  patientia,  consue- 
tudinem  serviendi.  Sed  ex  plurimis  malts,  qua  ab  illo  ret  pubhea 
sunt  inusta,  hoc  tamen  boni  est,  quod  didicit  jam  pojulus  Romanus 
quantum  cuique  crederet,  quibus  se  committeret,  a quibus  caveret. 

The  Fourteenth  Philippic  has  a unique  interest  as  the  last  ree 
voice  of  the  Roman  Senate,  and  from  its  ill-timed  confidence  in  the 
future  emperor.  It  is  also  interesting  as  an  example  of  labored  and 
stately  panegyric  on  patriots  fallen  in  battle,  after  the  manner  of  the 
Greeks,  and  from  the  formal  resolution  of  thanks  and  honor  wit 
which  it  closes.  Its  immediate  occasion  was  a resolution  of  P. 
Servilius,  that  the  citizens  should  lay  aside  the  military  garb,  an 
that  a public  thanksgiving  should  be  celebrated  in  honor  of  the 

victory. 


u.  4.]  When  will  the  Victory  be  Complete  f 237 


I,  ut  ex  litteris  quae  recitatae  sunt,  patres  conscripti, 


sceleratissimorum  hostium  exercitum  caesum  fu- 
sumque  cognovi,  sic  id  quod  et  omnes  maxime  opta- 
mus,  et  ex  ea  victoria  quae  parta  est  consecutum 
arbitramur,  D.  Brutum  egressum  jam  Mutina  esse  5 
cognovissem,  propter  cujus  periculum  ad  saga  issemus, 
propter  ejusdem  salutem  redeundum  ad  pristinum  ves- 
titum  sine  ulla  dubitatione  censerem.  Ante  vero  quam 
sit  ea  res,  quam  avidissime  civitas  exspectat,  adlata, 
laetitia  frui  satis  est  maximae  praeclarissimaeque  pug-  i0 
nae  : reditum  ad  vestitum  confectae  victoriae  reservate. 
Confectio  autem  hujus  belli  est  D.  Bruti  salus. 

2.  Quae  autem  est  ista  sententia,  ut  in  hodiernum 
diem  vestitus  mutetur,  deinde  eras  sagati  prodeamus? 
Nos  vero  cum  semel  ad  eum  quem  cupimus  optamus-  15 
que  vestitum  redierimus,  id  agamus,  ut  eum  in  per- 
petuum  retineamus.  Nam  hoc  quidem  cum  turpe  est, 
turn  ne  dis  quidem  immortalibus  gratum,  ab  eorum 
aris,  ad  quas  togati  adierimus,  ad  saga  sumenda  dis- 
cedere.  3.  Atque  animadverto,  patres  conscripti,  quos-  20 
dam  huic  favere  sententiae,  quorum  ea  mens  idque 
consilium  est,  ut,  cum  videant  gloriosissimum  ilium 
D.  Bruto  futurum  diem,  quo  die  propter  ejus  salutem 
redierimus,  hunc  ei  fructum  eripere  cupiant,  ne  me- 
moriae posteritatique  prodatur  propter  unius  civis  25 
periculum  populum  Romanum  ad  saga  isse,  propter 
ejusdem  salutem  redisse  ad  togas.  Tollite  hanc : nul- 
lam  tam  pravae  sententiae  causam  reperietis.  Vos 
vero,  patres  conscripti,  conservate  auctoritatem  ves- 
tram,  manete  in  sententia,  tenete  vestra  memoria,  quod  3° 
saepe  ostendistis,  hujus  totius  belli  in  unius  viri  fortis- 
simi  et  maximi  vita  positum  esse  discrimen. 

11.  4.  Ad  D.  Brutum  liberandum  legati  missi  prin- 
cipes  civitatis,  qui  illi  hosti  ac  parricidae  denuntiarent 
ut  a Mutina  discederet.  Ejusdem  D.  Bruti  conser-  35 
vandi  gratia  consul  sortitu  ad  bellum  profectus  A. 


238 


The  Struggle  against  Antony.  [Phil.  XIV. 

Hirtius,  cujus  imbecillitatem  valetudinis  animi  virtus  et 
spes  victoriae  confirmavit.  Caesar,  cum  exercitu  per 
se  comparato  cum  primum  pestibus  rem  publicam  libe- 
rasset,  ne  quid  postea  sceleris  oreretur,  profectus  est  ad 
5 eundem  Brutum  liberandum,  vicitque  dolorem  aliquem 
domesticum  patriae  caritate.  5.  Quid  C.  Pansa  egit 
aliud  dilectibus  habendis,  pecunia  comparanda,  sena- 
tus  consultis  faciendis  gravissimis  in  Antonium,  nobis 
cohortandis,  populo  Romano  ad  causam  libertatis  vo- 
IO  cando,  nisi  ut  D.  Brutus  liberaretur?  A quo  populus 
Romanus  frequens  ita  salutem  D.  Bruti  una  voce 
depoposcit,  ut  earn  non  solum  commodis  suis,  sed 
etiam  necessitati  victus  anteferret.  Quod  sperare  nos 
quidem  debemus,  patres  conscripti,  aut  inibi  esse  aut 
ij  jam  esse  confectum.  Sed  spei  fructum  rei  convenit 
et  evento  reservari,  ne  aut  deorum  immortalium  bene- 
ficium  festinatione  praeripuisse,  aut  vim  fortunae  stul- 

titia  contempsisse  videamur. 

6.  Sed  quoniam  significatio  vestra  satis  declarat  quid 
20  hac  de  re  sentiatis,  ad  litteras  veniam,  quae  sunt  a 
consulibus  et  a propraetore  missae,  si  pauca  ante  quae 
ad  ipsas  litteras  pertineant  dixero.  hi.  Imbuti  gladii 
sunt,  patres  conscripti,  legionum  exercituumque  nostro- 
rum,  vel  madefacti  potius  duobus  duorum  consulum, 
25  tertio  Caesaris  proelio.  Si  hostium  fuit  ille  sanguis, 
summa  militum  pietas : nefarium  scelus,  si  civium. 
Quo  usque  igitur  is,  qui  omnis  hostis  scelere  superavit, 
nomine  hostis  carebit?  nisi  mucrones  etiam  nostrorum 
militum  tremere  voids,  dubitantis  utrum  in  cive  an  in 
30  hoste  figantur.  7.  Supplicationem  decernitis ; hostem 
non  appellatis.  Gratae  vero  nostrae  dis  immortalibus 
gratulationes  erunt,  gratae  victimae,  cum  interfecta  sit 
civium  multi tudo ! ‘ De  improbis’  inquit  ' et  audaci- 

bus.’  Nam  sic  eos  appellat  clarissimus  vir  : quae  sunt 
35  urbanarum  maledicta  litium,  non  inustae  belli  mter- 
necivi  notae.  Testamenta  (credo)  subiciunt  aut  eiciunt 


IV.  10.] 


Antony's  Cruelties  at  Parma . 


239 


vicinos,  aut  adulescentiflos  circumscribunt : [his  enim 
vitiis  adfectos  et  talibus  malos  aut  audacis  appellare 
consuetudo  solet.]  8.  Bellum  inexpiabile  infert  quat- 
tuor  consulibus  unus  omnium  latronum  taeterrimus. 
Gerit  idem  bellum  cum  senatu  populoque  Romano. 
Omnibus  — quamquam  ruit  ipse  suis  cladibus  — pes- 
tem,  vastitatem,  cruciatum,  tormenta  denuntiat.  Do- 
labellae  ferum  et  immane  facinus,  quod  nulla  barbaria 
posset  agnoscere,  id  suo  consilio  factum  esse  testatur : 
quaeque  esset  facturus  in  hac  urbe,  nisi  eum  hie  ipse 
Juppiter  ab  hoc  templo  atque  moenibus  reppulisset, 
declaravit  in  Parmensium  calamitate,  quos  optimos 
viros  honestissimosque  homines,  maxime  cum  aucto- 
ritate  hujus  ordinis  populique  Romani  dignitate  con- 
junctos,  crudelissimis  exemplis  interemit  propudium 
illud  et  portentum,  L.  Antonius,  insigne  odium  om- 
nium hominum  vel  (si  etiam  di  oderunt  quos  oportet) 
deorum.  9.  Refugit  animus,  patres  conscripti,  eaque 
dicere  reformidat  quae  L.  Antonius  in  Parmensium 
liberis  et  conjugibus  effecerit.  Quas  enim  turpitudines 
Antoni  libenter  [cum  dedecore]  subierunt,  easdem  per 
vim  laetantur  aliis  se  intulisse.  Sed  vis  calamitosa  est, 
quam  illis  intulerunt : libido  flagitiosa,  qua  Antonio- 
rum  oblita  est  vita.  Est  igitur  quisquam,  qui  hostis 
appellare  non  audeat,  quorum  scelere  crudelitatem  Kar- 
thaginiensium  victam  esse  fateatur?  iv.  Qua  enim  in 
urbe  tarn  immanis  Hannibal  capta  quam  in  Parma 
surrepta  Antonius?  Nisi  forte  hujus  coloniae  et  cete- 
rarum,  in  quas  eodem  est  animo,  non  est  hostis  putan- 
dus.  10.  Si  vero  coloniarum  et  municipiorum  sine  ulla 
dubitatione  hostis  est,  quid  tandem  hujus  censetis  ur- 
bis,  quam  ille  ad  explendas  egestates  latrocini  sui 
concupivit?  quam  jam  peritus  metator  et  callidus 
decempeda  sua  Saxa  diviserat?  Recordamini,  per 
deos  immortalis ! patres  conscripti,  quid  hoc  biduo 
timuerimus  a domesticis  hostibus,  rumoribus  impro- 


5 

10 

G 

20 

25 

30 

35 


240 


The  Struggle  against  Antony.  [Phil.  XIV. 

bissimis  dissipatis.  Quis  liberes,  quis  conjugem  aspi- 
cere  poterat  sine  fletu?  quis  domum?  quis  tecta?  quis 
larem  familiarem?  Aut  foedissimam  mortem  omnes 
aut  miserabilem  fugam  cogitabant.  Haec  a quibus 
5 timebantur,  eos  hostis  appellare  dubitamus?  Gravius 
si  quis  attulerit  nomen,  libenter  adsentiar  : hoc  volgari 
contentus  vix  sum,  leviore  non  utar. 

u.  Itaque  cum  supplicationes  justissimas  ex  eis 
litteris  quae  recitatae  sunt  decernere  debeamus,  Ser- 
10  viliusque  decreverit,  augebo  omnino  numerum  dierum, 
praesertim  cum  non  uni  sed  tribus  ducibus  sint  decer- 
nendae.  Sed  hoc  primum  faciam,  ut  imperatores 
appellem  eos,  quorum  virtute,  consilio,  felicitate,  maxi- 
mis  periculis  servitutis  atque  interitus  liberati  sumus. 
15  Etenim  cui  viginti  his  annis  supplicatio  decreta  est,  ut 
non  imperator  appellaretur,  aut  minimis  rebus  gestis 
aut  plerumque  nullis?  Quam  ob  rem  aut  supplicatio 
ab  eo  qui  ante  dixit  decernenda  non  fuit,  aut  usitatus 
honos  pervolgatusque  tribuendus  eis,  quibus  etia.m  novi 
20  singularesque  debentur.  v.  12.  An  si  quis  Hispano- 
rum  aut  Gallorum  aut  Threcum  mille  aut  duo  milia 
occidisset,  eum  hac  consuetudine  quae  increbuit  1m- 
peratorem  appellaret  senatus : tot  legionibus  caesis, 
tanta  multitudine  hostium  interfecta  — hostium  dico?  ita 
25  inquam,  hostium,  quamvis  hoc  isti  hostes  domestici 
nolint  — clarissimis  ducibus  supplicationum  honorem 
tribuemus,  imperatorium  nomen  adimemus?  Quanto 
enim  honore,  laetitia,  gratulatione  in  hoc  templum 
ingredi  debent  illi  ipsi  hujus  urbis  liberatores,  cum 
3°  hesterno  die  propter  eorum  res  gestas  me  ovantem  et 
prope  triumphantem  populus  Romanus  in  Capitolium 
domo  tulerit,  domum  inde  reduxerit?  13.  Is  emm 
demum  est  (mea  quidem  sententia)  justus  triumphus 
ac  verus,  cum  bene  de  re  publica  meritis  testimonium 
35  a consensu  civitatis  datur.  Nam  sive  in  commum 
craudio  populi  Romani  uni  gratulabantur,  magnum 


vi.  1 6.] 


False  Charges  against  Cicero . 


241 


judicium  ; sive  uni  gratias  agebant,  eo  majus ; sive 
utrumque,  nihil  magnificentius  cogitari  potest. 

6 Tu  igitur  ipse  de  te?  ’ dixerit  quispiam.  Equidem 
invitus,  sed  injuriae  dolor  facit  me  praeter  consue- 
tudinem  gloriosum.  Nonne  satis  est  ab  hominibus  5 
virtutis  ignaris  gratiam  bene  merentibus  non  referri? 
Etiam  in  eos  qui  omnis  suas  curas  in  rei  publicae 
salute  defigunt,  impietatis  crimine  invidia  quaeretur? 

14.  Scitis  enim  per  hos  dies  creberrimum  fuisse  sermo- 
ns me  Parilibus,  qui  dies  hodie  est,  cum  fascibus  IO 
descensurum.  In  aliquem  credo  hoc  gladiatorem  aut 
latronem  aut  Catilinam  esse  conlatum,  non  in  eum  qui 
ne  quid  tale  in  re  publica  fieri  posset  effecerit.  An  [ut] 
eS0’  (lu^  Catilinam  haec  molientem  sustulerim,  ever- 
terim,  adflixerim,  ipse  exsisterem  repente  Catilina?  i5 
Quibus  auspiciis  istos  fascis  augur  acciperem?  quate- 
nus  haberem?  cui  traderem?  Quemquamne  fuisse 
tarn  sceleratum  qui  hoc  fingeret,  tarn  furiosum  qui 
crederet?  Unde  igitur  ista  suspitio,  vel  potius  unde 
iste  sermo?  vi.  15.  Cum,  ut  scitis,  hoc  triduo  vel  20 
quadriduo  tristis  a Mutina  fama  manaret,  inflati  laeti- 
tia  atque  insolentia  impii  cives  unum  se  in  locum, 
ad  illam  cuiiam  furiis  potius  suis  quam  rei  publicae 
infelicem  congregabant.  Ibi  cum  consilia  inirent  de 
caede  nostra,  partirenturque  inter  se  qui  Capitolium,  25 
qui  rostra,  qui  urbis  portas  occuparent,  ad  me  concur- 
sum  futurum  civitatis  putabant.  Quod  ut  cum  invidia 
mea  fieret,  et  cum  vitae  etiam  periculo,  famam  istam 
fascium  dissipaverunt : fascis  ipsi  ad  me  delaturi  fue- 
runt. . Quod  cum  esset  quasi  mea  voluntate  factum,  30 
turn  in  me  impetus  conductorum  hominum  quasi  in 
tyrannum  parabatur  : ex  quo  caedes  esset  vestrum  om- 
nium consecuta.  Quae  res  patefecit,  patres  conscripti, 
sed  suo  tempore  totius  hujus  sceleris  fons  aperietur. 

16.  Itaque  P.  Apuleius,  tribunus  plebis,  meorum  35 
omnium  consiliorum  periculorumque  jam  inde  a con- 

16 


242 


The  Struggle  against  Antony.  [Phil-  XIV- 

sulatu  meo  testis,  conscius,  adjutor,  dolorem  ferre  non 
potuit  doloris  mei.  Contionem  habuit  maximam, 
populo  Romano  unum  atque  idem  sentiente.  In  qua 
contione  cum  me  pro  summa  nostra  conjunctione  et 
S familiaritate  liberare  suspitione  fascium  vellet,  una 
voce  cuncta  contio  declaravit  nihil  esse  a me  umquam 
de  re  publica  nisi  optime  cogitatum.  Post  hanc  ha- 
bitam  contionem  duabus  tribusve  hons,  optatissimi 
nuntii  et  litterae  venerunt:  ut  idem  dies  non  modo 
10  iniquissima  me  invidia  liberarit,  sed  etiam  celebenima 
populi  Romani  gratulatione  auxerit. 

17.  Haec  interposui,  patres  conscripti,  non  tarn  ut 
pro  me  dicerem  — male  enim  mecum  ageretur,  si 
parum  vobis  essem  sine  defensione  purgatus  quam 
15  ut  quosdam  nimis  jejuno  animo  et  angusto  monerem, 
id  quod  semper  ipse  fecissem,  uti  excellentmm  civmm 
virtutem  imitatione  dignam,  non  invidia  putarent. 
Magnus  est  in  re  publica  campus,  ut  sapienter  diceie 
Crassus  solebat,  multis  apertus  cursus  ad  laudem. 
20  vxi.  Utinam  quidem  illi  principes  viverent,  qm  me 
post  meum  consulatum,  cum  eis  ipse  cederem,  pnn- 
cipem  non  inviti  videbant ! Hoc  vero  tempore,  in 
tanta  inopia  constantium  et  fortium  consulanum,  quo 
me  dolore  adfici  creditis,  cum  alios  male  sentire,  alios 
25  nihil  omnino  curare  videam,  alios  parum  constanter 
in  suscepta  causa  permanere,  sententiamque  suam  non 
semper  utilitate  rei  publicae,  sed  turn  spe  turn  timore 
moderari?  18.  Quod  si  quis  de  contentione  principa- 
ls laborat,  quae  nulla  esse  debet,  stultissime  facit,  si 
30  vitiis  cum  virtute  contendit:  ut  enim  cursu  cursus,  sic 
in  viris  fortibus  virtus  virtute  superatur.  Tu,  S1  e 

re  publica  optime  sentiam,  ut  me  vincas,  ipse  pessime 
senties?  aut,  si  ad  me  bonorum  concursum  fieri  vide- 
bis,  ad  te  improbos  invitabis?  Nollem,  primum  rei 
35  publicae  causa,  deinde  etiam  dignitatis  tuae.  v e si 
principals  ageretur,  quern  numquam  expetivi,  quid 


VIII.  22.] 


The  Part  Cicero  has  taken. 


243 

tandem  mihi  esset  optatius  ? Ego  enim  maiis  senten- 
tiis  vinci  non  possum,  bonis  forsitan  possim  et  libenter. 

19.  Haec  populum  Romanum  videre,  animadvertere, 
judicare  quidam  moleste  ferunt.  Poteratne  fieri  ut 
non  proinde  homines  de  quoque,  ut  quisque  mereretur,  5 
judicarent?  Ut  enim  de  universo  senatu  populus 
Romanus  verissime  judicat,  nullis  rei  publicae  tem- 
poribus  hunc  ordinem  firmiorem  aut  fortiorem  fuisse, 
sic  de  uno  quoque  nostrum  et  maxime,  qui  hoc  loco 
sententias  dicimus,  sciscitantur  omnes,  avent  audire  10 
quid  quisque  senserit : ita  de  quoque,  ut  quemque 
meritum  arbitrantur,  existimant.  Memoria  tenent  me 
ante  diem  xm.  Kalendas  Januarias  principem  revo- 
candae  libertatis  fuisse  : me  ex  Kalendis  Januariis  ad 
hanc  horam  invigilasse  rei  publicae  : 20.  meam  do-  I5 

mum  measque  auris  dies  noctisque  omnium  praeceptis 
monitisque  patuisse  : meis  litteris,  meis  nuntiis,  meis 
cohortationibus  omnis  qui  ubique  essent  ad  patriae 
praesidium  excitatos  : meis  sententiis  a Kalendis  Jan- 
uariis numquam  legatos  ad  Antonium  : semper  ilium  20 
hostem,  semper  hoc  bellum,  ut  ego,  qui  omni  tempore 
verae  pacis  auctor  fuissem,  huic  essem  nomini  pesti- 
ferae  pacis  inimicus : 21.  idem  P.  Ventidium,  cum  alii 
tr.  pi.  f volusenum,  ego  semper  hostem.  Has  in  sen- 
tentias meas  si  consules  discessionem  facere  voluis-  25 
sent,  omnibus  istis  latronibus  auctoritate  ipsa  senatus 
jam  pridem  de  manibus  arma  cecidissent. 

viii.  Sed  quod  turn  non  licuit,  patres  conscripti,  id 
hoc  tempore  non  solum  licet,  verum  etiam  necesse  est, 

— eos  qui  re  sunt  hostes  [verbis  notari],  sententiis  30 
nostris  hostis  judicari.  22.  Antea  cum  hostem  ac  bel- 
lum nominassem,  semel  et  saepius  sententiam  meam 
de  numero  sententiarum  sustulerunt : quod  in  hac 
causa  jam  fieri  non  potest.  Ex  litteris  enim  C.  Pansae 
A.  Hirtii  consulum,  C.  Caesaris  pro  praetore,  de  3S 
honore  dis  immortalibus  habendo  sententias  dicimus. 


244  The  Struggle  against  Antony.  [Phil.  XIV. 

Supplicationem  modo  qui  decrevit,  idem  imprudens 
hostis  judicavit : numquam  enim  in  civili  bello  suppli- 
catio  decreta  est.  Decretam  dico?  ne  victoris  quidem 
litteris  postulata  est.  23.  Civile  bellum  consul  Sulla 
5 gessit : legionibus  in  urbem  adductis,  quos  voluit  ex- 
pulit ; quos  potuit  occidit : supplicationis  mentio  nulla. 
Grave  bellum  Octavianum  insecutum  est : supplicatio 
[Cinnae]  nulla  victori.  Cinnae  victoriam  imperator 
ultus  est  Sulla  : nulla  supplicatio  decreta  a senatu.  Ad 
io  te  ipsum,  P.  Servili,  nutn  misit  ullas  conlega  litteras 
de  ilia  calamitosissima  pugna  Pharsalia?  Num  te  de 
supplicatione  voluit  referre?  Profecto  noluit.  At  misit 
postea  de  Alexandria,  de  Pharnace.  Pharsaliae  vero 
pugnae  ne  triumphum  quidem  egit.  Eos  enim  civis 
15  pugna  ilia  sustulerat,  quibus  non  modo  vivis,  sed  etiam 
victoribus,  incolumis  et  florens  civitas  esse . posset. 
24.  Quod  idem  contigerat  superioribus  bellis  civilibus. 
Nam  mi  hi  consuli  supplicatio  nullis  armis  sumptis,  non 
ob  caedem  hostium,  sed  ob  conservationem  civium, 
20  novo  et  inaudito  genere  decreta  est.  Quam  ob  rem 
aut  supplicatio  re  publica  pulcherrime  gesta  postulan- 
tibus  nostris  imperatoribus  deneganda  est,  quod  praeter 
A.  Gabinium  contigit  nemini ; aut,  supplicatione  de- 
cernenda,  hostis  eos  de  quibus  decernitis  judicetis 
25  necessc  est. 

IX.  Quod  ergo  ille  re,  id  ego  etiam  verbo,  cum 
imperatores  eos  appello  : hoc  ipso  nomine  et  eos  qui 
jam  devicti  sunt,  et  eos  qui  supersunt,  hostis  judico 
[cum  victores  appello  imperatores].  25.  Quo  modo 
30  enim  potius  Pansam  appellem?  etsi  habet  honoris 
nomen  amplissimi.  Quo  Hirtium?  Est  ille  quidem 
consul,  sed  alterum  nomen  benefici  populi  Romani  est, 
alteram  virtutis  atque  victoriae.  Quid?  Caesarem, 
deorum  beneficio  rei  publicae  procreatum,  dubitemne 
35  appellare  imperatorem?  qui  primus  Antoni  immanem 
et  foedam  crudelitatem  non  solum  a jugulis  nostris, 


x.  28.]  The  Consuls  Pansa  and  Hirtius. 


245 


sed  etiam  a membris  et  visceribus  avertit.  Unius 
autem  diei  quot  et  quantae  virtutes,  di  immortales, 
fuerunt!  26.  Princeps  enim  omnium  Pansa  proeli 
faciendi  et  cum  Antonio  confligendi  fuit : dignus  im- 
perator  legione  Martia,  digna  legio  imperatore.  Cujus  5 
si  acerrimum  impetum  cohibere  Pansa  potuisset,  uno 
proelio  confecta  res  esset.  Sed  cum  libertatis  avida 
legio  effrenatius  in  aciem  hostium  inrupisset,  ipseque  in 
primis  Pansa  pugnaret,  duobus  periculosis  volneribus 
acceptis,  sublatus  e proelio,  rei  publicae  vitam  reser-  io 
vavit.  Ego  vero  hunc  non  solum  imperatorem  sed 
etiam  clarissimum  imperatorem  judico,  qui,  cum  aut 
morte  aut  victoria  se  satis  facturum  rei  publicae  spo- 
pondisset,  alterum  fecit,  alterius  di  immortales  omen 
avertant ! 15 

x.  27.  Quid  dicam  de  Hirtio  ? qui,  re  audita, 
e castris  duas  legiones  eduxit  incredibili  studio  atque 
virtute;  quartam  illam,  quae  relicto  Antonio  se  olim 
cum  Martia  legione  conjunxit,  et  septimam,  quae, 
constituta  ex  veteranis,  docuit  hoc  proelio  militibus  20 
eis  qui  Caesaris  beneficia  servassent,  senatus  populique 
Romani  carum  nomen  esse.  His  viginti  cohortibus, 
nullo  equitatu,  Hirtius  ipse  aquilam  quartae  legionis 
cum  inferret,  qua  nullius  pulcriorem  speciem  impe- 
ratoris  accepimus,  cum  tribus  Antoni  legionibus  equi-  25 
tatuque  conflixit,  hostisque  nefarios,  huic  Jovis  Optimi 
Maximi  ceterisque  deorum  immortalium  templis,  urbis 
tectis,  libertati  populi  Romani,  nostrae  vitae  sanguini- 
que  imminentis  prostravit,  fudit,  occidit,  ut  cum  admo- 
dum  paucis,  nocte  tectus,  metu  perterritus,  princeps  3° 
latronum  duxque  fugerit.  O solem  ipsum  beatissi- 
mum,  qui,  ante  quam  se  abderet,  stratis  cadaveribus 
parricidarum,  cum  paucis  fugientem  vidit  Antonium  ! 

28.  An  vero  quisquam  dubitabit  appellare  Caesarem 
imperatorem?  Aetas  ejus  certe  ab  hac  sententia  ne-  35 
minem  deterrebit,  quando  quidem  virtute  superavit 


246 


The  Struggle  against  Antony.  [Phil.  XIV. 

aetatem.  Ac  mihi  semper  eo  majora  beneficia  C. 
Caesaris  visa  sunt,  quo  minus  erant  ab  aetate  ilia  pos- 
tulanda.  Cui  cum  imperium  dabamus,  eodem  tempore 
etiam  spem  ejus  nominis  deferebamus  : quod  cum  esset 
S consecutus,  auctoritatem  nostri  decreti  rebus  gestis 
suis  comprobavit.  Hie  ergo  adulescens  maximi  animi, 
ut  verissime  scribit  Hirtius,  castra  multarum  legionum 
paucis  cohortibus  tutatus  est,  secundumque  proelium 
fecit.  Ita  trium  imperatorum  virtute,  consilio,  felici- 
10  tate  uno  die  locis  pluribus  res  publica  est  conservata. 
xi.  39.  Decerno  igitur  eorum  trium  nomine  quin- 
quaginta  dierum  supplicationes : causas,  ut  honorifi- 
centissimis  verbis  consequi  potuero,  complectar  ipsa 
sententia. 

15  Est  autem  fidei  pietatisque  nostrae  declarare  fortis- 
simis  militibus,  quam  memores  simus  quamque  grati. 
Quam  ob  rem  promissa  nostra,  atque  ea  quae  legioni- 
bus  bello  confecto  tributuros  nos  spopondimus,  ho- 
dierno  senatus  consulto  renovanda  censeo : aequum 
20  est  enim  militum,  talium  praesertim,  honorem  con- 
iungi.  30.  Atque  utinam,  patres  conscripti,  [civibus] 
omnibus  solvere  nobis  praemia  liceret ! Quamquam 
nos  ea  quae  promisimus  studiose  cumulate  reddemus. 
Sed  id  quidem  restat  (ut  spero)  victoribus,  quibus 
25  senatus  fides  praestabitur : quam  quoniam  difficillimo 
rei  publicae  tempore  secuti  sunt,  eos  numquam  opor- 
tebit  consili  sui  paenitere.  Sed  facile  est  bene  agere 
cum  eis  a quibus  etiam  tacentibus  flagitan  videmur : 
illud  admirabiliis  et  majus  maximeque  propnum  se- 
3°  natus  sapientis  est,  grata  eorum  virtutem  memoria 
prosequi,  qui  pro  patria  vitam  piomderunt. 

31.  Quorum  de  honore  utinam  mihi  plura  in  mentem 
venirent!  Duo  certe  non  praeteribo,  quae  maxime 
occurrunt:  quorum  alterum  pertinet  ad  virorum  fortis- 
35  simorum  gloriam  sempiternam,  alterum  ad  lemendum 
maerorem  et  luctum  proximorum. 


xn-  33  ] Praise  of  the  Patriot  Soldiers. 


2 47 

xn.  Placet  igitur  mihi,  patres  conscripti,  legionis 
Martiae  militibus,  et  eis  qui  una  pugnantes  occiderunt, 
monumentum  fieri  quam  amplissimum.  Magna  atque 
incredibilia  sunt  in  rem  publicam  hujus  merita  legio- 
nis. Haec  se  prima  latrocinio  abrupit  Antoni ; haec  3 
tenuit  Albam ; haec  se  ad  Caesarem  contulit ; hanc 
imitata  quarta  legio  parem  virtutis  gloriam  consecuta 
est.  Quarta  victrix  desiderat  neminem  : ex  Martia 
non  nielli  in  ipsa  victoria  conciderunt.  O fortunata 
mors,  quae  naturae  debita  pro  patria  est  potissimum  I0 
reddita  ! 32.  Vos  vero  patriae  natos  judico  : quorum 

etiam  nomen  a Marte  est,  ut  idem  deus  urbem  hanc 
gentibus,  vos  huic  urbi  genuisse  videatur.  In  fuga 
foeda  mors  est : in  victoria  gloriosa.  Etenim  Mars 
ipse  ex  acie  fortissimum  quemque  pignerari  solet.  Illi 
igitur  impii,  quos  cecidistis,  etiam  ad  inferos  poenas 
parricidi  luent : vos  vero,  qui  extremum  spiritum  in 
victoria  effiidistis,  piorum  estis  sedem  et  locum  conse- 
cuti.  Brevis  a natura  nobis  vita  data  est : at  memoria 
bene  redditae  vitae  sempiterna.  Quae  si  non  esset  20 
longior  quam  haec  vita,  quis  esset  tam  amens  qui 
maximis  laboribus  et  periculis  ad  summam  laudem 
gloriamque  contenderet?  33.  Actum  igitur  praeclare 
vobiscum,  fortissimi,  dum  vixistis,  nunc  vero  etiam 
sanctissimi  milites,  quod  vestra  virtus  neque  oblivione  25 
eorum  qui  nunc  sunt,  nec  reticentia  posterorum  se- 
pulta  esse  poterit,  cum  vobis  immortale  monimentum 
suis  paene  manibus  senatus  populusque  Romanus  ex- 
struxerit.  Multi  saepe  exercitus  Punicis,  Gallicis, 
Italicis  bellis  clari  et  magni  fuerunt,  nec  tamen  ullis  30 
tale  genus  honoris  tributum  est.  Atque  utinam  majora 
possemus,  quando  quidem  a vobis  maxima  accepimus  ! 
Vos  ab  urbe  furentem  Antonium  avertistis  : vos  redire 
molientem  reppulistis.  Erit  igitur  exstructa  moles 
opere  magnifico  incisaeque  litterae,  divinae  virtutis  35 
testes  sempiternae:  numquamque  de  vobis  eorum,  qui 


248 


The  Struggle  against  Antony.  LPhil-  XIV' 

aut  videbunt  vestrum  monimentum  aut  audient,  gra- 
tissimus  sermo  conticescet.  Ita  pro  mortali  condicione 
vitae  imrnortalitatem  estis  consecuti. 

xiii.  34.  Sed  quoniam,  patres  conscripti,  gloriae 
5 munus  optimis  et  fortissimis  civibus  monimenti  honore 
persolvitur,  consolemur  eorum  proximos,  quibus  op- 
tima est  haec  quidem  consolatio : parentibus,  quod 
tanta  rei  publicae  praesidia  genuerunt;  libens,  quod 
habebunt  domestica  exempla  virtutis ; conjugibus, 
,0  quod  eis  viris  carebunt,  quos  laudare  quam  lugeie 

praestabit;  fratribus,  quod  in  se  ut  corporum,  sic  vir- 

tutum  similitudinem  esse  confident.  Atque  utmam 
his  omnibus  abstergere  fletum  sententiis  nostris  con- 
sultisque  possemus,  vel  aliqua  tabs  eis  adhtben  pub- 
,5  lice  posset  oratio,  qua  deponerent  maerorem  atque 
luctum,  gauderentque  potius,  cum  multa  et  vana  im- 
penderent  hominibus  genera  mortis,  id  genus  quod 
esset  pulcherrimum  suis  obtigisse,  eosque  nec  mhuma- 
tos  esse  nec  desertos,  quod  tamen  ipsum  pro  patna 
20  non  miserandum  putatur,  nec  disperse  bustis  humiii 
sepultura  crematos,  sed  contectos  publicis  operibus 
atque  muneribus,  eaque  exstructione  quae  sit  ad  me- 
moriam  aeternitatis  ara  Virtutis.  35.  Quam  ob  rem 
maximum  quidem  solarium  erit  propinquorum  eodem 
25  monimento  declarari  et  virtutem  suorum,  et  populi 
Romani  pietatem,  et  senatus  fidem,  et  crudelissimi 
memoriam  belli : in  quo  nisi  tanta  militum  virtus  ex- 
stitisset,  parricidio  M.  Antoni  nomen  populi  Romani 
occidisset.  Atque  etiam  censeo,  patres  conscripti, 
30  quae  praemia  militibus  promisimus  nos  re  publica 
recuperata  tributuros,  ea  vivis  victoribusque  cumulate, 
cum  tempus  venerit,  persolvenda ; qui  autem  ex  eis 
quibus  ilia  promissa  sunt  pro  patna  occiderunt,  eorum 
parentibus,  liberis,  conjugibus,  fratribus  eadem  tnbu- 
35  enda  censeo. 


xiv.  38.]  Resolution  of  Thanks  and  Honor . 


xiv.  36.  Sed,  ut  aliquando  sententia  complectar,  ita 
censeo : 

Cum  C.  Pansa  consul,  imperator,  initium  cum  hostibus 
confligendi  fecerit,  quo  proelio  legio  Martia  admirabili  incre- 
dibilique  virtute  libertatem  populi  Romani  defenderit,  quod 
idem  legiones  tironum  fecerint ; ipseque  C.  Pansa  consul, 
imperator,  cum  inter  media  hostium  tela  versaretur,  volnera 
acceperit ; cumque  A.  Hirtius  consul,  imperator,  [proelio 
audito,]  re  cognita,  fortissimo  praestantissimoque  animo 
exercitum  castris  eduxerit,  impetumque  in  M.  Antonium 
exercitumque  hostium  fecerit,  ejusque  copias  occidione  Occi- 
dent, suo  exercitu  ita  incolumi  ut  ne  unum  quidem  militem 
desiderarit ; 37.  cumque  C.  Caesar  pro  praetore,  imperator, 
consilio  diligentiaque  sua  castra  feliciter  defenderit,  copias- 
que  hostium  quae  ad  castra  accesserant  profligarit,  occiderit ; 
— ob  eas  res  senatum  existimare  et  judicare  eorum  trium 
imperatorum  virtute,  imperio,  consilio,  gravitate,  constantia, 
magnitudine  animi,  felicitate,  populum  Romanum  foedissima 
crudelissimaque  servitute  liberatum.  Cumque  rem  publicam, 
urbem,  templa  deorum  immortalium,  bona  fortunasque  om- 
nium liberosque  conservarint  dimicatione  et  periculo  vitae 
suae,  uti  ob  eas  res,  bene  fortiter  feliciterque  gestas,  C 
Pansa  A.  Hirtius  consules,  imperatores,  alter  ambove,  aut 
(si  aberunt)  M.  Cornutus,  praetor  urbanus,  supplicationes 
per  dies  quinquaginta  ad  omnia  pulvinaria  constituat. 
38.  Cumque  virtus  legionum  digna  clarissimis  imperatoribus 
exstiterit,  senatum,  quae,  sit  antea  pollicitus  legionibus  exer- 
citibusque  nostris,  ea  summo  studio  re  publica  recuperata 
soluturum.  Cumque  legio  Martia  princeps  cum  hostibus 
conflixerit,  atque  ita  cum  majore  numero  hostium  conten- 
derit,  ut  cum  plurimos  caederent,  caderent  non  nulli,  cum- 
que sine  ulla  retractatione  pro  patria  vitam  profuderint ; cum- 
que simili  virtute  reliquarum  legionum  milites  pro  salute 
et  libertate  populi  Romani  mortem  oppetiverint,  senatui 
placere  ut  C.  Pansa  A.  Hirtius  consules,  imperatores,  alter 
ambove,  si  eis  videatur,  eis  qui  sanguinem  pro  vita,  libertate, 
fortunis  populi  Romani,  pro  urbe,  templis  deorum  immor- 
talium profudissent,  monimentum  quam  amplissimum  lo- 
candum  faciundumque  curent : quaestores^z^  urbar.os  ad 


25° 


The  Struggle  against  Antony.  [Phil.  XIV. 

earn  rem  pecuniam  dare,  attribuere,  solvere  jubeant,  ut 
exstet  ad  mernoriam  posteritatis  sempiternam  scelus  crude- 
lissimorum  hostium  militumque  divina  virtus ; utique, 
quae  praemia  senatus  militibus  ante  constituit,  ea  solvan- 
tur  eorum  qui  hoc  bello  pro  patria  occiderunt  parenti- 
bus,  liberis,  conjugibus,  fratribus ; eisque  tribuantur  quae 
militibus  ipsis  tribui  oporteret,  si  vivi  vicissent,  qui  morte 


NOTES. 


DEFENCE  OF  ROSCIUS. 


Argument. 

[Omitted  portions  in  brackets.] 

Chap.  I.  Exordium . Cicero’s  reasons  for  undertaking  the  case. — 
[2.  Political  aspect  of  the  trial,  showing  {a ) why  others  refused  to  undertake 
it;  (< b ) why  the  jury  ought  to  be  especially  cautious.]  — Narratio.  6.  The 
murder.  — 7.  Circumstances  pointing  to  Magnus  as  the  procurer : Chrysogo- 
nus  is  informed,  and  a conspiracy  made  with  him  by  Capito  and  Magnus. 
— 8.  Proscription  and  sale  of  the  property : Chrysogonus  buys  it  up  for  a 
nominal  sum.  Sex.  Roscius  is  dispossessed.  — 9.  Amerians  take  up  his 
cause  and  apply  to  Sulla,  but  are  staved  off  by  Capito,  wbr ^ 'as  on  the 
committee.  — 10.  Roscius  flies  to  his  friends  at  Rome : th‘ 


ty), 


1 sim  isPira*ors 

commence  the  prosecution. — 11.  Commiseration  of  his  cli,Sim^  Position, 
with  review  of  the  circumstances.  — 13.  Partitio  : ( a ) the  ch<  '££)  the 

reckless  villany  of  the  two  T.  R.;  (r)  influence  of  Chrysog,^  MoT  ^e~ 
fensio  : (I.)  14.  The  crime  is  not  in  accordance  with  the  charactci  of  the 
defendant : no  motive  can  be  shown : no  enmity  between  father  and  son. 

I5“I7*  His  rustic  employment:  this  is  no  evidence  of  ill-will.  — 19.  Al- 
leged intention  to  disinherit:  no  proof.  — 20.  No  case  is  made  out:  hence 
the  accuser  (Erucius)  is  attacked  for  bringing  such  a charge.  — 21.  The 
case  rests  only  on  the  negligence  of  the  Court,  and  supposed  friendless- 
ness of  the  defendant.  — 22.  For  the  conspirators’  manner  changed  when 
they  found  there  would  be  a real  defence.  — Recapitulation : no  motive 
existed : enormity  of  the  crime,  and  severity  of  its  punishment.  — 23-26. 
Instances  from  real  life  and  fiction.  — 27,  28.  No  means  of  committing  the 
crime.  [29.  Again : the  accuser’s  presumption  in  trying  to  force  a con- 
viction. (II.)  30.  Countercharge  : T.  Roscius  the  probable  murderer:  in 
his  case  there  are  motives.  — 31.  It  was  for  his  advantage.  — 32.  He  was 
the  murdered  man’s  enemy.  — 33.  He  had  opportunities  (compare  the 
two  cases).  — 34.  His  acts  after  the  murder:  hasty  message  to  Capito; 
his  character. — 36.  His  testimony  at  the  trial.  — 37.  Speedy  announce- 
ment to  Chrysogonus  — apparently  from  the  Roscii,  for  they  have  received 


4 


Notes:  Cicero. 


the  reward  and  possess  the  property.  - 38,  39-  Capito’s  perfidy  to  the 
committee.  — 41.  Magnus  refuses  the  slaves  for  question.  — 42.  Influence 
of  Chrysogonus.]-(III.)  43-  Chrysogonus  the  purchaser:  the  sale  was 
illegal,  for  proscriptions  had  ceased.  - 44-47-  Lawlessness  and  insolence 
of  Chrysogonus  : Sulla  is  artfully  excused.-48.  No  political  necessity  of 
conviction. -49.  Responsibility  of  the  attack  on  Chrysogonus  is  Ciceros. 
Roscius  asks  only  his  fife.  - Peroratio  : 50-51.  Simulated  nppeal  to  Chry- 
sogonus,  to  stir  sympathy  of  the  jury:  incidental  mention  of  the  power 
fuf  friends  of  the  defendant.  - 52,  53-  But  if  Chrysogonus  does  not  spare 
him,  he  appeals  confidently  to  the  Court. 

The  grammars  cited  are  those  of  Allen  and  Greenough  (§),  Gilder - 
sleeve  (G.),  and  Sarhness  (H.). 

P2  Section  1.  Credo  . . . periculum  vitant.  This  para- 
graph may  be  analyzed  as  an  example  of  the  involved  periodic  style 

5 Lain  Jriters.  The  main  clause  is  credo  e8Oi  the  res.  of  he 
sentence  is  all  the  object  of  credo  in  the  indirect  discourse  (5  33« , 
r 6ct  • ’ 5^2j  The  main  verb  of  the  indir.  disc,  is  mirari 

(•changed  "n  miramini),  with  vos  in  the  accusative  as  its  sub- 
let T ject  of  mirari  is  the  indirect  question  quid  sit  quod, 
etc ' er  ng  all  the  rest,  changed  from  a direct  question  quid 
est’q  ,-tc  Again,  the  subject  of  sit  is  all  that  fo  lows,  being 
r ....  4th  quod  (§  333  i G.  525  i H.  540-  iv.),  of  which  surrex- 
erim  is  the  main  verb,  and  all  the  other  clauses  are  modifiers. - 
The  clause  cum  . . . sedeant  is  a kind  of  adverbial  modifier  of 
surrexerim,  while  the  clause  qui  . . . sim  . . . comparandus  is 
Zl of  adjective  modifier  of  ego  the  subject  «f  «™re»n-  and 
aui  sedeant  is  a kind  of  adjective  modifier  of  his.-  omnes  m, 
etc  l an  independent  sentence,  but  is  connected  m thought  with 
the’ preceding, Pand  explains  the  fact  at  which  the  Jurors  are  sap‘ 
posed  to  be  surprised,  i.e.  / suppose  you  wonder,  etc.,  but  the  fact 

is,  etc.  (See  §§  345- />  346.) 

The  learner  will  notice,  if  he  has  not  already  learned  the  fact,  that  m 

“ '•  ,he  P'*“  :fTh“»u 


Defence  of  Roscius, 


5 


disentangle.  The  sentence  would  read,  “ I SUPPOSE  (conceding  some- 
thing he  will  presently  contradict  or  explain)  you  (who  do  not,  as  I do, 
know  or  think  of  the  state  of  things)  wonder  why  it  is  that,  etc.,  but  the 
fact  is  ” (implied  as  the  antithesis  of  the  emphatic  credo) . Again,  omnes 
is  emphatic;  i.e.  “ I am  not  the  only  one,  but  all  would  speak  if  it  were 
not  for  circumstances”  he  proceeds  to  mention.  Even  videtis  has  an 
emphatic  position  : “ who,  as  you  see , are  in  attendance.”  Again,  putant 
oportere  defendi,  i.e.  “think  (though  they  do  nothing)  ought  to  be 
averted  by  a defence,  but  to  make  the  defence  themselves f etc. 

Line  i.  ego : not  emphatic  itself,  but  only  expressed  to  set  off 
vos,  which  is.  The  Latin  is  so  fond  of  putting  pronouns  in  anti- 
thesis, that  one  is  often  (as  here)  expressed  on  purpose.  — judices  : 
not  judges , but  rather  jurors . They  were  persons  selected  by  law 
to  try  facts  (under  the  presidency  of  a praetor  or  judex  quaestionis), 
and  varied  in  number  from  a single  one  to  fifty  or  more. 

In  the  year  B.C.  149,  an  important  reform  was  introduced  into  the  crimi- 
nal procedure  of  Rome,  by  establishing  a Quaestio  Perpetua,  or  standing 
Criminal  Court,  for  trial  of  cases  of  extortion  by  provincial  governors; 
the  object  of  the  suit  was  res  repeter e (to  recover  property),  and  the 
court  was  known  as  the  Quaestio  Rerum  Repetundarum , or  simply  Repe- 
tundarum . Until  B.c.  122,  it  was  presided  over  by  the  Praetor  Pere- 
grinus;  after  this  time,  by  a special  Praetor  Repetundarum,  A second 
court  of  murder  — de  Sicariis  et  Venejicis  — was  (according  to  Momm- 
sen) established  shortly  after,  by  Caius  Gracchus,  and  perhaps  others  fol- 
lowed. The  whole  system  was  revised  by  Sulla,  and  eight  or  ten  separate 
courts  were  established,  embracing  the  entire  field  of  criminal  offences. 
Six  of  these  (. Repetundae , Ambitus , Peculatus , Majestas , de  Sicariis  et 
Venejicis , and  probably  Falsi)  were  presided  over  by  six  of  the  eight 
praetors, — the  praetor  urbanus  and  peregrinus  having  civil  jurisdiction; 
the  assignment  was  made  by  lot.  For  the  rest  of  the  courts,  citizens 
of  aedilician  rank  (ex-aediles)  were  appointed,  under  the  title  Judex 
Quaestionis.  The  title  of  a president  of  a court,  whether  Praetor  or  Judex 
Quaestionis,  was  Quaesitor. 

These  new  and  remodelled  courts  went  into  operation  in  B.c.  80,  and  the 
case  of  Roscius  was  the  first  that  came  before  them.  His  trial  was  before 
the  Quaestio  inter  Sicarios , under  the  presidency  of  the  praetor,  Marcus 
Fannius.  The  judices , or  jury,  in  all  these  courts,  had  been  originally 
selected  from  the  Senators;  Caius  Gracchus  had  transferred  the  right  to  the 
Equites , or  wealthy  middle  class;  Sulla  restored  it  to  the  Senators,  but 
ten  years  later  (b.c.  70)  a new  arrangement  was  made  (see  Verr.  i.  15). 


Notes:  Cicero. 

quid  sit  quod,  why  it  is  that.  Here  quod  . . . surrexerim  is  a 
clause  of  fact,  taking  the  subj.  on  account  of  the  indirect  questio 
-summi  oratores,  homines  nobilissimi : notice  the  inver 

(chiasmus,  § 344-/;  G.  684;  H.  S^2)-  rendered 

2.  cum  with  sedeant  (§  326;  G.  587  5 H.  5H)  : » to  be  rende  ed 

when  or  while,  with  just  a hint  of  the  concess.  though.  Smce  Sulla  s 
victory  had  restored  the  aristocracy  to  power,  it  might  be  expected 
that  men  of  rank  (nobilissimi)  would  have  courage  to  come  forward 
to  defend  Roscius  : their  presence  showed  their  sympathies.  g • 
emphatic,  as  opposed  to  the  orators  and  men  of  rank.  - potassx- 
mum,  rather  than  any  other  (§  92-  2).-aetate:  Cicero  was  now 

bU42auctoritate,  influence,  particularly  that  derived  from  rank,  or 
Jce.-sim:  in  direct  disc,  this  might  be  either  subj.  to  indicate 
the  character  of  Cicero,  or  indie,  to  denote  a mere  fact  about  im 
but  here  necessarily  subj.  on  account  of  the  indirect  question  (§  342  , 
G.  666 ; H.  529.  ii.).  — sedeant,  sit  still,  instead  of  rising  to  speak . 

in  the  same  construction  as  sim.  . . 

5.  hi:  strongly  demonstrative  and  accompanied,  perhaps,  wit 

o o-psture  — these  men  here . . ,7 

6.  injuriam,  injustice—  novo  scelere  (abl.  of  means),  ^ 
strange  charge  of  parricide.  - conflatam,  got  up,  implying 

"'^^oportfre!  'this  verb  is  always  impersonal ; its  subject  here  is 
the  clause  injuriam  defendi.  The  verb  defe: ^ 
to  defend,  but  to  strike  down,  hence  to  ward  off  or  averU  P ■ 
agrees  with  the  subject  of  audent  (§  19S G„29 , H.4  2) 
defendere  is  a complementary  infinitive  (§  271 ; G.  424 , • 533T 

near,  on  account  of  (literally,  near)  these 

distinguish  carefully  from  praeterea,  which  is  Pieter 

prae)  ea,  along  by  (beyond  and  so  besides)  these  t^^^ 

they  attend:  opposed  to  taceant,  hence  the  position  The  friends 

of  any  party  to  a suit  (called  advocate)  attended  court  to  give  him 


Defence  of  Rescues . 


7 


the  weight  of  their  influence  (compare  Caes.  B.G.  i.  4).  Hence 
the  English  word  suit , which  originally  meant  following  of  wit- 
nesses and  friends. 

9.  officium,  duty , arising  from  their  relations  to  the  murdered 
man,  who  had  stood  in  the  relation  of  hospitium  with  some  of 
the  highest  families. 

Sect.  2.  ergo,  at : for  the  force  of  these  conjunctions,  see  Gr. 
§ 156*  b and  e.  — audacissimus,  i.e.  is  it  that  I have  more  effrontery 
than  any  of  the  rest  ? 

12.  ofliciosior,  with  a stronger  sense  of  duty.  — lie  . . . quidem, 

not  . . . either , enclosing,  as  usual,  the  emphatic  word  (§  15 1.  e ). 

istius,  i.e.  which  is  in  your  thoughts  (§  102.  c\  G.  291  ; H.  4501). 

13.  sim,  conjunctivus  modestiae  (§  31 1.  £ ; G.  252.  R. ; H.  486). 

aliis,  dat.  (§  229;  G.  346;  H.  386.  2).  — praereptam  : prae  gives 
here  the  force  of  getting  the  start  of  others  in  snatching  it  (com- 
pare prevent , from  prae-venio') . 

14.  me  : emphatic,  so  much  so  as  to  throw  igitur  out  of  its  place 

(§  344;  G.  681;  H.  561). 

15.  Rosci:  gen.  (§  40.  b).  The  contracted  form  of  the  genitive 
of  nouns  in  ius  or  ium  is  here  given  throughout.  — reciperem, 
undertake  a case  offered  ; suscipere  is  to  take  up  of  one’s  own  motion. 
(For  the  mood,  see  § 319;  G.  557;  H.  500.  ii. : tense,  287.  a;  G. 
51 1,  R.2;  H.  4951). 

17.  amplitudo,  position , from  birth,  wealth,  office,  or  the  like. 

de  re  public  a,  on  politics. 

18.  id  quod,  a thing  which  (§  200.  e\  G.  616.  r.2). 

19.  dixisset:  as  a part  of  the  case  supposed  in  si  fecisset,  this 
must  also  be  in  the  subjunctive  (see  next  note).  — putaretur,  apo- 
dosis  of  fecisset  (§  308;  G.  599  5 H.  5°7)>  while  the  whole  from 
si  verbum,  etc.,  is  the  apodosis  of  si  quis  dixisset.  Translate, 
if  any  one  had  spoken , in  case  he  had  made  any  allusion  to  politics , 
he  would , etc. 

Sect.  3.  ego,  etc.,  but  in  my  case , even  if  /,  etc.  — si  dixero 
. . . poterit:  for  the  form  of  condition,  see  § 307.  G.  236s; 
H.  5082. 

21.  similiter,  in  like  manner , i.e.  as  if  a man  of  rank  had  spoken. 
— exire,  etc.,  i.e.  this  speech  would  not  be  quoted  and  talked  over, 
nor  on  the  other  hand  distorted  and  misinterpreted. 


8 


Notes:  Cicero. 


22.  emanate,  leak  out  (cf.  manere).  - volgus  = vulgus  (see 

^ deinde  quod:  the  second  reason,  corresponding  to  quia 

above. — ceterorum,  opposed  to  ego  below. 


The  learner  is  greatly  assisted  (as,  indeed,  the  Romans  themselves 
must  have  been)  in  the  understanding  of  a sentence  like  this,  by  noticing 
the  way  in  which  one  word  is  set  off  against  another.  Thus,  besides  the 
case  just  mentioned,  dictum  obscurum  esse  is  opposed  to  dicto  concedi ; so 
■propter  nobilitatem  is  opposed  to  propter  aetatem,  and  occultum,  etc.,  to 
ijrnosci,  etc.  At  the  same  time,  occultum  is  parallel  with  obscurum,  and 
isnosci  with  concedi.  These  antitheses  are  indicated  in  various  ways, 
_ by  emphatic  and  similar  or  chiastic  position,  as  here  ceterorum 
precedes  neque,  and  ego  precedes  siquid,  though  the  connective  is  usually 
placed  first;  (£)  by  particles,  as  the  correlative  neque  . . . neque,  and  vet 

. . . vel. 


23  dictum  is  a noun  limited  by  ceterorum ; dicto  is  also  a 
noun,  though  modified  by  an  adverb  (see  examples  under  § 207.  c; 
G.438.  R.1;  H.  548.  N.2). 

24.  concedi  (impersonal,  § 230;  G.  208;  H.  534. 1.),  allowed,  or 
but  up  with. 

27  nondum  . . accessi,  I have  not  yet  gone  into  public  life, 
i.e.  become  candidate  for  any  office.  Cicero  began  his  political 
career  five  years  later,  with  the  quaestorship. 

28.  tametsi,  although,  in  its  so-called  “corrective1  use,— -tie 
concession  coming  after  the  general  statement,  as  a kind  of  limi- 
tation of  it.  — ignoscendi  ratio,  the  idea  of  pardon.  As  Latin 
has  few  abstract  nouns,  their  place  is  supplied  in  various  other 
ways.  The  thought  is,  not  only  pardoning,  but  even  official  inves- 
tigation (cognoscendi)  has  ceased  in  the  state  (in  consequence  of 
the  stormy  times  of  Sulla).  But  this  thought  can  hardly  be  ex- 
pressed in  any  other  way  than  by  the  general  word  ratio  with  a 
genitive,  which  we  may  translate  as  above.  [Notice  the  order : the 

idea  of  pardon 11 ; ratio  ignoscendi  would  mean  “the  idea  of  par- 

don”]. 

“This  is  boldly  said,  at  a time  when  the  tyrant  Sulla  was  in  power. 
Sulla  never  pardoned,  and  inquiry  in  legal  form  was  out  of  fashion;  at 
least  such  a trial  as  an  innocent  man  could  rely  on  e egis  a ion 
Sulla  had  excluded  the  Equites  from  the  office  of  judices  ; and  the  Se 


Defence  of  Roscius . 


9 


tors,  who  were  his  tools,  were  the  class  from  which  judices  were  now 
taken.”  (Long.)  It  should  be  observed,  however,  that  during  the  period 
in  which  the  equites  were  in  possession  of  the  courts,  they  showed  them- 
selves— in  spite  of  Cicero’s  assertion  (see  Verr.  i.  13) — quite  as  corrupt 
as  the  Senators.  The  fact  is,  each  class  was  under  a special  temptation  to 
pass  unjust  judgments,  since  the  provincial  governors  belonged  to  the 
Senatorial  order,  and  the  farmers  of  revenue  (the  conflicting  interest)  to 
the  Equestrian. 

3.  Sect.  4.  accedit,  there  is  in  addition:  used  as  a kind  of 
passive  of  addo.  — ilia,  this:  see  § 102.  b (at  the  end).  — quod, 
that  (§  333;  G.  525;  H.  540.  iv.).  — a ceteris,  from  the  others , 
i.e.  the  nobles.  (For  the  use  of  the  prep.,  see  § 239.  c.  Rem.; 

G.  333.  R.2;  H.  374.  n.4) 

4.  petitum  sit,  subj.  by  § 311.  G.  459.  r.  ; H.  485.  N.1 : it  is, 
strictly,  subj.  of  indir.  question  after  forsitan  {=  fors  sit  an,  it  is 
a chance  whether).—  ut  dicerent  (sc.  causam),  that  they  should 
plead:  a subst.  clause  (§  331.  a;  G.  546;  H.  498),  subject  of  peti- 
tum sit : the  others  have  been  asked  to,  etc. ; dicere  causam  is  the 
technical  expression  for  the  counsel  {to  argue  or  defend  a case), 
as  well  as  for  the  defendant  {to  be  brought  to  trial).  — ut  . . . arbi- 
trarentur,  a clause  of  result,  correlative  with  ita  (§  319;  G.  556; 

H.  500).  — utrumvis,  lit.  either  [of  the  two]  you  please:  here, 
simply,  either  at  their  option  (speak  or  not).  — salvo  officio  (abl. 
abs.),  without  breach  of  duty. 

5.  arbitrarentur  ; imperf.  following  petitum  sit  (§§  286,  287.  a ; 
G.  51  i.R.2 ; H.  495*  *•)• — a me  (opposed  to  a ceteris)  contenderunt, 
have  urged  it  upon  me:  preserve  the  antithesis  by  inserting,  b's,i  as 
to  myself  which  is  implied  in  the  position  of  a me.  — ei  (simply 
correlative  to  qui,  § 102.  d),  men:  not  a demonstrative,  like  hie, 
etc.  The  noble  friends  of  Roscius  are  here  meant, 'who  would  de- 
sire his  cause  to  be  well  conducted. 

6.  apud  me  : the  position  still  keeps  the  antithesis,  where  in  Eng- 
lish we  abandon  it,  so  also  in  the  case  of  ego,  in  line  7. 

7.  plurimum  possunt,  have  the  greatest  weight. 

9.  debeam,  subj.  of  characteristic  (§  320;  G.  633;  H.  503).— 
his  de  causis,  it  is  for  these  reasons  that , etc. 

10.  ego:  expressed  to  continue  the  emphasis  of  a me. — his: 


IO  • 


Notes:  Cicero. 


emphatic,  referring  to  the  reasons  just  mentioned ; ego,  as  opposed 
to  the  others  present.  — causae,  dat.  (§  235.  a\  G.  343,  H.  392). 

— patronus,  advocate  (the  word  advocati  meaning  friends,  as 
above).  The  term  patronus,  protector , — properly  the  correlative 
of  cliens,  a dependent,  — was  transferred  to  the  counsellor,  as  the 
defender  of  his  client;  all  the  more  easily,  as  the  practice  of  the 
law  was  in  the  hands  of  the  nobles,  who  were  obliged  to  defend 
their  friends  and  dependents  gratis.  [It  should  be  noticed  that 
' cliens  is  never  used  in  the  modern  sense  of  client  in  law,  correla- 
tive to  counsellor : the  Roman  cliens  was  necessarily  a poor  man, 
or  one  in  humble  station,  or  a foreigner.]  — electus,  relictus  : this 
antithesis  (in  position  and  sound  as  well  as  sense)  suggests  at  once 
that  ingenio  is  in  the  same  construction  as  periculo,  and  that 
possem  dicere  must  be  supplied. 

1 1 . unus,  as  the  one  man . 

12.  uti  : older  form  for  ut.—  uti  ne  : in  purpose  clauses  (§  3l7  ? 
G c4.ni  • H.  495.R.1)  the  double  form  is  often  used  instead  of  ne  alone. 

Sect’  5.  municeps  (munus-capio),  lit.  sharing  public  duties, 
and  so,  citizen  of  a municipium  or  free  Italian  town  with  Roman 
citizenship.  — Amerinus,  of  Ameria  (§  214.  a ; G.  360;  H.  33U- 

A native  Italian  town  which  had  lost  its  original  independence,  and  was 
absorbed  in  the  Roman  state,  ceased  to  be  a civitos  and  became  a mum 
cipium;  its  citizens  now  possessed  Roman  citizenship  as  well  as  that  of 
their  own  town.  This  Roman  citizenship  was  possessed  in  various  de- 
grees. Some  towns  lost  all  rights  of  self-government,  without  receiving 
any  political  rights  at  Rome  in  their  place;  that  is,  their  political  existence 
was  extinguished,  and  their  citizens  became  mere  passive  citizens 
Rome,  with  civil  rights,  but  no  political  ones.  A second  class  of  towns 
retained  their  corporate  existence,  with  the  rights  of  local  self-government, 
but  without  the  grant  of  Roman  citizenship.  The  con^°n  h“  e ‘ 
hshed  was  called  jus  Caeritum,  because  the  Etruscan  town  of  Caer  e u as 
taken  as  the  type.  The  most  favored  class  retained  all  powers  of  self- 
government,  with  magistrates  of  their  own  election,  at  the  same  ime 
being  full  citizens  of  Rome.  All  furnished  their  contingent  to  the  Roman 
army  and  were  under  the  civil  jurisdiction  of  the  Roman  prmtor;  but 
they  paid  no  taxes  except  for  their  own  local  concerns. 

I7.  vicinitatis:  i.e.  probably  the  whole  territory  of  Ameria, 
extending  to  the  Tiber. 


Defence  of  Roscius. 


II 


20.  hospitium,  guest  friendship . This  was  a relation  between 
individuals  of  different  cities  or  states,  at  a time  when  there  were 
no  international  relations  ; it  included  the  duties  of  hospitality  and 
protection,  was  transmitted  from  father  to  son,  and  was  vouched 
for  by  a ticket  (tessera). 

21.  domesticus  . . . consuetudo,  intercourse  and  companion - 
ship  in  their  homes. 

22.  honestatis  gratia  (so  honoris  causa,  § 17),  with  all  ho?ior : 
it  seems  to  have  been  held  a liberty  to  mention  the  name  of  any 
person  of  quality ; and  it  is  generally  done  in  some  such  form  of 
compliment. 

23.  hoc  solum,  i.e.  the  hospitium. 

24.  domestici,  of  his  own  house. 

25.  ereptum  possident,  have  plundered  and  now  hold  (§  292.  R. ; 
G.  667.  R.1 ; H.  549s)  ; possidere  does  not  signify  to  own,  in  the 
modern  sense,  but  only  to  hold  or  occupy.  — innocentis,  i.e.  filii. 

Sect.  6.  cum,  introducing  the  general  situation  ; turn,  the  par- 
ticular circumstance.  — omni  tempore,  at  all  times,  as  opposed  to 
the  time  of  the  civil  war ; notice  the  emphatic  position. 

27.  nobilitatis  fautor,  i.e.  of  Sulla’s  party.  — hoc  tumultu,  this 
last  disturbance  (euphemistic)  : i.e.  the  final  scenes  of  the  civil  war 
of  Marius  and  Sulla,  which  Cicero  will  not  call  bellum. 

28.  in  discrimen  veniret,  was  at  stake:  subj.  of  characteristic 
(at  a time  when,  etc.). 

30.  opera,  etc.,  labor , zeal , influence. 

31.  rectum,  render  no  more  than  right  (thus  giving  the  emphasis 
of  its  position).  — se  pugnare,  simply  to  fight  (§  330 . /*;  G.  52 7. 
R.3) : object  of  putabat,  while  rectum  is  in  pred.  apposition 
(§  186.  c ; G.  334;  H.  373.  n.2).  — honestate,  honestissimus,  refer 
respectively  to  the  rank  and  dignity  of  these  great  families,  and 
the  credit  which  his  connection  with  them  gave  him  in  his  own 
neighborhood. 

33.  victoria,  i.e.  of  Sulla’s  party.  — constituta  est,  praescribe- 

rentur : the  first  is  of  absolute , the  second  of  relative  time  (§  323  ; 
G.  562),  describing  the  period  by  its  characteristics  (§  320). 

34.  proscriberentur : the  number  of  the  proscribed  in  Sulla’s 
time  was  4,700. 


12 


Notes : Cicero. 


« Whoever  killed  one  of  these  outlaws  was  not  only  exempt  from  pun- 
ishment, like  an  executioner  duly  fulfilling  his  office,  but  also  obtained  for 
the  execution  a compensation  of  12,000  denarii  (nearly  $2,400);  any 
one,  on  the  contrary,  who  befriended  an  outlaw,  even  his  nearest  relative, 
was  liable  to  the  severest  punishment.  The  property  of  the  proscribed 
was  forfeited  to  the  state,  like  the  spoil  of  an  enemy;  their  children  and 
grandchildren  were  excluded  from  a political  career,  and  yet,  so  far  as  of 
senatorial  rank,  were  bound  to  undertake  their  share  of  senatorial  bur- 
dens” (Mommsen).  At  first  only  the  names  of  those  who  had  justly  for- 
feited their  lives  were  proscribed;  afterwards  it  became  easy  for  friends 
and  favorites  of  the  dictator  (as  Chrysogonus,  attacked  in  the  oration  for 
Roscius)  to  put  upon  the  list  the  names  of  innocent  men,  and  even  of 
men  already  dead,  so  as  to  work  confiscation  of  their  property.  These 
proscriptions  nominally  ceased  June  1,  B.c.  81. 

36.  erat  Romae,  i.e.  he  did  not  stay  away,  as  one  would  who 
feared  the  proscription.  — frequens : adjective  for  adverb  (§  191 ; 
G.  324.  R.6;  H.  443). 

4.  Sect.  7.  erant,  see  § 343.  b . — inimicitiae  : plural  of  the 
abstract,  signifying  causes  or  occasions  of  enmity  (§  75*  ^)- 

5.  accusatorum  : prosecutions  might  be  brought  by  private  per- 
sons (as  by  Cicero  against  Verres)  : these  Roscii  took  their  places 
as  prosecutors  along  with  Erucius  ( coadjutor es,  subscriptores'). 

8.  neque  enim,  nor , you  see. 

9.  isti  (§  102.  c ),  i.e.  of  the  party  of  prosecution. 

10.  Capitoni  (§  231.  G.  322;  H.  387)  : following  cognomen. 

12.  palmarum,  prizes : sarcastically  said  of  his  acts  of  violence, 
as  of  so  many  victories  in  gladiatorial  fights. — nobilis,  famous 
(as  of  artists,  actors,  etc.),  - hie,  the  one  here  present  (Magnus)  ; 
eum,  referring  to  the  one  just  mentioned,  the  absent  one  (Capita).. 

13.  lanistam,  a professional  trainer  ox  “ coach" : used  sarcasti- 
cally, like  palmarum,  above. 

14.  quod  sciam,  so  far  as  I know,  sc.  id  (adv.  acc.  § 240.  b\ 
G.  331.  R.2;  H.  3 78):  i.e.  he  must  have  been  a mere  apprentice 
(tiro)  at  the  trade ; this  is  the  first  of  his  actual  murders  that  I 
know  of. 

Sect.  8.  hie,  this  man  (with  a gesture),  i.e.  here  at  my  si  e, 
iste,  that  one , i.e.  there  on  the  accusers’  bench. 


Defence  of  Roscius , 


13 


17.  cum  . . . esset,  parenthetical. 

19.  iste,  T.  Roscius:  the  repetition  of  the  words  frequens,  etc., 
brings  out  the  point  that  he  was  likeliest  to  be  the  murderer. 

20.  Palacinas  : the  reading  is  uncertain,  and  the  place  unknown. 

22.  suspltio  : this  word  is  not  formed  immediately  from  the  verb- 
stem  of  suspicio,  but  the  true  derivative  ending  is  -tio  (§§  163.  b , 
10.  c ),  and  the  long  vowel  seems  to  indicate  contraction. 

23.  res  ipsa,  the  fact  itself, 

24.  hunc,  i.e.  my  client. — judicatote  (§  269.  d\  G.  262;  H. 
487  2)  : the  second  or  longer  form  of  the  imperative  is  regular  where 
the  action  is  not  to  be  performed  immediately,  especially  when  a 
future  appears  in  protasis  (§§  269.  d,  307  ; G.  597  ; H.  5084). 

Sect.  9.  Ameriam  nuntiat,  brings  the  news  to  Ameria:  the 
accus.  of  end  of  motion  (§  258.  b\  G.  410;  H.  380.  ii.). 

26.  quidam,  one, 

28.  horam  primam : the  night  from  sunset  to  sunrise  was 
divided  into  twelve  hours. 

30.  nocturnis,  i.e.  when  the  travelling  would  be  more  difficult 
and  slow,  though  the  hours  would  be  longer  in  the  late  autumn  or 
winter,  when  the  murder  is  thought  to  have  been  committed.  But 
the  time  is  uncertain. 

31.  cisiis,  a two-wheeled  wagon,  like  a gig  or  chaise.  The  plural 
form  shows  that  there  were  relays  of  carriages. 

Sect.  10.  quadriduo,  i.e.  in  the  same  space  of  four  days : we 
should  say  within  four  days  from  the  time  when , etc. 

36.  in  castra : the  idea  of  motion,  vividly  conceived,  suggests 
the  acc.  of  place  as  well  as  person ; we  should  say,  TO  Sulla  in  his 
camp  at  V.  (§  259.  h).  — Volaterras:  a very  ancient  and  impor- 
tant town  of  Etruria,  on  a high  and  very  steep  hill,  about  30  miles 
S.  W.  of  Florence.  “Here  some  of  the  Etruscans  and  of  those 
proscribed  by  Sulla  made  a stand  and  were  blockaded  for  two  years, 
and  then  surrendered  on  terms”  (Strabo).  — defertur : this  word 
implies  an  intentional  conveying  of  the  information,  in  the  manner 
of  a formal  report,  or  charge. 

5.  fundos,  different  estates , i.e.  lands  or  buildings,  whether  in 
town  or  country.  — tris  = tres  (§  84.  b)  : the  acc.  termination  in  Is 
remained  in  this  and  a few  other  words  for  a considerable  time  after 


14 


Notes  : Cicero. 


the  form  in  es  became  more  common.  — Tiberim  (§§  55.  d,  56.  a,  1): 
the  river  must  add  greatly  to  the  value  of  these  estates,  whether  for 
transportation  or  irrigation. 

5.  splendidus,  eminent : the  regular  complimentary  epithet  ot 
equites,  and  persons  of  similar  rank  ; gratiosus,  in  favor : referring 
to  his  relations  with  great  families.  — negotio,  difficulty. 

7.  de  medio  tolli,  put  out  of  the  way.  — ne  teneam , not  to 
detain  you : a purpose  clause  after  some  verb  of  saying,  etc.,  which 


is,  as  usual,  omitted  (§  317.  c\  G.  688;  H.  499-2  N-> 


a usual,  j / 7 *4.1 

0 societas,  partnership.  — coitur : coire,  as  governing  ie 

accusative  (§  238.  b ; G.  33°  5 H.  372),  here  takes  the  passive. 

Sect.  IX.  cum,  etc.:  the  proscriptions  ceased  June  1,  B.c.  m ; 
the  murder  was  committed  some  months  after  this  date  (see  below, 

§ n!  jam  (with  reference  to  time  preceding),  already  (§  151.  b): 
nunc  (referring  only  to  the  moment  itself),  now.  — defunctos,  rid 

of , sc.  esse.  , 

13.  studiossisimi,  devoted  to  the  party  of  Sulla,  and  so  no  1 ) 

to  be  proscribed.— manceps  (manu  capio),  purchaser  of  con- 
fiscated goods  and  the  like. 

1 6.  iste,  yonder,  on  the  accusers’  benches. —nomine,  i.e.  as 

°I7  impetum  facit,  makes  a raid  upon,  implying  violence,  as  of 
a charge  in  battle.  — duobus  milibus  nummum,  i.e.  about  $100 
(§  378)  ; they  are  estimated  in  ch.  ii.  to  have  been  worth  $300,000 

( S Sect' 12.  imprudente,  without  the  knowledge  (frudens  = 
ftrovidens). 

20  certo  scio,  Tam  well  aware  (§  151.  c).  — neque  emm,  nega- 
tive of  et  enim  (§  156.  d),  introducing  a point  obvious  or  indis- 
putable, for,  you  see.  — mirum,  predicate  of  the  clause  si  . . . 

animadvertat,  below  (§  333.  R-)-  . , , 

22.  praeparet,  must  provide  for : cum  is  causal,  though  to  be 
rendered  when.  — pacts  . . . rationem,  i.e.  the  ordering  of  the  new 
constitution. 

25.  distentus,  pulled  different  ways. 

26.  si  aliquid  (more  emphatic  than  si  quid)  non  animadvertat, 

if  there  is  something  he  does  not  notice : protasis  with  mirum,  a ove. 


Defence  of  Roscius. 


IS 


28.  ut  . . . moliantur,  that  as  soon  as  he  takes  off  his  eyes  they 
may  get  up  something  of  this  sort:  clause  of  purpose  (§317;  G. 
545  ; H.  497.  ii.)  ; despexerit,  perf.  subj.  (§  342;  G.  666;  H.  529. 
ii.),  for  fut.  perf.  (§  286,  end;  G.  514,  rule). 

29.  hue  accedit,  add  to  this . (Compare  accedit  ilia , etc.,  § 4, 
where  the  meaning  is,  there  is  in  addition , etc. ; here  the  difference 
in  position  gives  the  meaning,  in  addition  to  this.)  — quamvis  felix 
sit  (§  313.  a;  G.  608;  H.  515.  iii  .) , however  fortunate  he  ?nay  be : 
Sulla  was  so  impressed  with  his  own  good  fortune,  that  he  assumed 
the  agnomen  Felix,  implying,  by  the  ancient  notion,  peculiar  favor  of 
the  gods.  (See  Manil.  § 47.) 

31.  familia,  household  of  slaves  and  dependents  (see  under  § 35). 
— qui  habeat,  as  to  have  (§  320.  a ; G.  634  ; H.  500.  i.). 

32.  libertum , freedman : he  still  remained  attached  to  his  former 
master  as  patronus , often  lived  in  his  family,  did  various  services 
for  him,  and  stood  towards  him  in  a relation  somewhat  like  that  of 
a son  under  the  patria  potest  as.  Towards  others  he  was  a liberti- 
nus , fully  free,  but  with  some  political  disqualifications ; towards  his 
former  master  he  was  a libertus. 

Sect.  13.  vir  optimus,  sarcastic.  ^ 

35.  qui  . . . solvisset  (§  320 ; G.  634 ; H.  500.  i.),  though  he  had 
not  yet,  etc. 

36.  justa,  the  due  rites  of  burial:  these  ended  with  a sacrifice  on 
the  ninth  day  ( novemdialia ) after  the  death  or  burial.  — eicit=  eji- 
cit : in  the  compounds  of  jacio,  the  combination  ji  is  written  with 
a single  letter  (§  10.  d). 

6.  pecuniae,  property . — dominus,  master  in  the  sense  of 
owner. 

3.  qui  . . . fuisset,  since  he  had  been , etc.  — ut  fit,  as  generally 
happens. 

4.  insolens,  here  extravagant , etc.  — domum  suam  (§  258. 
b,  e\  G.  410.  R.1;  H.  380 2),  to  his  house.  — auferebat  (§  277.  c\ 
G.  224;  H.  4691),  began  to,  etc. 

7.  auctione,  verbal  from  augeo,  i.e.  increasing  the  bids.  — usque 
eo,  to  that  degree. 

8.  urbe  tota,  § 258.  /;  G.  386;  H.  425.  ii.2 

Sect.  14.  12.  iter,  right  of  way : this  was  usually  reserved  in 


i6 


Notes : Cicero . 


case  of  the  sale  of  any  estate  on  which  was  a family  burial-place : 
by  the  proscription  this  right  was  cut  off. 

13.  bonorum  emptio,  the  technical  term  denoting  purchase  at 
public  sale . — furta  refers  to  clam ; rapinae  to  palam,  above. 

Sect.  15.  decurionum : these  were  members  of  the  municipal 
senate,  or  council.  — decern  primi  : these  may  have  been  a stand- 
ing board,  or  a special  committee.  Committees  of  ten  of  the  Roman 
Senate,  as  well  as  committees  and  boards  of  ten  of  municipal  towns, 
are  frequently  mentioned,  and  particular  men  are  referred  to  in  in- 
scriptions as  belonging  to  such  a body.  T.  Roscius  Capito  (see 
§ 16)  was  one  of  this  body. 

19.  qui  vir,  what  sort  of  man . 

21.  ut  . . . velit,  that  he  will  consent . 

22.  decretum  : the  decree  was  here  read  to  the  court,  but  is  not 
given  in  the  published  speech. 

25.  id  quod,  as  (§  200.  e\  G.  616.  R.2). 

28.  nobills,  acc.  plur.  (§  84.  b).  — ab  eis  qui  peterent  (§  317  ; 
G.  5451 ; H.  497.  i.),  to  beg  of  them:  eis  refers  to  the  decern  primi. 

29.  ne  . . . adirent,  obj.  of  peterent. 

30.  vellent,  § 341.  a^  G.  5°9  2 5 H.  524* 

Sect.  16.  antiqui,  of  the  old  stamp . — ex  sua  natura,  after 
their  own  nature . 

33.  ceteros,  subj.  of  esse  understood,  depending  on  fingerent, 

imagined . — confirmaret,  assured  them . 

36.  appromitteret,  promised  in  addition. 

7 re  inorata,  without  having  pleaded  their  case:  the  primary 
meaning  of  oro  implies  not  entreaty , but  statement  or  argument 
(cf.  orator).— reverterunt:  the  active  form  of  this  verb  is  found 
only  in  the  tenses  of  the  perfect  stem ; otherwise  it  is  deponent. 

2.  isti,  i.e.  Chrysogonus  and  Capito. 

3.  lentius,  more  slackly.  — nihil  agere,  do  nothing,  refrain  from 
action.  — deludere,  make  fools  of  the  Amerians,  i.e.  treat  them 

with  contempt.  # . 

4.  id  quod,  etc.,  as  we  may  easily  infer:  this  point  is  an  infer- 
ence, not  like  the  rest,  an  attested  fact.  b 

5 neque,  and  not , the  negative  qualifying  posse : and  judge 
that  they  can  no  longer , etc.  In  Latin  the  connective  attracts  the 
negative. 


Defence  of  Roscius . 


1 7 


Sect.  17.  hie,  my  client.  — cognatorum  (co-gnatus),  blood- 
relations:  these  were  accustomed  to  hold  a consilium , or  formal 
deliberation,  on  important  family  affairs. 

io.  Caeciliam,  see  § 50. 

12.  id  quod,  etc.,  i.e.  she  showed  on  this  occasion  (nunc)  the 
generous  traits  all  expected  in  her. 

13.  quasi  . . . causa,  as  a 7nodel.  — antiqui  officii,  old-fashioned 
fidelity : officium  means  the  performance  of  duties  as  well  as  the 
duties  themselves. 

15.  domo  (§2 58.  G.  41 1 ; H.  412.  ii.1),  without  the  prep., 

while  bonis  requires  ex. 

18.  vivus  . . . referretur,  brought  alive  to  trial , rather  than 
murdered  and  put  on  the  proscription-list. 

Sect.  18.  consilium  ceperunt : this  phrase  is  equivalent  to  a 
verb  of  determining,  and  so  has  the  clause  ut  . . . pugnarent  for 
its  object  (§  331.  d\  G.  424;  H.  501.  ii.). 

23.  nomen  deterrent,  i.e.  lay  a formal  charge  before  the  president 
of  the  proper  court.  — de  parricidio,  § 220.  b ; G.  377.  r.2  ; H.  410.  ii.3 

24.  veterem,  old  in  the  trade  : the  reign  of  terror  through  which 
Rome  had  just  passed  had  given  ample  practice. 

25.  de  ea  re,  etc.,  in  a case  in  which , etc. 

26.  suspitio,  ground  of  suspicion. 

27.  crimine  (abl.  of  means),  on  the  charge  itself.  — poterant: 
indicative  as  being  Cicero’s  reason,  not  theirs.  — tempore  : partly 
the  character  of  the  time  in  general ; partly  the  fact  that  the  courts 
were  now  first  reopened,  after  their  reorganization  by  Sulla. 

28.  loqui : the  thought  of  the  conspirators  is  put  in  indir.  disc., 
the  verb  being  implied  in  consilium  ceperunt.  — tarn  diu,  during 
the  long  troubles. 

29.  eum,  any  one.  — oportere,  was  sure  to  ;qui  primus:  this 
was  the  first  case  that  came  before  the  Quaestio  inter  Sicarios . 

30.  adductus  esset : for  fut.  perf.  of  direct  disc.  — huic : op- 
posed to  the  indefinite  qui  primus. 

31.  gratiam,  favor  or  influence,  i.e.  with  Sulla. 

33.  fore  ut,  etc. : the  most  usual  form  for  the  fut.  infin.  pass. ; 
the  supine  with  iri  is  rare. 

34.  tolleretur,  got  out  of  the  way : a derivative  meaning  from 
the  original  sense  of  lift.  — nullo  : for  the  abl.  of  nemo,  which  is 
never  used. 


j g Notes : Cicero. 

35.  atque  adeo,  or  rather.-  quern:  the  antecedent  is  eum, 

^T'jugulandum  (§294-  d\  G.  43*  5 H.  544-  N.»).  Le.  for  judicial 
murder. 

8 Sect.  19.  unde,  where : i.e.  the  point  whence  the  argument 
proceeds.  — potissimum  (superl.  of  potius,  as  it  rathest),  best 

(rather  than  anywhere  else). 

4.  summam : i.e.  of  rendering  a verdict. 

, fidem:  i.e.  the  protection  required  by  good  faith.  — pater, 
etc  : these  nominatives  are  in  no  grammatical  construction,  but  are 
simply  a list  of  crimes  (see  § 292.  a\  G.  667.  R.“). 

7.  infesta,  in  peril.  , , , 

9.  nefariis,  abl.  of  instr.  after  cumulant : but  translate,  upon 

these  they  heap  up  other  tnfanues. 

11.  hujusce  (emphatic  instead  of  ejus,  the  regular  pronoun  of 

reference,  § 102.  his  own . . . . , 

12.  condicionem,  terms  (or  dilemma)-,  as  containing  the  idea 

of  a bargain,  it  is  followed  by  ut  (§  331.^;  G.  559'.  497-  “•)• 

cervices  : this  word  is  used  by  early  writers  only  in  the  plura  . 

13  insutus  in  culeum  : the  old  punishment  of  parricide  was  to 
be  “ beaten  with  blood-red  rods,  then  sewed  into  a sack,  with  a 
dog,  a cock,  a viper,  and  an  ape,  and  thrown  into  the  deep  sea 

^^.'  patronos  : Cicero’s  modesty  will  not  allow  him  to  call  him- 
self a patronus  (cf.  note  on  § 4).  . „ . v thp 

15.  qui  dicat,  purpose-clause  (§  317  5 G.  545  7 H.497.1-}* 
antecedent  is  the  subj.  of  deest,  below. 

Sect.  20.  quantum,  so  far  as  (adverbial  acc.). 

19.  crimen,  the  criminal  charge : with  the  other  means  used  to 
convict  the  accused  the  advocate  has  nothing  to  do. 

21.  confictionem,  the  getting  up . 

24  quid  igitur  est?  hem  then  t The  whole  task  imphed  in 
oportere  is  too  large  to  be  attempted  in  a single  plea.  He  has 
only  to  argue  the  case  on  the  charge:  the  jury  must  see  that  reck- 
less audacity  and  coercion  shall  have  no  effect  with  them. 

“0  primo  queue  tempore.  Hu  v.ry  firs,  ofifisri.mty  s.nce 
the  violence  and  disorder  of  the  civil  war. 


"^0-^i^Urv  /tK'VW  AA^vtkO  “ 

">T^°  ^U^t W' 

IP^W^JZ^JI-  j 

'^'**'*’’-^£-'W"0 


VH-  v. 


Defence  of  Roscius, 


19 


Sect.  21.  quo  uno  maleficio,  that  in  this  one  crime . — - voltuf 
by  a look , showing  a lack  of  filial  affection  (pietas). 

9,  2.  si  . . . cogebant,  would  compel  it  if  the  case  should  re- 
quire (see  § 307./;  G.  598.  R.1;  H.  5111)  : a future  protasis,  relative 
to  the  time  of  cogebant,  which  is  past. 

5.  auditum  sit,  fut.  cond.  completed  (§  307.  c ; G.  236.  R.2 ; H. 
509). 

6.  tu  (emphatic), you,  a professional  prosecutor. 

7.  censes : the  word  used  to  express  deliberate  judgment,  after 
discussion,  etc. 

9.  mores,  character,  as  resulting  from  habits  of  life ; naturam, 
natural  disposition. 

11.  tu,  emphatic,  as  opposed  to  accusers  generally. 

12.  lie  . . . causa,  i.e.  not  even  as  a plausible  charge.  — contu- 
listi,  brought  against,  alleged. 

Sect.  22.  qui  homo?  what  sort  of  man?  — adulescentulus, 

some  young  fellow : the  diminutive  emphasizes  the  contrast  in  age. 

14.  nequam,  modifying  hominibus. 

15.  major,  anomalous  for  the  more  usual  plus  or  amplius  (§  247. 
c\  G.  31 1.  R.4 ; H.  417.  1.  N.2). 

16.  videlicet,  no  doubt  (ironical). 

20.  de  luxuria,  ablative  of  charge  (§  220.  b\  G.  377.  R.2;  H. 
410.  ii.).  — objecit : the  accuser  made  it  a point  in  his  charge,  that 
the  accused  was  of  a gloomy  and  morose  temper,  shunning  all 
society. 

26.  officio,  sense  of  duty,  and  consequent  discharge  of  it. 

Sect.  23.  justam,  sufficient  or  wellgrounded. 

30.  illud,  this,  in  appos.  with  the  clause  immediately  following, 
i.e.  the  point  previously  treated  ; hoc,  the  new  point  now  introduced. 

34.  eodem,  to  the  same  point  as  that  treated  in  the  preceding 
section. 

10.  qui  odisset,  in  that  he  hated  (according  to  their  argument). 

2.  constantissimus,  ?nost  consistent. 

3.  illud  refers  to  causam  fuisse.  — jam,  by  this  thne. 

Sect.  24.  9.  jam  prope  cotidiana,  i.e.  which  have  come  to  be 

an  almost  everyday  affair . 


20 


Notes:  Cicero. 


13.  convenisse  . . ,.  videntur,  seem  to  have  converged  upon  one 
spot  and  to  agree  together : the  phrase  inter  se  may  express  any 
sort  of  reciprocal  relation  (§  196.  f\  G.  212;  H.  448.  N.).  The 
figure  here  is  of  a band  of  conspirators,  or  the  like. 

16.  ingenio , power,  in  putting  the  case. 

Sect.  25.  expressa  vestigia,  distinct  footprints . — ratione, 
manner , i.e.  the  whole  plan  of  the  act. 

23.  res  . . . credi : notice  that  credo  takes  the  acc.  of  the  thing. 

27.  esse,  that  there  should  be,  etc. 

31.  feras,  i.e.  even  in  the  case  of  wild  beasts  (notice  the  emphatic 
position). 

Sect.  26.  ita,  so  very . 

34.  Tarracinensem,  of  Tarracina  (Anxur),  a colony  on  the 
Latian  coast,  40  miles  from  Rome,  — non  obscurum,  respectable. 

1 1 , servus  : here  used  as  an  adjective  (cf.  § 188.  d\  G.  284.  R. ; 

H.  441  3). 

2.  id  aetatis,  i.e.  too  old  for  the  sound  sleep  of  childhood. 

3.  propter,  near  by.  — autem,  on  the  other  hand . 

5.  neutrumne  sensisse,  the  idea  that , etc.  (infin.  of  exclam.). 

7.  potissimum,  of  all  others . 

Sect.  27.  conveniret,  could  naturally  fall. 

16.  non  modo  . . . possunt,  not  only  cannot,  etc.  (§  149-  e\  G- 
484.  R.1 ; H.  5522)  : the  verb  is  sufficiently  negatived  by  ne. 

Sect.  28.  multis  = many  other  (implied  in  the  generalizing 
cum  followed  by  turn). 

23.  singulare,  special . 

26.  rerum  natura,  the  universe,  represented  by  air  ( caelum ),  fire 
( solem ),  water,  and  earth,  the  elements  “ from  which  all  things  are 
said  to  be  produced.'” 

Sect.  29.  obicere,  cast  forth  to.  — ne  bestiis  . . . uteremur, 

lest  we  should  find  the  very  beasts  more  savage  (immanioribus,  in 
predicate  apposition). 

32.  sic  nudos,  naked  as  they  were.  — ipsum,  even  that. 

34.  violata,  defiled.  — expiari : sea-water,  as  well  as  running 
water,  was  regarded  as  having  a purifying  quality,  a notion  pre 
vailing  in  various  religions,  and  found  in  the  forms  of  abluUon, 
baptism,  and  the  like. 


Defence  of  Roscitts. 


21 


35.  tam  . . . volgare,  so  cheap  or  so  common. 

36.  etenim : i.e.  it  needs  no  argument  to  show,  etc. 

12.  ejectis,  to  waifs.  — ita,  in  such  a way . 

Sect.  30.  crimen,  accusation. 

9.  talibus  viris,  “ to  this  intelligent  jury.”  — causam,  motive. 

10.  emptores,  i.e.  men  having  the  strongest  interest  in  his  con- 
viction, with  Chrysogonus  himself  as  their  presiding  officer. 

11.  judicio,  the  trial. 

12.  venisses,  you  should  have  come  (§  2 66.  e\  G.  266.  R.3;  H. 
483. 2 n.).  — utrum  . . . an,  i.e.  which  is  it  — the  nature  of  the  ques- 
tion or  the  character  of  the  court  [another  compliment  to  the  jury] 
— that  you  do  not  see  ? 

17.  admittere,  commit. 

Sect.  31.  esto,  well  then  (to  quit  that  point).  — causam  pro- 
ferre,  to  allege  a motive. 

29.  vicisse  debeo,  / ought  to  have  now  gained  the  case , i.e.  by 
my  past  argument : ought  to  have  conquered  (in  the  past)  is  vine  ere 
debui  (§  288.  a\  G.  424;  H.  5371). 

20.  in  alia  causa,  in  another  case , an  implied  condition  to  c on- 
ce derem. 

21.  qua  re,  why ; quo  modo,  how. 

23.  ita,  sic,  i.e.  I will  deal  with  you  on  these  terms. 

24.  meo  loco,  in  my  place , i.e.  in  the  time  allotted  to  the  defence  : 
this  was  determined  for  each  party  by  the  praetor.  — respondendi, 
i.e.  at  the  end  of  a question ; interpellandi,  in  the  middle  of  any 
question,  to  answer  a part;  interrogandi,  asking  questions  in  turn. 

Sect.  32.  ipsum,  sc.  percussisse. 

29.  per  alios,  for  abl.  of  means,  when  persons  are  intended  (§  246. 
b\  G.  403;  H.  4151.  n.1). 

30.  indidemne  Ameria,  from  Ameria  there? 

31.  hosce  sicarios,  these  cut-throats  of  ours . 

34.  convenit,  i.e.  to  bargain  for  the  murder. 

36.  unde,  i.e.  on  whom  did  he  draw  for  the  money?  All  such 
banking  business  being  in  a manner  public,  the  sum  could  be  traced, 
as  by  cheques,  etc.,  in  modern  times. 


22 


Notes:  Cicero . 


13.  caput,  fountain-head . 

2.  tibi,  dat.  for  poss.  (§  235.  a;  G.  343.  R.2;  H.  389).  — veniat, 
with  facito  (fac)  for  simple  imperat.  (§  331-/.  R- i G-  546.  R.8; 
H.  489.  2).  The  fut.  form  of  the  imperat.  is  used,  because  it  is  a 
point  for  the  accuser  to  reflect  upon  (§  269.  d\  G.  262  ; H.  487  2). 

4.  ferum  atque  agrestem,  rude  and  clownish  (not  simply 
rustic ). 

6.  in  oppido  constitisse,  to  have  stayed  in  any  town:  oppidum 
is  distinguished  both  from  urbs,  the  great  city , and  vicus,  a country 
village , or  mere  hamlet : it  would  be  a place  of  some  society  and 
cultivation. 

Sect.  33.  poterat,  might,  i.e.  if  I chose  to  use  it  (§  311.*; 
G.  599.  r.2;  H.  51 11). 

g.  victu  arido,  dry  or  meagre  way  of  life.  — inculta,  uncouth . 

11.  possis,  potential  subjunctive  (§  31 1.  a,\  G.  602;  H.  485)- 

13.  in  urbe  (emphatic),  i.e.  not  in  the  country,  where  Roscius 
was. 

14.  erumpat,  burst  forth  : a strong  word  on  account  of  audacia, 

reckless  daring. 

15.  autem,  on  the  other  hand . — agrestem,  boorish . 

16.  parsimoniae,  thrift  (in  a good  sense). 

Sect.  34.  missa  facio,  I let  that  pass  (missa  agreeing  with  ea, 
understood,  obj.  of  facio)  ; such  phrases  are  often  used  colloquially 
or  with  emphasis,  for  the  simple  verb  (§  292.  d\  G.  537).  — illud 
quaero,  this  is  what  I want  to  know. 

20.  per  quos  : these  words  are  the  interrogative  expression  with 
which  the  clause  grammatically  begins ; is  homo  is  put  first  for 
emphasis. 

22.  suspitiose,  i.e.  so  as  to  look  suspicious. 

23.  in  his  rebus,  but  in  these  circumstances  of  the  case  (emphatic 
position).  — suspitio,  culpam : i.e.  in  so  clear  a case  I will  not  ask 
proof  of  guilt;  any  suspicious  circumstance  will  be  enough. 

25.  credo,  I suppose : ironical,  as  usual  when  thus  used  paren- 
thetically. 

30.  causa  dicitur,  lit.  the  case  is  argued  by  the  defendant : i.e.  he 
is  put  on  trial. 

Sect.  35.  quod  [innocenti]  relates  to  id,  having  in  appos.  the 
clause  ut  . . . polliceatur. 


Defence  of  Roscius . 


23 


34.  quaestionem,  question  in  the  technical  sense,  i.e.  examina- 
tion by  torture,  the  regular  legal  way  of  examining  slaves.  In  a 
few  special  classes  of  cases,  the  slaves  of  the  accused  could  be 
tortured  in  order  to  get  evidence  against  their  master  (see  Milo,  ch. 
xxii.).  The  master  might,  however,  of  his  own  accord,  offer  them 
for  torture  ( polliceri ) : in  this  case  Roscius  had  lost  his  slaves, 
and  so  was  deprived  of  that  privilege. 

36.  unus  puer,  as  much  as  a single  slave;  the  apparently  unem- 
phatic  position  of  non  making  the  whole  more  effective.  — minister, 
i.e.  to  wait  upon  him. 

14.  familia : this  word,  in  its  primary  meaning,  properly  em- 
braced the  entire  body  of  free  persons,  clients  and  slaves,  under  the 
patriarchal  rule  of  the  paterfamilias.  In  time,  the  meaning  was 
divided,  applying  either  (1)  to  the  family  proper — the paterfamilias , 
with  his  wife,  children,  etc. ; (2)  to  a body  (or  gang)  of  slaves. 
The  latter  is  the  meaning  here.  The  word  is  also  often  used  to 
designate  a group  of  kinsfolk  having  a common  name,  — as  Metel- 
lus,  Scipio,  Cicero,  Caesar. 

2.  Scipio,  Metelle : these  were,  probably,  P.  Scipio  Nasica, 
father  of  Metellus  Scipio  (a  leader  on  Pompey’s  side  in  the  civil 
war),  and  his  cousin,  Q.  Metellus  Nepos,  brother  of  Oecilia  (§  50), 
and  father  of  the  Celer  and  Nepos  referred  to  in  the  orations  against 
Catiline.  — advocatis,  called  in  (as  friends  of  the  accused); 
agentibus,  taking  active  part.  The  demand  seems  to  have  been 
formal,  and  these  friends  were  present  to  attest  it. 

3.  aliquotiens,  several  times. 

4.  meministisne,  don't  you  remember  f 

5.  T.  Roscium,  i.e.  Magnus. 

6.  sectantur,  are  in  the  train  of. 

Sect.  36.  aureum:  the  Greek  name  Chrysogonus  means  gold-born. 

16.  latuit : because  his  was  the  only  name  that  appeared. 

20.  alii  quoque,  i.e.  other  purchasers  of  confiscated  estates. 

22.  sectorum  : these  were  the  purchasers  of  confiscated  property 
in  the  lump,  who  afterwards  divided  it  (seco)  to  sell  again  in  detail. 
The  word  also  means  both  cut-throat  and  cut-purse , and  was  perhaps 
used  here  to  imply,  by  the  double  meaning,  that  these  men  connived 
at  the  death  of  the  proscribed. 


24 


Notes:  Cicero. 


Sect.  37.  venierunt,  were  sold  (§  136.  b ). 

30.  tantus  homo,  such  ct  great  person : a hint  that  more  impor- 
tant men  than  he  had  suffered.  In  fact,  all  the  really  eminent  vic- 
tims of  the  civil  war  had  perished  before  the  proscription. 

. Valeria : the  law  by  which  Sulla  was  made-  perpetual  dicta- 
tor and  invested  with  absolute  power  of  life  and  death  (b.c.  82)  : 
it  was  proposed  by  L.  Valerius  Flaccus  as  interrex.  Laws  were 
designated  by  the  gentile  name  of  their  proposer : all  laws,  for 
example,  carried  by  L.  Cornelius  Sulla  were  known  as  Leges  Cor - 
neliae.  — Cornelia : this  appears  to  have  been  enacted  some  time 
after  the  lex  Valeria , in  order  to  regulate  the  details  of  the  proscrip- 
tion. Cicero^s  ignorance  of  the.  law  is  no  doubt  affected. 

34.  novi,  I know  the  thing  or  person } scio,  I know  the  fact . 1 
am  not  acquainted  with  the  law , and  do  not  know  which  it  is. 

proscripti  sunt:  the  indie,  must  mean  those  already  pro- 
scribed when  the  law  was  passed.  Future  cases  would  be  referred 
to  by  the  subj.  or  fut.  perf.  (see  Verr.  ii.  ch.  xli.  xlii.> 

2.  in  . . . praesidiis,  among  the  armed  forces,  etc.,  i.e.  in  arms, 
bona,  the  property . 

7.  veteres,  those  of  the  regular  code  ; novas,  those  of  the  Sullan 
revolution. 

Sect.  38.  in  eum,  i.e.  Sulla.  Here  it  is  necessary  for  the  ora- 
tor to  proceed  with  great  caution  : even  if  not  himself  present,  Sulla 
would  watch  jealously  the  first  case  before  his  own  criminal  court. 

12.  ab  initio,  from  the  beginning  of  this  trial;  omni  tempore, 
in  his  whole  career. 

13.  ut  . . passus  non  sit,  clauses  in  appos.  with  haec  omnia . 
for  the  change  of  tense,  see  § 279.  d\  G.  513  ; H.  495.  vi. 

15.  apud  adversarios,  in  the  enemies'  ranks = in  praesidiis, 

see  above. 

18.  postea:  the  passage  referred  to  appears  to  have  been  lost 
out  of  the  oration,  probably  in  the  gap  in  ch.  xlv.  The  scholiast 
represents  Chrysogonus  as  saying  that  he  had  used  the  property  in 
building  a villa  at  Veii. 

Sect.  39.  Kal.  Junias,  acc.  in  the  same  constr.  as  diem.— 
aliquot  post  mensls,  see  introd.  (p.  i,  above). 

24.  tabulas,  the  records  of  confiscated  property,  which  belonge 


Defence  of  Roscius.  25 

to  the  State.  — nulla,  not  at  all  (§  191 ; G.  324.  R.6 ; H.  457  3).  — 
redierunt  = relata  sunt.  — nebulone,  knave. 

25.  facetius,  more  neatly : in  the  case  supposed,  the  proscription 
would  be  a mere  trick,  and  the  property  would  be  taken  without 
even  the  forms  of  law. 

26.  corruptae,  tampered  with. 

28.  ante  tempus,  prematurely. 

30.  reduviam  curem,  treat  a sore  finger  (a  proverbial  expres- 
sion) : i.e.  in  a case  of  life  and  death,  I deal  only  with  some  trifling 
ailment. 

31.  non  rationem  ducit,  he  does  not  take  account  (a  mercantile 
phrase). 

Sect.  40.  partim  pro  me,  partly  in  my  own  name.  To  avoid 
entangling  the  case  of  his  client  with  politics,  Cicero  makes  himself 
responsible  for  all  that  might  have  a political  bearing : he  was  a 
known  partisan  of  the  nobility,  and  could  afford  to  speak  freely. 

16.  ad  omnls  pertinere,  concerns  all. 

3.  sensu  ac  dolor  q,  feeling  and  pain,  i.e.  painful  feeling.  The 
adjective  idea  is  enforced  by  dwelling  on  it  in  the  form  of  another 
noun  ( hendiadys ).  — jam,  with  the  fut .,  presently. 

Sect.  41.  ego,  opposed  to  Roscio. 

12.  diem,  feminine  (§  73). 

13.  praefinita,  fixed  in  advance , as  the  limit  (finio).  — tantulo, 

so  little. — patronum,  i.e.  Sulla.  (See  note  on  libertus,  § 12.) 

15.  conferre,  throw  the  responsibility . 

17.  imprudente,  without  the  knowledge  of.  — egerit,  will  effect ; 
fut.  perf.  for  fut.  (§  281.  R. ; G.  236.  R.1;  H.  473). 

Sect.  42.  placet,  do  I like  ? i.e.  do  I think  it  right  ? — impru- 
dentia,  want  of  foresight. 

21.  etenim  si,  etc.  The  comparison  is  strained,  and  rather 
offensive  to  good  taste ; but  it  is  curious  as  showing  the  ancient 
notions  as  to  the  origin  of  evil,  and  at  the  same  time  Sulla’s  rela- 
tion to  the  State  as  “ lord  protector.”  (Compare  the  oration  for 
Marcellus.) 

25.  pernicii  for  perniciei  (§  74.  a). 

26.  vi  ipsa  rerum,  by  the  very  violence  of  the  elements , — the 
agents  or  powers  which  he  has  to  control. 


2 6 


Notes : Cicero . 


34.  possit,  adepta  sit,  informal  indirect  disc.,  as  the  thought  of 
the  person  surprised.  — si  . . . sit,  clause  with  mirum  (§  333.  R.). 

17.  Sect.  43.  tametsi,  and  yet. 

2.  meo  jure,  with  perfect  right  (as  belonging  to  that  party)  : jure 
alone  would  mean  justly ; meo  limits  it  to  the  speaker’s  own  case. 
The  passage  that  follows  is  interesting,  as  showing  the  way  in  which 
Cicero  regarded  the  general  issues  of  the  civil  war,  and  the  excesses 
of  the  victorious  party. 

5.  pro  me  a,  etc.,  to  the  extent  of  my  poor  and  feeble  ability. 

7.  ut  componeretur,  that  reconciliation  shoidd  be  made : a clause 
of  result  in  appos.  with  id  (§  332;  G.  559;  H.  501.  iii.). 

8.  qui  vicerunt,  who  did  (in  fact)  conquer:  the  subjunctive  here 
would  mean,  whatever  party  might  conquer. 

9.  humilitatem,  not  merely  low  rank , but  meanness  and  vulgar- 
ity; dignit  at  e,  personal  worth,  from  birth  and  services;  amplitu- 
dine,  rank  or  position  — prominence  in  the  state.  With  all  his 
arrogance,  blood-thirstiness,  and  narrow  conservatism,  Sulla  was, 
after  all,  the  representative  of  orderly  government  against  anarchy 
and  mob-law. 

12.  retineretur,  woidd  be  preserved  (fut.  cond.  § 307.  f\  G.  598; 
H.  510.  N.1),  the  protasis  being  quibus  incolumibus.  — quae,  i.e. 
the  reinstating  of  the  nobility. 

Sect.  44.  quod  ...  in  eos,  that  those  have  been  punished  (a 
mild  expression  for  proscription). 

19.  non  debeo,  / have  no  right.  — in  eo  studio  partium,  in 

favor  of  that  party : studium  is  the  regular  word  for  partisan  favor. 

23.  id  actum  est,  this  was  the  object : the  clause  ut  . . . facerent 
is  in  appos.  with  id. 

24.  postremi,  the  lowest  in  class  or  character. 

Sect.  45.  male  : to  speak  ill  is  to  utter  abuse  or  calumny. 

35.  causam  communicare,  identify  their  cause  with  that  of,  etc. 

18.  equestrem,  referring  to  the  struggle  for  the  judicia  (§  11), 
and  the  extensive  sympathy  of  the  equites  with  the  party  of  Marius. 
Compare  note  to  Verr.  § 1. 

3.  servi:  Chrysogonus  was  a freedman  of  Sulla.  — dominatio- 
nem,  mastery  or  tyranny. 


Defence  of  Roscius . 


77 


4.  versabatur,  displayed  itself '. 

5.  quam  viam  munitet,  whither  it  is  paving  a way : road- 
building, both  literally  and  figuratively  among  the  Romans,  was 
spoken  of  by  the  engineering  term  munire. 

6.  adfidem:  i.e.  after  getting  possession  of  the  political  power, 
these  low-born  fellows  were  aiming  at  the  courts,  the  one  security 
of  public  faith  and  good  government. — jusjurandum  : the  jurors 
were  under  oath  to  give  a righteous  judgment. 

8.  hicine,  § 101.  a,  N. 

10.  neque  . . . possit : Cicero  does  not  wish  to  encourage  them 
by  supposing  that  they  can  do  anything  in  this  case.  — verear : 
subj.  because  it  is  not  a real  reason,  but  one  introduced  only  to  be 
contradicted  (§  341.  d,  R. ; G.  541.  R.1;  H.  529.  ii.). 

Sect.  46.  exspectata,  so  long  waited  for. 

16.  servoli,  diminutive  of  contempt.  — bona,  estates ; fortunas 
(more  generally),  wealth . — id  actum  est,  this  was  the  object. 

19.  senserim,  sided  with  them : this  verb,  with  its  noun  senten- 
tia,  often  refers  to  political  opinions.  — inermis  : i.e.  had  he  taken 
up  arms,  his  regret  would  have  been  deeper. 

22.  cuique,  to  every  man  in  proportion  as  he  is,  etc.  (§  93*  0* 

25.  probe  novit : note  the  strong  sarcasm. 

27.  rationem,  interests : so  that  what  touches  one  touches  the 
other. 

28.  laeditur,  etc.,  is  injured  by  being  separated,  etc.  Mommsen 
puts  cum  before  laeditur,  in  which  case  it  means,  “by  owning 
himself  injured  he  cuts  himself  off,”  etc. 

Sect.  47.  mea,  emphatic : he  will  avoid  prejudice  to  his  client, 
by  assuming  the  responsibility  of  these  words. 

31.  istorum,  those  men's. 

34.  morum,  the  ways  of  doing  business. 

35.  more,  in  the  regular  way. 

36.  jure  gentium:  the  “law  common  to  all  nations”  (Maine), 
as  opposed  to  jus  civile , or  law  of  the  state.  It  is  thus  used  as 
nearly  equivalent  to  natural  right . 

19,  a nobis,  i.e.  once  clear  of  guilt,  and  acquitted  of  a shocking 
crime,  he  will  leave  you  unmolested. 

3.  rogat:  a feigned  appeal  to  his  persecutors. 


28 


Notes:  Cicero . 


4.  in  suam  rem : in  a former  passage,  allusion  is  made  to  a 
charge  that  Roscius  had  fraudulently  kept  back  part  of  his  father’s 
property. 

6.  concessit,  etc.,  has  given  up  [the  immovable  property], 
counted  and  weighed  [the  rest].  By  particularizing  and  dwelling 
upon  different  kinds  of  property,  a stronger  impression  is  produced. 

7.  anulum,  probably  the  gold  ring  indicating  his  rank  as  eques. 

8.  neque  . . . excepit,  and  has  reserved  nothing  else  besides  his 
naked  self. 

Sect.  48.  quod,  quia,  § 321 ; G.  539;  H.  516.  i. 

19.  hominem,  i.e.  the  owner. 

26.  praeter  ceteros  : i.e.  even  if  other  purchasers  had  to  refund, 
he  the  favorite  had  no  cause  to  fear. 

27.  p atria,  of  their  fathers . — ne  quando  : i.e.  some  time  when 
there  comes  a political  reaction. 

Sect.  49.  facis  injuriam,  i.e.  you  act  tmreasonably . — majorem 
spem  : Cicero  artfully  suggests  that  Chrysogonus  has  no  confidence 
that  Sulla’s  constitution  will  last;  hence  he  wishes  to  remove  a 
dangerous  claimant  in  case  of  another  overturn. 

33.  monumenti,  memorial , or  keepsake . 

20.  cruenta  (pred.)  : the  thought  is  strengthened  by  the  use 
of  words  only  appropriate  to  an  actual  killing  and  stripping  of  the 
dead. 

Sect.  50.  rem  tuam,  your  interests . 

9.  quasi  nescias,  as  if  y ou  did  not  know  (§  312.  R. ; G.  604). 

11.  spectatissima,  most  estimable : the  friends  of  Roscius  are 

purposely  exalted,  in  order  to  influence  the  Court.*  — cum  haberet, 
though  she  had. 

13.  cum  esset,  though  she  was,  etc.  — femina,  mulier : observe 

* Csecilia  is  called  in  § 17  daughter  of  Nepos;  but  the  statement  here  is  probably  cor- 
rect. Q.  Csecilius  Metellus  Balearicus  was  one  of  the  four  sons  of  Metellus  Macedonicus 
— two  of  consular  rank,  the  third  consul,  and  the  fourth  candidate  for  the  consulship  — 
who  accompanied  the  bier  of  their  distinguished  father  (b.c.  115).  The  description  of 
father,  uncles,  and  brother  applies,  therefore,  perfectly  in  this  case;  but  Nepos,  son  of 
Balearicus  and  (as  we  assume)  the  ornatissimum  fratrem  referred  to,  had  no  brothers 
that  are  known,  and  on  the  other  hand  had  two  sons,  — neither  of  whom,  however,  was 
old  enough  at  this  time  to  deserve  this  epithet.  Both  were  active  in  the  time  of  Catiline’s 
conspiracy.  Celer  was  consul  b.c.  60,  the  younger  Nepos  in  57.  Csecilia,  daughter  of 
Balearicus,  married  App.  Claudius,  and  was  mother  of  Cicero's  bitter  enemy  Clodius. 


Defence  of  Roscius . 


29 


the  distinction  between  the  words,  the  latter  being  always  used 
when  speaking  of  the  tenderness  of  the  feminine  nature.  — quanto  : 
the  usual  correlative  is  supplied  by  non  minora  full  as  great. 

Sect.  51.  quod,  the  fact  that . 

17.  pro  hospitiis,  in  accordance  with  his  father's  friendly  rela- 
tions and  personal  influence  (see  above,  § 1) . 

20.  pro  eo  quod,  in  view  of  the  fact  that.  — sin  . . . vindica- 
rent,  i.e.  if  all  were  disposed  to  right  this  wrong:  hinting  that  the 
accusers  would  be  in  danger  of  violence. 

21.  summa  res  publica,  i.e.  the  existence  of  the  state  itself. 

22.  haec,  these  outrages. 

23.  nunc,  opposed  to  the  preceding  suppositions.  — sane,  cer- 
tainly. 

Sect.  52.  quae  domi : i.e.  the  protection  of  Roscius,  supply  of 
money,  providing  of  witnesses,  etc. 

26.  fori  . . . rationem,  the  business  of  forum  and  court,  i.e.  the 
preliminaries  of  the  trial. 

27.  ut  videtis,  i.e.  Messala*  is  here  in  court. 

32.  adsiduitate,  constant  presence , probably  at  the  preliminary 
proceedings. 

33.  sectorum,  see  note  to  § 36. 

34.  hac  nobilitate,  i.e.  such  nobles  as  he. 

35.  haec  res,  the  present  state  of  things  was  broiight  about. 

36.  ei  nobiles,  i.e.  the  nobles  expelled  by  Marius  and  Cinna. 

21.  Sect.  53.  propria,  his  own;  communis,  co7mnon  to  all. 
— pristina,  as  of  the  olden  time. 

17.  versata  est,  has  prevailed. 

18.  id  quod,  etc.,  which  surely  can  never  be. 

19.  actum  est,  all  is  over. 

Sect.  54.  ad  eamne  rem,  is  it  for  this  that , etc. ; condemna- 
retis : for  the  tense,  see  §§286,  28 7.#;  G.  511.  r.2;  H.  495.  i. ; so 
potuissent,  have  not  been  able. 

27.  nimirum,  doubtless. 

3 1 . consilium  : the  jury,  or  body  of  judices,  was  called  consilium. 

* This  is  supposed  to  have  been  the  one  who  was  consul  b.c.  53  (not  the  consul  of  61). 
In  this  case  he  was  father  of  the  distinguished  orator  and  soldier  of  the  reign  of  Augustus. 
As  appears  from  this  passage,  he  was  too  young  to  undertake  the  case  himself. 


30 


Notes : Cicero . 


By  calling  them  a public  council , their  dignity  and  importance  are 
enhanced. 

Sect.  55.  an  vero,  or  can  it  be  true  that,  etc.  In  this  use  of 
an,  the  first  question  is  omitted  (§  21 1.  b\  G.  459),  and  the  second 
is  often  a reductio  ad  absurdum,  as  here.  The  full  thought  is,  Do 
you  not  agree  with  me,  or  can  it  really  (vero)  be,  etc. 

34.  agi,  is  at  stake : aliquid  agere  is  to  aim  at  something.  — ut 
. . . tollantur,  be  got  rid  of,  in  one  way  or  another. 

36.  periculo,  often  used  of  defendants. 

22.  sectorem  . . . accusatorem,  i.e.  T.  Roscius  Magnus,  at 

once  purchaser,  enemy,  cut-throat,  and  accuser. 

3.  probatum  suis,  vouched  for  by  his  friends. 

Sect.  56.  suscipere  noluit : the  law  by  which  the  proscriptions 
were  instituted  was  passed  by  the  people,  without  the  intervention 
of  the  Senate. 

14.  more  majorum,  i.e.  that  every  capital  judgment  was  subject 
to  an  appeal  to  the  people  in  the  comitia  centuriata. 

Sect.  57.  quibus  : the  antecedent  is  eis. 

26.  pati  nolite,  do  not  suffer. 

28.  hominibus,  etc.  (dat.  §§  225,  229),  has  taken  from  the  gentlest 
of  men  the  sense  of  mercy , through  familiarity  with  distresses. 


IMPEACHMENT  OF  VERRES. 

Argument. 

Chap.  I . The  jurors  are  congratulated  on  the  opportunity  of  restoring 
the  good  name  of  the  senatorial  courts : character  of  the  defendant. 

2,  3.  Attempts  of  Verres  to  avoid  the  trial  : he  places  all  his  hope  in 
bribery.  — 4,  5.  His  crimes  in  administration,  of  pillage,  extortion,  and 
cruelty,  are  open  and  flagrant.  — 6.  His  attempt  to  contract  in  advance 
for  acquittal.  — 7,  8.  His  hopes  in  the  election  of  Hortensius  as  consul 
and  Metellus  as  praetor.  —9,  10.  Cicero’s  anxiety.  The  great  effort  to  have 
the  case  tried  before  Metellus,  which  was  to  be  effected  by  delaying  the 
trial  till  after  the  holidays.  — 11,  12.  Cicero  proposes  to  display  his  case  at 
once,  without  argument,  and  so  prevent  its  being  laid  over : he  will  meet 


Impeachment  of  Verves. 


31 


the  domineering  Hortensius  on  that  issue. — 13-15*  The  senatorial  com- 
pared with  the  equestrian  courts;  their  corruption  and  ill  repute.  Loss 
of  confidence  in  Roman  justice;  ruin  and  misery  of  the  provinces. — 

16.  The  court  itself  is  on  trial:  acquittal  can  have  but  one  meaning. — 

1 7.  Appeal  to  Glabrio  to  prevent  bribery.  — 18.  The  Sicilians  must  not  be 
baffled.  Way  in  which  Cicero  proposes  to  conduct  the  prosecution : he 
will  introduce  witnesses  at  once,  without  previous  argument.  List  of  the 
charges,  including  the  plunder  of  4,000,000  sesterces  from  the  Sicilians. 

PAGE 

25.  Sect.  1.  erat  optandum  (§  31 1.  c\  G.  246.  r.1;  H.  511. 
N.3  not  necessarily  implying  a protasis  contrary  to  fact),  what  was 
chiefly  to  be  wished.  — quod  . . . pertinebat,  the  one  thing  which 
most  tended  (or,  was  of  chief  importance ). 

2.  invidiam  infamiamque,  odmm  and  ill  repute , from  the  parti- 
san use  of  the  courts  by  the  Senators  (see  Rose.  Am.  § 3).  These 
points  are  here  emphasized,  as  being  of  quite  equal  importance  with 
the  conviction  or  acquittal  of  Verres.  In  fact,  the  trial  turns  more 
on  the  character  of  the  court  than  on  the  guilt  of  the  accused,  which 
was  notorious. — vestri  ordinis,  i.e.  the  senatorial,  from  which  the 
judices  were  at  this  time  taken.  (See  note  on  judices,  R.  A.  § 1.) 
The  word  Or  do  (used  first  in  a military  sense,  as  meaning  a “ rank  ” 
or  “ grade  ” of  prominence)  came  to  signify,  loosely,  any  recognized 
body  of  citizens  — as  freedmen,  publicans,  clerks  ; it  was  more  espe- 
cially used  of  the  two  powerful  classes  of  the  Roman  Aristocracy, 
the  Senatorial  and  the  Equestrian,  which  struggled  with  each  other 
for  power  during  the  last  century  of  the  Republic. 

The  Roman  Aristocracy . 

Senatorial  Order.  — Strictly  speaking,  the  Or  do  Senatorius  was 
only  another  name  for  the  Senate,  the  members  of  which,  by  virtue  of 
their  life  tenure  of  office,  and  their  esprit  de  corps , formed  a united  body, 
and  were  raised  above  the  rest,  so  as  to  be  an  “ Order  ” in  the  state.  The 
list  of  senators,  regularly  numbering  300,  was  formerly  made  up  by  the 
Censors  from  among  those  who  had  held  high  magistracies : after  the 
time  of  Sulla,  every  person  who  held  the  qusestorship  — the  lowest  grade 
of  the  regular  magistracy  (see  note,  §11)  — was  entitled  to  a seat  in  the 
Senate.  The  number  therefore  fluctuated,  running  up  to  five  or  six  hun- 
dred. The  elections  were  so  largely  under  the  control  of  the  Senate  and 


32 


Notes : Cicero . 


the  magistrates,  that  it  was  very  hard  for  any  person  not  belonging  to  the 
nobility  (i.e.  a descendant  of  an  ex-magistrate : see  note  on  § 15)  to  be 
chosen  to  any  office  : when  any  such  person,  novus  homo , entered  the  Sen- 
ate,— such  as  Cato  the  Censor,  Marius,  and  Cicero,  — he  belonged  of 
course  to  the  Senatorial  Order,  and,  though  he  was  not  himself  a noble, 
his  posterity  would  be  noble.  Such  cases,  however,  were  so  rare,  — the 
nobles  being  almost  exclusively  elected  to  magistracies  which  made  them 
Senators,  — that  it  may  be  laid  down  as  a general  truth,  that  the  Senatorial 
Order  and  the  Nobility  were  identical,  and  “ new  men”  became  necessarily 
identified  with  the  class  to  which  their  posterity  would  belong,  rather 
than  that  from  which  they  came.  This  double  relation  of  Cicero— a 
member  of  the  Senate,  but  sprung  from  the  Equestrian  order  — goes  a 
great  way  to  explain  what  is  inconsistent  and  vacillating  in  his  political 
career. 

Equestrian  Order.— The  title  Equites  was  properly  applied  to  the 
members  of  the  eighteen  centuries  equitum  equo  publico;  to  whom  a 
horse  was  assigned  by  the  State,  together  with  a certain  sum  of  money 
yearly  for  its  support.  Those  who  served  equo  publico  must  have  a for- 
tune of  400,000  sesterces  ($20,000),  and  the  horses  were  assigned  by  the 
censors,  as  a rule,  to  the  young  men  of  senatorial  families.  The  cen- 
turiae  equitum  were  therefore  composed  of  young  noblemen  [see  “ Celsi 
Ramnes,”  Hor.  A.  P.  v.  342].  When  they  entered  the  Senate,  they  were 
(in  the  later  years  of  the  republic)  obliged  to  give  up  the  public  horse; 
on  becoming  Senators,  therefore,  they  voted  in  the  centuries  of  the  first 
class,  not  with  the  Equites  (see  note  on  Assemblies,  § 18).  This  aristo- 
cratic body  had,  however,  long  before  this  period,  ceased  to  serve  in  the 
field;  they  formed  a parade  corps  (somewhat  like  the  Royal  Guards  in 
England),  from  which  active  officers  of  the  legion,  iribuniy  were  taken. 
When  the  Roman  equites  ceased  to  serve  as  cavalry,  troops  of  horse  were 
demanded  of  the  allies;  and  in  the  time  of  Caesar  we  find  that  the  Roman 
legion  consisted  exclusively  of  infantry,  the  cavalry  being  made  up  of  aux- 
iliaries. (See  “Caesar’s  Gallic  War  ” (A.  & G.),  Notes,  pp.  1 7>  35*) 

During  the  time  that  the  equites  equo  publico  still  served  in  the  field  as 
cavalry,  another  body  grew  up  by  their  side,  of  equites  equo  privato  : that 
is,  persons  of  the  equestrian  census,  who  had  a property  of  400,000  ses- 
terces, who  had  not  received  a horse  from  the  state,  but  who  volunteered 
with  horses  of  their  own.  This  body  consisted  mainly  of  young  men  of 
wealth,  who  did  not  belong  to  noble  (that  is,  senatorial)  families.  No 
very  distinct  line  was,  however,  drawn  between  the  two  classes,  until  the 
Lex  Judiciaria  of  Caius  Gracchus  (b.c.  123),  which  prescribed  that  the 


Impeachment  of  Verves . 


33 


judices  should  no  longer  be  taken  from  the  Senators,  but  from  those  who 
possessed  the  equestrian  census,  and  at  the  same  time  were  not  members 
of  the  Senate  (see  note  on  judices , R.  A.  § i).  This  law  did  not  formally 
exclude  nobles  who  were  not  members  of  the  Senate;  but  the  entire  body 
of  nobility  was  so  far  identified  in  spirit  and  interest  with  this  body,  that 
an  antagonism  immediately  grew  up  between  them  and  this  new  judicial 
class.  A principal  cause  of  the  antagonism  was,  that  members  of  the  Senate 
were  prohibited  from  being  engaged  in  any  trade  or  business ; while,  as 
has  been  shown  above,  the  Senate,  by  its  control  over  the  elections,  virtually 
filled  its  own  vacancies,  of  course  from  the  ranks  of  the  nobility. 

Since  rich  men  of  non-senatorial  families  were  thus  excluded  from  a 
political  career,  while  Senators  were  excluded  from  a business  life,  there 
were  formed  during  the  last  century  of  the  republic  two  powerful  aristocra- 
cies,— the  nobles,  or  Senatorial  order,  a wealthy  governing  aristocracy  of 
rank,  and  the  Equestrian  order,  an  aristocracy  of  wealth,  the  counterpart 
of  the  moneyed  aristocracy  of  our  day.  The  name  Ordo  Equestris  was 
derived  from  the  fact  of  its  members  possessing  the  equestrian  census : 
that  is,  that  amount  of  property  which  would  have  entitled  them  to  a 
public  horse.  From  the  ranks  of  the  nobility  were  taken  the  oppressive 
provincial  governors;  the  equestrian  order  furnished  the  publicatii , the 
equally  oppressive  tax-gatherers.  It  is  easy  to  see,  therefore,  that  neither 
the  law  of  Gracchus,  which  placed  the  Court  of  Repetundae  in  the  exclu- 
sive power  of  the  Equestrian  order,  nor  that  of  Sulla,  which  gave  it  to  the 
Senators  exclusively,  was  calculated  to  protect  the  provincials  against 
extortion. 

The  Equestrian  order,  ordo  equestris , is  therefore  not  merely  distinct 
from  the  centuriae  equitum , but  strongly  contrasted  with  them.  The  one 
is  the  wealthy  middle  class,  the  other  the  young  nobility.  The  term  equites 
is  sometimes  applied  to  both,  although  the  strictly  correct  term  for  the 
members  of  the  Equestrian  order  was  judices. 


4.  consilio,  foresight.  — datum,  oblatum,  refer  respectively  to 
optandum  (as  corresponding  with  our  wishes)  and  pertinebat  (as 
suited  to  gain  the  end  proposed). 

5.  summo,  most  critical : the  year  of  the  consulship  of  Pompey 
and  Crassus  (b.c.  70). 

6.  inveteravit  (emphatic  position),  there  has  come  to  be  deeply 
rooted.  — opinio,  notion  or  idea  (not  so  strong  as  opinion , which  is 

sententia) . 


34 


Notes : Cicero. 


io.  neminem  = never , more  emphatic  than  nullum,  and  often  so 
used,  especially  by  early  writers. 

Sect.  2.  contionibus  et  legibus,  harangues  and  bills  (pro- 
posed laws).  The  proposition  of  the  law  which  took  the  exclusive 
control  of  the  courts  from  the  Senators  was  even  now  pending,  and 
it  was  enacted  before  the  case  was  decided. 

19.  actor,  com/platnant , i.e.  agent  or  attorney  for  conducting  the 
suit  in  personal  processes  jin  personam) . 

20.  ordinis,  the  body , i.e.  the  Senate,  from  which  the  judices 
were  at  this  time  taken.  The  right  of  judicium  was  restored  to  the 
equites  by  the  Aurelian  law  {lex  Aurelia) . — communi,  i.e.  so  far  as 
it  affected  the  whole  state. 

21.  reconciliare,  etc.,  win  back  the  lost  repute. 

24.  depeculatorem,  etc. : for  a more  complete  statement  of 
these  charges,  see  chapters  iv.,  v. 

25.  juris  urbani,  i.e.  as  praetor  urbanus . — labem,  pest. 

Sect.  3.  vos,  opposed  to  ego,  below.  — religiose,  according 

to  your  oath.  — judicaveritis,  fut.  perf.  (§  307.  c ; G.  236;  H. 

473)- 

29.  religionem  veritatemque ; here,  feeling  of  obligation  and 
regard  for  the  truth.  (Notice  that  the  Latin,  having  a poor  vocab- 
ulary, is  obliged  to  use  one  word  for  all  the  phases  or  sides  of  an 
idea.) 

30.  judicium,  etc.,  i.e.  the  fault  will  be  with  the  court,  not  with 
the  prosecutors. 

33.  equidem,  i.e.  for  my  own  part.  — quas  partim,  some  of 
which  (partim  is  properly  adverbial  accus.  § 148.  c). 

35.  devitarim,  subjunctive  as  a part  of  the  concession  (§  342  > G. 
666;  H.  529.  ii.)  contained  in  cum  . . . sint. 

26.  neque  . . . neque,  following  numquam,  do  not  destroy 
the  negative,  but  are  more  emphatic  than  aut  . . . aut. 

Sect.  4.  istius,  frequently  used  of  an  opponent  (§  102.  c). 

6.  Glabrioni,  the  praetor  presiding. 

7.  ordini  . . . senatorio,  i.e.  the  senatorial  order , nay , the  very 
name  of  senator. 

8.  dictitat,  constantly  repeats  (§  167.  b). 

9.  esse  metuendum  (for  erat  met.  in  dir.  disc.,  § 288.  b\  G. 


Impeachment  of  Verves . 


35 


277;  H.  51 1.  N.3),  i.e.  those  would  have  to  fear  if  the  case  were 
theirs,  hut  he , etc.  — quod,  i.e.  only  what . 

12.  pecunia  belongs  to  both  clauses,  as  is  indicated  by  their 
parallelism. 

Sect.  5.  esset,  imperfect  subj.  in  protasis  of  a continued  con- 
dition lasting  till  now  (§  308.  a). 

15.  fefellisset,  he  would  have  deceived  us , — i.e.  done  something 
we  did  not  find  out. 

16.  cadit:  present  indicative  of  time  lasting  till  now  (§  276.  a\ 
G.  221 ; H.  467). 

18.  corrumpendi  judicii,  of  bribing  the  court. 

24.  tempus  . . . offenderet,  he  hit  an  unfavorable  time ; because 
popular  sentiment  was  so  roused  and  exasperated  in  regard  to  the 
corruption  of  the  courts. 

Sect.  6.  in  Siciliam  ...  in  Achaiam,  i .z.  for  going  into , etc. 
— invenit  qui,  he  found  some  one  who : for  the  circumstances,  see 
introd.  The  fictitious  case  was  not  brought  against  Verres. 

29.  Brundisium,  Brindisi , the  port  whence  the  greater  part  of 
Italian  travel,  now  as  then,  embarks  for  the  East. 

31.  obii,  went  throughout.  — populorum,  communities.  The 
political  system  of  the  ancients  was  composed  of  an  indefinite  num- 
ber of  petty  communities,  all  possessing  a certain  degree  of  inde- 
pendence. (See  the  beginning  of  note  on  municeps,  R.  A.  § 5). 

34.  qui  . . . obsideret,  to  block  my  opportunity. 

Sect.  7.  nunc  : i.e.  now  that  his  former  scheme  has  failed. 

27.  socios,  allies:  citizens  of  communities  which,  although 
embraced  within  the  boundaries  of  Roman  provinces  (see  note,  § 
11),  had  nevertheless,  for  special  reasons,  been  allowed  to  retain  a 
nominal  independence,  with  their  own  laws  and  magistrates. 

5.  cives,  citizens , travelling  or  doing  business  in  the  provinces, 
or  provincials  who  had  received  the  citizenship. 

7.  auctoritatibus,  documents,  i.e.  credentials,  or  (more  proba- 
bly) official  testimony  relating  to  the  acts  of  Verres. 

Sect.  8.  bonis  : here,  as  generally  in  Cicero,  used  in  a partisan 
sense,  the  aristocracy. 

10.  judicia,  courts . 

12.  experiatur,  in  apparent  violation  of  the  sequence  of 


36 


Notes:  Cicero. 


tenses : the  imperf.  would  make  it  refer  to  the  time  of  getting  the 
money. 

13.  tempus:  the  present  scheme  of  the  defence  is  by  corrupt 
means  to  stave  off  the  judgment  to  a more  advantageous  time  (see 
chapters  vi.-viii.). 

15.  posset,  imperf.  referring  to  the  time  of  the  purchase, 
criminum  vim,  the  force  of  the  charges . — poterat,  indie.,  the 
reason  being  Cicero’s.  (The  whole  passage  is  an  instructive  exam- 
ple of  the  freedom  of  a living  language  from  its  own  trammels. 
Rules  are  made  for  the  language,  not  language  for  the  rules.) 

Sect.  9.  non  modo,  not  merely . 

18.  eloquentia,  gratia : even  sophistical  arguments  and  personal 
influence  were  respectable  means  of  escape  to  a criminal  who  had 
no  case  [causa). 

19.  profecto,  I am  sure.  — aucuparetur.yisA  for  (lit.  set  nets 
or  birds). 

21.  ut  . fieret,  as  to  have  some  chosen  to  be  put  on  trial  (see 
§ 6)  : the  Senate  itself  was  insulted,  by  selecting  one  of  its  members 
to  be  set  up  as  a mah  of  straw,  that  Verres  might  get  clear. 

23.  hie,  i.e.  Verres.  — causam  diceret,  stand  trial. 

Sect.  10.  quibus  rebus,  from  this  (ablative  of  means  with 
perspicio). 

27.  consilio,  “ panel  ” i.e.  the  body  of  jurors  (see  R.A.  § 54.  n.). 

28.  in  rejectione  judicavit,  decided  at  the  challenging  ( throw- 
ing  out  ”)  of  the  jury : i.e.  on  seeing  the  kind  of  men  challenged  by 
the  two  sides  respectively.  The  regular  number  to  be  challenged 
was  three  ; but  Verres,  as  senator,  was  permitted  to  challenge  more. 

29.  ea  spe  : words  of  this  class,  used  with  a demonstrative,  allow 
a substantive  clause  of  result  (justified  by  the  demonstrative  ea)  in- 
stead of  the  more  regular  indir.  disc,  (compare  § 320;  G.  633;  H. 
501 . iii.),  as  in  ut . . . constitueret  and  ut ...  arbitr aretur,  which  follow. 

28.  Sect.  11.  adulescentiae,  i.e.  before  he  entered  public 
life. quaestura,  queestorship,  the  first  grade  of  political  honor. 

The  Qusestors  were  at  this  time  twenty  in  number,  two  having  charge  of 
the  treasury  and  archives  in  the  city,  while  the  others  were  assigned  to  the 
several  military  commanders  and  provincial  governors,  to  serve  as  quarter- 
masters and  paymasters.  Aspirants  for  honors  were  required  to  serve  as 


Impeachment  of  Verves . 


37 


quaestors  before  presenting  themselves  for  the  praetorship,  which  was, 
again,  a requirement  for  the  consulship.  The  office  of  curule  aedile  was 
regularly  held  — as  by  Cicero  — between  the  quaestorship  and  praetor- 
ship. That  this  was  not  necessary,  however,  as  is  often  assumed,  is 
proved  by  the  fact  that  there  were  ^ six  praetors,  but  only  two  curule 
aediles.  (See  Mommsen  Rom.  Staatsrecht , vol.  i.  p.  443-) 

3.  Carbonem : Carbo  was  the  leader  of  the  Marian  faction  after 
the  death  of  Marius  and  Cinna.  He  was  consul  b.c.  82,  the  year  of 
Sulla’s  return  and  victory.  Verres  was  his  quaestor,  and  went  over 
to  the  enemy  with  the  money-chest,  when  he  saw  which  side  was 
likely  to  prevail. 

6.  necessitudinem  religionemque  : the  quaestor  was  originally 
nominated  specially  by  the  consul;  and  the  peculiarly  close  and 
sacred  relation  ( necessitudo ) existing  between  them  was  known  as 
pietas , — a sentiment  of  filial  affection.  (See  Lange,  Rom . Alt. 
vol.  i.  p.  633.)  The  designation  by  lot  ( sors ) was  also  held  to  be  a 
token  of  divine  will,  and  therefore  sacred  ( religio ). 

7.  legatio  : for  the  office  of  legatus,  see  note  on  Manilian  Law , 
§ 11.  Verres  when  legatus,  acting  as  quaestor,  served  Dolabella 
much  as  he  had  served  Carbo : not  that  either  of  these  infamous 
commanders  deserved  better  treatment. — Asiae : the  province  of 
this  name,  the  old  kingdom  of  Pergamus,  embraced  the  western  part 
of  Asia  Minor.  The  province  of  Dolabella  (b.c.  80-79)  was  Cilicia. 
His  extortions  and  those  of  Verres  were  in  the  adjoining  regions  of 
Pamphylia,  Pisidia,  and  parts  of  Asia.  The  word  totius  is  there- 
fore a rhetorical  exaggeration. 

The  term  provincia  was  primarily  used  to  designate  the  special  field  of 
operations  assigned  (by  lot,  agreement,  or  designation  of  the  Senate)  to 
a consul  or  other  military  commander.  When  a foreign  territory  was  con- 
quered and  reduced  to  subjection  to  Rome,  the  government  of  it  was 
assigned  to  one  of  the  praetors,  or  the  imperium  of  a consul  or  praetor 
was  extended  {prorogatum ) for  a second  year  for  this  purpose.  The 
officer  whose  command  was  thus  extended  was  called  pro-consul  or  pro- 
praetor. After  the  time  of  Sulla,  all  provinces  were  so  governed.  The 
foreign  state  thus  organized  as  a Roman  dependency  was  called  by  the  old 
name,  provincia ; and  this  special  use  of  the  word  is  more  familiar  in 
classic  writers  than  its  original  meaning.  Of  the  states  here  mentioned. 


38 


Notes:  Cicero . 


Asia  was  an  organized  province,  while  Cicilia,  Pisidia,  and  Pamphylia 
were  provinces  only  in  the  early  sense  of  the  word : Cilicia,  however,  was 
the  regular  provincia , or  special  command,  of  a pro-praetor  whose  field 
of  operations  was  western  Cilicia  ( Cilicia  Aspera) , with  the  adjoining 
coast-line  of  Pamphylia,  and  mountain  region  of  Pisidia.  Cilicia  was 
not  formally  organized  as  a province  until  B.c.  64.  — As  governor  of  a 
province  in  the  later  sense  of  the  word,  the  pro-praetor  exercised  direct 
rule  only  over  those  portions  of  the  country  which  had  been  subjugated 
by  Rome,  while  the  geographical  limits  of  his  province  included  also 
allied  and  independent  communities,  civitates  sociae  and  liberae  (see 
Kuhn,  Verfassung  des  Rom.  Reichs.  vol.  ii.  p.  14)?  some  °f  which  Paid 
tribute,  while  others  were  tribute-free  ( immunes ),  as  well  as  legally  exempt 
from  his  authority  in  matters  of  administration.  Practically,  however, 
even  these  last  were  under  his  almost  unlimited  control,  just  as  the  nomi- 
nally independent  states  in  British  India  are  really  subject  to  Great  Britain. 

1 1 . pro  quaestore,  acting  qucestor : when  there  was  a vacancy 
in  a provincial  quaestorship,  the  commander  might  appoint  any  per- 
son to  perform  its  functions.  (Mommsen,  R.  S.  vol.  i.  p.  187.) 

12.  adduxit : Dolabella  was  bad  enough,  but  he  had  to  bear  the 
added  infamy  of  Verres’  outrageous  acts,  and  after  all  Verres  saved 
himself  by  turning  against  him  (oppugnavit) , appearing  as  witness 
in  his  trial  for  extortion. 

Sect.  12.  praetura  urbana:  this  is  the  topic  of  the  first  ora- 
tion of  the  accusatio . 

There  were  at  this  time  eight  praetores , whose  office  it  was  to  preside 
over  the  administration  of  justice;  after  the  expiration  of  their  year  of 
office,  they  went  as  pro-praetores  to  govern  provinces.  Verres  held  the 
first  and  most  important  of  the  praetorships,  that  of  praetor  urbanus,  who 
had  the  charge  of  civil  cases  between  Roman  citizens;  the  praetor  per e- 
grinus  had  civil  cases  in  which  aliens  were  a party;  the  other  six  presided 
over  the  Quaestiones  perpetuae , or  permanent  criminal  courts  (see  note, 
R.  A.  § 1).  The  praetor  urbanus,  having  charge  of  all  civil  cases  be' 
tween  citizens,  had  almost  unlimited  power  of  plunder,  and  this  was  used 
by  Verres  without  scruple.  His  colleague,  the  praetor  peregrinus , filled 
several  books  with  cases  in  which  he  interfered  (as  colleagues  had  a right 
to  do)  in  order  to  oblige  Verres  to  administer  justice  in  accordance  with 
his  own  rules.  The  functions  of  the  praetor  were  summed  up  in  these 
words  DO  (_ judicem , vindicias ),  dico  (Jus),  addico  (s rem , etc.). 


Impeachment  of  Verves. 


39 


14.  aedium,  etc.  The  public  buildings  were  regularly  under  the 
charge  of  the  aedile,  not  of  the  praetor : the  cases  referred  to  here 
were  certain  flagrant  instances  of  corruption  and  extortion  arising 
out  of  contracts  for  public  buildings,  in  which  the  praetor  had  it 
exceptionally  in  his  power  to  interfere  for  his  own  advantage. 

15.  in  jure  dicundo  : jus  dicere  (Jurisdiction , declaring  the 
law , was  the  primary  function  of  the  praetor ; bonorum  addictio  is 
the  adjudging  of  property  to  the  claimant;  condonatio  (“ grant”)  is 
the  giving  it  up  to  the  defendant : in  the  case  of  Verres  both  are 
presumed  to  be  unlawful.  — instituta,  precedents.  The  edicts  of 
the  praetors  made  up  a body  of  common  law,  not  absolutely  bind- 
ing, however,  for  their  successors. 

23.  posse,  virtually  a future  infinitive  (cf.  § 288 .f\  G.  240.  R.3). 

Sect.  13.  suas  leges  : the  native  institutions  of  the  several 
communities,  so  far  as  they  were  allowed  to  retain  them.  — senatus 
eonsulta,  decrees  (or  executive  orders)  of  the  Senate. 

The  Senate  had  originally  only  advisory  powers.  It  had,  therefore, 
strictly  speaking,  no  authority  to  make  laws  or  to  enforce  their  execution; 
and  its  votes  were  simply  eonsulta , i.e.  matters  agreed  upon  as  advisable, 
while  its  power  was  auctoritas.  When  the  Senate  came,  in  the  3d  cent. 
B.C.,  to  be  the  actual  (though  not  formal)  governing  power  in  the  State, 
these  eonsulta  became  ordinances , in  which  the  Senate  directed  the  ad- 
ministration of  the  whole  empire,  though  it  still  had  no  power  to  pass  laws, 
and  was  itself  subject  to  the  laws.  The  organization  of  a new  province, 
for  example,  was  an  executive  measure,  put  in  force  not  by  a law  of  the 
people,  but  by  an  ordinance  of  the  Senate;  and  in  this  ordinance  was 
embodied  the  entire  authority  of  Rome  over  the  province,  except  so  far  as 
this  was  prescribed  by  general  laws. 

25.  communia  jura,  the  same  as  jus  gentiu7n , those  laws  com- 
mon to  all  mankind  (see  note  on  jus  gentium , R.  A.  § 47).  The 
terms  leges , eonsulta  fur  a,  include  the  three  sources  of  provincial 
law.  — tenuerunt,  retained.  — tantum,  [only]  so  much. 

27.  subterfugit,  escaped  his  notice. 

31.  ab  eo,  away  from  him , i.e.  the  possessor. 

32.  aratorum,  cultivators  (whether  tenants  or  proprietors),  who 
paid  tithes  ( decumae ) to  the  state. 


40 


Notes : Cicero . 


The  territory  of  conquered  communities  in  the  provinces  was  partly 
given  or  sold  to  individuals  or  allied  states,  as  private  property  (ager  pri- 
vatus ),  paying  a tax  ( vectigal ) of  a tenth  of  the  products  ( decuma); 
partly  retained  as  public  domain  (ager  publicus ),  which  was  let  by  the 
censors,  generally  for  a long  term  of  years,  sometimes  on  a heritable  lease. 
In  Sicily  the  original  proprietors  received  back  their  old  estates  on  these 
terms,  paying  tithes,  decumae , just  as  the  proprietors  of  ager  privatus  did, 
from  whom  therefore  they  differed  only  in  right  of  property,  not  in 
amount  of  tax  or  mode  of  payment.  All  these  are  included  by  Cicero 
under  the  general  term  aratores , which  is  used  in  a popular,  not  a techni- 
cal sense.  (Marquardt,  Rom.  Staatsverwaltung , ii.  182,  n .)  The  collec- 
tion of  the  tenth,  as  well  as  of  other  indirect  revenues,  was  farmed  out  by 
auction  to  publicani , of  the  Equestrian  order;  these  paid  a round  sum 
into  the  treasury,  for  the  chance  of  squeezing  a larger  amount  in  detail 
out  of  the  provincials.  From  these  aratores  Verres  had  required  a sup- 
ply of  grain,  as  he  was  entitled  to  do,  and  then  commuted  the  demand  for 
cash,  valuing  the  grain  at  five  or  six  times  its  market  value.  (Csecil.  x.) 

33.  socii:  these  were  the  provincial  states  which  retained  inde- 
pendent self-government,  either  by  treaty  or  by  special  enactment : 
to  this  class  in  Sicily  belonged  Messana  and  Tauromenium. 

35.  cruciati  et  necati : a Roman  citizen  could  not  legally  re- 
ceive any  punishment  touching  life  or  limb,  except  by  judgment  of 
his  peers  in  Rome.  Thus,  Jesus  was  crucified  by  the  Roman  gov- 
ernor under  the  ordinary  provincial  law  applying  to  Jews;  while 
Paul,  a Roman  citizen  of  the  free  city  Tarsus,  appealed  to  Caesar, 
and  was  sent  to  Rome  for  trial.  (See  extract  from  Verr.  vi.  pp. 
51-56:  “ Crucifixion  of  a Roman  Citizen.1’) 

36.  judicio,  i.e.  by  mock  trial . 

29.  rei  facti,  accused  (rei  from  reus).  The  details  of  these 
charges  are  given  in  the  five  orations  of  the  Accusatio  ,*  it  would 
require  too  much  space  to  repeat  them  here.  — indicta,  unpleaded. 

2.  ejecti,  expelled  from  the  country. 

5.  optimae,  best  in  themselves ; opportunissimae,  most  valua- 
ble in  the  circumstances. 

Sect.  14.  regum,  the  famous  kings  of  Syracuse,  — Biero, 
Agathocles,  etc. 

9.  imperatorum : Marcellus,  who  conquered  Syracuse,  and 


Impeachment  of  Verves. 


41 


Scipio  Africanus  the  elder,  who  had  Sicily  as  his  province,  and 
crossed  over  from  there  for  the  conquest  of  Carthage. 

14.  deum,  i.e.  statue  of  a god. 

17.  commemorare,  complem.  infin.  for  subjunctive  with  ne  or 
quominus  (§  271.  a\  G.  548.  R.1 ; H.  505.  ii.2). 

Sect.  15.  at  enim  (a  supposed  objection),  but , you  may  say. 

28.  cognoscere,  learn ; recognoscere,  review. 

In  Chap.  vi.  the  orator  returns  to  the  charge  of  bribery.  He  has  shown 
at  close  of  Chap.  iii.  that  Verres  had  been  disappointed  in  the  character  of 
the  jury;  the  two  following  chapters  show  that  no  favor  could  be  expected 
from  an  honest  jury  in  so  patent  a case.  He  now  reviews  the  several 
schemes  of  bribery,  leading  at  last  to  the  final  plot  of  staving  off  the  trial 
till  the  next  year. 

32.  eloquentiam,  etc.,  see  note  on  § 9 ; gratia  and  auctoritate 
refer  to  his  counsel,  Hortensius ; potentia,  to  the  noble  family  of 
the  Metelli.  — inania  nomina,  empty  names. 

33,  simulat,  proponit : notice  the  emphatic  position  of  these 
verbs,  as  opposed  to  what  Verres  is  really  doing. 

30.  nobiles,  noble  by  birth  ; noti,  well  known,  or  notorious. 

The  Roman  Nobility  has  been  shown  (see  note,  § 1)  to  have  been  in 
the  main  identical  with  the  Senatorial  Order.  It  was  in  point  of  fact  an 
hereditary  rank,  although  based  directly  upon  the  holding  of  office.  Who- 
ever held  any  curule  office-— that  is,  Dictator,  Consul,  Interrex, Praetor,  Magis- 
ter  Equitum,  or  Curule  ^Edile  — secured  to  his  posterity  the  jus  imaginum  ; 
that  is,  the  right  to  place  in  the  hall  and  carry  at  funeral  processions  a wax 
mask  of  this  ancestor,  as  well  as  of  any  other  deceased  members  of  the 
family  of  curule  rank.  All  patricians  were,  as  a matter  of  course,  nobles : 
the  nobility  which  governed  Rome  during  the  last  three  centuries  of  the 
republic  was,  therefore,  composed  of  the  entire  patriciate,  and  those 
plebeian  families,  members  of  which  had  held  curule  office.  Among 
patrician  families  were  those  of  Caesar,  Sulla,  Scipio,  Lepidus;  the  most 
eminent  of  the  plebeian  nobility  were  Metellus,  Catulus,  Lucullus,  Crassus, 
Gracchus. 

Sect.  16.  redemptio,  a contract  with  another  party  for  buying 
up  the  court. 


42 


Notes : Cicero . 


8.  in  condicione,  by  the  terms : until  the  jury  was  made  up,  the 
bargain  could  not  be  absolutely  concluded ; and  when  the  character 
of  the  jury  was  known,  the  contractor  renounced  ( renuntiavit ) the 
bargain. 

io.  rejectio : after  Cicero’s  careful  challenging,  the  lot  had  for- 
tunately given  a trustworthy  jury. 

12.  istorum,  the  partisans  of  Verres. 

Sect.  17.  praeclare,  admirably  well  for  the  cause  of  justice. 
— libelli,  lists. 

1 6.  color  : in  a former  case,  in  which  Hortensius  had  been  coun- 
sel, in  order  to  make  sure  that  the  bribed  jurors  voted  as  they  had 
agreed,  colored  ballots  were  given  to  them. 

17.  sententiis  : this  is  the  word  regularly  used  for  a formal  and 
official  expression  of  opinion  in  the  Senate  {vote')  or  in  a court  of  jus- 
tice {verdict).  — cum  (inversion  : § 325.  b),  whereupon.  — ex  alacri, 
from  being,  etc. 

20.  his  diebus  paucis,  a few  days  ago:"  the  consular  and  other 
elections  were  held  this  year,  as  usual,  towards  the  end  of  July. 

23.  famae  and  fortunis,  dat.  after  insidiae  comparantur.  — 
per  eosdem  homines,  the  same  professional  bribers  5 the  redemf- 
tor , etc.,  referred  to  in  § 16. 

26.  aperto,  etc.,  when  the  door  to  suspicion  had  once  been 
opened. 

Sect.  18.  reducebatur  : the  successful  candidate  was  escorted 
home  by  his  friends  after  the  election. 

29.  Campo  : higher  magistrates  were  elected  in  the  comitia  cen- 
turiata , which  were  in  form  a military  organization  of  the  people. 
As  the  military  command,  imperium , could  not  lawfully  be  exer- 
cised in  the  city  (except  by  special  permission  of  the  Senate,  for 
the  purpose  of  celebrating  a triumph),  these  comitia  met  in  the 
Campus  Martius , or  military  exercise-ground,  north  of  the  city. 
This  is  the  space  covered  by  the  principal  part  of  modern  Rome. 

There  were  at  this  time  two  principal  Assemblies,  both  of  them  having 
as  their  basis  the  ihirty-five  local  tribes  into  which  the  whole  people  were 
divided  for  administrative  purposes: — 1.  The  Comitia  Centuriata , or 
great  comitia,  which  was  established  at  the  foundation  of  the  republic 
upon  the  basis  of  the  military  organization  of  Servius  Tullius.  At  a later 
period  it  was  reorganized  upon  the  basis  of  the  tribes;  and,  although 


Impeachment  of  Verves . 


43 


there  is  no  precise  statement  as  to  either  the  time  or  the  manner  of  this 
reorganization,  there  is  little  doubt  as  to  either.  It  must  have  been 
between  the  First  and  Second  Punic  Wars,  and  in  the  following  manner. 
The  old  division  of  the  people  into  five  classes,  according  to  wealth,  being 
retained,  for  each  tribe  there  were  now  formed  two  centuries  of  each 
class,  — one  of  seniores  (above  45),  one  of  juniores , — making  in  all  350 
centuries.  To  these  were  added  18  centuries  of  equites  (the  young  men 
of  senatorial  families,  see  note  § 1),  guilds  of  smiths,  carpenters,  horn- 
blowers  and  trumpeters,  and  a century  of  freedmen  and  capite  censi 
(those  who  had  no  property)  — 373  in  all.  Each  century  had  one  vote, 
determined  by  the  majority  of  its  voters.  These  comitia  were  regularly 
presided  over  by  the  consul;  they  elected  all  the  higher  magistrates,  and 
had  full  power  of  making  laws,  as  well  as  judicial  power  in  criminal  cases, 
so  far  as  this  had  not  been  transferred  to  the  Quaestiones  Perpetuae.  — 2. 
Legislation  had,  however,  practically  passed  into  the  hands  of  the  tribal 
assembly  ( Comitia  Tributa).  There  were  two  distinct  assemblies  which 
passed  under  this  name:  (#)  the  Comitia  Tributa  proper,  an  assembly  of 
the  entire  people  according  to  the  thirty-five  tribes,  each  tribe  having  one 
vote,  which  elected  the  inferior  magistrates  (curule  sedile,  qusestor,  etc.),  and 
was  presided  over  by  the  praetor;  (b ) the  far  more  important  tribal  assembly 
of  the  plebeians  exclusively,  presided  over  by  the  Tribune  of  the  People. 
Strictly  speaking,  this  latter  was  not  comitia , inasmuch  as  it  was  not  com- 
posed of  the  whole  people,  populus , — the  patricians  being  excluded  from 
it.  But  the  patricians  were  now  reduced  to  a few  noble  families,  whose 
members  would  not  have  cared  to  take  part  in  this  democratic  assembly  even 
if  they  had  been  permitted;  and  by  the  Hortensian  Law,  B.C.  287,  acts  of 
this  assembly,  plebiscita , received  the  validity  of  laws.  This  plebeian  assem- 
bly elected  the  plebeian  magistrates  (tribunes,  plebeian  sediles)  ; it  was  also 
the  principal  organ  for  making  laws. 

31.  Curio : C.  Scribonius  Curio  was  one  of  the  leaders  of  the 
aristocratic  party,  always  a good  friend  of  Cicero.  — honoris  causa, 
see  note  upon  R.  A.  § 5. 

36.  ratio,  consideration . 

31.  Sect.  19.  fornicem  Fabianum,  the  Fabian  Arch , erected 
B.C.  109  by  Q.  Fabius  Maximus  Allobrogicus,  — one  of  the  earliest 
triumphal  arches  in  Rome.  It  stood  at  the  southern  end  of  the 
Forum,  and  served  as  an  entrance  to  it. 

6.  renuntio,  the  word  regularly  used  to  announce  the  result  of 
an  election. 


44 


Notes:  Cicero . 


9.  defertur  means  a formal  announcement  by  some  one  person ; 
narrabat,  told , as  a piece  of  news.  — immo  vero,  nay , rather. 

11.  criminum  ratione,  the  nature  of  the  charges. 

13.  positam,  resting  on. 

Sect.  20.  ratiocinabantur,  reasoned:  the  imperf.  describing  a 
state  of  mind,  and  one  existing  in  different  persons. 

17.  aperte,  manifestly , notoriously. 

20.  quod,  the  fact  that. 

21.  negotiatores,  Roman  citizens  doing  business  in  Sicily. — 
publicae,  official , from  cities  of  Sicily  (as  auctoritates , above). 

24.  existimationem,  opinion , i.e.  as  made  up  on  their  estab- 
lished tests  in  court. 

25.  unius,  i.e.  Hortensius. 

26.  moderatione,  control. 

29.  quidem  (concessive),  it  is  true : this  criminal  may  be  res- 
cued, but  such  a thing  will  not  be  allowed  to  happen  again ; the 
judicial  power  will  be  given  to  other  hands.  — nos,  we  Senators. 

Sect.  21.  hominis  amplissimi,  i.e.  Curio.  The  congratula- 
tions of  so  respected  a man  showed  the  significance  of  the  fact. 

34.  cupiebam  dissimulare,  etc.,  / was  anxious  to  conceal  the 
fact,  etc. 

32.  sortirentur,  allotted.  The  particular  offices  (posts)  of 
coordinate  magistrates  were  assigned  by  lot,  for  which  the  regular 
word  is  obtingere  (“  fall  to”). 

2.  Metello  : a brother  of  Q.  Metellus  Creticus,  consul  elect,  and 
of  L.  Metellus,  praetor  in  Sicily.* 

4.  factam,  offered. — pueros,  slaves. 

Sect.  22.  sane,  you  may  be  sure.  — ne  haec  quidem,  etc., 
this  thing  did  not  please  me  either. 

6.  neque  intellegebam : i.e.  his  confidence  in  the  integrity  of 
Metellus  was  so  great,  that  he  did  not  even  yet  see  through  the 
tricks  of  the  defence. 

8.  certis,  trusty. — reperiebam  : the  imperfect  denotes  a succes- 
sion of  items  of  information. 

* There  were  three  principal  branches  of  the  powerful  family  of  Metelli:  — i.  that  of 
Metellus  Pius,  the  colleague  of  Sulla;  2.  that  of  Nepos  (second  cousin  of  Pius),  whose 
sister,  Csecilia,  was  the  friend  of  Roscius;  3.  that  of  Creticus,  the  friend  of  Verres  (of 
uncertain  relation  to  the  others).  See  foot-note,  page  28. 


Impeachment  of  Verves . 


45 


9.  fiscos,  wicker  baskets , used  for  carrying  money.  The  word 
came  to  mean  treasure-chest,  or  private  treasury;  and,  when  the 
empire  was  established,  it  was  applied  to  the  emperor’s  privy-purse. 
Hence  the  English  fiscal . — Siciliensi,  i.e.  that  extorted  in  Sicily. 

10.  senatore,  etc.  The  senator,  a man  of  the  same  class  as 
Verres,  put  the  money  to  be  used  in  the  elections  and  trial  into  the 
hands  of  an  eques , one  of  the  class  that  had  the  management  of  all 
such  financial  operations.  He  retained,  however,  say  {quasi)  ten 
baskets,  to  be  used  directly  to  defeat  Cicero’s  election  as  aedile. 

12.  nomine,  on  account  of.  — divisores,  managers.  The  money 
to  be  used  at  elections  was  put  into  the  hands  of  sequestres  (election 
agents),  who  themselves  made  use  of  divisores  to  approach  the 
voters  personally.  On  this  occasion,  the  exigency  was  so  great  that 
Verres  himself  ( istum ) called  the  divisores  to  his  house,  without 
the  mediation  of  sequestres. 

Sect.  23.  omnia  debere,  was  bound  to  do  anything  for  me. 

18.  proximis,  the  last. 

21.  negasse  audere,  said  they  did  not  dare. 

22.  fortem,  staunch  (ironical),  in  allusion  to  audere. 

23.  Romilia,  sc.  tribu.  — ex  optima  disciplina,  from  the  best 
school  (ironical),  i.e.  that  of  Verres’  father. 

25.  H S.  (see  §§  377-380)  : the  defeat  of  Cicero  would,  therefore, 
cost  nearly  $25,000. 

Sect.  24.  A lively  description  of  the  embarrassment  in  which 
Cicero  was  placed  at  the  end  of  July  by  the  election  and  the  trial, 
both  coming  on  together. 

33.  agere  deterrebar,  from  doing  (§  271.  a)  freely  what , etc.,  / 
was  deterred  by,  etc. 

35.  petitioni,  canvass. 

36.  ratio,  good  policy. 

33.  Sect.  25.  hoc  ipso  tempore,  in  the  midst  of  all  this.  — 
denuntiatum  esse,  that  a message  was  sent.  This  compound  im- 
plies a peremptory  and  threatening  message. 

4.  primum  corresponds  to  arcessit,  etc.,  § 27,  below. 

5.  sane  liberos,  pretty  independent,  i.e.  in  refusing  to  come. 
If  he  had  been  consul,  instead  of  merely  consul-elect,  they  would 
have  had  to  come. 


46 


Notes:  Cicero . 


9.  cursare,  ran  hither  and  thither. 

11.  appellare  et  convenire,  accost  and  confer  with. 

Sect.  26.  M.  Metellum  (see  § 21),  the  friend  of  Verres,  who 
had  obtained  the  presidency  of  the  court  of  Repetundae  for  the  next 
year.  — eo,  in  this  thing , i.e.,  postponing  the  trial. 

25.  praerogativam,  an  earnest.  In  the  comitia  centunata,  it  was 
determined  by  lot  which  century  should  first  cast  its  vote.  The 
vote  of  this  century,  called  praerogativa  (prae-rogo),  was  regarded 
as  an  omen  or  earnest  of  the  result  which  it  was  likely  to  decide. 
Hence  the  word  is  here  used  of  the  effective  support  given  to 
Metellus  at  the  polls  by  Verres.  The  praerogativa  which  Q.  Me- 
tellus  gave  to  Verres,  in  return  for  the  praerogativae  of  the  comitia, 
is  described  in  the  next  section. 

Sect.  27.  alter  consul : Q.  Caecilius  Metellus  Creticus  (see  § 21). 

The  three  brothers,  fast  friends  of  Verres,  were  so  situated  as  to  promise 
the  greatest  help  the  next  year,  when  Quintus  would  be  consul,  and 
Marcus  praetor,  presiding  over  the  court  of  Repetundae , while  Lucius  was 
already  pro-praetor  in  Sicily.  Certain  of  the  Sicilians,  therefore,  complied 
with  the  summons  of  Metellus,  although  they  had  disregarded  that  of 
Hortensius.  The  object  of  Metellus  was  to  induce  the  Sicilians  to  with- 
draw the  suit,  or  at  any  rate  to  refrain  from  appearing  as  witnesses. 

34.  Sect.  28.  alienissimum,  no  kin  of  yours. 

8.  dictitat,  says  incessantly  (see  next  section).  alicui  depends 
upon  videatur  (§  232.  c). 

Sect.  29.  ceteros,  etc. : the  Metelli  seemed  born  to  hold  office. 
The  poet  Naevius  wrote,  a hundred  and  fifty  years  before  : — - 

Fato  Metelli  Romae  hunt  consules. 

To  this  Cicero  alludes  in  the  word  fato. 

14-  populi  existimationi,  reputation  with  the  people . 

13.  illud,  what  follows.  He  here  points  out  the  changes  in  the 
jury  which  must  follow  from  changes  in  the  government  with  the 
new  year. 

16.  conlega,  colleague  of  Cicero  : i.e.  as  aedilis  designatus . 

18.  expediat,  subj.  of  charact.  (§  320;  G.  633;  H.  503.  i.). 

20.  Juniano  consilio,  the  jury  of  Junius.  This  was  a case  four 


Impeachment  of  Verves . 


47 


years  before,  in  which  wholesale  and  unblushing  bribery  had  been 
proved ; so  that  the  presiding  praetor,  Junius,  as  well  as  the  entire 
consilium  (body  of  jurors),  had  been  stamped  with  infamy.  Caeso- 
nius,  a member  of  the  jury,  had  been  proof  against  corruption. 

22.  ex  Kal.  Jan.,  after  the  New  Year;  for  at  that  time  he  would 
be  transferred  to  another  office. 

Sect.  30.  Non.  Dec.  (Dec.  5)  : on  this  day  the  new  quaestors 
entered  on  their  office. 

28.  L.  Cassius  : the  family  characteristic  here  stated  was  pro- 
verbial ( Cassiani  judices ). 

31.  tribuni  militares,  at  this  time  legion-commanders. 

The  legion  — consisting,  when  full,  of  6,000  men  — was  commanded  by 
six  tribuni , two  at  a time  commanding  for  a term  of  two  months. 
(Mommsen,  R.  S.  i.  p.  79.)  The  24  tribunes  of  the  four  regular  legions 
were  elected  in  the  comitia  tributa;  the  others  were  deputed  by  the  com- 
manders. After  the  time  of  Caesar,  a legatus  was  appointed  over  the  six 
tribunes,  as  chief  officer  of  the  legion. 

32.  non  judicabunt,  will  not  serve  as  jurors . — subsortiemur, 
i.e.  we  shall  draw  another  to  fill  his  place . This  is  the  regular  use 
of  sub  in  similar  compounds  : as  suppectus , subrogatus,  etc. 

35.  prope  toto  : the  jury,  therefore,  apparently  consisted  of  no 
more  than  twelve  or  fifteen. 

35-  Sect.  31.  Nonae,  etc.:  it  was,  therefore,  about  3 p.m. 
of  the  5th  of  August  (see  Gr.  § 376). 

5.  votivos,  in  fulfilment  of  a vow.  These  games  were  in  cele- 
bration of  Pompey’s  victory  over  Sertorius. 

7.  continuo,  directly  after . 

8.  turn  denique,  not  till  then . 

The  votive  games  would  occupy  from  Aug.  16  to  Sept.  1 (August  had  at 
this  time  only  29  days) ; Sept.  4 began  the  Ludi  Romani , continuing  till 
the  19th.  The  intervening  days  (Sept.  2,  3)  were  of  no  account  for  the 
trial,  so  that  it  could  not  be  resumed  before  Sept.  20,  a suspension  of  34 
days  {prope  quadragintai).  The  Ludi  Victoriae  (Oct.  27  to  Nov.  1) 
were  established  by  Sulla  in  honor  of  his  victory.  The  Ludi  Plebeii 
(Nov.  4 to  17)  were  established  in  the  time  of  the  dissensions  of  the 
orders  early  in  the  Republic,  in  imitation  of  the  Ludi  Magni  or  Ro?nani> 
and  were  presided  over  by  the  plebeian  aediles. 


48 


Notes:  Cicero. 


12.  perpauci  : the  month  of  December  was  full  of  festivals. 

13.  rem  integram,  i.e.  from  the  beginning.  The  points  of  the 
prosecution  would  have  been  forgotten,  the  public  interest  would 
have  cooled  down,  and  the  jury  would  be  almost  wholly  new.  The 
case  must  therefore  be  taken  up  de  novo. 

Sect.  32.  nunc,  opposed  to  si  diffisus  essem,  above. 

18.  jurato  (abl.  abs.),  on  oath.  The  jndices  were  on  oath;  the 
praetor , not.  Metellus  might  therefore  be  trusted  to  vote  honestly 
as  juror,  but  not  to  preside  impartially. 

23.  legitimo  tempore  : he  had  a right  to  use  twenty  days  for 
developing  the  points  of  the  prosecution. 

Sect.  33.  perpetua  oratione,  a continuous  argument,  before 
bringing  up  the  witnesses.  This  is  what  we  possess  in  the  five 
speeches  of  the  Accusatio , which,  in  the  usual  order  of  proceeding, 
would  have  been  delivered  before  bringing  up  the  witnesses,  but 
which  were  in  fact  never  delivered  at  all. 

31.  percipi,  reaped:  the  regular  term  for  gathering  crops.— 
potuit,  might  have  been . 

32.  publicis,  official , i.e.  of  cities.  — -tabulis,  records ; auctorita- 
tibus,  docimients . 

33.  res  omnis.  Here,  before  stating  his  plan,  Cicero  goes  off 
on  another  digression  against  Hortensius,  which  shows  clearly  one 
of  his  principal  motives  in  undertaking  the  prosecution. 

35.  diluendis,  refuting  (dissolving,  washing  away). 

36.  explicandis,  unfolding. 

2.  nunc,  as  it  is. 

3.  ex  tua  natura:  Hortensius,  like  M.  Metellus,  was  personally 
an  amiable  and  honorable  man,  though  pledged  to  a bad  cause.  — 
malitiose,  in  bad  faith. 

4.  rationi,  schetne , course,  looking  to  the  means  ; consilio,  plan, 
action , looking  to  the  end.  Cicero  contrasts  them  more  than  once. 

Sect.  34.  binos  ludos,  i.e.  Pompey’s  games  and  the  Roman. 

7.  comperendinem,  adjourn  over  ( perendie ),  i.e.  close  my  case. 

After  opening  the  case  (as  in  the  present  speech),  the  usual  course  was 
for  the  prosecutor  to  present  his  proofs  and  arguments  in  a connected 
speech,  or  series  of  speeches  {perpetua  oratio),  to  which  the  counsel  for 
the  defence  could  answer,  and  then  the  witnesses  would  be  brought  for- 


Impeachment  of  Venues . 


49 


ward.  The  case  was  now  really  complete;  but  it  was  required  at  this  point 
comperendinare , i.e.  adjourn  over  the  second  day,  in  order,  by  a new  trial, 
to  make  sure  that  justice  was  done.  For  this  actio  secunda,  as  it  was 
properly  called,  a very  short  time  only  was  necessary.  The  comperendi- 
natio  was  therefore  a sign  that  the  trial  was  near  its  close.  Cicero’s 
determination  to  bring  this  about  before  Pompey’s  games  — i.e.  within  ten 
days  — settled  the  case  in  his  favor;  for,  as  has  been  shown,  the  only  hope 
of  the  defence  lay  in  putting  off  the  trial. 


8.  necessarium,  unavoidable : id  refers  to  eos  velle,  etc. 

n.  amplum  et  praeclarum,  an  honor  and  distinction  (translat- 
ing as  nouns). 

13.  periculum,  trial  (from  the  same  stem  found  in  experior).  — 
innocentiae,  purity  of  administration  in  Sicily  : an  almost  techni- 
cal word  for  using  with  moderation  the  immense  power  in  the  hands 
of  a Roman  official  in  the  provinces. 

Sect.  35.  potentia,  domineering . 

23.  regnum  judiciorum,  lording  it  over  the  courts . — nunc, 
opposed  to  the  time  of  videbatur.  — homines,  the  corrupt  Sena- 
torial jurors. 

27.  inruere,  etc.,  bent  on  making  themselves  hateful  and  offensive. 
— hoc,  i.e.  to  break  down  Hortensius’s  control,  and  the  corruption 
of  a few  senators. 

29.  nervos  aetatis,  the  sinews  of  my  youth.  Cicero  was  now  36. 

Sect.  36.  ordo,  the  Senate. 

34.  odiosum,  filled  with  hate,  unrelenting. 

35.  magistratu,  the  aedileship  of  the  coming  year. 

36.  loco:  the  Rostra,  the  elevated  place  in  the  Forum  adorned 
with  beaks  of  ships,  from  which  the  magistrates  addressed  the 
people. 

37.  secum  agere,  the  technical  expression  for  transacting 
business  in  the  comitia  is  agere  cum  populo  [or  plebe~\ . The  refer- 
ence here  is  to  the  office  of  curule  aedile,  which  he  would  hold  after 
the  first  of  January.  One  of  the  most  important  functions  of  this 
magistrate  was  the  administration  of  criminal  justice  (de  ho7ninibus 
impr obis'),  which  was  conducted  before  the  public  assembly  upon  an 
appeal  taken  from  a formal  judgment.  (Mommsen,  R.  S.  i.  464.) 


50 


Notes:  Cicero. 


2.  munus  aedilitatis  meae,  service  of  my  atdileship. 

Munus  is,  properly,  any  duty  or  service  imposed  upon  a citizen  as  his 
share  of  the  public  burdens  (cf.  moenia,  murus,  in  the  Vocabulary).  The 
word  is,  however,  as  well  as  honor,  often  used  of  offices,  in  regard  to  which 
honor  refers  to  the  dignity  conferred,  munus  to  the  duties  incumbent  upon 
the  official.  It  is  especially  used  of  public  games,  and  there  is  a suggestion 
of  that  meaning  here. 

The  Aidiles  (from  aedes,  a temple)  were  four  magistrates,  who  had  the 
general  superintendence  of  the  police  of  the  city,  criminal  jurisdiction  with 
the  power  of  imposing  fines,  the  care  of  the  games,  public  buildings,  etc. 
They  did  not  form  a Board  (l Collegium, ),  but  were  of  two  grades,  two 
being  necessarily  plebeians ; while  the  other  two,  the  curule  ccdiles,  ranked 
with  the  higher  magistrates,  and  might  be  patricians.  The  redileship 
was  not  a necessary  step  in  a political  career,  but  it  was  eagerly  sought, 
between  the  qutestorship  and  the  prsetorship,  by  ambitious  men,  for  the 
reason  that  the  superintendence  of  the  public  games  gave  great  opportu- 
nity for  gaining  popular  favor.  A certain  sum  was  appropriated  from  the 
public  treasury  for  these  games;  but  an  tedile  who  wished  to  rise  to 
higher  positions,  and  not  to  be  thought  mean,  took  care  to  add  a good 
sum  from  his  own  pocket. 

4.  deponere,  deposit  with  the  sequestres  (see  note  § 22)  ; by  in- 
terpretes  (go-betweens)  is  probably  meant  the  dtvisores. 

5.  accipere,  take  the  money ; recipere,  undertake  to  do  anything 
(upon  request  or  the  like).  — polliceri,  offer. 

8.  abstineant,  hold  off. 

Sect.  37.  erit,  will  be  (it  is  true) : notice  the  emphatic  posi- 
tion, opposing  it  to  the  clause  with  tamen. 

1 1 . imperio  et  potestate,  military  and  civil  power.  All  magis- 
trates possessed  potestas,  — power  in  general,  but  not  including 
military  power ; only  the  consul  and  praetor  (of  the  regular  magis- 
trates) the  imperium  — military  or  sovereign  power,  as  of  a general 
in  the  field,  but  limited  in  the  city  by  special  privileges  of  Roman 
citizens. 

16.  commemorabuntur,  will  be  talked  over ; agentur,  made 
ground  of  action. 

17.  certis  rebus,  well  ascertained  facts.  — agentur,  wid  be  dis- 
cussed. — inter  decern  annos,  i.e.  since  Sulla’s  Lex  Judiciana . 


Impeachment  of  Verves . 


51 


Sect.  38.  quinquaginta,  i.e.  from  the  law  of  Caius  Gracchuc, 
b.c.  123,  to  that  of  Sulla,  b.c.  80. 

23.  ne  tenuissima  quidem  suspitio  : one  of  the  exa0gerations 
of  the  advocate. 

The  condition  of  the  courts  at  the  t ir-w  spoken  of  (about  B.C.  93)  is 
thus  described  by  Mommsen:  “Tlie  commission  regarding  exactions 

[Court  of  Repetundae\  was  converted  from  a shield  of  the  provincials  into 
their  worst  scourge : the  most  notorious  robber  escaped  with  impunity,  if 
he  only  indulged  his  fellow-robbers  and  did  not  refuse  to  allow  part  of  the 
sums  exacted  to  reach  the  jury;  but  any  attempt  to  respond  to  the  equita- 
ble demands  of  the  provincials  for  right  and  justice  sufficed  for  condemna- 
tion.” If  the  courts  were  really  worse  in  B.c.  70  than  they  had  been  in 
90,  it  was  simply  because  the  times  were  worse. 

26.  sublata,  taken  away.  — populi  Romani,  etc.,  i.e.  the  power 
of  the  people  to  control  the  senatorial  order.  This  refers  to  the 
suspension  of  the  tribunician  power  by  Sulla  (see  note  § 44). 

27.  Q.  Calidius,  praetor,  B.C.  79;  condemned  for  extortion  in 
Spain. 

It  seems  that  Calidius,  being  condemned  de  repetundis , with  bitter 
irony  assailed  the  bribed  jurors  on  account  of  the  smallness  of  the  bribe 
for  which  he  was  condemned,  saying  that  it  was  not  respectable  ( honestum ) 
to  condemn  an  ex-prsetor  for  so  small  a sum.  The  allusion  shows  that  the 
corruption  was  notorious  and  universal. 

28.  H.  S.  triciens  (see  § 379),  3,000,000  sestertii,  — $150,000 
(nearly).  — praetorium : an  ex-magistrate  always  preserved  the 
dignity  of  the  office  he  had  held,  — as  consularis , praetorius , aedi- 
licius.  — honeste,  in  an  honorable  manner. 

29.  P.  Septimio  (Scaevola),  condemned  B.c.  72;  the  damages 
were  placed  higher  than  they  would  have  been,  because  of  his  con- 
nection with  the  odious  consilium  Junianum  (see  § 29).  The 
amount  extorted  was  estimated  in  a separate  process  (litis  aesti- 
matio)  ; and  the  money  taken  in  bribery  was  included  in  the  reck- 
oning. 

Sect.  39.  peculatus,  embezzlement , and  majestas  (sc.  minuta), 
treason  (anything  affecting  the  dignity  or  the  power  of  the  state), 
were  under  the  jurisdiction  of  two  of  the  Quaestiones  perpetuae  of 

Sulla. 


52 


Notes:  Cicero . 


The  fact  of  bribery  came  out  on  these  trials  for  extortion,  peculation, 
ana  treason,  and  made  the  punishment  heavier.  Evidence  under  Roman 
law  was  . t confined  to  the  immediate  issue,  but  might  bear  on  other 
crimes  of  tne  acciiced.  as  now  in  France.  All  the  offenders  here  men- 
tioned were  apparently  con-  -ted  with  the  infamous  judicium  Junianum. 
(See  Or.  pro  Cluentio , ch.  xxx., 


38.  sortiente,  drawing  the  jury.  — exirent,  etc.,  were  drawn 
for  [the  case  of]  a defendant , to  conde7nn  him  without  a hearing. 

Sect.  40.  jam  vero,  and  finally  (introducing  the  climax  of 

all). illam,  i.e.  the  one  next  described:  hoc  factum  esse , etc. — 

discoloribus  signis,  see  note  on  color,  § 17. 

io.  acturum  esse,  will  attend  to. 

12.  si  quid  . . . violatum,  etc.,  if  l shall  know  of  any  like  viola- 
tion, etc. 

1 6.  hominem,  i.e.  Hortensius ; cujus,  obj.  gen. 

19.  secum  . . . agi,  he  was  doing  very  well. 

21.  in  rem  suam,  into  his  own  pocket.  — patronis,  see  note,  Rose. 
Am.  § 4. 

Sect.  41.  apud  Glabrionem,  i.e.  in  the  preliminary  proceedings. 
— reiciundis  judicibus  (locat.  abl.),  at  the  time  of  challenging 
(making  up  the  jury). 

29.  toller etur,  should  be  abolished . 

36.  victoriae,  i.e.  in  the  courts.  They  can  satiate  the  avarice  of 
any  man,  but  cannot  give  enough  to  clear  him  when  guilty. 

39-  Sect.  42.  comparata  sunt,  were  established . 

Sect.  43.  loco,  point,  in  the  argument. 

Sect.  44.  tribuniciam  potestatem : the  overgrown  power  of 
the  tribunes  of  the  people  had  been  greatly  abridged  by  Sulla,  but 
restored  by  a law  of  Pompey  early  in  this  year,  B.c.  70. 

The  Tribuni  Plebis  (or  Plebi)f  ten  in  number,  were  the  magistrates  of 
that  portion  of  the  people  (a  state  within  the  state)  known  as  the  Plebs. 
The  Plebeians  at  this  epoch,  however,  composed  the  whole  people,  with  the 
exception  of  the  few  families  of  the  patrician  aristocracy  (such  gentes  as 
the  Cornelian,  Julian,  TEmilian,  Claudian).  Not  being  magistrates  of  the 
city  or  the  whole  people,  but  only  of  a single  class,  the  Tribunes  did  not 
possess  the  imperium , had  no  real  executive  power,  a,nd  were  not  magis- 


Impeachment  of  Verves. 


53 


trates  in  the  strict  sense  of  the  term.  On  the  other  hand,  their  persons 
were  held  sacred,  and  they  had  two  very  important  and  wide  reaching 
powers:  i.  That  of  interfering,  jus  inter  cedendi  (“veto”),  to  arrest 
almost  any  act  of  another  magistrate;  it  thus  practically  extended  to  legis- 
lation, elections,  and  ordinances  of  the  Senate,  these  being  all  under  the 
direction  of  magistrates.  2.  To  hold  the  assembly  of  the  plebs , organized 
by  tribes.  In  this  assembly,  known  as  comitia  tributa , the  plebeian  magis- 
trates (tribunes  and  plebeian  aediles)  were  chosen,  and  laws  were  passed, 
plebi  scita , which  of  course  were  originally  binding  only  upon  the  plebs , 
but  which,  by  the  Hortensian  Law,  B.c.  287,  received  the  force  of  leges 
(see  note,  § 18).  Fines  were  likewise  imposed  by  this  assembly.  Out  of 
these  original  powers  had  been  developed  a very  extensive  criminal  juris- 
diction, which  made  the  tribunes  and  aediles  the  chief  prosecuting  officers 
of  the  republic,  the  tribunes  acting  in  cases  of  a political  character. 
This  order  of  things  continued  until  the  time  of  Sulla,  when  the  adminis- 
tration of  criminal  justice  was  entrusted  to  the  standing  courts,  quaestiones 
perpetuae , established  by  him.  This  criminal  jurisdiction  appears  to  be 
the  power  referred  to  in  this  passage.  Sulla  took  away  from  the  tribunes 
much  of  their  power,  making  also  the  legislative  action  of  the  plebeian 
assembly  depend  upon  the  initiation  of  the  Senate.  But  these  provisions 
were  abolished  by  Pompey,  the  people  fancying  that  the  corruptions  of 
the  courts  could  be  remedied  by  restoring  this  power  to  the  tribunes.  The 
tribunes  also  had  authority  to  convene  the  Senate  and  preside  over  it. 

20.  verbo,  in  name ; re  vera,  in  fact ; illam,  the  tribunician 
power.  — Catulum  : Q.  Lutatius  Catulus  was  the  best  and  most 
eminent  man  of  the  aristocracy. 

22.  fugit,  has  escaped . 

23.  referente,  bringing  forward , the  technical  expression  for 
bringing  a matter  before  the  Senate  for  action. 

In  case  of  proposing  a law,  it  was  necessary,  first  of  all,  ferre  ad 
populum , then,  referre  ad  Senatum , for  ratification,  which  ratification 
could  be  refused  only  on  religious  or  constitutional  grounds;  but,  in  order 
to  guard  against  any  unfair  use  of  this  power,  it  was  established  that  the 
ratification  should  come  before  the  action  of  the  comitia.  The  order  of 
proceedings  was,  then,  first  to  lay  the  matter  ( referre ) before  the  Senate, 
then  bring  it  (ferre)  before  the  people.  — Momm.  Rom.  Forsch.  i.  p.  245. 


54 


Notes : Cicero . 


25.  patres  \et\  conscriptos  (the  conjunction  is  often  omitted 
in  such  combinations)  : patres  were  the  patrician  members  of  the 
Senate ; conscripti , the  plebeians  enrolled  in  that  originally  patri- 
cian body. 

28.  fuisse  desideraturos,  would  have  missed  (§  337.  N. ; G. 
659* ; H.  527.  iii.). 

Sect.  45.  contionem  habuit,  made  a speech : contio  means, 
strictly,  an  assembly,  for  the  purpose  of  listening  to  discussion 
merely.  — ad  urbem,  i.e.  in  the  Campus  Martius.  Pompey  was 
elected  in  his  absence,  and  while  still  clothed  with  the  military  im- 
perium ; he  could  not  therefore  enter  the  city  to  meet  the  citizens, 
but  called  them  to  him  outside  the  walls. 

31.  ubi,  in  which . 

33.  in  eo,  at  that  point. 

40.  strepitu,  confused  noise . — clamore,  shouts.  — volunta- 
tem,  i.e.  what  they  felt. 

Sect.  46.  in  speculis,  on  the  watch. 

5.  religione,  regard  for  oath. 

6.  tribunicium,  i.e.  reinstating  the  tribunes.  — unum  senato- 
rem : there  does  not  seem  to  be  any  reproach  in  this,  as  if  it  were 
only  one:  rather,  one , it  is  true ; but,  under  the  circumstances,  that 
means  nothing. 

7.  vel  tenuissimum,  a man  of  no  means. 

Sect.  47.  hoc  est  judicium,  i.e.  this  will  be  a test.  — nihil 
sit,  i.e.  there  is  no  disturbing  influence. 

Cicero  was  mistaken  in  the  hope  here  expressed,  that  an  honest  verdict 
in  this  case  might  yet  prevent  a reorganization  of  the  courts.  The 
Aurelian  law,  passed  shortly  after  this  time,  provided  that  the  judices 
should  be  taken,  one-third  from  the  Senators,  the  rest  from  the  equestrian 
order;  one-half  of  the  equestrians  (one-third  of  the  whole)  being  required 
to  have  held  the  office  of  Tribunus  ^rarius,  that  is,  President  of  one  of 
the  35  local  tribes.  The  title  ararius  was  due  to  the  fact  that  the  duties 
of  these  officers  were  largely  financial.  This  regulation  remained  in  force 
until  the  dictatorship  of  Caesar,  B.c.  45,  when  this  third  decuria,  of  Tribuni 
^rarii,  was  abolished. 

Sect.  48.  agam,  conduct. 

22.  res,  facts.  — manifestas,  a technical  word,  denoting  direct 
proof,  not  circumstantial  evidence. 


Impeachment  of  Verrcs. 


55 


23.  a vobis  contendere,  urge  tipon  you. 

26.  consequi,  get  hold  of. 

27.  eorum,  i.e.  the  defence. 

Sect.  49.  vos,  opposed  to  former  juries,  which  have  occasioned 
the  scandal. 

31.  post  haec,  etc.,  since  the  reorganization  of  the  courts  by 
Sulla. 

32.  utimur,  have  the  benefit  of.  — splendore,  personal  distinction , 
from  wealth  and  exploits ; dignitate,  dignity , from  rank  and  office. 

33.  consilium,  body  of  jurors  (“panel  ”).  — offensum,  slip  (a 
mild  word). 

41.  Sect.  50.  opto,  pray.  Observe  the  adroit  union  of  com- 
pliment and  threat  in  this  passage,  which  at  the  same  time  forms 
the  transition  to  the  appeal  to  the  praetor  presiding. 

Sect.  51.  is,  referring  to  the  Senate. 

17.  qui  sis,  what  sort  of  a man  you  are. 

18.  reddere,  pay  back:  he  owes  his  life  and  position  to  his 
ancestors. 

29.  legis  Aciliae:  this  (probably  B.c.  101)  provided  that  there 
should  be  neither  ampliatio  (further  hearing)  nor  comperendinatio 
(see  note  § 34)  in  cases  of  repettmdae.  All  earlier  laws  were  super- 
seded by  the  Cornelian  law  of  Sulla. 

Sect.  52.  summae  auctoritates,  strongest  influences , espe- 
cially family  traditions,  etc.1 

32.  nocenti  reo,  etc.,  for  the  criminal , his  great  wealth  is  of 
more  weight  for  a suspicion  of  guilt,  than  for  any  way  of  safety. 

Sect.  53.  mihi  certum  est,  for  my  part  (emph.)  / am  re- 
solved.— non  committere,  not  to  allow , in  the  sense  of  bringing 
it  to  pass  by  mistake  or  fault.  — ut  mutetur,  to  be  changed  (§  332.  e). 
— nobis  (eth.  dat.),  our. 


1 The  elder  Glabrio  married  Mucia,  daughter  of  P.  Mucius  Scsevola,  “the  founder  of 
scientific  jurisprudence  in  Rome,”  who  was  consul  b.c.  133,  the  year  of  the  legislation 
and  death  of  Tiberius  Gracchus,  and  showed  himself  not  disinclined  to  a moderate 
reform,  and  at  any  rate  opposed  to  the  violent  course  of  the  aristocracy  on  that  occasion. 
He  was  grandfather  of  the  younger  Glabrio.  The  father-in-law  was  M.  jEmilius  Scau- 
rus,  for  many  years  ftnnceps  senatus , a man  distinguished  for  dignity  and  moderation, 
but  not  characterized  by  any  very  great  qualities,  and  not  free  from  the  corruption  of  the 
times. 


56 


Notes:  Cicero. 


42.  novo  exemplo , an  unheard-of  manner. 

3.  lictores  : each  consul  was  attended  by  twelve  lictors,  who  had 
the  power  of  arresting  and  coercing.  The  consul  elect,  of  course, 
had  no  such  attendants,  but  could  only  send  messages  by  his  slaves. 

6.  eorum  : this  word  connects  the  Metelli,  etc.,  with  Verres  in  the 
original  conspiracy.  — jus  suum,  their  [lost]  rights. 

7.  potestatem:  a hint  that  not  only  their  liberties,  but  their 

lives,  were  in  peril. 

Sect.  54.  comitiorum,  etc.  The  trial  came  just  between  the 
election  and  the  games  of  Pompey.  At  the  same  time  censors, 
for  the  first  time  since  Sulla’s  domination,  were  in  office,  and  were 
making  a registry  of  property  and  voters,  to  which  citizens  from  all 

parts  of  Italy  were  obliged  to  report. 

14.  censendi,  of  being  registered : not  strictly  passive,  but  used 
loosely  of  the  act  of  taking  the  census , to  which  they  contributed  by 
being  there.  — vestrum,  nostram,  and  omnium  are  predicate 

after  esse.  . 

16.  quid  agatur  depends  on  the  verbal  noun  scientiam,  as  the 

next  clause  on  memoriam. 

18.  omnium,  i.e.  not  the  inhabitants  of  Rome  alone. 

Sect.  55.  principes  : these  were  the  two  distinguished  brothers, 
L and  M.  Lucullus.  — testibus  : the  case  was  usually  argued  first. 
22.  ita  testes  constituam,  etc.:  this  is  the  criminum  ratio 

19 \ crimen  totum,  the  impeachment  as  a whole ; crimen 

(below),  the  special  charge  of  extortion , stated  formally  in  the  next 
section. 

27.  dantur,  are  offered  (see  note  § 34). -in  singulas  res , to 
each  point.  — illis,  the  counsel  for  the  defence. 

30.  altera  actione,  i.e.  after  the  comperendinatio : in  this  sense 
the  speeches  of  the  Accusatio  are  correctly  called  Actio  Secunda. 

33.  haec,  etc.,  this  is  all  the  Accusatio  there  will  be  in  the  first 

Action. 

Sect.  56.  quadringentiens  sestertium  (§  379)  > 40,000,000 
sestertii,  = $2,000,000  (nearly). 

43-  fuisse  (for  fuerat,  § 308.  b ; G.  599.  R-2;  H.  4 76~)>  there 
would  'have  been.  — Dixi,  I have  done : a formal  ending,  particular  y 
appropriate  to  so  unexpectedly  brief  a speech. 


The  Plunder  of  Syracuse . 


57 


THE  PLUNDER  OF  SYRACUSE. 

The  passage  which  follows  is  from  the  fourth  oration  of  the  Accusatio, 
the  most  famous  of  all,  known  as  the  De  Signis,  for  the  reason  that  it 
treats  chiefly  of  the  works  of  art  stolen  by  Verres.  Cicero  has  been 
describing  the  plundering  of  many  temples  and  public  buildings;  and  in 
this  passage  he  recounts  in  detail  the  case  of  one  chief  city,  Syracuse,  as  a 
climax.  Syracuse  was  far  the  largest  and  richest  of  all  the  Greek  cities  of 
Italy  and  Sicily.  It  was  a colony  of  Corinth,  founded  B.C.  734,  and  in 
course  of  time  obtained  the  rule  over  the  whole  eastern  part  of  Sicily. 
Syracuse  remained  independent,  with  a considerable  territory,  after  the 
western  part  of  the  island  (far  the  largest  part)  passed  under  the  power 
of  Rome  in  the  First  Punic  War;  but  in  the  Second  Punic  War 
(b.C.  212)  it  was  captured  by  Marcellus,  and  ever  after  was  subject  to 
Rome.  It  was  at  this  time  the  capital  of  the  province. 

Sect.  i.  unius  etiam,  still  one  more , connects  the  incident  here 
related  with  the  one  described  just  before. 

9.  in  medium  proferam,  publish.  — aliquando,  at  last  (imply- 
ing impatience). 

13.  annalibus,  chronicles : there  were  as  yet  no  regular  histories. 
— hanc,  illo,  indicate  nearness  and  remoteness  of  time  (§  102.  a , b). 

15.  imperatoris  : this  title,  which  properly  belonged  to  every 
possessor  of  the  military  imperium,  was  by  usage  assumed  by  the 
commander  only  after  his  first  considerable  victory.  — cohortem, 
train  of  courtiers,  etc. : the  provincial  magistrates,  representing  the 
Roman  imperium,  had  many  of  the  insignia  of  royalty. 

This  is  a brilliant  antithesis : nevertheless,  the  orator  exaggerates,  as  on 
so  many  occasions.  “Not  only  did  Marcellus  stain  his  military  honor  by 
permitting  a general  pillage  of  the  wealthy  mercantile  city,  in  the  course 
of  which  Archimedes  and  many  other  citizens  were  put  to  death;  but  the 
Roman  Senate  lent  a deaf  ear  to  the  complaints  which  the  Syracusans 
afterwards  presented  regarding  that  celebrated  general,  and  neither  re- 
turned to  individuals  their  property  nor  restored  to  the  city  its  freedom.” 
(Mommsen.) 

Sect.  2.  locis,  i.e.  in  the  other  speeches  of  the  Accusatio.  — 
forum : every  ancient  town  had  its  central  market  place  {forum, 
or  ayopa) , an  open  space,  used  for  trading,  public  assemblies,  and 


58 


Notes:  Cicero . 


the  administration  of  justice.  The  same  feature  exists  in  European 
towns  at  the  present  day. 

24.  clausus  fuisset : Marcellus  had  been  obliged  to  starve  out 
the  city. 

25.  Cilicum:  Cilicia  was  the  chief  seat  of  the  organized  bands 
of  pirates  who  ruled  the  Mediterranean  at  this  time  (see  oration  for 
Manilian  Law). 

36.  illis  rebus,  i.e.  the  plunder  of  temples,  etc. 

44.  Sect.  3.  maxim  am  : 

the  circuit  of  its  walls  was 
about  180  stadia  — more  than 
25  miles. 

3.  ex  omni  aditu  limits 
praeclaro  ad  aspectum,  glo- 
rious to  the  sight.  (For  descrip- 
tions of  Syracuse,  see  Cic.  de 
Rep.  iii.  31 ; Livy,  xxv.  24.) 

5.  in  aedificatione,  etc.,  i.e. 
enclosed  by  the  buildings  of  the 
city.  Ancient  harbors  (as  at 
Athens)  were  often  at  a con- 
siderable distance. 

7.  conjunguntur : Ortygia 
(the  site  of  the  original  town) 
had  an  independent  harbor  on 
each  side  connected  by  a nar- 
row channel. 

8.  insula,  i.e.  Ortygia. 

9.  continetur,  is  made  continuous. 

Sect.  4.  quattuor : the  heights  of  Epipolae,  west  of  the  town, 
were  sometimes  reckoned  as  a fifth  city.  — Hiero  II.,  King  of  Syra- 
cuse (b.c.  270  to  about  216),  was  during  most  of  his  reign  a stead- 
fast ally  of  Rome. 

16.  Dianae : the  Quail,  oprv£,  was  sacred  to  Diana  (Artemis)  ; 
hence  the  name  Ortygia. 

18.  istius,  i.e.  of  Diana. 

19.  Arethusa:  fabled  to  have  fled  beneath  the  sea  from  the 


The  Plunder  of  Syracuse. 


59 


pursuit  of  the  river-god  Alpheus  (see  Ovid,  Met.  v.  573  641). 
Another  fresh-water  fountain  rises  in  the  harbor,  about  eighty  feet 
from  the  shore. 

20.  munitione,  construction : used  of  any  embankment  (compare 
munire  viam,  e tc.). 

Sect.  5.  Achradina,  the  plain  and  table-land  just  north  of  Orty- 
gia : the  name  is  supposed  to  have  been  derived  from  the  wild  pear- 
trees,  &xpa5es,  which  still  abound  there. 

23.  porticus,  arcades . 

24.  prytaneum,  the  building  in  which  the  city  was  conceived  to 
have  its  home.  Here  was  the  hearth,  sacred  to  Vesta,  whence 
colonists  carried  the  sacred  fire  to  kindle  a new  hearth  in  the 
prytaneum  of  their  new  home.  It  was  also  used  for  courts  of  jus- 
tice, public  banquets,  etc.  — curia,  senate  house , the  building  where 
the  administration  of  public  affairs  was  conducted. 

25.  urbis,  i.e.  Achradina. 

26.  perpetua,  running  its  whole  length . 

27.  continentur,  are  lined  in  continuous  row . 

28.  Tycha,  Latin-Doric  form  of  T vxv,  For  tuna. 

29.  gymnasium,  the  place  for  exercise  and  baths,  with  porticos, 
groves,  and  halls,  somewhat  like  the  thermce  of  Rome  under  the 
Empire,  only  that  the  Greeks  gave  more  attention  to  physical  and 
intellectual  exercises,  and  less  to  the  luxuries  of  bathing. 

32.  coaedificata,  built  up.  — Neapolis,  “ the  new  city.”  — quam 
ad  summam,  at  the  highest  point  of  which. 

45.  Sect.  6.  Marcellum : Marcus  Claudius  Marcellus,  of  a 
noble  plebeian  family  (all  other  families  of  the  Claudian  gens  were 
patrician),  was  the  ablest  general  the  Romans  had  in  the  early  years 
of  the  Second  Punic  War,  but  illiterate  and  cruel ; called  “ the 
Sword  of  Rome.”  He  was  killed  in  battle,  B.c.  208. 

9.  ornatu,  adornments.  — habuit  rationem,  had  regard  for  (com- 
pare Livy,  xxv.  31). 

10.  victoriae,  the  right  of  victory ; humanitatis,  the  part  of 
humanity. 

11.  deportare : the  Romans,  like  Napoleon,  were  in  the  habit  of 
carrying  off  with  them  whatever  works  of  art  and  other  treasures 
might  redound  to  the  reputation  of  their  city. 


6o 


Notes : Cicero . 


Sect.  7.  Honoris,  Virtutis : it  was  a characteristic  of  the  Ro- 
man religion  to  worship  and  build  temples  to  abstractions.  The 
temple  of  Virtus  was  built,  and  that  of  Honor  restored,  by  Marcellus. 
The  two  were  worshipped  in  a single  shrine. 

17.  in  aedibus,  etc.,  i.e.  his  own  house,  garden,  and  suburban 
estate. 

20.  ornamento,  i.e.  as  being  free  from  stolen  treasures. 

21.  deum  nullum:  translate,  to  render  the  position,  of  the  gods 
not  one  (i.e.  not  a single  statue) . 

25.  juris  dictionem,  the  special  function  of  the  praetor. 

26.  comitatum,  train . 

Sect.  8.  religionum,  things  sacred ; consuetudinis,  i.e.  things 
hallowed  by  use. 

33.  Agathocli,  tyrant  of  Syracuse,  b.c.  317-289. 

46.  profana  fecissent : the  Romans  had  a formula  by  which 
they  called  away  ( evocare ) and  gained  over  to  their  side  the  tutelary 
deities  of  any  cities  that  they  were  besieging.  Of  course,  the 
temples  of  these  gods  then  lost  all  their  sanctity,  and  became  pro- 
fane buildings.  The  true  name  of  Rome  and  that  of  its  tutelar 
divinity  were  said  to  be  kept  as  a mystery,  lest  they  should  become 
known  to  an  enemy,  who  might  thus  disarm  the  city  of  its  protector. 
The  formula  is  given  as  follows  by  Macrobius,  Saturn,  iii.  9 : — 

Si  deuSy  si  dea  estf  cui  populus  civitasque  [ Carthaginiensis~\  est  in  tu- 
tela , teque  maxime  ille  qui  urbis  hujus  populique  tutela?7i  recepisti , precor 
venerorque  veniamque  a vobis petOy  ut  vos  populu?n  civitatemque  \_Cartha- 
ginienseni\  deseratis,  loca  templa  sacra  urbemque  eorum  relinquatiSy  absque 
his  abeatis , eique  populo  \civitati\  metum  formidinem  oblivionem  inicia- 
tisy  proditique  Romam  ad  me  meosque  veniathy  nostraque  vobis  loca  templa 
sacra  urbs  acceptior  probatiorque  sit , mihique  populoque  Ro?nano  militi- 
busque  meis praepositi  sitis,  ut  sciamus  intellegamusque . Si  ita  feceritiSy 
voveo  vobis  templa  ludosque  facturum . 

Sect.  9.  in  quibus  erant,  upon  which  were  represented . — ima- 
gines, portraits. 

16.  Siciliae  regum,  i.e.  those  rulers  of  Syracuse  and  other  cities 
who  had  exercised  dominion  beyond  their  own  cities. 

19.  cognitione  formarum,  acquaintance  with  their  features . 


The  Plunder  of  Syracuse . 


61 


Sect.  10.  valvis,  folding  doors,  as  found  especially  in  temples. 

27.  tam  . . . cupidum,  that  I a7n  so  eager  (in  appos.  with  quod). 

35.  illi,  i.e.  the  Greeks,  as  too  fond  of  art. 

47.  argumenta,  subjects  or  stories  (in  relief). 

Sect.  11.  Gorgonis,  the  head  of  Medusa,  a favorite  subject  of 
ancient  art. 

13.  gramineas  hastas,  bamboo  stalks. 

14.  in  hoc  nomine,  at  this  ite7n  (i.e.  wondering  why  they  were 
mentioned).  — commoveri,  startled. 

15.  satis  esset  (§§  286,  287.  d ; G.  51 1.  R.1 ; H.  495.  i.)  : i.e. 
they  were  only  curiosities. 

19.  id  merely  repeats  hastas. 

Sect.  12.  nam  explains  (ironically)  why  he  asks  the  last  ques- 
tion. Those  bamboos,  etc.,  have  no  excuse ; but  the  Sappho  was 
so  fine,  etc. 

22.  Silanionis  : an  artist  of  the  time  of  Alexander  the  Great. 

24.  potius,  etc.,  rather  thaii  this  most  tasteful  a7id  cultivated  man , 
Verres. 

26.  nimirum,  of  course.  — nostrum,  of  us  (emph.),  opp.  to  Verres . 

28.  delicati,  pampered. 

29.  eat,  must  go  (§  266;  G.2563;  H.  484).  — ad  aedem  Felici- 
tatis : the  temple  of  Felicitas  was  adorned  with  the  spoils  of  con- 
quered Corinth.  Catulus  had  adorned  his  temple  of  Fortuna , and 
Metellus  his  portico,  with  splendid  works  of  art. 

31.  istorum,  Verres  and  his  friends.  — Tusculanum,  villa  at 
Tusculum  (about  15  miles  south-east  of  Rome),  where  the  wealthy 
Romans,  Hortensius  among  the  rest,  had  splendid  country-houses. 

32.  forum  ornatum,  i.e.  on  festal  days  (see  Livy,  ix.  40). 

33.  commodarit,  lent : such  works  of  art  were  often  placed 
temporarily  on  the  forum. 

35.  operarii,  mere  day-laborer : in  allusion,  perhaps,  to  the  works 
of  art  that  Verres  had  had  manufactured  under  his  own  eye. — 
studia,  fine  tastes  ; delicias,  luxurious  pleasures. 

48.  ad  ferenda,  etc.,  to  carry  (as  a porter)  than  to  carry  off 
(as  a connoisseur)  : a sarcasm  on  Verres’  coarse  and  sturdy  build. 

Sect.  13.  pernobile,  very  famous. 


62 


Notes:  Cicero. 


6.  Graeculus,  in  contemptuous  allusion  to  his  pretence  of  taste. 

7.  subtiliter  judicat,  is  a fine  connoisseur . 

8.  nunc,  now  (as  it  is),  opposed  to  si  . . . tulisset. 

Sect.  14.  Paeanis,  Apollo,  as  god  of  healing. 

15.  Aristaei,  son  of  Apollo,  discoverer  of  the  olive,  and  of 
various  improvements  in  husbandry.  The  gloss  Libert  films  (line 
22)  is  incorrect : patre  does  not  mean  his  father , but  is  a common 
attribute  of  Liber,  as  well  as  of  Mars  and  other  gods. 

18.  parinum  (corrupt  and  meaningless)  : the  common  reading  is 
parvum : perhaps  the  old  conjecture  Farium,  of  Parian  marble , is 
best. 

Sect.  15.  Jovem : the  statue  was  of  Zei)s  ovpios , god  of  favora- 
ble weather,  identified  from  some  fancied  resemblance  with  Jupiter 
imp  er at  or. 

26.  suo:  the  emphatic  position  continues  the  emphasis  on 

Jovem . 

29.  Flamininus : T.  Quinctius  Flamininus,  who  defeated  Philip 
of  Macedon  at  Cynoscephalae,  B.c.  197.* 

32.  in  Ponti  ore  : the  Thracian  Bosporus,  the  strait  extending 
from  Constantinople  to  the  Black  Sea,  about  17  miles. 

33.  Capitolus:  the  Capitol,  or  Temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus, 
had  three  cellae,  or  chapels,  sacred  to  the  Capitolian  triad,  — Jupiter, 
Juno,  and  Minerva.  This  was  now  the  most  illustrious  temple, 
“the  earthly  abode,”  of  Jupiter. 

49.  armatus,  i.e.  when  such  robbery  might  be  deemed  excusable. 

6.  incolae,  residents : i.e.  persons  of  foreign  birth,  who  made 
Syracuse  their  home,  without  having  obtained  citizenship  ; advenae, 
visitors . 

Sect.  16.  adventu,  by  his  coming . In  fact,  however,  the  chief 
plunder  was  two  or  three  years  after  his  arrival. 

11.  desideratos,  missing. 

Sect.  17.  mensas  Delphicas,  tables  with  three  legs,  like  the 
Delphic  tripod ; vasa  Corinthia  were  made  of  a kind  of  bronze,  of 
peculiar  beauty  and  very  costly. 

* There  may  be  some  confusion  here  with  T.  Quinctius  Cincinnatus,  who  brought  a 
bust  of  Jupiter  Imperator  from  Prseneste  to  Rome,  and  placed  it  in  the  Capitohne  temple. 
At  any  rate,  it  was  destroyed  in  the  burning  of  the  Capitol,  B.C.  83.  (Comp.  Liv.  vi.  20.) 


The  Plunder  of  Syracuse. 


63 


Sect.  18.  fanorum,  shrines : this  word  is  of  the  same  root  (fa) 
as  fatum,  nefas , etc.,  and  indicates  whatever  is  consecrated  by  signs 
(the  expressions  of  Divine  will)  to  religious  purposes.  (Hartung, 
Rel.  der  Rom.  i.  p.  137.)  It  is,  therefore,  the  consecrated  spot, 
rather  than  the  temple  or  altar  erected  Upon  it. 

50.  Sect.  19.  desierunt,  ceased , i.e.  by  the  transference  of 
the  courts  to  the  Senators. 

14.  Crasso : Lucius  Crassus,  the  famous  orator,  and  Quintus 
Scaevola,  pontifex  maxima  s,  the  famous  jurist  and  statesman,  were 
close  friends,  and  colleagues  in  nearly  every  office.  They  were  curule 
aediles,  B.c.  103,  and  gave  the  first  exhibition  of  lion-fights.  The 
splendor  of  their  aedileship  was  the  work  of  Crassus,  a man  of  ele- 
gant and  luxurious  tastes,  while  Scaevola  was  moderate  and  simple 
in  his  habits.  — Claudio.  This  was  (according  to  Drumann)  a 
brother  of  Claudia,  the  wife  of  Tiberius  Gracchus.  In  his  aedileship, 
B.c.  99,  he  exhibited  fights  of  elephants. 

15.  commercium : Crassus  and  Claudius  would  have  bought 
these  objects  if  anybody  could  have  done  it.  (Supply  commercium 
with  fuisse.) 

Sect.  20.  referri,  be  entered , has  for  subject  pretio  . . . abali- 
enasse. 

26.  rebus  istis,  things  of  that  sort . 

27.  apud  illos,  i.e.  the  Greeks  generally. 

28.  socios  (see  note  on  provincia,  Verr.  i.  § 11). 

Sect.  21.  Reginos  : Rhegium,  Reggio , was  a very  ancient  Greek 
city,  at  the  point  of  Italy  nearest  Sicily,  It  was  a colony  of  Chalcis, 
probably  founded  in  the  eighth  century  B.C.,  and  became  a Roman 
municipium  after  the  Social  War,  b.c.  90-91. 

35.  merere  velle,  would  take.  — ilia,  that  famous  (§  102 . b). 

36.  Tarentinos : Tarentum  was  the  largest  Greek  city  in  Italy, 
a colony  of  Sparta,  founded  in  the  eighth  century  b.c.,  subjugated 
by  Rome  just  after  the  invasion  of  Pyrrhus,  b.c.  272. 

51-  Satyrum.  The  satyrs  were  divinities  of  nature,  inhabiting 
the  woods,  represented  with  pointed  and  hairy  ears,  knobs  upon 
the  forehead,  etc. 

8.  buculam,  the  celebrated  bronze  cow  of  Myron. 


Notes : Cicero * 


64 

The  towns  here  mentioned  as  centres  of  Greek  art  are  the  following : — 
Thespice,  a city  of  Boeotia,  always  allied  with  Athens : the  statue  of  Eros 
(Cupid)  was  one  of  the  most  famous  works  of  Praxiteles;  Cnidus , a 
Dorian  town  in  Asia  Minor:  the  statue  of  Venus  there  was  accounted  one 
of  the  finest  of  all  the  works  of  Praxiteles;  Cos,  an  island  on  the  coast  of 
Asia  Minor:  here  was  the  picture  of  Venus  by  Apelles;  Ephesus,  one  of 
the  chief  Ionian  towns  of  Asia  Minor : it  was  now  at  the  height  of  its 
splendor  and  commercial  greatness;  Cyzicus , a Greek  city,  on  a penin- 
sula, on  the  southern  coast  of  the  Propontis  (sea  of  Marmora) ; Rhodes, 
then  the  chief  commercial  city  of  the  East,  and  a powerful  independent 
state j lalysus  was  a native  here;  Athens:  the  works  of  art  here  men- 
tioned at  Athens  were  by  the  most  famous  artists,  — Scopas,  Protogenes, 
and  Myron. 

longum  est,  it  would  be  tedious  (§  3 1 1 . ^ ; G.  246.  R.1;  H.  4 7^5)- 


CRUCIFIXION  OF  A ROMAN  CITIZEN. 

The  fifth  speech  of  the  Accusatio  is  entitled  De  Suppliciis , be- 
cause it  details  the  cruelties  of  Verres.  The  passage  here  given  is 
one  of  the  most  graphic  and  celebrated. 

Sect.  1.  nunc,  opposed  to  the  time  of  the  actio  prima , which 
he  has  just  referred  to.  — uno  genere,  this  one  class , i.e.  bloody 
executions,  as  contrasted  with  the  variety  of  charges , below.  — tot 
horas  dicam,  § 276.  a ; G.  221  ; H.  467.  iii.“. 

18.  tenerem,  § 287.  a\  G.  511.  R.2;  H.  495.  i. 

19.  opinor,  Pve  an  idea,  — expressing  the  same  shade  of  mean- 
ing as  I guess,  / fancy. 

20.  rem,  the  facts  (emphatic,  as  appears  from  its  position). — in 
medio,  before  you. 

Sect.  2.  Consanus,  of  Consa  (Compsa),  a town  in  Samnium. 

in  mo  numero  : Cicero  has  been  describing  the  treatment  of  a 

number  of  fugitives  from  the  insurrectionary  army  of  Sertorius  in 
Spain,  who  had  made  their  way  to  Sicily  after  the  death  of  Sertorius, 
B.c.  72,  and  the  overthrow  of  his  faction  by  Pompey. 

*26.  nescio  qua,  § 334*;  G.  469*  *-2;  H.  4552-  — lautumiis, 
the  stone-pits  (ancient  quarries)  at  Syracuse,  used  as  a prison. 


Crucifixion  of  a Roman  Citizen . 65 

27.  Messanam,  the  present  Messina , the  point  of  Sicily  nearest 
Italy. 

Messana  was  at  first  called  Zankle  (sickle),  from  the  shape  of  the 
tongue  of  land  which  forms  the  harbor.  It  was  one  of  the  group  of 
Grecian  colonies  founded  in  the  eighth  century  B.C.  The  name  was 
changed  three  centuries  later,  in  honor  of  the  Greek  Messene.  It  was  one 
of  the  very  few  privileged  towns,  civitates  foederatae , of  Sicily  (see  note  on 
aratorum,  Verr.  i.  § 13).  It  was  specially  favored  by  Verres,  and,  as  is 
represented  by  Cicero,  was  an  accomplice  of  his  iniquities. 

28.  Reginorum  : Rhegium  is  almost  in  sight  of  Messana. 

30.  odore,  breath . 

52.  recta,  sc.  via. 

2.  sibi,  etc.,  note  the  emphasis:  “ that  he  was  going  straight  to 
Rome,  and  when  Verres  came  would  be  ready  for  him.” 

Sect.  3.  in  praetorio,  the  house  (or  palace ) of  the  praetor , as  an 
imperial  magistrate. 

6.  ante,  Lib.  iv.  chap.  n. 

7.  adjutricem,  accomplice . 

8.  consciam,  confidant. 

9.  Mamertinum.  The  city  of  Messana  had  been  treacherously 
taken  possession  of  by  a body  of  mercenaries,  who  called  them- 
selves Mamertini  (children  of  Mars),  about  B.c.  282.  Although 
the  name  of  the  city  was  not  changed,  yet  its  citizens  were  from 
this  time  called  Ma7nertini.  — defertur,  is  reported  (officially) . 

14.  ipse,  Verres. 

Sect.  4.  exspectabant,  were  on  the  watch  to  see. 

20.  quo  tandem,  how  far : tandem  (as  also  nam)  gives  a sense 
of  wonder  to  the  question,  which  cannot  be  preserved  in  English 
in  an  indirect  question. 

22.  expediri,  to  be  got  ready , by  untying  the  fasces  (rods  and 
axe),  which  were  the  badge  of  the  praetor’s  imperium. 

24.  meruisse,  (sc.  stipendia),  served  as  a soldier. 

25.  Panhormi  (all  harbor),  the  present  Paler77io : in  spite  of  its 
Greek  name,  this  was  originally  a Phoenician  settlement.  — nego- 
tiaretur,  was  in  business , i.e.  as  head  or  agent  of  some  house  en- 
gaged in  speculation  (cf.  Verr.  i.  § 20).  This  kind  of  business  was 
generally  carried  on  by  Roman  equites , and  on  a large  scale. 


w 


66 


Notes : Cicero . 


27.  fugitivorum,  escaped  slaves , whose  insurrection  had  made 
the  frightful  servile  war  of  Spartacus,  B.c.  73-71* 

Sect.  5.  civitatis,  citizenship . 

34.  dolorem , cries  of  pain. 

36.  commemoratione,  claim . 

53.  cruciatum,  the  special  punishment  of  slaves. 

2.  perfecit,  gained  (by  his  prayers). 

4.  infelici,  ill-omened.  , 

5 . pestem,  cursed  instrument.  — aerumnoso,  overwhelmed  with 
calamity. 

Sect.  6.  lex  Forcia,  which  forbade  the  scourging  of  citizens 
(see  Liv.  x.  9).  — leges  Semproniae  (of  Caius  Gracchus),  which 
gave  the  right  of  appeal  in  capital  cases,  even  against  the  military 
imperium.  In  civil  life  it  had  existed  ever  since  the  foundation  of 
the  republic.  (Mommsen,  Hist,  of  Rome,  iii.  p.  140.  See  Catil.  iv. 
5 ; Rabir.  4). 

10.  tribunicia  potestas,  see  note  Verr.  i.  § 44.  — hucine,  § 101. 
a , N. ; G.  102.  R.1;  H.  1861. 

12.  beneficio,  favor , in  conferring  authority  upon  him. 

1 5 . admovebantur,  were  applied. 

Sect.  7.  agere,  treaty  statui  modum,  I set  a limit. 

25.  Glabrionem,  subj.  of  facere.  — consilium,  jury : he  feared 
that  mob  rule  would  get  the  start  of  a legal  verdict. 

29.  repetisse,  inflicted:  lit.  exacted ; punishment  being  regarded 
as  a forfeit.  — veritus  esset  has  for  its  subject  populus  Romanus. 

Sect.  8.  quid  . . . sit,  what  will  happen  to  you.  — istum,  i.e. 
whom  you  misrepresent. 

33.  repentinum,  of  a sudden,  having  never  been  such  a thing 
before.  — speculatorem,  spy. 

35.  neque,  etc.,  and  this  I will  show , etc.  Notice  in  Latin  the 
close  affinity  of  the  negative  with  the  connective. 

54.  ad  arbitrium  tuum,  at  your  discretion . 

5.  municipes,  fellow-townsmen.  — necessarios,  see  note  on 
necessitudinem , Verr.  i.  § 11.  — sero,  too  late  (for  you,  but  not  too 
late  for  the  court). 

6.  judices,  obj.  of  doceant. 


Crucifixion  of  a Roman  Citizen.  67 

Sect.  9.  patronis,  see  note,  R.  A.  § 4.  — istuc  ipsum,  that 
single  fact . 

12.  nuper  tu  ipse,  here  Cicero  draws  on  his  fancy  for  his  facts. 

14.  ideo,  for  this  reason,  i.e.  quod,  etc. 

1 6.  jam,  i.e.  after  you  have  said  that. 

18.  Tauromenitano  : Tauromenium  was  an  allied  city  of  Sicily, 
between  Messana  and  Syracuse. 

19.  argentariam  [rem],  banking  business. 

20.  ex  eo  genere,  i.e.  non  qui,  etc. 

Sect.  10.  induatur,  etc.  (§  hi.  N.1;  G.  210;  H.  377),  tie  him- 
self up  and  strangle  himself  (as  in  a noose). 

55.  usurpatione,  claim . 

Sect.  11.  quo  = ad  quos. 

1 1 . cognitoribus,  vouchers . 

13.  legum  existimationis,  obj.  gen.  with  periculo  ; continen- 
tur,  restrained. 

14.  sermonis  . . . societate,  by  fellowship  in  language , rights , 
and  interests . 

Sect.  12.  tolle,  a sort  of  protasis  (§  310.  b ; G.  600 ; H.  487  3), 
of  which  the  apod,  is  jam  . . . praecluseris,  below. 

20.  quod  velit,  any  he  pleases  (§  320).  — quod  . . . ignoret, 

because  one  may  not  know  him. 

23.  liberas  civitates,  the  allied  states  in  the  provinces,  which 
were  not  strictly  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the  praetors. 

27.  magnum  fuit,  woidd  it  have  been,  etc.  (§  31 1.  £ ; G.  246.  R.1). 

28.  adservasses,  you  should  have  kept.  — dum  veniret,  till  he 
should  come. 

31.  cognosceret,  should  he  know  (equivalent  to  a condition  with 
si ; compare  Greenough’s  “ Analysis  of  the  Latin  Subjunctive,”  pp. 
10,  11,  note). 

34.  locupletem : this  word  refers  more  commonly,  though  not 
originally,  to  landed  property,  and  very  likely  has  this  meaning 
here. 


56.  Sect.  13.  fretum,  the  strait  of  Messina,  which  separates 
Sicily  from  Italy. 

15.  alumnum , foster-child  i.e.  adopted  citizen. 


68 


Notes : Cicero . 


Sect.  14.  parricidium  : for  the  peculiar  horror  with  which  this 
crime  was  regarded  by  the  Romans,  see  note,  R.  A.  § 19. 

28.  in  comitio : the  comitium  was  an  open  space  north  of  the 
Forum,  on  higher  ground  (see  Plan  of  Forum)  ; it  was  used  for  the 
most  ancient  comitia , the  curiata  (in  which  the  people  were  assem- 
bled by  the  thirty  hereditary  curiae ),  for  hearing  lawsuits,  and  for 
contiones . The  Curia , or  Senate-house,  was  situated  upon  the 
Comitium.  — defigere,  plant . — quod,  i.e.  that  point  which . 

29.  celebritate,  as  a crowded  thoroughfare. 

30.  potuit,  sc.  fieri. 

32.  praetervectione,  etc.,  on  the  track  of  all  who  sail  to  and  fro 
by  the  Straits  of  Messina,  the  necessary  route  to  Greece. 


THE  MANILIAN  LAW, 

Argument. 

Chap.  i.  Exordium  : Why  this  is  Cicero’s  first  appearance  before  a 
political  assembly.  — Narratio.  2.  Statement  of  the  case:  Mithridates  and 
Tigranes  have  made  war  on  the  Roman  domain.  The  war  is  demanded 
by  the  dignity  and  safety  of  the  State.  — Confirmatio.  I.  3,  4.  Conduct  of 
Mithridates:  his  preparations  for  war;  massacre  of  Roman  citizens;  suc- 
cess of  former  commanders.  — 5*  Present  tameness  of  the  Roman  people 
contrasted  with  their  ancient  pride.  The  allies,  whose  safety  is  at  stake, 
demand  Pompey  as  commander.  — 6.  The  chief  revenues  are  at  stake, 
endangered  by  mere  suspicion  of  calamity.— 7.  The  general  financial 
ruin  resulting  from  disaster  to  the  publicani.  — II.  8.  Magnitude  of  the 
war:  objection  that,  though  important,  it  is  not  formidable:  successful 
campaign  of  Lucullus.  — 9.  But  Mithridates  has  gained  new  strength; 
fresh  nations  are  roused,  and  the  Roman  army  is  disheartened;  possible 
disaster.  — III.  10.  Who  then  should  be  appointed?  Military  experience 
of  Pompey.  — II,  12.  His  successes,  especially  in  the  Piratic  war.  State 
of  things  in  that  war,  even  in  the  neighborhood  of  Rome.  13,  14-  His 
moral  qualities : blamelessness,  humanity,  self-restraint,  easy  manners. 

15.  His  prestige  and  influence,  especially  as  derived  from  the  Piratic  war. 
— 16.  His  reputation  in  the  East,  largely  resulting  from  his  brilliant 
'fortune. — 17.  Moreover,  he  is  on  the  spot. — Confutatio.  Objection  of 
Hortensius,  that  all  power  ought  not  to  be  given  to  one  man.  18.  Re- 
futed by  the  precedent  of  the  Gabinian  Law.  — 19.  (Incidentally,  Gabmius 


The  Manilian  Law . 


69 


should  be  assigned  to  Pompey  as  legatus.')  — 20.  Objection  of  Catulus, 
that  the  proposition  is  against  precedent.  — 21.  Evaded  by  referring  to 
other  violations  of  precedent  in  Pompey’s  case.  — 22.  Appeal  to  the 
people  against  these  objections.  Peculiar  qualities  are  needed,  which 
exist  in  him.  — 23.  His  especial  virtue  of  moderation  and  self-restraint.  — 
Peroratio . 24.  Cicero  advocates  his  cause  purely  from  devotion  to  the 
commonwealth. 


The  speech  on  the  Manilian  Law  is  pronounced  by  Halm  to  give  a 
better  example  of  the  systematic  plan  of  a deliberative  oration  than  any 
other  of  antiquity.  It  was  delivered  in  a contio , or  public  meeting  of 
Roman  citizens,  held  for  debate  or  address  merely.  The  contio  could  be 
called  by  any  magistrate  who  had  any  matter  to  lay  before  the  people,  and 
was  held  regularly  in  the  Comitium  or  the  Forum.  (See  note  on  Verr.  v. 
§ 14.)  After  a rogatio  (proposition  of  a law)  had  been  offered,  the  contio 
was  called,  in  order  that  the  voters  might  hear  the  arguments  on  both 
sides;  and  only  such  persons  might  speak  as  were  allowed  by  the  presid- 
ing magistrate.  After  the  rogatio  had  been  thus  discussed,  the  comitia 
(see  note  on  Verr.  i.  § 18)  voted  upon  it,  Yes  or  No. 

PAGE 

58.  Sect.  1.  frequens  conspectus  vester,  the  sight  of 
you  in  full  assembly.  — hie  locus,  the  Rostra. 

3.  agendum,  taking  public  action  (see  note,  R.  A.  § 55). — am- 
plissimus,  dignified  (of  the  magistrates’  power)  ; ornatissimus, 
honorable  (of  private  glory  as  an  orator). 

4.  Quirites y fellow-citizens : the  name  by  which  the  Romans  were 
addressed  when  acting  in  a civil  capacity.  — hoc  aditu,  this  avenue : 
i.e.  addressing  them  on  political  questions. 

5.  optimo  cuique  (§93.  c),  i.e.  such  as  the  magistrate  would 
permit. 

6.  rationes,  plan : the  plural  indicating  the  details  which  would 
enter  into  it. 

In  the  structure  of  this  opening  sentence,  notice  the  antithetic  bal- 
ancing of  one  word  or  clause  against  another,  which  marks  the  Latin 
periodic  style  (see  § 346).  It  consists  of  two  parts,  — the  first  Concessive, 
introduced  by  quamquam  ; the  second  Adversative,  introduced  by  tamen. 
So,  in  the  first,  conspectus  balances  locus , which  is  brought  into  relief  by 
autem  (“  and  again  ”) ; while  ad  agendum  amplissimus  and  ad  dicendum 


70 


Notes:  Cicero . 


ornalissimus  are  balanced  in  like  manner  against  each  other.  In  the 
second,  the  relative  clause  qui  . . . patuit  (virtually  concessive)  is,  as 
usual,  embodied  in  the  main  clause,  bringing  the  relative  as  near  as  possi- 
ble to  its  antecedent  aditu;  voluntas  and  rationes  are  set  in  antithesis  by 
sed;  while  the  main  verb,  prohibuerunt , as  usual,  comes  last.  The  logical 
form  of  the  whole  is,  “ Though  political  speaking  has  advantages,  yet  I 
have  been  prevented,”  etc. 

By  stating  first  the  leading  thought  ( hoc  aditu , etc.),  and  putting  the 
verb  at  the  end,  Latin  is  able  to  make  the  main  clause  active,  thus  partly 
disguising  the  antithesis.  But  here,  as  elsewhere,  it  is  of  great  help  in 
reading  to  observe  these  two  rules:  (i)  that  Latin  puts  first  the  main 
idea,  the  key  to  the  whole;  and  (2)  that  it  constantly  deals  in  antitheses, 
often  forcing  them  when  they  do  not  naturally  occur  (as  in  amplissimus 
and  ornatissimus ),  each  thought  or  expression  having  its  pendant,  like 
ornaments  which  go  in  pairs.  (See  note  on  the  opening  sentence  of  the 
oration  on  Roscius,  p.  1.) 


7.  cum,  while.  — antea,  i.e.  until  he  was  old  enough,  or  skilful 
enough,  to  take  a part  in  politics. 

8.  auctoritatem  : the  position  itself  of  the  speaker  carried  weight, 
— i.e.  as  being  a public  adviser  of  the  people. 

9.  statuerem,  made  it  a principle . — perfectum  ingenio,  i.e. 
the  fruit  of  fully  developed  mental  power.  — elaboratum,  laboriously 
wrought , needing  more  practice  than  youth  could  give. 

1 1 . temporibus,  occasions  or  exigencies  (a*  common  word  to  de- 
note the  condition  of  an  accused  person).  A Roman  lawyer  was 
not  regarded  as  doing  a service  for  hire,  but  was  expected  to  defend 
his  friends  gratuitously.  He  was,  indeed,  prohibited  from  receiving 
pay.  No  bargain  was  made,  but  it  was  understood  that  the  obliged 
party  gave  a liberal  present,  in  some  form  or  other,  to  his  patronus. 

Sect.  2.  ita,  accordingly , referring  to  the  idea  contained  in 
transmittendum. 

12.  neque  . . . et : here  the  first  clause  is  really  concessive;  it 
may  be  rendered  while  . . . yet. 

14.  caste,  with  clean  hands  ; integre,  in  good  faith  to  the  client. 
— judicio,  i.e.  their  action  in  electing  him.  The  term  judicium  is 
applied  to  any  act  that  amounts  to  a formal  expression  of  judgment, 
even  though  not  a technical  decision. 

ic.  fructum,  reward , i.e.  the  several  grades  of  office  he  had 


The  Manilian  Law . 


7 1 


already  filled : he  was  now  praetor.  — amplissimum  (emphatic  by 
position),  the  richest . 

1 6.  dilationem,  adjournment:  there  were  many  things  which 
could  break  up  an  assembly  and  put  off  the  business,  especially 
unfavorable  auguries,  the  announcement  of  which  was  a favorite 
device  of  politicians.  — praetor  primus : the  eight  praetors  were 
regarded  as  colleagues,  and  determined  their  several  functions  — as 
urbanus , peregrinus , or  president  of  quaestiones  perpetuae  — by  lot. 
Praetor  primus  means,  therefore,  only  that  Cicero  was  the  first  of 
the  eight  who  got  a majority.  If  any  failed  of  the  requisite  number 
of  votes,  he  must  be  voted  for  again ; and  if  the  proceedings  were 
broken  off  (as,  for  example,  by  unfavorable  auspices),  the  whole 
election  began  anew,  including  those  already  chosen.  Hence  Cicero 
was  thrice  declared  elected  (ter  renuntiatus  sum). 

1 8.  quid  aliis,  etc.,  i.e.  to  win  like  distinction. 

59.  2.  nunc,  opposed  to  the  time  referred  to  in  § 1.  — honori- 
bus,  see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 36. 

3.  ad  agendum  (loosely) , for  speaking.  — vigilanti,  wide-awake. 

4.  forensi  usu,  the  practice  of  the  forum  (where  the  courts  were 
held). 

8.  quoque,  i.e.  as  well  as  to  military  or  public  acts. 

Sect.  3.  atque,  and  further  (emphatic).  — laetandum  (§  135. 
d),  a thing  to  be  glad  of. 

10.  mihi  following  insolita  (§  232.  a ; G.  352  ; H.  388  :). 

11.  ratione,  style , i.e.  as  affected  by  his  new  position  on  the  ros- 
tra. — oratio,  language ; orationis,  argument  (abstracts  from  oro, 
in  its  original  sense  of  to  speak). 

13.  singulari,  unparalleled  (as  compared  with  the  excellence  of 
others)  ; eximia,  exalted  (as  compared  with  absolute  perfection).  — 
virtute,  good  qualities , generally. 

15.  copia,  ample  material. 

Sect.  4.  atque  (the  strongest  of  the  copulas),  and  now , to  come 
to  the  point. 

19.  vectigalibus  ac  sociis  .tributaries  and  allies  (of  which  latter 
some  were  tributary  and  others  not). 

20.  infertur,  used  of  offensive  war.  — Tigrane  : he  was  king  of 
Armenia,  and  son-in-law  of  Mithridates. 


72 


Notes:  Cicero . 


Armenia,  the  mountain  region  east  of  Asia  Minor,  was  never  thoroughly 
incorporated  in  the  empire  of  Alexander,  and  after  his  death  became  an 
independent  kingdom.  Tigranes,  by  help  of  Mithridates,  enlarged  his 
dominions  by  conquest,  and  built  a new  and  splendid  capital,  Tigrano- 
certa.  The  two  allied  kings  seemed  about  to  get  the  mastery  of  the  whole 
East;  but  the  defeat  of  Tigranes  by  Lucullus  (b.c.  69),  with  the  capture 
and  destruction  of  his  capital,  reduced  his  short-lived  empire  to  less  than 
its  former  dimensions. 

21.  relictus,  i.e.  before  the  contest  was  fully  decided.  Tigranes, 
on  the  other  hand,  had  been  only  harassed  (lacessitus),  not  seri- 
ously attacked. 

22.  Asiam  : i.e.  the  province  of  this  name,  occupying  the  western 
half  of  Asia  Minor,  and  bordering  on  the  dominions  of  Mithridates. 
— equitibus,  etc.,  keep  the  emphasis  by  changing  the  construction  : 
Roman  equites  are  daily  receiving , etc. 

24.  quorum  . . . occupatae,  whose  large  properties , invested  in 
managing  your  revenues,  are  endangered.  The  revenues  were 
farmed  out  to  societates  (companies)  of  publicani , who  were  mem- 
bers of  the  equestrian  order  (see  § 14). 

26.  necessitudine,  close  relation : Cicero  was  of  an  equestrian 

family. 

Sect.  5.  Bithyniae : this  territory  had  been  bequeathed  to  the 
Roman  republic  by  Nicomedes  III.  (b.c.  74). 

29.  exustos,  burnt  to  ashes.  — Ariobarzanis,  king  of  Cappa- 
docia, which  had  been  overrun  by  Mithridates. 

31.  Lucullum  (see  Introd.)  : Lucullus  was  related  to  both  branches 
of  the  family  of  Metellus,  and  married  Clodia,  sister  of  the  notorious 
Publius  Clodius.  It  was  chiefly  this  mischievous  demagogue,  who 
was  serving  with  his  brother-in-law,  that  stirred  up  the  dissensions 
and  mutinies  which  robbed  Lucullus  of  the  fruits  of  his  victories. 

32  discedere,  is  on  the  point  of  withdrawing.  — huic  qui  suc- 
cesserit,  his  successor , Glabrio.-non  satis  paratum,  not  ade- 
quately furnished.  . 

34.  sociis,  i.e.  of  Asia;  civibus,  Romans  engaged  in  business 

there.  — imperatorem,  in  pred.  appos.  with  unum. 

60.  Sect.  6.  agitur,  is  at  stake. 

1 1.  certissima,  because  the  province  of  Asia  was  the  richest  and 


The  Manilian  Law . 


73 


most  fruitful  of  all,  and  so  sure  to  bring  a large  price  from  the 
publicani. 

12.  ornamenta,  requisites  (from  orno,  equip). 

Sect.  7.  civls  Romanos,  etc.  This  massacre  (b.c.  88),  in 
which  80,000  persons  perished,  was  intended  by  Mithridates  as  a 
step  to  the  entire  expulsion  of  the  Roman  power  from  Asia.  — sig- 
nificatione  litterarum,  signal  by  letter. 

27.  luce,  contrasted  with  latebris.  — versari,  to  move  freely. 

Sect.  8.  etenim,  for  (you  will  notice). 

29.  triumphavit  de,  not  triumphed  over , but  had  a triumph  for 
a victory  over.  The  word  is  repeated  in  emphatic  antithesis  to  the 
clause  sed  . . . regnaret : a triumph  was  (to  be  sure)  enjoyed  by , 
etc. 

The  triumphus  was  the  solemn  procession  in  which  the  imperator 
entered  the  city  at  the  head  of  his  victorious  army,  ascended  the  Capito- 
line,  and  performed  sacrifice  to  Jupiter  Capitolinus.  The  victory  must 
have  been  a considerable  one  (5,000  of  the  enemy  must  have  fallen),  won 
by  the  commander  himself  in  a war  waged  against  foreign  enemies. 
Triumphs  were  therefore  never  celebrated  for  victories  in  a civil  war. 

32.  regnaret,  i.e.  they  left  him  his  kingdom.  — verum  tamen, 

but  still. 

33.  quod  egerunt , for  what  they  have  done:  quod  implies  the 
antecedent  propter  id,  or  a similar  phrase. 

35.  res  publica,  the  public  interest.  Sulla  hastened  to  make  an 
unsatisfactory  peace,  that  he  might  return  and  restore  order  in  Italy. 

61.  Sect.  9.  autem,  now  (opposing  Mithridates  to  the  Roman 
generals).  — reliquum,  that  followed. 

5.  Bosporanis,  people  of  Bosporus. 

The  kingdom  of  Bosporus  (so  named  from  the  Cimmerian  Bosporus,  the 
entrance  to  the  Sea  of  Azof)  was  a flourishing  Grecian  state,  embracing 
the  Crimea  and  adjoining  lands:  capital,  Panticapceum  (Kertsch).  This 
region  was  then,  as  now,  a chief  source  of  the  supply  of  wheat  for  Europe. 
It  was  seized  by  Mithridates,  who  placed  his  son  Machares  as  ruler  there. 

7.  ad  eos  duces,  i.e.  Sertorius  and  his  comrades.  — de  imperio, 
for  supremacy. 


74 


Notes : Cicero . 


Sertorius  was  the  ablest  general  of  the  Marian  faction  in  the  civil  wars. 
After  the  victory  of  Sulla,  and  the  complete  overthrow  of  his  own  party 
elsewhere,  he  continued  to  hold  Spain,  where  he  attempted  a new  republic, 
entering  into  alliance  with  Mithridates  and  other  enemies  of  Rome. 

Sect.  10.  alterius  corresponds  to  altera,  below. 

13.  firm  amen  ti,  outward  support ; rob  oris,  intrinsic  strength. 

14.  Cn.  Pompei : in  fact,  neither  Pompey  (“  the  boy  ”)  nor  Me- 
tellus  Pius  (“  the  old  woman”)  was  able  to  subdue  Sertorius,  who 
was  treacherously  assassinated  (b.c.  72). 

17.  rerum  gestarum,  deeds . 

18.  haec  extrema,  these  late  disasters . 

19.  tribuenda,  attributable . 

Sect.  11.  animum,  feeling.  — putetis,  i.e.  from  your  point  of 
view. 

30.  superbius,  too  haughtily . 

In  B.c.  148,  the  Roman  ambassadors  required  the  Achaean  League  to 
give  up  all  its  recent  acquisitions ; at  which  the  incensed  populace  insulted 
the  ambassadors  and  drove  them  away.  In  the  war  that  followed,  Corinth 
was  captured  by  Mummius  and  destroyed,  while  Greece  was  made  into  a 
province  by  the  name  of  Achaia. 

32.  legatum  consularem,  Manius  Aquilius,  colleague  of  Marius 
in  the  consulship  (b.c.  ioi). 

Aquilius  — a man  of  some  distinction,  who  had  earned  a triumph  in  his 
consulship  by  suppressing  the  second  slave  revolt  in  Italy,  B.c.  100 
was  chief  of  a board  of  commissioners  sent  to  Asia  for  the  purpose  of 
restoring  to  their  thrones  the  kings  of  Bithynia  and  Cappadocia,  who  had 
been  driven  from  their  kingdoms  by  Mithridates.  In  this  capacity  he 
violated  the  obligations  of  his  ambassadorial  office  by  commanding  the 
army  against  Mithridates  in  conjunction  with  Lucius  Cassius,  governor  of 
the  province  ; but  was  taken  prisoner  (B.C.  88),  and  put  to  death  by 
molten  gold  poured  down  his  throat.  He  was  not,  of  course,  protected 
by  the  jus  legationis , which  he  had  violated  ; and  Cicero  here  merely 
undertakes  to  work  upon  the  passions  of  his  hearers. 

62.  Sect.  12.  videte,  see  to  it  = see  whether  it  be  not.  — 
ut,  as , correl.  with  sic.  — illis,  i.e.  your  ancestors. 

5.  non  posse,  subj.  of  sit. 


The  Manilian  Law . 


75 


6.  quid?  a regular  formula  of  transition:  again . — periculum  ac 
discrimen,  # dangerous  crisis : the  former  word  signifying  the  trial ; 
the  latter,  the  decision.  The  Latin  language,  or  any  other  in  the 
hands  of  a skilful  master,  is  fond  of  presenting  the  same  idea  from 
several  points  of  view ; and  our  impression  of  the  tautology  comes 
from  lack  of  knowledge  of  the  meaning  of  the  words. 

12.  exspectare,  look  to. 

13.  certum } a particular. 

13.  sine  summo  periculo,  i.e.  by  offending  Lucullus  and  Glabrio. 

Sect.  13.  propter,  at  hand.  — quo,  abl.  of  difference  with 
aegrius. — adventu  ipso,  by  his  mere  coming. 

19.  maritimum  : the  war  against  the  pirates  had  just  been  finished 
by  Pompey  with  great  glory. 

22.  ceterarum  provinciarum : the  Gabinian  law  gave  Pompey 
power  over  the  entire  Mediterranean,  and  the  coasts  fifty  miles  in- 
land. The  province  of  Bithynia,  and  most  of  Asia,  were  therefore 
excluded  (not  Greece,  however  5 but  Graecia  in  § 12  may  mean  the 
Greek  cities  in  Asia).  The  Manilian  law  extended  this  power  over 
the  entire  East. 

23.  quorum  . . . commendetis,  worthy  for  you  to , etc. 

25.  ejus  modi  homines,  men  of  that  stamp : the  expression  is 
none  too  strong  for  the  average  type  of  provincial  governors. 

Sect.  14.  The  events  here  alluded  to  are  the  following : — 

Antiochus  the  Great,  king  of  Syria,  was  defeated  by  Scipio  Asiaticus 
at  Magnesia,  B.C.  190.  Philip  V.,  king  of  Macedonia,  was  defeated  by 
Flamininus,  at  Cynoscephalse,  B.C.  197.  The  ^Etolians  had  helped  Rome 
against  Philip,  and  then  joined  Antiochus  against  her.  They  were  obliged 
to  submit  after  the  battle  of  Magnesia.  Carthage  had  been  forced  into  a 
third  war  in  B.C.  149,  and  was  taken  and  destroyed  by  Scipio  ACmilianus 
in  B.C.  146.  Notice,  however,  that  it  is  the  motive  of  these  wars  {propter 
socios) , not  the  events  themselves,  that  make  the  argument  here. 

63.  agitur,  etc.,  it  is  a question  of  your  richest  revenues . 

The  province  of  Asia,  like  Sicily  (see  note  on  aratorumf  Verr.  i.  § 13), 
paid  the  tenth  of  all  products,  decumae.  The  collection  of  this  was  farmed 
out  by  the  censors  to  companies  of  publicani.  This  method  was  instituted 
by  Caius  Gracchus,  in  order  to  gain  over  to  his  side  the  equestrian  order, 


76 


Notes : Cicero . 


to  which  the  publicans  belonged.  All  other  provinces  regularly  paid  a 
stipendium,  or  fixed  tax,  which  they  raised  themselves.  (See,  on  the 
whole  subject,  " Roman  Provincial  Administration,”  by  W.  T.  Arnold.) 

The  description  given  below  of  Asia  Minor  is  no  longer  true,  since  bad 
government  and  bad  cultivation  (particularly  the  destruction  of  its  forests) 
have  exhausted  its  remarkable  natural  wealth. 

2.  tanta,  so  great  [only]. 

3.  vix  contenti,  i.e.  they  will  hardly  pay  the  costs  of  their  own 
defence. 

5.  agrorum,  whence  the  tithes  of  grain,  etc. 

6.  pastionis,  pasture  land , let  to  publicans,  who  paid  a tax  called 
scriptura  (so  called  from  the  register  that  was  made  of  the  number 
of  the  cattle  grazing  on  the  pastures).  — exportantur  : the  port  or  ia 
were  tolls  and  customs’  duties  paid  upon  goods  both  exported  and 
imported : the  rate  was  2 \,  or  (in  Sicily)  5 per  cent  ad  valorem . 

Sect.  15.  inruptio,  inroad. 

15.  pecuaria,  etc.:  parallel  with  the  classification  of  vectigalia, 
given  before  : portu,  etc.,  repeat  them  inversely. 

Sect.  16.  exercent,  manage,  refers  to  the  societates  publicano- 
rum , who  took  contracts  for  collecting  the  revenues ; exigunt,  col- 
lect, to  the  agents  and  slaves  who  attended  to  the  details  of  the 
collection. 

23.  excursio,  cavalry-raid . 

25.  familias,  see  note,  R.  A.  § 35.  It  must  be  remembered  that 
the  Roman  slaves  were  not  merely  rude  Gauls  and  Thracians,  but 
educated  Greeks  and  Asiatics.  They  served  in  noble  families  as 
secretaries,  stewards,  and  tutors  ; and  would  naturally  be  employed 
by  the  great  tax-collecting  corporations  as  agents  and  servants.  — 
saltibus,  mountain  pastures . Here  again  we  have  allusion  to  three 
classes  of  revenue:  scriptura  (in  saltibus),  decumae  (in  agris), 
portoria  (in  portubus). 

26.  custodiis,  coast-guards , stationed  to  prevent  smuggling,  at 
the  custom-houses  and  toll-houses. 

28.  posse,  will  be  able , in  connection  with  conservaritis  (fut. 
perf.). 

Sect.  17.  ne  . . . quidem,  not  . . . either. 

33.  quod  pertinet,  which  bears  upony  etc.  The  antecedent  is 

genere. 


The  Manilian  Law . 


77 


35.  nam  et  corresponds  to  deinde  (§  18). 

36.  honestissimi,  respectable ; ornatissimi,  well-provided,  i.e. 
with  the  requisites  for  their  enterprise,  being  men  of  wealth. 

64.  rationes,  business  enterprises ; copias,  fortunes . — in 
illam  provinciam,  i.e.  the  farming  of  revenues. 

2.  ipsorum,  etc for  their  own  sake . 

5.  ceterorum  ordinum,  i.e.  the  senators  and  commonalty. 

Sect.  18.  ex  ceteris  ordinibus  appears  here  to  refer  to  humbler 
men,  who  carried  on  business  in  the  provinces,  as  well  as,  perhaps, 
to  senators  who  had  money  loaned  there. 

8.  eorum  (redundant)  limits  partim. 

9.  conlocatas,  invested. 

13.  primum  answers  to  deinde,  § 19.  — illud  parvi  refert,  etc., 

it  is  of  slight  consequence  that  we  can  afterwards  win  back  by  vie - 
tory : publica  either  agrees  with  vectigalia,  or  may  be  taken  abso- 
lutely, omitting  the  doubtful  word  vectigalia ; his,  i.e.  the  publicani. 

15.  redimendi,  leasing  the  revenues  : the  word  regularly  used  for 
taking  a contract  by  bid. 

Sect.  19.  memoria,  loc.  abl.  (§  254.  a\  G.  387  ; H.  4251*2). 

19.  cum  amiserant  (statement  of  fact  in  absolute  time,  § 325.  a ; 
G.  582  ; H.  521.  ii.1),  when  (as  you  remember),  etc. 

20.  solutione  . . . concidisse  (description  of  a financial  panic), 
when  payments  were  suspended , credit  fell.  Similar  panics  in 
recent  times  may  help  us  conceive  the  political  importance  of  com- 
merce in  antiquity. 

22.  ut  non  trahant,  without  dragging. 

24.  prohibete : this  verb  is  used,  like  defendere,  in  the  sense 
either  of  ward  off , or  of  defend. 

25.  ratio  pecuniarum,  system  of  money  transactions . 

26.  in  foro,  see  Verr.  vi.  § 4. — versatur,  centres. 

27.  pecuniis,  finances.  — ruere,  be  ruined.  — ilia,  haec,  used  of 
distance  in  place. 

29.  num  . . . sit,  whether  you  ought  to  hesitate : dubitandum, 
impersonal,  and  followed  (as  usu^l  in  this  sense)  by  the  infinitive. 

Sect.  20.  potest  (emphatic  position),  etc.,  it  may  be  said 
(in  answer  to  my  argument).  — belli  genus,  i.e.  the  war,  in  its 
character . 


78 


Notes  : Cicero. 


65.  elaborandum  est,  i.e.  / must , etc. 

6.  ornatas,  equipped ; instructas,  organized . 

8.  obsessam,  invested ; oppugnatam,  attacked  by  the  active 
operations  of  siege.  This  was  B.c.  74* 

Sect.  21.  ad  Italiam  : the  fleet  which  Mithridates  was  despatch- 
ing to  Italy,  with  a contingent  furnished  by  Sertorius,  was  defeated 
by  Lucullus  near  the  island  Lemnos.  — studio,  zeal  for  one  party  ; 
odio,  hate  for  the  other. 

1 6.  Pontum,  i.e.  the  Euxine  Sea. 

17.  ex  omni  aditu,  at  every  approach . 

18.  Sinopen,  Amisum,  towns  on  the  north  coast  of  Asia  Minor. 
In  fact,  they  both  made  a very  stubborn  resistance.— uno  aditu,  etc., 
may  be  meant  only  to  apply  to  the  “ numerous  other  cities/’ 

20.  aditu,  approach ; adventu,  arrival.  (See  note,  § 12.) 

22.  alios  reges  * his  son  Machares,  king  of  Bosporus,  and  his 
son-in-law  Tigranes,  king  of  Armenia.  (“All  Cicero’s  talk  about 
the  campaign  of  Lucullus  is  so  vague  that  it  is  impossible  to  extract 
a fact  out  of  it.”  — Long.) 

28.  salvis,  i.e.  without  harming  the  allies : integris,  without  im- 
pairing the  revenues. 

Sect.  22.  requiretur,  the  question  will  be  asked  (emph.). 

31.  primum : the  corresponding  particles  are  omitted;  the  next 
point  begins  at  § 23. 

33.  Ponto  : on  whose  eastern  shore  was  Colchis,  the  scene  of  the 
adventures  of  the  Argonauts  and  the  golden  fleece. 

34.  quam  praedicant,  who , as  they  tell.  (The  usual  sign  of 
indir.  disc.,  that , cannot  be  used  with  a relative  in  English.) 

35.  persequeretur,  was  likely  to  follow.  The  same  form  would 
be  used  without  praedicat,  as  informal  indir.  disc.  (§  34°)  • 

36.  conlectio  dispersa,  the  scattered  gathering , giving  vividly 
the  idea  of  his  wandering  about  to  pick  them  up. 

66.  vim  auri,  etc.,  the  immense  treasures  which  Mithridates 
had  accumulated  in  his  several  fortresses  came  into  the  hands  of 
Lucullus : not  money  simply,  but  works  of  art,  etc. 

3.  quas  et  . . . et  = quas  par tim  . . . par tim. 

6.  dum  with  pres.  (§  276.  e\  G.  572;  H.  4674). 

7.  ilium,  hos,  denote  distance  and  nearness  of  time . Render,  to 
keep  the  emphasis,  he  was  detained  by.  etc. 


The  Manilian  Law . 


79 


Sect.  23.  Tigranes  : he  did  not,  however,  welcome  his  father- 
in-law,  but  for  some  time  treated  him  coldly  and  suspiciously. 

io.  confirmavit,  reassured.  — * is  nationibus,  near  Armenia. 

14.  quas  numquam : the  Romans  had  no  designs  upon  these 
nations,  which  therefore  had  no  cause  to  revolt. 

16.  opinio,  notion.  — fani:  “ The  temple  of  the  Persian  Nanaea, 
or  Anaitis,  in  Elymais  or  the  modern  Luristan  [that  part  of  Susiana 
nearest  to  the  Euphrates],  the  most  celebrated  and  the  richest 
shrine  in  the  whole  region  of  the  Euphrates.'”  (Mommsen.)  Such 
a rumor  would  at  once  fire  the  population  of  the  whole  East. 

21.  urbem:  Tigranocerta,  the  new  capital  of  Tigranes,  situated 
in  the  south-west  part  of  his  kingdom,  near  the  river  Tigris.  The 
city  was  destroyed  by  Lucullus. 

24.  commovebatur,  was  affected.  After  all  his  successes,  Lu- 
cullus had  made  somewhat  the  same  mistake  as  Napoleon  in  his 
Russian  expedition,  and  had  found  himself  in  an  awkward  situation,  far 
from  his  base  of  operations,  and  in  the  midst  of  infuriated  enemies. 

Sect.  24.  hie,  on  this  point.  — extremum,  the  last  thing  to  be 
expected. 

32.  opes  . . . misericordiam,  a short  expression  for  “win  over 
to  pity  and  draw  out  their  resources.” 

34.  ut  . . . videatur,  a result-clause  following  qui  . . . regno, 
which  implies  the  motive. 

67.  Sect.  25.  ut  . . . attingeret,  in  appos.  with  eo  follow- 
ing contentus.  (It  should  regularly  be  quod  with  the  indie.,  but 
the  form  appears  to  be  determined  by  acciderat.) 

5.  poetae : Naevius,  who  wrote  a Bellum  Punicum,  and  Ennius, 
author  of  Annates , recounting  events  of  Roman  history.  Both 
lived  in  the  third  century  B.C. 

7.  calamitatem  : defeat  of  Triarius  (b.C.  67),  who  was  leading 
reinforcements  to  Lucullus.  Only  a severe  wound  of  Mithridates 
saved  the  Roman  army  from  utter  destruction. 

9.  sermone,  common  talk. 

Sect.  26.  offensione,  disaster  (a  mild  word).  — tamen,  i.e. 
though  it  was  so  disastrous. 

12.  vestro  jussu,  i.e.  the  Gabinian  law  (see  Introd.).  — imperii: 
the  military  imperium  was  held  by  the  highest  grades  of  magis- 


8o 


Notes : Cicero . 


trates,  and  could  be  extended  after  the  term  of  office  by  the  Senate. 
The  holder  of  a command  thus  extended  ( prorogatum ) was  called 
proconsul  or  propraetor.  — diuturnitati : Lucullus  had  now  held 
command  seven  years,  from  B.c.  74. 

13.  vetere  exemplo,  by  old  precedent. 

14.  stipendiis,  properly,  pay ; here,  campaigns . 

18.  agitatae  : i.e.  by  apprehensions  as  well  for  their  independence 
as  for  their  religion.  — integrae  gentes,  the  other  Asiatic  nations 
that  would  be  drawn  into  the  war. 

Sect.  27.  satis  . . . videor,  / have  shown , as  I think,  at  sufficient 
length.  (Latin  prefers  the  single  personal  clause  to  our  impersonal 
parenthetical  form,  “I,  as  it  seems.”) 

21.  esset,  is  (imperfect  by  sequence  of  tenses). 

25.  utinam  haberetis,  I wish  you  had  (§  267  ; G.  254  ; H.  483). 

280  nunc  vero,  but  now  (opposed  to  the  hopeless  wish,  utinam). 

— cum  sit,  where  there  is  (subj.  of  charact.,  as,  in  general,  when- 
ever cum  is  followed  by  the  subjunctive). 

29.  unus,  but  one.  — Pompeius,  etc.  This  wonderful  exaggera- 
tion, which  puts  the  exploits  of  Pompey  above  those  of  Alexander, 
Hannibal,  Scipio,  and  other  generals  of  antiquity,  probably  suited 
well  enough  the  temper  of  the  assembly. 

31.  virtute,  excellence  (not  valor  only). 

34.  scientiam,  etc. : see  the  illustration  of  these  qualities  in 
the  following  sections,  down  to  § 48. 

68.  Sect.  28.  bello,  etc.,  abl.  of  circumstance. 

2.  ad  patris  exercitum : Pompey,  then  seventeen  years  old, 
served  with  his  father,  Cn.  Pompeius  Strabo,  consul,  B.c.  89,  the  last 
year  of  the  Social  War.  — summi  imperatoris : his  father,  who 
commanded  on  the  side  of  the  Senate  against  Cinna,  B.C.  87. 

5.  imperator : in  B.c.  83  the  young  Pompey  raised  an  army  — 
largely  from  his  father’s  immense  estates  in  Picenum  — and  joined 
Sulla,  who  complimented  him  as  imperator , although  he  had  not 
yet  held  even  the  quaestorship. 

6.  quisquam  : for  the  use  of  this  word  after  comparative  as  well 
as  negative  constructions,  compare  the  French  ne  after  que  (than). 

— inimico,  a private  adversary  (e.g.  before  a court). 

10.  imperiis.  The  first  civil  office  held  by  Pompey  was  the  con- 


The  Manilian  Law . 


81 


sulship  (b.c.  70)  : all  his  former  offices  he  exercised  as  a simple 
eques  equo  publico  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 1).  When  the  censors,  in 
his  consulship,  held  the  transvectio  equitum,  or  formal  inspection  of 
the  equites  equis  publicis , and  asked  him  the  usual  question  whether 
be  had  served  all  his  campaigns,  “All,”  he  answered,  “and  all 
under  my  own  imperium .” 

13.  civile,  the  war  of  Cinna  and  Sulla.  — Africanum,  the  war 
with  Hiarbas  of  Numidia  ; Transalpinum,  certain  hostilities  in  Gaul, 
on  his  way  to  Spain  ; Hispaniense,  the  war  of  Sertorius  ; servile  : 
Pompey,  on  his  return  from  Spain  (b.c.  71),  fell  in  with  and  cut  to 
pieces  the  remnants  of  the  troops  of  Spartacus ; navale,  the  war 
with  the  pirates,  in  which  Pompey  was  at  present  engaged. 

Sect.  30.  Bicilia.  After  Sulla’s  final  victory  in  Italy,  in  which 
he  was  materially  aided  by  the  young  Pompey,  he  intrusted  to  him 
the  subjugation  of  Sicily  and  Africa,  where  Carbo,  with  the  remnants 
of  his  power,  had  taken  refuge. 

69.  iterum  : in  extirpating  the  last  remains  of  the  insurrection 
of  Spartacus;  saepius  must  include  his  earlier  campaigns  in  Italy, 
in  Sulla’s  time.  The  whole  passage  is  a rhetorical  exaggeration. 

Sect.  31.  omnes  orae,  etc.  There  was  no  extravagance  in  this  : 
the  suppression  of  piracy  was  the  most  glorious  part  of  Pompey’s 
career. 

15.  tam  vetus  : the  piratical  forces  were  made  up  of  the  wreck 
of  those  numberless  armies  beaten  and  broken  up  in  the  wars  of  the 
past  half-century  or  more.  When  the  lesser  states  lost  their  inde- 
pendence, their  bravest  men  would  often  prefer  the  outlaw  freedom 
of  piracy  to  personal  slavery,  or  even  to  political  subjugation.  In 
fact,  the  pirate  state  in  Cilicia  made  a sort  of  independent  republic, 
unrecognized  and  defiant. 

Sect.  32.  26.  propugnaculis,  outworks. 

29.  Brundisio  : i.e.  the  short  passage  to  Greece.  — legati : the 
case  is  not  known ; probably  not  an  ambassador,  but  a military  aid. 
The  plural  is  perhaps  used  rhetorically  for  the  singular. 

33.  duodecim  secures,  twelve  lictors,  who  carried  axes  in  bun- 
dles of  rods  ( fasces ),  the  symbol  of  the  military  imperium.  The 
praetors  in  Rome  were  attended  by  two  lictors;  as  governors  of 
provinces,  they  had  six : here,  two  prcztors. 


82 


Notes:  Cicero . 


Sect.  33.  Cnidum,  etc. : all  of  these  were  important  cities, 
although  none  of  them  were  of  the  first  rank. 

36.  vestros  portus  : i.e.  those  of  Cajeta,  Misenum,  and  Ostia, 
mentioned  below. 

70.  vitam  ac  spiritum,  i.e.  ports  of  entry  are  the  breath  of 
life  to  a state  like  Rome,  which  must  import  its  daily  supplies  of 
food. 

2.  potestatem  : acc.,  because  it  is  implied  that  they  fell  into  their 
power.  — Cajetae,  now  Gaeta , a port  on  the  southern  coast  of 
Latium : who  was  the  praetor  here  referred  to  is  not  known. 

4.  Miseno,  the  northern  promontory  of  the  Bay  of  Naples : it 
had  a fine  harbor,  which,  under  the  empire,  became  the  principal 
naval  station  of  the  Tuscan  Sea. 

5.  liberos,  a rhetorical  use  of  the  plural  for  the  singular,  also 
illustrating  the  masculine  form  for  either  sex : it  was  a daughter  of 
the  distinguished  orator  Marcus  Antonius,  who  had  celebrated  a 
triumph  for  a victory  over  the  pirates,  b.c.  102. 

7.  Ostiense  : Ostia,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tiber,  was  the  seaport 
of  Rome  : the  harbor,  however,  was  choked  up  with  sand,  and  early 
in  the  empire  it  was  necessary  to  construct  another  artificial  harbor 
in  its  place.  It  is  not  known  who  was  the  consul  here  referred  to. 

9.  consul : the  dignity  of  the  commander  showing  the  importance 
of  the  fleet. 

10.  esset,  subj.  of  charact. 

11.  tantam  . . . lucem : the  position  of  these  words  emphasizes 
those  enclosed  by  them. 

15.  Oceani  ostium,  the  Strait  of  Gibraltar. 

Sect.  34.  sunt,  agreeing  directly  with  haec,  instead  of  est  with 
the  indir.  question  as  subject  (compare  acc.  of  anticip.  § 334.  c ; G. 
470;  H.  529.  ii.2). 

21.  tanti  belli,  etc.,  the  sweep  of  so  great  a war  sped  over  the  sea. 

Sect.  35.  The  geographical  allusions  may  be  explained  as 
follows : — 

Hispaniis : Spain  was  occupied  by  Rome,  in  the  time  of  the  Second 
Punic  War,  and  made  into  two  Provinces : H.  Citerior,  extending  to  the 
Iberus  (afterwards  enlarged  so  as  to  comprise  half  the  peninsula)  , H. 
Ulterior,  the  territory  beyond.  — Gallia  : Gallia  Transalpina  (or  Narbo- 


The  Maniliau  Law . 


83 


nensis),  the  whole  southern  coast  of  Gaul,  was  made  into  a province, 
B.C.  1 20.  — Illyrici  Maris  : Illyria  was  always  a chief  seat  of  piracy:  it 
had  been  dependent  upon  Rome  since  B.C.  178.  — Achaiam : this  term 
was  usually  applied  to  the  Peloponnesus,  so  that  by  Grsecia  is  here  intended 
Hellas  proper.  The  independence  of  Greece  ceased  with  the  capture  of 
Corinth  by  Mummius,  B.C.  146,  when  the  province  of  Macedonia  was 
organized,  comprising  the  entire  peninsula;  still  the  chief  part  of  Greece 
remained  nominally  free,  and  no  regular  province  was  organized  until  the 
time  of  Augustus,  when  it  was  made  into  the  province  of  Achaia.  Duo 
maria , the  Adriatic  Sea  ( Mare  Superuni ),  and  the  Tyrrhenian  {Mare 
Inferuni).  — Ciliciam  : Cilicia  aspera , the  western  part,  had  been,  since 
B.C.  103,  the  regular  post  of  a praetor  or  propraetor  (see  Verr.  i.  § 11). 
Pompey  completed  the  conquest  of  the  whole  country,  and  organized  it 
as  a province,  B.C.  64.  — Cretensibus  : Quintus  Metellus,  the  proconsul 
(the  friend  of  Verres),  had  reduced  Crete  nearly  to  submission,  deriving 
from  this  his  cognomen  Creticus.  The  Cretans,  alienated  by  his  harshness, 
sent  to  Pompey,  that  he,  rather  than  Metellus,  might  receive  their  surren- 
der, which  Pompey  was  very  willing  to  do.  Civil  war  nearly  broke  out 
between  the  two  commanders  in  consequence.  Pompey,  however,  who 
had  his  hands  full  in  Asia,  withdrew  from  the  field  and  left  the  honors  to 
his  rival. 

71.  quo  . . . premebantur,  of  which  war  . . . felt  the  weight . 

Sect.  36.  quid  ceterae?  how  with  the  others  ? 

12.  administrae,  handmaids . 

13.  innocentia : the  word  especially  used  to  denote  cleanness  of 
hands  in  the  governor  of  a province  (see  Verr.  i.  § 34). 

15.  quae,  subj.  of  sint  (neuter,  as  referring  to  different  genders)  ; 
translate  these. 

Sect.  37.  putare  (in  its  earlier  meaning  of  reckon),  etc.,  count 
as  such . — centuriatus  : the  office  of  centurion.  Two  centurions 
commanded  each  manipulus  of  120  men.  The  Legion  was  divided 
into  thirty  maniples ; and  after  the  time  of  Marius,  also  into  ten 
cohorts  of  three  maniples  each : under  the  empire  the  maniple  was 
divided  into  two  centuriae,  each  commanded  by  a centurion.  The 
centurions  were  advanced  from  the  ranks  by  appointment  of  the 
commander : hence  venire. 

23.  aerario : the  treasury  was  in  the  Temple  of  Saturn,  under 
the  superintendence  of  the  two  city  quaestors.  The  actual  manage- 


84 


Notes : Cicero . 


ment  of  the  funds  was  in  the  hands  of  a large  body  of  clerks,  scribae , 
who  formed  a permanent  collegium, 

24.  provinciae,  sc.  retinendae : for  which  he  desired  the  influ- 
ence of  the  magistrates.  Nothing  is  known  as  to  the  circumstances 
here  hinted  at. 

26.  in  quaestu,  on  speculation . — facit  ut,  etc.,  shows  that  you 
know  (compare  note,  § 24). 

Sect.  38.  recordamini,  protasis  (§  310.  b\  G.  600;  H.  487s). 

35.  quid  existimetis,  in  dir.  disc,  it  would  be  the  same  form,  as 
dubitative  subj,  (§  268 ; G.  251  ; H.  486.  ii.). 

72.  urbls,  acc.  — hibernis  : notice  the  strong  antithesis  ; so- 
ciorum limits  civitates. 

2.  neque  enim,  etc for  lam  sure  it  is  impossible  that , etc. 

4.  judicando  : a great  part  of  the  imperator’s  business  would  be 
deciding  cases  of  extortion  by  the  publicani , who  were  of  the  same 
class  ( equites ) that  held  the  judicial  power  in  Rome.  By  favoring 
them,  he  might  purchase  immunity  for  himself,  if  brought  to  trial  on 
a similar  charge. 

Sect.  39.  manus,  vestigium:  i.e.  not  only  was  there  no  inten- 
tional violence,  but  no  unintended  evils  followed  in  its  train. 

9.  jam,  here  simply  a particle  of  transition,  made  emphatic  by 
vero  : that  which  follows  refers  to  the  winter  quarters. 

10.  sermones,  reports , by  way  of  common  talk.  — ut  . . . faciat, 
to  incur  expense  in  entertaining  officers  and  soldiers. 

12.  enim  : the  connection  is,  “and  in  this  he  follows  old  custom, 
for , etc.  — hiemis .from  winter  (obj.  gen.)  ; avaritiae,  for  avarice 
(subj.  gen.). 

Sect.  40.  celeritatem,  speed ; cursum,  extent  of  travel, 

17.  non  . . . quaedam  . . . aliqui,  it  was  not  that  some , etc. 

18.  remigum : galleys,  worked  by  oars  and  independent  of  the 
wind,  were  generally  used  as  war  vessels.  In  the  Mediterranean 
(particularly  in  the  Barbary  states)  their  use  was  continued  till  a 
very  late  day;  and  for  some  purposes  they  are  still  employed. 
Their  trained  crews  of  rowers  gave  them  a speed  hardly  less  than 
that  of  steam-vessels. 

23.  amoenitas,  used  of  objects  of  sight,  beauty  of  scenery,  etc. 

24.  labor,  toil , always  with  the  sense  of  effort  and  fatigue. 


The  Manilian  Law . 


85 


25.  signa,  statues',  tabulas, pictures  (on  wood). 

Sect.  41.  hac  continentia,  i.e.  such  as  his. 

32.  jam  videbatur,  was  now  getting  to  seem . 

33.  nunc:  notice  the  emphatic  repetition  (“ anaphora”). 

36.  servire  quam  imperare,  a rhetorical  exaggeration  for  pre- 
ferring the  condition  of  subject  allies  to  nominal  independence. 
The  language  may  also  refer  to  such  cases  as  that  of  Attalus,  king 
of  Pergamus,  who  left  his  kingdom  by  bequest  to  Rome,  B.c.  133. 

73-  Sect.  42.  consilio,  etc.,  compare  § 36. 

6.  ipso,  of  itself 

7.  hoc  loco,  the  Rostra. 

8.  fidem  vero,  etc. : render,  and  as  to  his  good  faith , etc.,  chang- 
ing the  construction  so  as  to  keep  the  emphasis.  So  quam,  etc., 
when  the  enemy  esteemed  it , etc.  (contrasting  hostes  with  socios) . 

12.  pugnantes,  in  battle ; victi,  in  defeat . 

Sect.  43.  auctoritas  — reputation. 

18.  imperio  militari,  distinguished  from  the  imperium  domi , or 
the  authority  of  the  consul  and  praetor  within  the  city,  which  was 
subject  to  intervention  and  appeal. 

23.  ut  . . . ament,  clause  of  result,  following  commoveri. 

28.  judicia,  i.e.  by  conferring  offices  and  commands. 

Sect.  44.  illius  diei,  i.e.  of  the  proposal  of  the  Lex  Gabinia , 
which  conferred  upon  Pompey  the  command  against  the  pirates. 

33.  commune,  i.e.  against  pirates,  enemies  of  all  mankind. 

35.  aliorum  exemplis,  i.e.  it  is  not  necessary  to  cite  the  examples 
of  others  ; his  own  history  furnishes  enough. 

74.  Sect.  45.  proelio,  the  defeat  of  Triarius  (see  § 25). 

6.  potuisset : the  condition  is  concealed  in  in  summa  ubertate , 
etc. 

10.  provincia,  i.e.  Asia. 

1 1 . discrimen,  the  turning  point . 

12.  ad  eas  regiones,  i.e.  only  into  the  neighborhood , as  Pompey’s 
authority  did  not  reach  the  seat  of  war.  This  force  is  given  by  the 
preposition  ad  : in  would  mean  into. 

Sect.  46.  ilia  res,  in  appos.  with  quod  . . . dediderunt. 

23.  Cretensium.  The  towns  of  the  same  region  or  race  were 


86 


Notes : Cicero . 


often  united  in  leagues  or  confederacies,  chiefly  for  religious  pur- 
poses. After  the  Roman  conquest,  such  communia  were  sometimes 
left  in  existence,  and  even  new  ones  were  organized,  and  these  were 
invested  with  some  subordinate  political  function.  The  existence 
of  a commune  Cretensium  is  known  from  inscriptions.  (For  the 
incident  here  referred  to,  see  § 35.) 

27.  ad  eundem,  i.e.  rather  than  Quintus  Metellus  Pius  (referred 
to  by  ei  quibus),  who  also  had  a command  in  Spain.  Nothing  is 
known  of  any  such  embassy,  but  from  the  apologetic  tone  of  what 
follows,  it  may  be  inferred  that  there  was  no  great  honor  in  the 
affair. 

29.  eum  quern,  one  who . — ei  quibus,  while  they , etc.,  i.e.  those 
jealous  of  Pompey’s  reputation. 

75.  Sect.  47.  felicitate  : in  this  quality  is  implied  a special 
favor  of  the  gods,  which  it  would  be  presumptuous  to  arrogate  to 
one’s  self,  although  Sulla  had  done  so  by  assuming  the  cognomen 
Felix  (see  R.  A.  § 12). 

5.  Maximo:  Quintus  Fabius  Maximus,  “the  shield  of  Rome”; 
Marcello:  Marcus  Claudius  Marcellus,  “the  sword  of  Rome,” 
both  in  the  Second  Punic  War.  — Scipioni : either  Africanus  the 
elder,  or  yEmilianus : from  § 60  it  might  appear  to  be  the  latter.  — 
Mario : Caius  Marius,  who  vanquished  Jugurtha,  subdued  the 
Cimbri  and  Teutones,  and  afterwards  (b.c.  88)  engaged  in  civil 
war  with  Sulla. 

7.  saepius,  repeatedly : Marius  was  consul  seven  times. 

8.  fuit  (emphatic),  there  really  has  been ; fortuna  is  also  em- 
phatic. 

15.  invisa,  i.e.  presumptuous. 

Sect.  48.  non  sum  praedicaturus  : this  affectation  of  silence 

is  called  praeteritio. 

24.  proprium  ac  perpetuum,  secured  to  him  for  ever . 

25.  cum  (the  general)  . . . turn  (the  particular),  not  less  . . . than 
for  the  man  hhnself  \ 

Sect.  49.  cum,  etc.,  a recapitulation. 

33.  quin  conferatis,  § 319.  d\  G.  550;  H.  501.  ii.2. 


76.  Sect.  50.  erat  deligendus,  § 308.  b ; G.  246.  R.1 ; H.511. 


The  Manilian  Law. 


87 


2.  nunc,  as  it  is. 

4.  eis  qui  habent,  i.e.  Lucullus,  Glabrio,  and  Marcius  Rex. 

Sect.  51.  at  enim  (objection),  but, you  will  say.  — adfectus, 
— enjoying. 

19.  Catulus  : Quintus  Lutatius  Catulus,  at  this  time  the  leader  of 
the  senatorial  party ; an  estimable  man  and  an  experienced  states- 
man, but  no  soldier.  The  benejicia  amplissima  are  the  successive 
offices  that  had  been  conferred  upon  him. 

12.  Hortensius,  the  leading  lawyer  of  the  time  (see  oration 
against  Verres). 

16.  virorum,  etc.,  see  § 68. 

Sect.  52.  obsolevit,  etc.,  is  out  of  date. 

28.  Gabinium,  see  Introd. ; and  compare  the  oration  Post  Redi- 
tum , chap.  v. 

29.  promulgasset,  had  given  notice  of. 

30.  ex  hoc  ipso  loco,  i.e.  in  the  public  discussion  of  the  law, 
before  the  vote,  in  the  contio  (see  § 1).  Laws  did  not  require  any 
ratification  by  the  Senate.  The  expression  of  opinion  by  Hortensius 
must  therefore  have  been  in  an  informal  discussion,  after  the  pro- 
mulgation of  the  law. 

Sect.  53.  hanc,  i.e.  which  we  have  now. 

35.  an  implies  a strong  negative  (§  21 1.  b\  G.  459;  H.  353.  N.4). 

36.  legati,  etc.  (see  §§  32,  33). 

77.  commeatu,  etc.,  i.e.  by  the  embargo  on  their  trade.  — 
neque  jam,  no  longer. 

Sect.  54.  Atheniensium : the  Athenian  empire  of  the  sea,  in 
the  fifth  century  B.C.,  resulted  from  the  great  victories  in  the  Per- 
sian War. 

7.  Karthaginiensium : the  maritime  power  of  Carthage  was  at 
its  height  in  the  third  century  b.c. 

8.  Rhodiorum : the  city  of  Rhodes  was  the  chief  naval  power 
of  the  Mediterranean  during  the  last  three  centuries  before  Christ : 
its  power  was  broken  B.c.  42,  at  its  capture  by  Cassius. 

Sect.  55.  Antiochum : Antiochus  the  Great,  king  of  Syria, 
defeated  at  Magnesia,  B.c.  190. 

19.  Persen : Perseus,  the  last  king  of  Macedonia,  defeated  at 
Pydna,  B.c.  168. 


88 


Notes:  Cicero. 


20.  Karthaginiensis : Carthage  was  mistress  of  the  sea  at  the 
time  when  the  wars  with  Rome  began  5 but  in  the  First  Punic  War 
she  was  beaten  at  her  own  weapons. 

22.  ei  repeats  110s  ■.  'we , i.e.  that  nation.  — prae stare,  warrant. 

25.  Delos,  a very  small  island  in  the  Algean  Sea,  sacred  as  the 
birthplace  of  Apollo  and  Artemis.  It  has  an  excellent  harbor,  and 
this,  added  to  its  peculiar  sanctity,  gave  it  high  importance.  It  was 
the  nominal  seat  of  the  confederacy  of  which  Athens  was  the  head, 
after  the  Persian  Wars,  and  had  at  all  times  a flourishing  commerce. 
In  the  time  of  Cicero  it  was  the  great  slave  market  of  the  world, 
10,000  slaves  being  sometimes  sold  here  in  a single  day. 

30.  Appia  Via,  the  principal  highway  of  Italy,  running  from 
Rome  to  the  next  town  in  importance,  Capua,  and  afterwards 
extended  to  Brundisium.  It  was  begun  by  Appius  Claudius  Caecus, 
in  his  censorship,  B.c.  312.  — jam,  at  length. 

^ 1 . pudebat : notice  the  tense.  No  special  case  is  referred  to, 
but  it  is  implied  that  any  magistrate  ought  to  have  felt  shame,  see- 
ing that  the  beaks  of  ships,  rostra,  were  the  trophy  over  a naval 
power. 

78.  Sect.  57.  ne  legaretur:  see  §317;  G.  545s;  H.  497. 

A legatus,  in  the  military  sense,  was  a person  delegated  by  the  Senate 
to  accompany  a commanding  officer,  or  the  governor  of  a province.  The 
appointment  was  generally  made  on  the  nomination,  or  with  the  concur- 
rence, of  the  commander.  The  legatus  performed  independent  duties, 
such  as  are  now  performed  by  officers  detailed  from  the  regular  line,  and 
was  only  like  a staff-officer  in  his  close  and  confidential  connection  with 
the  chief.  He  might  be  assigned  to  military  or  other  duties  by  the  com- 
mander, and  Caesar  introduced  the  practice  of  appointing  one  as  special 
commander  of  each  legion.  The  regular  number  of  legati  was  two  or 
three,  but  Pompey  received  15  by  the  Gabinian  law,  to  whom  10  more 
were  afterwards  added.  Sometimes  the  legatus  was  a man  of  higher  rank 
and  greater  experience  than  the  commander  himself,  as  notably  in  the  case 
of  P.  Scipio  Africanus,  who  thus  attended  his  brother  Lucius  in  Asia. 

10.  expetenti,  earnestly  requesting ; postulanti,  demanding  (as 
a right). 

Sect.  58.  C.  Falcidius,  etc. : it  is  usually  said  that  there  was  a 


The  Manilian  Law . 


89 


law  prohibiting  any  person  from  receiving  an  appointment  under  a 
law  proposed  by  himself.  Mommsen,  however  {Rom.  St.  ii.  545, 
n.  5),  holds  that  this  was  not  the  obstacle;  but  that,  being  tribune 
when  the  law  was  passed,  he  could  not  qualify  for  the  place,  and, 
when  he  ceased  to  hold  this  office,  the  fifteen  places  were  already 
filled. 

20.  honoris  causa,  see  note  on  Rose.  Am.  § 5.  — plebi,  old  gen. 

22.  diligentes,  scrupulous . 

26.  me  . . . relaturum,  I pledge  myself  to  bring  it  before  the 
Senate . 

To  bring  business  before  the  Senate  {referre  ad  Senatuni)  was  in 
Cicero’s  power  as  prsetor.  There  would  be  no  legal  hindrance  to  Gabin- 
ius  being  legatus  under  the  Manilian  law,  although  there  had  been  under 
the  law  proposed  by  himself  ( lex  Gabinia').  The  praetor  could,  however, 
be  forbidden  by  the  edict  of  the  consul  (who  possessed  major  potestas) 
from  bringing  forward  any  business  which  was  not  on  the  order  of  the 
day.  If,  in  spite  of  the  edict,  he  should  persist,  as  he  threatens,  the  act 
would  nevertheless  be  valid.  The  intercession  of  a tribune,  however,  he 
would  be  obliged  to  respect. 

28.  edictum:  the  official  proclamation  or  announcement  of  a 
magistrate ; not,  however,  of  a tribune,  whose  act  was  intercession 
which  could  stop  any  political  action. 

31.  considerabunt,  i.e.  hesitate  before  they  set  themselves  against 
the  will  of  the  people. 

33.  socius : not  as  legatus  (if  it  referred  to  an  official  position, 
adscribetur  would  be  used,  as  referring  to  the  future),  but  simply 
as  partner  in  his  former  honor  and  credit,  — the  whole  being  an 
argument  for  giving  him  the  office  now. 

79.  Sect.  59.  cum  quaereret : compare  cum  dixistis,  just 
below  (§  325;  G.  582,  586;  H.  5212). 

3.  si  . . . esset,  if  anything  should  happen  to  him , — a common 
euphemism,  then  as  now. 

10.  quo  minus  . . . hoc  magis,  § 250.  R. ; G.  400 ; H.  423. 

Sect.  60.  at  enim,  see  § 51. 

14.  exempla,  precedents  ; instituta,  established  customs. 

t6.  paruisse,  adcommodasse : i.e.  they  disregarded  precedents 


90 


Notes  : Cicero . 


in  great  emergencies,  — a course  which  thus  became  itself  a con- 
trolling and  ruinous  precedent. 

17.  temporum,  depends  on  casus,  consiliorum  on  rationes 
(chiastic  order). 

18.  non  dicam  fpraeteritio ),  / will  not  speak  of, 

19.  ab  uno  imperatore : Scipio  Africanus  the  younger  (/Emili- 
anus),  who  captured  Carthage  (b.C.  146)  and  Numantia  (b.c.  133). 
At  this  time  it  was  a law  that  no  person  should  be  consul  twice. 

23.  C.  Mario:  Marius  was  chosen  consul  five  years  in  succes- 
sion, to  carry  on  the  wars  here  referred  to. 

Sect.  61.  quam  . . . nova:  here  certainly  the  orator  makes  a 
point.  For  the  several  circumstances,  see  notes  on  §§  28-30. 

29.  privatum,  i.e.  not  a magistrate. 

30.  conficere,  make  up , the  technical  expression  for  recruiting  an 
army. 

34.  a senatorio  gradu : the  Senate  could  not  be  entered  until 
after  holding  the  quaestorship,  the  legal  age  for  which  was  thirty  at 
least,  and  regularly  thirty-six,  while  Pompey  was  at  this  time  (B.c. 
82)  only  twenty-three. 

36.  in  ea  provincia,  i.e.  Africa  (Momm.  Rom.  St.  i.  p.  47°)* 
fuit,  etc.,  to  render  the  force  of  the  passage,  say,  he  was  in  com- 
mand, ajid  showed  the  qualities  described. 

80.  exercitum  deportavit : this  was  one  of  the  essential  con- 
ditions of  the  triumph. 

3.  equitem,  i.e.  having  never  held  a magistracy,  and  so  not  being 
a member  of  the  Senate. 

4.  triumphare : the  honor  of  a triumph  was  properly  accorded 
only  to  commanders  who  possessed  the  imperium  in  virtue  of  hold- 
ing a regular  magistracy  (Momm.  Rom . St.  i.  p.  109).  Pompey  s 
imperium  was  held  irregularly,  by  special  appointment  of  the  Sen- 
ate: both  his  triumphs,  therefore,  in  B.C.  80  and  Ji,  were  irregular, 
which  accounts  for  the  vehement  opposition  they  met. 

Sect.  62.  duo  consules:  i.e.  Mamercus  Lepidus  and  Decimus 
Brutus,  B.C.  77.  Instead  of  either  of  these  being  sent  to  Spain  as 
proconsul  the  next  year,  against  Sertorius,  Pompey,  a simple  eques> 
was  designated  for  that  service. 

10.  quidem,  by  the  way • — non  nemo,  a man  or  two . 


The  Manilian  Law . 


9l 

12.  Philippus,  a prominent  member  of  the  aristocracy  (consul, 
B.c.  91),  distinguished  for  his  wit;  a man  of  liberal  temper,  but  a 
vehement  partisan.  (For  an  entertaining  anecdote  of  him,  see 
Horace,  Ep.  i.  7*) 

13.  pro  consulibus,  in  place  of  both  consuls . 

When  it  was  desired  to  retain  the  services  of  a magistrate  after  his 
term  of  office  had  expired,  his  imperium  was  extended  {prorogatum}  by 
the  Senate,  and  was  held  by  him  pro  consule  or  pro  praetore , that  is,  as 
having  the  power  of  the  magistracy,  while  no  longer  actually  a magistrate. 
It  was  only  the  military  i?7iperium  that  was  prorogued : its  authority  did 
not  extend  within  the  walls  of  Rome,  and  of  course  the  proconsul  possessed 
none  of  the  civil  powers  of  the  consul  within  the  city,  as,  for  instance, 
the  right  of  calling  together  the  Senate  or  an  assembly  of  the  people 
(Momm.  Rom.  St.  i.  pp.  143  and  155).  Sometimes  a private  citizen,  like 
Pompey,  was  invested  with  the  imperium , and  called  proconsul;  but  this 
irregular  proconsulship  did  not  rank  with  the  prorogued  imperium  of  a 
regular  magistrate,  and  did  not  entitle  to  the  honois  of  a triumph. 

14.  mittere,  for  mitto  of  dir.  disc.  The  simple  present,  along 
with  sententia , seems  a regular  form  of  giving  one’s  opinion  in  the 
Senate. 

15.  duorum,  another  exaggeration:  only  one  of  these  would  at 
any  rate  have  gone  as  proconsul.  — ex  senatus  consulto  : another 
irregularity,  for  the  co77iitia  were  the  law-making  power,  and  of 
course  had  the  sole  power  of  exempting  from  the  laws. 

17.  legibus  solutus,  exempted  from  the  operation  of  the  laws , 
i.e.  those  limiting  the  age  of  magistrates  ( leges  annales). 

18.  magistratum:  the  legal  age  of  a consul  was  forty-three,  and 
that  of  a praetor  forty.  Pompey  was  consul  B.C.  70,  at  the  age  of 
thirty-six,  which  was  the  regular  age  for  the  quaestorship. 

19.  iterum : Pompey  celebrated  his  second  triumph  Dec.  31,  B.c. 
7 1,  and  the  next  day  entered  upon  the  consulship. 

Sect.  63.  auctoritate,  i.e.  since  they  were  then  prominent 
members  of  the  Senate. 

29.  comprobatam : i.e.  the  people,  in  electing  Pompey  consul, 
had  only  followed  the  example  of  the  Senate  in  conferring  these 
repeated  honors. 

30.  j u dicium,  fomnal  decisio7i , i.e.  in  the  Gabinian  law. 


92 


Notes:  Cicero. 


35.  delegistis : this  is  not  literally  correct.  The  Gabinian  law 
merely  prescribed  that  an  ex-consul  should  receive  this  command : 
the  Senate  selected  the  man.  In  fact,  however,  it  was  a law  made 
for  a particular  man,  and  the  Senate  would  not  have  ventured  to 
appoint  any  other. 

81.  Sect.  64.  parum  (same  root  as  parvus),  too  little , or 
ill.  — sin : the  protasis  extends  to  attulistis. 

6.  auctoritati,  § 230;  G.  208;  H.  385.  i. 

7.  Asiatico  et  regio : the  two  adjectives  enhance  the  impres- 
sion of  the  difficulty  of  the  war,  by  emphasizing  its  distance  and 
the  dignity  of  the  enemy. 

13.  pudore,  respect  for  others;  temperantia,  self-restraint . 

Sect.  65.  jam  : i.e.  it  has  now  gone  so  far  that,  etc. 

22.  requiruntur,  are  in  demand : pretexts  of  war  are  sought  for, 
with  cities  that  are  hardly  known  of ; inferatur,  may  be  fastened . 

Sect.  66.  libenter,  etc.,  I should  be  glad  to  argue  this  face  to 
face , etc. 

27.  hostium  simulation^  under  the  guise  of  enemies:  i.e.  as  if 
they  were. 

30.  animos  ac  spiritus,  pride  and  insolence. 

31.  conlatis  signis,  i.e.  in  actual  warfare. 

33.  nisi  erit  idem,  unless  he  shall  also  be  one. 

36.  animum,  desires.  — idoneus  qui  mittatur,  (§  320.  /;  G. 
556;  H . 503) , fit  to  be  sent. 

82.  Sect.  67.  pacatam:  that  is,  hostilities  have  not  ceased 
so  long  as  there  has  been  any  money  to  be  extorted. 

6.  praetores,  i.e.  proprcetors : for,  after  the  time  of  Sulla,  the 
praetors  regularly  remained  at  Rome  during  their  term  of  office. 
The  most  notorious  case  of  such  dishonesty  was  M.  Antonius  Cre- 
ticus,  son  of  the  orator,  and  father  of  the  triumvir. 

7.  public  a,  assigned  to  them  for  the  support  of  their  fleets  and 
armies. 

11.  jacturis,  expenses , in  buying  their  places.  — condicionibus, 
bargains , with  creditors,  etc. 

13.  quasi  non  videamus  (§  312.  R. ; G.  604;  H.  513.  ii.),  as  if 
we  did  not  see. 


The  Manilian  Law . 


93 


Sect.  68.  dubitare  quin,  hesitate . The  usual  construction  in 
this  sense  would  be  with  the  infin.  The  exception  is  allowed, 
because  the  subj.  with  dubitare  quin  makes  a kind  of  indir.  disc. 
(Their  thought,  in  direct  disc.,  would  be  credamus,  shall  we  trust? 
which  remains  unchanged  except  in  person.) 

19.  auctoritatibus,  i.e.  the  opinion  of  influential  men. 

20.  est  vobis  auctor,/^  have  as  authority . 

Servilius  Vatia  Isauricus,  one  of  the  most  reputable  men  of  the  time, 
cos.  B.C.  79:  he  held  the  proconsulship  of  Cilicia,  B.C.  7^""75»  in  which 
time  he  gained  great  successes  over  the  pirates,  and  obtained  his  agnomen , 
Isauricus,  from  the  capture  of  Isaura,  the  mountain  fortress  of  the  Isau- 
rians.  It  was  probably  his  intimate  knowledge  of  the  region  and  the  kind 
of  warfare,  that  led  him  to  support  this  vigorous  measure. 

24.  Curio,  see  Verr  i.  § 18. 

26.  Lentulus : Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Clodianus,  cos.  B.C.  72 ; 
not  to  be  confounded  with  Lentulus  Sura,  cos.  B.C.  71,  the  accom- 
plice of  Catiline. 

28.  Cassius:  for  the  character  of  this  family,  see  note  on  Verr. 

§30- 

S3.  Sect.  69.  de  re  . . . facultate : the  cause  itself  \ or  the 
power  of  carrying  it  through . 

7.  potestate  praetoria,  official  influence  as  prcetor  ,*  more  official 
than  auctoritas . 

10.  defero,  put  at  your  service . 

Sect.  70.  templo:  i.e.  the  rostra . The  term  templum  was 
applied  to  any  place  consecrated  by  regular  auspices  ( augur ato ). 
As  the  public  assembly  was  held  augurato , the  place  of  holding  it 
must  be  consecrated. 

12.  ad  remp.  adeunt,  are  engaged  in  public  affairs  (see  § 153)* 

14.  neque  quo,  nor  because  (§  341.  d , R. ; G.  541.  R.1;  H.  5 162). 

16.  honoribus,  i.e.  public  office,  which  he  proposes  to  earn,  not 
by  the  arts  of  a demagogue,  but  by  fidelity  as  an  advocate. 

17.  pericula  relates  to  the  simultates  in  the  next  section.  It  was 
not  possible  for  him  to  espouse  this  democratic  measure  so  earnestly, 
without  incurring  coolness  at  least  on  the  part  of  the  aristocracy. — 
ut,  so  far  as . 


94 


Notes : Cicero . 


Sect.  71.  ego : expressed  not  as  itself  emphatic,  but  to  give 
emphasis  to  the  whole  expression  : / give  you  my  word , etc. 

23.  tantum  . . . abest  ut  videar,  / am  so  far  from  seeming 
(§  332.  d;  G.  556.  R.1;  H.  5023).—  hoc  honore,  the  praetorship. 

31.  oportere,  lam  bound  (me  is  obj.  of  oportere,  of  which  the 
subj.  is  praeferre,  etc.). 


CATILINE  I. 

Argument . 

CHAP.  I.  Propositio . Catiline’s  audacity  in  appearing  in  the  Senate 
when  his  guilt  is  known.  — 2.  Weakness  of  the  consuls  in  allowing  him 
to  live.  — 3,  4.  Contrast,  in  the  cases  of  Gracchus,  Mselius,  and  Saturninus. 

4.  The  Senatorial  decree  is  suspended  in  Catiline’s  case,  till  all  shall  be 

satisfied  of  his  guilt.  His  plans  enumerated.  — Hortatio.  5.  He  is 
exhorted  to  go  out  and  join  his  confederates.  The  plots  against  Cicero 
have  been  thwarted;  but  now  they  aim  at  the  State.  — 6,  7.  Catiline  has 
no  inducement  to  remain  where  all  good  men  hate  and  shrink  from  him. 
— 8.  He  has  offered  to  go  into  custody  : let  him  depart : the  Senate  shows 
by  silence  its  approval  of  Cicero’s  words.  — 9,  10.  Though  he  insolently 
refuses  to  depart,  yet  his  defeat  as  candidate  for  the  consulship  has  made 
him  from  a conspirator  into  a public  enemy.  — Peroraiio.  n.  The  State 
remonstrates  against  the  consul’s  lenity. — 12.  But  it  is  a gain  to  force  him 
into  exile,  and  thus  draw  the  conspiracy  to  a head.— 13.  For  his  death 
would  only  palliate  the  evil.  So  let  him  go,  taking  with  him  the  ruin  of 
his  plot,  the  hate  of  men,  and  the  wrath  of  the  gods. 

PAGE. 

8 5 . Sect.  1 . etiam  (et  jam),  still.  — eludet,  mock. 

3.  quern  ad  finem,  almost  equivalent  to  quamdiu,  but  implying 
some  shock  or  crisis  which  must  follow.  — sese  jactabit,  insolently 
display  itself. . 

4.  nihil  (adv.  acc.)  not  at  all.  — Palatii,  one  of  the  strongest 
positions  in  the  city,  commanding  the  Forum,  and  so  most  likely 
to  be  seized  by  the  conspirators. 

The  Palatium,  an  isolated  hill,  of  a rudely  quadrangular  shape,  was 
the  original  seat  of  the  city  of  Rome,  Roma  Quadrata,  from  which  the  city 
spread  gradually  over  the  other  hills.  In  the  last  years  of  the  republic, 


Catiline  /. 


95 


the  Palatine  became  the  fashionable  place  for  residences.  Here  was 
Cicero’s  house  as  well  as  Catiline’s.  On  the  brow  of  the  hill  towards  the 
Sacred  Way  stood  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Stator,  in  which  the  Senate  was 
now  assembled.  The  ruins  of  this  temple  have  lately  been  discovered. 
It  was  because  of  its  nearness  to  his  house,  as  well  as  because  of  the 
strength  of  its  position,  that  the  consul  selected  this  temple  for  the  meet- 
ing of  the  Senate  on  this  occasion.  Under  the  Empire  the  Palatine  became 
the  seat  of  the  imperial  residence,  and  its  name,  palace , has  passed  in 
this  sense  into  most  modern  languages. 

5.  bonorum,  see  § 21. 

6.  locus:  the  regular  place  of  meeting  for  the  Senate  was  the 
Curia  Hostilia ; on  special  occasions  it  met  in  other  places,  but 
always  in  a consecrated  place  ( templum ; see  Manil.  Law,  § 70). 

7.  horum  (with  a gesture),  the  senators  present.  — Disfea- 
tures ; voltus,  expression  (a  sort  of  hendiadys  = expression  of  their 
features ). 

8.  non:  observe  the  abruptness  or  force  given  by  omitting  the 
interrog.  particle  ne.  — constrictam  teneri,  is  held  fast  hound . 

10.  proxima,  superiore : for  what  was  done  on  the  night  of 
Nov.  6,  see  § 4 ; as  to  proxima,  last  night , we  do  not  meet  with 
anything  but  general  assertions. 

Sect.  2.  O tempora,  etc.,  what  a time l what  a state  of  things! 
(mores  = customs  of  the  timei) 

14.  immo,  nay  more : immo  here  negatives  only  the  form  of  the 
preceding,  as  not  strong  enough. 

18.  videmur,  etc.  = think  we  satisfy . — vitemus,  subj.  of  indir. 
disc.  — ad  mortem  : the  consuls  originally  possessed  full  powers  of 
judgment  in  criminal  cases,  including  punishment  by  death.  These 
highest  powers  of  the  imperium  were  suspended  within  the  city 
by  laws  which  gave  the  right  of  appeal  to  the  people  (see  note  on  § 
28),  but  the  Senate  could  revive  it  in  cases  of  danger  by  the  formula 
Videant  consules  ne  quid  respublica  detrimenti  capiat , — a proceed- 
ing  analogous  to  the  proclamation  of  martial  law.  This  action  the 
Senate  had  taken  Oct.  21,  nearly  three  weeks  before. 

20.  oportebat,  implied  cond.  (§311.^;  G.  246.  R.1 ; H . 5 1 1 . N.3)  : 
the  imperf.  is  used  with  jam  pridem,  where  in  English  we  might 
expect  the  pluperf.  (§  277.  b\  G.  221 ; H.  469s). 

Sect.  3.  an  vero  properly  belongs  both  to  interfecit  and  per- 


Notes:  Cicero. 


96 


feremus,  but  in  sense  only  to  the  latter,  the  other  clause  coming  in 
almost  as  dependent : while  [we  see  that]  Scipio , etc.  . . . shall  we 
endure , etc.  — vir  amplissimus,  pontifex  maximus  : observe  how 
these  words  strengthen  the  force  of  the  example. 


P.  Scipio  Nasica  Serapio  was  leader  of  the  “ mob  of  gentlemen  ” that 
murdered  Tiberius  Gracchus,  B.C.  133.  He  held  the  office  of  Pontifex 
Maximus,  president  of  the  board  ( collegium ) of  pontifices,  which  had 
the  general  superintendence  of  the  State  religion.  Since  in  all  ancient 
states  the  political  constitution  was  based  on  the  State  religion,  the  ponti- 
fices  exercised  great  political  power.  They  were  the  earliest  jurists;  and 
the  office  of  their  head,  the  pontifex  maximus,  was,  in  Rome,  on  the 
whole,  the  first  position  in  dignity  and  influence.  He  was  appointed  by 
the  Board  from  their  own  number.  But,  in  the  last  two  centuries  of  the 
republic,  it  was  established  that  the  person  to  be  so  appointed  should  be 
designated  by  popular  election.  This  election  was  confined  to  the  minority 
(seventeen)  of  the  thirty-five  tribes,  designated  by  lot ; an  absolute  choice 
by  the  people  being  regarded  as  inadmissible  in  religious  offices. 

Tiberius  Sempronius  Gracchus,  a young  man  of  high  rank  and  great 
personal  purity  of  character,  attempted  to  carry  through  some  important 
reforms,  particularly  touching  the  tenure  of  the  public  lands,  B.C.  133. 
Requiring  more  time  to  make  his  legislation  effective,  he  attempted 
illegally  to  secure  his  own  re-election  as  tribune;  when  he  was  attacked 
and  killed  by  a mob  of  senators  headed  by  Scipio  Nasica. 

23.  privatus:  Nasica  was  at  this  time  only  a private  citizen  of 
consular  rank.  He  afterwards  went  into  exile,  and  was  made  Ponti- 
fex Maximus  in  his  absence.  The  word  privatus  is  opposed  to 
nos  consules,  and  the  contrast  is  rhetorically  exaggerated. 

25.  ilia,  that  case,  plural  for  singular,  as  frequently  in  Greek. 

26  Ahala,  the  magister  equitum  of  the  famous  Cincinnatus : e 

killed  without  law  the  eques  Mrnlius,  on  suspicion  of  his  aiming  at  a 
dangerous  power  by  his  lavish  gifts  of  corn  (B.C.  439)* 


86  novis  rebus  (the  classic  expression  for  a violent  change 
of  government),  revolution  .*  dat.  after  studentem. -fuit,  there 
was,  etc.,  implying  that  it  is  so  no  longer, 

4.  habemus  (emph.)  = it  is  not  that  we  lack,  etc.  -senatus 
consultum : i.e.  lit  videant  consules,  etc.  The  consultum  of  the 
Senate  was  its  ordinance,  regularly  passed  and  promulgated,  ; ,d 


Catiline  I 


97 


recognized  as  valid.  If  it  was  invalid  by  reason  of  informality  or 
intercession  of  a tribune,  it  was  called  senatus  auctoritasy  and  might 
still  be  drawn  up  in  form  (as  a “ resolution”),  and  would  still  have 
a certain  modified  authority. 

5.  vehemens,  severe , as  regards  Catiline ; grave,  carrying  weight, 
as  regards  the  consuls. 

6.  rei  publicae  (dat.  with  deest) : we  know  well  enough  what 
to  do  — we  have  authority  enough  : it  is  the  execution  in  which  we 
are  remiss. 

Sect.  4.  decrevit  (emphatic),  there  was  once  a decree , etc. 
This  word  is  used  (as  well  as  censeo,  placet)  to  express  the  intent 
of  the  Senate ; the  consultum,  ordinance , or  any  separate  article 
of  it,  might,  as  regarded  its  purport,  be  called  decretum . 

Lucius  Opirnius  was  consul  B.C.  121,  when  Caius  Gracchus,  the  younger 
brother  of  Tiberius,  was  attempting  to  carry  through  a series  of  measures 
far  more  revolutionary  than  those  of  his  brother.  The  Senate,  the  cham- 
pion of  the  existing  order  of  things,  took  alarm,  and  intrusted  the  consul 
with  absolute  power.  In  the  tumult  that  ensued,  some  3,000  were  said  to 
have  lost  their  lives,  including  Gracchus  and  his  leading  associate  Fulvius. 

The  father  of  the  Gracchi  was  Tiberius  Gracchus,  one  of  the  most 
eminent  statesmen  of  his  day,  distinguished  for  integrity  and  humanity,  as 
well  as  ability  and  culture.  Their  mother  was  Cornelia,  daughter  of  Scipio 
Africanus,  the  conqueror  of  Hannibal.  Ancestors  on  both  sides  were  dis- 
tinguished in  the  Second  Punic  War,  and  the  brothers  were  likewise  con- 
nected by  kinship  and  marriage  with  many  of  the  noblest  families  of 
Rome. 

The  case  of  Marius  was  in  B.C,  100,  the  year  of  his  sixth  consulship. 
He  was  secretly  in  league  with  the  revolutionists, — Saturninus  and  Servilius 
Glaucia,  corrupt  demagogues,  unworthy  imitators  of  the  noble  Gracchi. 
When  it  came  to  the  point,  however,  the  courage  of  Marius  failed  him : he 
deserted  his  accomplices*  and  joined  the  Senate  in  crushing  the  revolt. 

10.  interfectus  est  (emph.),  i.e.  death  was  promptly  inflicted. 

13.  Mario,  dat.  after  permissa. 

16.  rei  publicae,  poss.  gen.,  the  punishment  being  looked  on  as 
something  belonging  to  the  party  avenged,  and  taken  from  the 
other  party. 

17.  remorata  est,  governing  Saturninum,  etc.,  i.e.  did  Saturni • 


98 


Notes:  Cicero . 


nus  and  Servilius  have  to  wait  one  day , etc. : but  here  the  punish- 
ment is  oddly  regarded  as  waiting  for  them . — vicesimum  : strictly 
speaking,  it  was  now  (Nov.  6)  the  19th  day  by  Roman  reckoning 
from  Oct.  21.  — horum,  the  senators. 

19.  hujusce  modi,  i.e.  like  those  others. 

20.  tabulis,  brazen  tablets,  on  which  the  laws,  etc.,  were  in- 
scribed. The  edict  is  said  to  be  shut  up  in  them  (until  put  in 
force),  like  a sword  hid  in  its  scabbard. 

21.  interfectum  esse  (§  288.  d\  G.  275;  H.  537  2).  But,  after 
all,  it  would  have  been  hardly  possible,  even  with  the  extraordinary 
power  granted  to  the  consuls,  to  put  the  conspirator  to  death  with- 
out some  overt  act  of  treason. 

23.  cupio,  I am  anxious  (emphatic) : a concession,  opposed  by 
sed,  below. 

25.  dissolutum,  hasty , as  having  one’s  actions  out  of  the  control 
of  law,  reason,  etc.  — ipse  : Latin  in  such  cases  emphasizes  the 
subject ; English,  the  object. 

Sect.  5.  faucibus,  narrow  pass,  leading  north  from  Etruria, 
through  the  Apennines.  — conlocata,  § 291.  R. ; G.  242  ; H.  471.N.1. 

28.  in  dies  singulos,  day  by  day. 

32.  jam,  at  once. 

33.  erit  verendum,  etc.  This  confused  sentence  may  be  most 
easily  rendered  (connecting  non  and  potius  with  verendum ; and 
remembering  that  credo  is,  in  this  parenthetical  use,  ironical)  : 1 
shall  not,  I suppose,  have  more  reason  to  fear , etc.;  i.e.  of  course 
(iron.)  I shall  be  accused  of  cruelty  rather  than  slackness. — boni 
(sc.  dicant)  : here,  as  usual,  the  well-intentioned , i.e.  those  who 
held  the  speaker’s  views.  — ego,  opposed  to  omnes  boni. 

87.  denique,  i.e.  then,  and  not  before.  — jam,  at  length. 

Sect.  6.  ita  ut  vivis,jitst  as  you  are  [now]  living. 

7.  etiam,  besides  the  forces  on  guard. 

8.  speculabuntur,  referring  to  the  spies  in  the  interest  of  the 
government,  who  were  in  the  very  heart  of  the  conspiracy.  Of 
these  the  chief  was  Fulvia,  mistress  of  one  of  the  conspirators. 

9.  quid,  etc.,  what  is  there  for  you  to  wait  for  more? 

10.  nox,  privata  domus : the  time  and  place  of  meeting. 

12.  inlustrantur  refers  to  tenebris ; erumpunt  to  parietibus. 


Catiline  /. 


99 


16.  recognoscas,  review  (with  licet:  § 331.  f,  R. ; G.  609;  H. 
515.  iii.) • 

Sect.  7.  dicere,  § 288.  G.  277.  r.  ; H.  537 — fore  (subj.C. 
Manlium)  : the  rising  in  arms  is  put  first,  as  being  the  main  thing ; 
the  person  is  less  important.  — num,  etc.,  was  / mistaken  in,  etc., 
lit.  did  the  fact  escape  me  ? 

23.  idem  (nom.)  has  the  force  of  also.  — optimatium,  i.e.  of 
the  senatorial  party. 

24.  in  ante  diem,  § 259.  e;  G.  app. ; H.  642  4. 

25.  sui  conservandi  (§  298.  a \ G.  4291 ; H.  542.  N.1)  : this  pas- 
sage is  neatly  turned,  to  save  their  self-respect  by  attributing  their 
flight  to  that  discretion  which  is  the  better  part  of  valor. 

29.  cum  dicebas,  equivalent  to  saying  (compare  § 290.  c\  G.  582).  # 

30.  tamen,  opposed  to  discessu : though  the  rest  were  gone. 

Sect.  8.  Praeneste  (Palestrina),  an  important  town  of  Latium, 

about  twenty  miles  from  Rome,  in  a very  commanding  situation. 
Its  possession  would  have  given  Catiline  an  important  military  post. 
It  was  a chief  stronghold  of  the  Marian  party  in  the  Civil  War. 

33.  sensistine,  did  yoti  not  find  ? The  negative  meaning  occa- 
sionally found  in  this  enclitic  is  probably  its  original  one.  — colo- 
niam  : Praeneste  proudly  declined  the  Roman  franchise,  and  retained 
its  nominal  independence  until  the  time  of  the  Social  War.  Sulla 
established  a military  colony  there  by  way  of  punishment. 

Colonies  sent  out  by  Rome  were  of  three  classes:  — 1.  Roman  colonies, 
in  which  a small  garrison  of  soldiers  (usually  300  in  number)  was  estab- 
lished as  a governing  aristocracy.  The  native  population  was  held  by 
them  in  a harsh  subjection.  — 2.  Latin  colonies,  in  which  the  colonists, 
whether  native  Romans  or  not,  formed  a quasi-independent  community. 
They  were  usually  quite  numerous,  went  with  their  families,  and  did  not 
possess  Roman  citizenship;  but,  on  the  other  hand,  the  right  of  coining 
money  and  other  rights  of  sovereignty.  These  Latin  colonies,  together 
with  the  original  Latins,  formed  the  nomen  Latinum , and  stood  towards 
Rome  in  the  relation  of  civitates  foederatae.  Therefore  Roman  citizens 
who  went  into  exile  could  sojourn  in  these  towns  as  if  they  formed  no  part 
of  Italy.  This  was  called  jus  exsilii.  — 3.  Military  colonies,  founded  first 
by  Sulla,  as  a means  of  rewarding  his  veterans.  They  differed  from  the  two 
earlier  classes  in  being  established  not  by  a board  of  commissioners,  but 
by  a single  military  chief. 


IOO 


Notes : Cicero . 


34.  praosidiis,  the  garrison  manning  the  walls  ; custodiis,  senti- 
nels at  the  gates  ; vigiliis,  night-guard . 

35.  agis,  etc. : notice  the  climax. 

88.  noctem  superiorem,  night  before  last , i.e.  Nov.  6 : priore 
(below)  refers  to  the  same. 

3.  quam  te,  § 336.  b . R. ; G.  638  ; H.  5241. 

4.  inter  falcarios,  i.e.  the  street  of  the  scythemakers. 

Sect.  9.  gentium,  § 216.  #4;  G.  371.  R.4;  H.  397 4. 

10.  quam  rem  publicam,  what  sort  of  a state  ? 

11.  hie,  hie,  here , right  here. 

12.  sanctissimo,  venerable. 

13.  qui : the  antecedent  is  the  understood  subject  of  sunt. 

14.  atque  adeo,  and  in  fact . 

16.  oportebat,  see  § 2 and  note. 

1 7.  igitur  (resumptive),  as  I said. 

18.  quemque,  each  of  the  conspirators. 

19.  placeret  (sc.  te),  for  indie.;  relinqueres,  subj.  of  purpose. 

23.  equites : these  were  C.  Cornelius  and  L.  Vargunteius. 

Sect.  10.  salutatum,  supine. 

30.  id  temporis  (§  216.  as  ; G.  371  ; H.  397  3)>  that  very  time. 

35.  desiderant,  have  been  wanting  (§  276.  a ; G.  221  ; H.  467 2)- 

— si  minus  (sc.  omnes),  if  not. 

89.  Sect.  11.  atque,  and  particularly . — huic,  i.e.  in  whose 
temple  we  are  met.  — Stator  (sto),  the  one  who  causes  to  stand 
firm.  The  temple  to  Jupiter  Stator  was  vowed  by  Romulus  when 
his  troops  were  giving  way,  and  built  upon  the  spot  where  their 
flight  was  stayed.  The  remains  of  this  temple  have  been  recently 
discovered  on  the  Palatine,  near  the  Arch  of  Titus.  (See  note,  § 1). 

7.  in  uno,  etc.,  risked  upon  one  man  (i.e.  Catiline). 

II,  proximis:  the  consular  election  was  usually  held  in  July;  but 
this  year,  on  account  of  the  disturbed  condition  of  things,  did  not 
take  place  until  Oct.  28,  when  Manlius  was  in  fact  already  in  arms. 
Catiline’s  successful  competitors  were  D.  Silanus  and  L.  Murena. 

14.  nullo  . . . concitato,  without  exciting  (the  most  common 
way  of  expressing  this  idiom  in  Latin). 

16.  videbam,  1 saw  all  along  (§  277  ; G.  222  ; H.  469  s). 


Catiline  I. 


IOI 


Sect.  12.  nunc  jam,  now  at  length . 

21.  hujus  imperii,  i.e.  which  / possess ; that  conferred  upon  the 
consuls  by  the  special  act  of  the  Senate.  Without  this,  they  pos- 
sessed an  imperium , it  is  true,  but  restricted  by  laws. 

26.  tu,  opposed  to  comitum. 

28.  rei  publicae  limits  sentina  somewhat  in  the  sense  of  an 
adjective, — political  rabble.  Or,  keeping  the  original  figure,  we 
might  say,  bilge-water  of  the  ship  of  state. 

Sect.  13.  faciebas,  were  on  the  point  of  doing. 

31.  hostem,  a public  enemy , over  whom  the  consul  would  have 
that  right. 

32.  me  consulis,  ask  my  advice. 

33.  jam,  longer.  — domestic ae,  of  the  household . 

90.  privatarum  rerum,  in  private  life,  i.e.  intercourse  with 
others  out  of  the  family. 

4.  quern  . . . inretisses,  i.e.  after  entangling,  etc. 

5.  ferrum  . . . facem : i.e.  arm  him  for  acts  of  violence,  or  in- 
flame him  to  deeds  of  lust. 

Sect.  14.  quid  vero,  and  say. 

7.  novis  nuptiis,  etc. : this  crime  is  mentioned  by  no  other 
writer,  and  is  perhaps  one  of  the  orator’s  exaggerations.  — alio  . . . 
scelere  : Sallust  mentions,  as  a common  matter  of  belief,  that  Cati- 
line killed  his  own  son,  in  order  to  gratify  his  new  wife,  Aurelia 
Orestilla,  “ a woman  praised  for  nothing  but  beauty.” 

12.  ruinas : this  charge  was  undoubtedly  correct.  The  con- 
spiracy was  mainly  composed  of  men  of  ruined  fortunes,  who  hoped 
to  better  themselves  in  the  general  scramble  of  a revolution. 

13.  Idibus : the  Kalends  and  Ides  — the  beginning  and  middle 
of  the  month — were  the  usual  terms  for  the  payment  of  debts. 
Catiline’s  failure  in  his  consular  canvass  had  probably  stirred  up  his 
creditors  to  push  him  for  payment. 

Sect.  15.  cum,  causal,  though  to  be  rendered  when. 

20.  prid.  Kal.  On  the  1st  of  January,  b.c.  65,  the  consuls  Cotta 
and  Torquatus  entered  upon  their  office.  It  was  the  intention  of 
Catiline  to  take  advantage  of  their  inauguration  to  murder  the  new 
consuls  and  seize  the  government.  The  plot  got  whispered  about, 
and  its  execution  was  put  off  to  Feb.  5,  when  it  failed  again  through 


102 


Notes ; Cicero . 


Catiline’s  over-haste.  The  act  of  Dec.  31  seems  to  have  been  in 
preparation  for  the  rising. 

21.  cum  telo  (a  technical  expression),  weapon  in  hand.— manum, 
a band  (of  assassins). 

23.  mentem  aliquam,  change  of  mind . 

25.  aut  . . . aut,  etc.,  either  obscure  or  few . — non  multa,  etc. : 
i.e.  they  were  too  well  known  to  need  recapitulation,  and  too 
numerous  to  admit  of  it. 

26.  commissa,  which  you  have  perpetrated . 

27.  interficere  : 44  Cicero  charges  the  man  with  frequent  attempts 
to  murder  him  since  he  has  been  elected  consul,  but  he  does  it  in 
such  a way  as  not  to  convince  us  that  he  is  speaking  the  truth  ” 
(Long). 

27.  petitiones,  thrusts , the  word  regularly  used  for  the  attack  ot 
a gladiator. 

28.  ita  conjectas,  etc.,  so  aimed  that  they  seemed  impossible  to  be 
shunned . 

29.  corpore  (a  proverbial  expression),  i.e.  dodging  with  the 
body. 

Sect.  16.  tibi  (dative  of  reference),  etc.  = wrested  from  your 
hands. 

34.  quae  quidem,  etc.,  / know  not  by  what  rites  it  has  been  con- 
secrated and  set  apart , that  you  think , etc. 

91.  vita,  i.e.  that  you  should  desire  to  prolong  it  (see  § 15). 

3.  quae  nulla  (§  216.  e\  G.  368.  R.2),  nothing  of  which. 

5.  necessariis  : this  word  is  used  of  any  special  relation,  as  that 
of  kinsman,  client,  guest,  comrade,  member  of  the  same  order,  etc. 
(see  note  on  necessitudinem , Verr.  i.  § 11). 

8.  quid  quod,  what  of  this  — that , etc. 

9.  consulares  : these  voted  as  a class,  and  probably  sat  together. 
Catiline,  as  a praetorius , no  doubt  sat  in  their  neighborhood. 

12.  ferendum  is  the  pred.  of  the  clause  quod  . . . reliquerunt. 
Sect.  17.  servi,  emphatic,  displacing  si. 

16.  injuria,  unjustly , wrongfully . 

17.  carere  aspectu,  be  deprived  of  seeing. 

24.  aliquo  concederes,  would  retire  somewhere.  nunc,  op- 
posed to  si,  etc. 


Catiline  L 


103 


26.  te  nihil  cogitare,  that  you  think  of  nothing  (depending  on 

judicat). 

Sect.  18.  quae  (i.e.  patria)  . . . agit,  she  pleads  with  you. 

31.  tibi  uni,  on  your  account  alone : all  this  is  rhetorical  ex- 
aggeration. 

32.  sociorum,  i.e.  the  allied  cities  of  the  province  of  Africa, 
which  Catiline  governed  as  propraetor,  B.c.  67. 

34.  leges  et  quaestiones,  probably  both  as  praetor  in  Rome  and 
as  propraetor  in  Africa.  — neglegendas  implies  only  evasion ; ever- 
tendas,  violence. 

35.  superiora  ilia,  those  former  crimes  of  yours. 

92.  me  . . . abhorreat,  subj.  of  est  ferendum.  — quicquid 
increpuerit,  at  the  least  noise. 

3.  abhorreat,  is  inconsistent  with. 

4.  hunc  . . . eripe,  rescue  me  from,  etc.,  lit.,  snatch  it  from  me 
(§  229;  G.  346;  H.  386 2). 

6.  aliquando,  some  tune  or  other  (implying  impatience). 

Sect.  19.  in  custodiam  dedisti,  i.e.  in  free  custody,  on  parole. 
This  appears  to  have  been  late  in  October,  when  Catiline  was  prose- 
cuted on  the  Lex  Plautia  de  vi. 

10.  M.’  Lepidum,  the  consul  of  b.c.  66. 

11.  ad  me:  “a  proposal,”  says  Long,  “ which  might  be  viewed 
either  as  evidence  of  his  innocence  or  his  impudence.” 

14.  parietibus,  loc.  abl. ; moenibus,  abl.  of  means.  Observe 
the  emphasis  of  the  contrast.  — qui  . . . essem,  subj.  as  implying 
the  reason  (§  320). 

16.  Metellum:  Q.  Metellus  Celer,  consul  b.c.  60;  he  did  good 
service  in  the  campaign  against  Catiline.  He  was  nephew  of 
Caecilia,  the  friend  of  Roscius  (see  note  R.  A.  § 50). 

17.  virum  optimum,  that  excellent  man  (ironical). 

19.  sagacissimum,  keen-scented ; fortissimum,  energetic  and 
fearless. 

21.  videtur  debere,  does  it  seem  that  he  oitght  (‘‘does  he  seem 
to  owe  it”)? 

Sect.  20.  refer:  Halm  conjectures  that  the  members  of  the 
Senate  were  secretly  trying  to  persuade  Catiline  to  go  into  volun- 
tary exile,  when  all  prosecutions  would  be  dropped. 


W 


104 


Notes:  Cicero . 


28.  placere  has  for  subj.,  te  . . . exsilium. 

29.  abhorret,  is  contrary  to : because  the  Senate  had  no  power 

to  pronounce  such  a judgment. 

33.  ecquid  (adverbial),  at  all. 

36.  tacitorum,  i.e.  their  silence  gives  consent  to  my  words. 

03  Sect.  21.  Sestio  : whom  Cicero  afterwards  defended  in 

one  of  his  greatest  orations  (see  p.  148). 

2.  M.  Marcello  : a prominent  member  of  the  aristocracy,  con- 
suf  BC  ;i  • not  to  be  confounded  with  the  person  of  the  same 
name  mentioned  § 19-  He  took  a leading  part  in  the  civil  war 
against  Cesar,  and  was  afterwards  defended  by  Cicero  (see  p.  210). 
— consuli,  though  consul. 

3 in  templo,  i.e.  notwithstanding  the  sacredness  of  the  place, 
jure  optimo,  with  perfect  right. -vim  et  manus , violent  hands . 

4.  cum  quiescunt,  while  they  keep  silence ; i.e.  b>  t leir  si  ence 

(^videlicet  ^car alluding  to  his  demand  to  have  the  matter  sub- 
mitted to  the  Senate. 

10  voces,  cries  of  the  crowd  outside. 

12  haec  (with  a gesture),  all  that  is  round  us,  the  city,  etc. 

I4.  prosequantur,  escort.  It  was  the  custom  for  those  who  were 
going  into  voluntary  exile  to  be  thus  accompanied  to  t e gate  y 
theif  friends.  If  Catiline  would  depart,  the  whole  Senate  would 
be  so  glad  to  be  rid  of  him  as  to  forget  his  crimes  and  pay  him  this 

h°SECT(lr22!Cte  frangat,  i.e.  break  down  your  stubbornness  (purpose 
clause  after  loquor ; though  it  may  be  an  exclam,  with  ut). 

18.  duint,  § 128.  e*\  G.  1913;  H.  240 3. 

22.  est  tanti,  it  is  worth  the  cost  (§  252.  a ; G.  379  > • 4 5J- 

S1Sect!  23.  iiiimico,  a private  enemy,  thus  attributing  to  Cicero 
personal  and  private  motives  of  opposition^ 

20.  si  vis,  if  you  desire.  — recta  (sc.  via),  straightway. 

36.  latrocinio,  partisan  warfare,  as  opposed  to  regular  war 

( justum  helium). 


94. 


Sect.  24.  quamquam,  and  yet  (cf.  tametsi,  § 22). 


Catiline  I. 


I05 


4.  Forum  Aurelium,  a small  place  on  the  Via  Aurelia,  about 
fifty  miles  from  Rome.  The  Via  Aurelia  was  the  road  which  led 
along  the  sea-coast  of  Etruria,  by  which  Catiline  left  the  city  the 
following  night.  The  word  Forum,  market-place , was  used  for  a 
class  of  towns  without  municipal  organization,  within  the  ager 
Romanics  (or  territory  of  the  city  of  Rome),  usually  built  along  a 
public  highway,  and  bearing  the  name  of  their  founder  — as  Forum 
Appii  on  the  Appian  Way.  — Beloch,  Der  Italische  Bund,  p.  108. 

6.  aquilam  : the  silver  eagle  had  been  adopted  by  Marius  as  the 
standard  of  the  legion,  and  the  eagle  in  question  was  said  to  have 
been  actually  used  in  the  army  of  Marius.  The  place  in  the  camp 
where  the  eagle  was  kept  was  consecrated:  hence  the  word 
sacrarium . 

9.  ut  possis,  exclam. clause  with  ut  (§  332.  c ; G.  560 ; H.  486.  ii.N.). 

Sect.  25.  haec  res,  i.e.  leaving  the  city  and  taking  arms. 

17.  non  modo,  to  say  nothing  of  . 

19.  atque  connects  perditis  and  derelictis ; ab  connects  for- 
tuna  and  spe  to  derelictis.  — conflatam,  run  together  (like  molten 
metal). 

Sect.  26.  hie,  i.e.  in  this  band.  — bacchabere,  will  revel. 

25.  meditati  sunt,  have  practised ; feruntur,  are  talked  about. 

27.  facinus,  deed  of  violence , contrasted  with  stuprum,  de- 
bauchery ; just  as  bonis  otiosorum,  property  of  peaceful  citizens , 
is  with  somno  maritorum,  the  repose  of  husbands. 

29.  ubi  ostentes,  opportunity  to  display  (a  place  where,  etc.). 

Sect.  27.  reppuli:  the  consul  who  presided  over  the  election 
had  it  in  his  power  to  exercise  great  influence.  That  of  Cicero  on 
this  occasion  was  perfectly  legitimate,  in  maintaining  order  and 
checking  Catiline’s  adherents. — exsul,  consul:  observe  the  play 
upon  words. 

34.  latrocinium  : rebellion  is  regularly  described  by  words  which 
ally  it  with  disorder  or  highway  robbery ; as,  tumultus,  etc. 

95.  querimoniam,  i.e.  for  not  having  suppressed  the  con- 
spiracy more  vigorously.  — detester  ac  deprecer  (construed  with 
a me,  above),  remove  by  protest  and  plea. 

5.  M.  Tulli  (voc.)  : the  regular  way  of  formal  address ; the  use 
of  the  family  name  ( Cicero ) is  more  familiar. 


io6 


Notes:  Cicero . 


9.  evocatorem  servorum,  a summoner  of  slaves,  i.e.  to  enlist 
under  him. 

13.  mactari,  § 331.  #2;  G.  54 6-  R-2?  H.  535* 

Sect.  28.  17.  rogatae  sunt:  the  magistrate  who  proposed  a 

law  formally  asked  the  people  whether  they  would  accept  it ; hence 
rogo  was  the  word  regularly  used  for  this  act,  and  the  proposition 
itself  was  called  rogatio.  The  leges  in  question,  Valeria , Porcia , 
and  Sempronia  (of  Caius  Gracchus),  protecting  the  life  and  liberty 
of  citizens,  had  been  npt  merely  asked  {rogatae'),  but  passed 
( jussae ) ; not  merely  proposed  {latae),  but  carried  {perlatae).  The 
word  rogatae  appears  to  be  used  here  to  emphasize  the  part  which 
the  people  had  in  their  establishment. 

19.  praeclaram  . . . gratiam,  you  show  a 7ioble  gratiUide  (cf. 

habere  gr a tiam  and  agere  gratias). 

21.  tarn  mature:  Cicero  says  of  himself  that  he  was  the  only 
novus  ho7no  \nulla  commendatione  majoru77i\  on  record,  who  both 
sought  and  gained  the  consulship  the  first  year  the  law  permitted 
it.  He  had  been  equally  fortunate  in  the  quaestorship  and  praetorship. 

Sect.  29.  inertiae,  sc.  invidia,  the  reproach . 

25.  num  est,  pray  is  (implying  strong  negation). 

26.  an  belongs  with  non  existimas. 

28.  conflagraturum,  will  be  consuTned , suggested  by  ardebunt. 

31.  idem  sentiunt,  have  the  same  views,  — mentibus,  thoughts . 

36.  superiorum,  before  them . 

96.  maxime,  ever  so  much . 

5.  p’artam  (from  pario),  acquired  (a  very  common  meaning).— 
ut  . . . putarem,  result-clause  explaining  hoc. 

Sect.  30.  videant,  subj.  of  charact.  (not  coord,  with  dicerent). 

9.  aluerunt,  indie,  of  fact. 

13.  regie,  despotically : the  Roman  idea  of  king  and  kingly  gov- 
ernment was  associated  with  Tarquinius  Superbus.  Here  the  word 
also  implies  the  assumption  of  unlawful  power  {=  tyrannice) , as 
well  as  its  abuse. 

14.  quo  (§  201.  h)  : the  antecedent  is  in  castra. 

20.  eodem,  to  the  same  place . 

21.  adulta,  full-grown , as  opposed  to  stirps,  the  stock,  and 
semen,  the  seed . 


Catiline  II. 


107 


Sect.  31.  jam  diu  : the  conspiracy  was  ready  to  break  out  B.c.  65 
(see  note  on  § 15). 

25.  versamur,  have  lived.  — nescio  quo  pacto,  somehow  or  other 

(§  334-  *5  G.  4^9-  R*2;  H-  455  2> 

31.  visceribus,  vitals  (properly  the  great  interior  organs,  as  the 

heart,  lungs,  etc.). 

36.  reliquis  vivis,  abl.  absolute. 

97.  muro,  implying  that  they  have  left  the  city. 

4.  circumstare,  hang  around , for  the  purpose  of  intimidation : 
the  praetor  urbanus  had  his  tribunal  on  the  Forum. 

12.  patefacta,  laid  bare ; inlustrata,  set  in  full  light ; oppressa, 
crushed;  vindicata,  punished. 

Sect.  33.  o minibus,  prospects. 

18.  Juppiter:  addressing  the  image  in  the  temple  of  Jupiter 
Stator,  where  the  Senate  were  now  assembled. 

22.  arcebis,  a mild  imperative  (§  269./;  G.  265  1;  H.  487  4). 


CATILINE  II. 

Argument . 

Chap.  I.  Pars  I.  Catiline  is  gone:  the  city  breathes  again;  there  is  now 
open  war,  and  no  longer  a concealed  intestine  conflict.  — 2.  Excuse  for  let- 
ting him  go : all  were  not  convinced.  Now,  his  guilt  is  manifest.  — 3.  His 
force  is  not  formidable:  what  remains  is  closely  watched. — 4.  All  have 
been  forced  to  declare  themselves.  Joy  at  his  departure : he  has  been  a 
leader  in  every  vice  and  crime.  — 5.  Pars  II.  His  associates  are  desperate 
but  contemptible : character  of  this  domestic  war.  — 6.  Odium  of  his  ban- 
ishment deprecated  : in  fact,  he  went  to  his  own.  — 7.  He  will  not  go  into 
exile,  but  to  the  camp  of  Manlius,  and  will  seek  to  cast  odium  on  the 
consul.  — 8-10.  Pars  III.  The  real  fear  is  from  those  who  remain,  viz. : 
(a)  Rich  but  embarrassed  profligates;  (b)  poor  debtors:  these  two  classes 
have  nothing  to  gain  from  violence;  (c)  Sulla’s  veterans,  who  will  not  be 
allowed  to  repeat  those  times;  (d)  ruined  men,  hoping  for  any  change; 
( e ) criminals,  who  might  better  be  fought  in  the  field;  (/)  profligates  and 
debauchees,  men  of  Catiline’s  own  stamp.  — 11.  Superiority  of  the  patriot 


io8 


Notes:  Cicero . 


forces  arrayed  against  them.  — Peroratio . 12.  Review  of  the  situation: 
warning  to  the  ill-disposed.  — 13.  The  work  shall  be  done  without  shock 
to  the  public  order;  the  gods  will  lend  their  help. 

PAGE 

98.  Sect.  1.  ejecimus,  expelled  (with  violence)  ; emisimus, 
let  [him]  go.  The  words  vel . . . vel  {or,  if  you  like')  imply  that  the 
same  act  may  be  called  by  either  name. 

5.  ipsum,  of  his  own  accord . — verbis  prosecuti  may  apply  as 
well  to  kind  words  of  dismissal  as  to  invective. 

6.  abiit,  simply,  is  gone ; excessit,  has  retreated  before  the 
storm ; evasit,  has  escaped  by  stealth ; erupit,  has  broken  forth 
with  violence,  — a climax  of  expression,  but  nearly  identical  in  sense. 

8.  moenibus  (dat.  following  comparibitur),  against , etc.— atque 
(adding  with  emphasis),  and  so. — hunc  quidem,  him  at  any  rate. 

9.  sine  controversia,  without  dispute  — tmquestionably . 

10.  versabitur,  will  be  busy. 

11.  campo,  foro,  curia,  parietes,  observe  the  narrowing  climax. 

12.  loco  motus  est,  a military  expression  (hence  the  simple 
abl.,  § 243.  c)  : he  has  lost  his  vantage-ground. 

14.  nullo,  etc.,  i.e.  his  defenders  till  now  could  screen  him  by 
forms  of  law.  — justum,  regular,  in  due  form . 

Sect.  2.  cruentum  (pred.),  reeking  with  blood . 

18.  vivis  nobis  (abl.  abs.),  leaving  us  alive . 

19.  civls,  acc.  plur. 

21.  jacet,  etc.,  lies  prostrate. 

23.  retorquet  oculos  begins  the  figure  of  a wild  beast,  which  is 
continued  in  faucibus.  — profecto,  no  doubt. 

25.  quae  quidem,  which  really . 

Sect.  3.  quails  omnis,  acc.  plur.  — oportebat,  § 31 1.  c\  G. 
246.  R.1;  H.  51 1.  N.3 

28.  qui  . . . accuset,  as  to  accuse  (§  320;  G.  633 ; H.  503.  ii.).— 
hujus  imperii,  see  note  on  Cat.  i.  § 12. 

31.  interfectum  esse  : notice  the  emphasis. 

34.  res  public  a,  the  public  interest. 

99.  Sect.  4.  cum  viderem,  seeing : its  obj.  is  fore  ut  . . . 
possem  (§  288./;  G.  240.  r.1  ; H.  537  3),  which  is  apod,  of  si  mul- 
tassem. 


Catiline  II. 


109 


6.  ne  . . . probata : nearly  equivalent  to  cum  ne  vos  quidem  . . . 
probar etis ; implying  that  if  they  do  not  sustain  the  act,  much  less 
will  the  people  at  large. 

8.  fore  ut,  the  result  would  be  that , etc. 

9.  ut  . • . possetis  explains  hue. 

10.  videretis,  § 342;  G.  666;  H.  529.  ii.  — quern  quidem. 

whom , by  the  way . 

12.  quod  . . . exierit,  § 333;  G.  525  ; H.  540.  iv.,  but  subjunct. 
on  account  of  the  implied  indirect  discourse. 

14.  mihi,  eth.  dat.  (§  236;  G.  351 ; H.  389)  : as  if,  “ I f notice.” 

1 5 in  praetexta : the  toga  praetexta , with  a broad  purple  border, 
was  worn  by  boys  as  well  as  magistrates:  this  means,  therefore, 
that  Tongilius  was  still  a boy. 

16.  aes  alienum,  etc.,  i.e.  petty  debts  run  up  in  cook-shops  and 
the  like  ; not  like  the  heavy  mortgages  spoken  of  afterwards. 

1 7.  reliquit:  notice  the  emphasis. — quos  viros : for  a charac- 
terization of  these,  see  the  next  division  of  this  oration. 

Sect.  5.  pra e,  in  comparison  with.  — Gallicanis,  i.e.  those  sta- 
tioned in  Gaul,  — Cisalpine  Gaul,  the  northern  part  of  Italy.  The 
ager  Gallicus  below  was  that  strip  of  sea-coast,  north  of  Picenum, 
formerly  occupied  by  the  Senones,  but  at  this  time  reckoned  a part 
of  Umbria. 

21.  Q.  Metellus  (Celer)  : see  note  on  Cat.  i.  § 19. 

23.  luxuria  = high-livers. 

24.  vadimonia  (meton.)  deserere,  desert  their  bondsmen : i.e. 
leave  them  in  the  lurch  in  their  creditors’  suits. 

25.  edictum  praetoris,  in  effect  like  a sheriff's  warrant.  Any 
official  order  of  a magistrate  was  an  edictum. 

27.  hos,  as  opposed  to  those  he  did  take  out. 

28.  stare  ad  curiam  is  said  of  equites ; in  senatum  venire,  of 
senators. 

29.  purpura  : the  Roman  toga  was  of  unbleached  wool : it  was  a 
mark  of  effeminacy  and  foppishness  for  any  men  but  magistrates  to 
wear  colors  in  public. 

30.  eduxisset,  § 331./,  R.;  G.  546.  R.8;  H.  4992.  — si  . . . per- 
manent, a future  condition. 

32.  pertimescendos,  i.e.  he  will  keep  an  eye  on  them. 

35.  video,  i.e.  I know  perfectly  well. 


I IO 


Notes : Cicero, 


100.  Sect.  6.  superioris  noctis,  two  nights  before  the  last. 
4.  ne,  surely:  an  affirmative  particle  sometimes  wrongly  spelt  nae. 

9.  nisi  vero,  ironical  (as  usual),  introducing  a reductio  ad  absur- 
dum . (The  si  only  doubles  that  in  nisi.) 

10.  non  . . . jam,  no  longer. 

14.  Aurelia  via,  see  Cat.  i.  § 24. 

15.  ad  vesperam,  towards  evening. 

Sect.  7.  sentinam,  refuse  (see  Cat.  i.  § 12).  — ejecerit,  § 307. 
c\  G.  598.  r.2;  H.  509. 

17.  exhausto,  drained  off  (as  sentina) . — recreata,  invigorated. 

20.  tota  Italia,  § 258./;  G.  386;  H.  425  s. 

21.  subjector,  forger  j circumscriptor,  swindler ; perditus, 

scoundrel. 

Sect.  8.  alios,  etc.,  some  . . . others . 

101.  Sect.  9.  ut  . . . possitis,  § 317.  c.  — diversa  studia. 

In  another  passage  (Cad.  xiii.)  Cicero  ascribes  to  Catiline:  “ Cum 
tristibus  severe , cum  remissis  jucmide , cum  s embus  graviter , cum 
juventute  comiter , cum  facinorosis  audaciter , libidinosis  luxu- 

riose  vivereC  — in  dissimili  ratione,  in  different  directions.— 
ludo,  the  regular  training-school . 

4.  scaena,  i.e.  among  the  actors  of  the  baser  sort. 

6.  tamen,  i.e.  in  contrast  to  the  usual  effeminacy  of  these  profli- 
gates.  exercitatione,  abl.  of  means:  trained  by  the  practice  of 

debaucheries  and  crimes  to  endure , etc. 

7.  frigore  . . . perferendis,  abl.  with  adsuef actus.  fortis,  an 

able  fellow. 

8.  istis,  his  hangers-on.  - — subsidia,  etc.,  i.e.  means  which  might 
be,  etc. 

Sect.  10.  audaciae,  acts  of  audacity. 

17.  obligaverunt,  encumbered.  — res,  property ; fides,  credit. 
20.  quidem  (concessive),  no  doubt. 

24.  mihi  (eth.  dat.)  = forsooth. 

Sect.  11.  instare  plane,  is  close  at  hand. 

35.  unius:  Pompey,  of  course,  now  returning  from  his  triumphs 
in  the  East. 

102.  quacumque  ratione,  so.,  fieri  potest. 


Catiline  II. 


1 1 1 


6.  resecanda  erunt,  shall  need  pruning . 

Sect.  12.  etiam,  still  (after  all  that  has  been  done). 

ii.  quod,  obj.  of  adsequi,  if  I could  effect  it  (pointing  to  ipsos, 
etc.),  i.e.  their  expulsion. 

13.  enim,  i.e.  the  idea  is  absurd,  as  implied  in  the  irony  following. 

15.  quid,  tell  me:  that  is,  it  was  really  the  act  of  the  Senate 
that  drove  him  out.  — hesterno  die  qualifies  convocavi. 

Sect.  13.  in  proximam  : Cicero  certainly  said  nothing  definite 
as  to  the  night  of  Nov.  7,  although  he  wishes  to  make  it  appear 
that  he  had.  — ei,  dat.  of  agent  (§  232.  a ; G.  206 ; H.  388). 

30.  teneretur,  was  caught . 

32.  pararet,  for  plup.  (see  Cat.  i.  § 2,  end).  — securls,  fascis : 
the  use  of  these  signified  that  Catiline  intended  to  assume  the 
authority  and  imperium  of  consul. 

33.  aquilam : see  Cat.  i.  § 24. 

Sect.  14.  eiciebam,  conative  imperf.  (§  277.  c ; G.  224 ; H.  469 *). 

103.  suo  nomine,  i.e.  not  by  Catiline’s  order:  the  whole  is,  of 
course,  ironical. 

3.  nunc,  even  now . 

4.  Massiliam  : Marseilles , an  ancient  Greek  city  of  Gaul,  always 
faithful  and  friendly  to  Rome.  It  was  a favorite  place  of  sojourn 
for  Romans  who  went  into  voluntary  exile. 

6.  condicionem,  terms . 

9.  pertimuerit,  take  alarm. 

Sect.  15.  est  tanti,  it  is  worth  my  while. 

22.  sane  (concessive),  for  all  me. 

28.  aliquando,  one  day.  — ilium  emiserim  . . . ejecerim : let 

him  go  . . . drove  him  out . 

31.  si  interfectus,  etc.:  adroitly  excusing  his  lenity  to  those 
who  would  have  wished  harsher  measures. 

Sect.  16.  quamquam  (corrective),  and  yet. 

33.  nemo,  not  a man. 

34.  misericors : his  going  to  Manlius  was  his  inevitable  ruin, 
and  yet,  for  all  their  pity,  they  desired  this. 

36.  latrocinantem,  in  partisan  warfare. 

104.  Sect.  17 . sibi,  for  their  own  good. 


I 12 


Notes:  Cicero. 


12.  placare,  gain  over. 

14.  ex  quibus  generibus  : ua  similar  picture, 11  says  Long,  may 
be  drawn  of  any  great  city.” 

15.  comparentur,  are  made  up. 

16.  si  quam,  sc.  adferre. 

Sect.  18.  est  eorum,  consists  of  those  (pred.  gen.). 

19.  dissolvi,  sc.  a possessionibus : although  they  might  pay  their 
debts,  they  will  not  make  up  their  minds  to  do  so. 

20.  species,  look. — honestissima,  very  respectable . 

22.  argento , plate. 

23.  sis,  § 311.  0;  G.  250;  H.  485.  — fidem,  credit. 

26.  tabulas  novas,  new  accounts , i.e.  a sweeping  alteration  of 
debts,  such  as  that,  B.C.  86,  “ which  reduced  every  private  claim  to 
the  fourth  part  of  its  nominal  amount,  and  cancelled  three-fourths 

in  favor  of  the  debtors”  (Momm.). 

28.  auctionariae : a forced  sale  would  give  them  new  accounts 
by  reducing  their  debts  5 but  the  second  tabulae  (understood)  refers 
to  placards  advertising  the  sale  of  their  goods.  The  whole  is  a 
coarse  jest. 

30.  quod,  obj.  of  facere,  relating  to  the  forced  sale.  — neque, 
and  not , connects  facere  and  certare. 

31.  certare  cum  usuris  (§  248.^),  struggle  to  meet  the  interest . 
— fructibus  is  abl.  of  means. 

33.  uteremur,  we  should  find  them. 

35.  vota  facturi,  likely  to  offer  prayers. 

105.  Sect.  19.  quamquam  premuntur : a man  must  be 
rich  in  Rome  to  be  active  in  politics. 

5.  scilicet,  in  fact. 

13.  praesentis  agrees  with  deos  : will  be  at  hand , and , etc. 

14.  jam,  at  once. 

18.  non  vident,  don't  they  see ? (§  210.  b\  G.  455  ; 35l8),-y 

adepti  sint,  corresponding  in  time  to  the  fut.  perf.  indie.  fugi- 
tivo,  i.e.  one  of  their  own  slaves ; for,  when  law  is  overthrown, 
brute  force  will  control  all. 

Sect.  20.  ex  eis  coloniis  : Sulla  rewarded  his  veterans  (120,000 
in  number)  by  grants  of  land,  partly  in  municipia  already  existing 
partly  by  founding  new  colonies. 


Catiline  II. 


ii3 

23.  universas,  as  a whole  / civium  esse,  consist  of,  etc. 

25.  ei  sunt  coloni,  these  are  colonists  of  this  sort  (as  opposed  to 
the  general  character  of  the  colonies).  — beati,  wealthy. 

27.  lectis,  choice. 

28.  apparatis,  splendid. 

30.  Sulla,  etc.,  they  must  raise  Sulla  from  the  dead:  they  can 
have  no  such  hope  in  Catiline. 

31.  agrestls,  farmers,  not  Sulla’s  colonists. 

36.  illorum  temporum,  i.e.  the  times  of  proscription.  — inustus, 
branded. 


106.  Sect.  21.  sane,  rather. 

8.  vacillant,  stagger  under.  — vadimoniis,  etc.,  the  three  steps 
in  bankruptcy,  — bail,  judgment,  and  sale  of  property ; proscnptio 
is  properly  the  public  notice  that  property  is  for  sale. 

10.  infitiatores,  swindlers , i.e.  debtors  who  deny  their  obligations. 

11.  stare,  keeping  their  feet. 

Sect.  22.  career,  the  Tullianum,  a dungeon  near  the  Forum, 
now  existing.  It  was  properly  a jail,  for  temporary  detention,  as 
imprisonment  was  not  recognized  in  Rome  as  a form  of  punishment. 

22.  numero ,in  order ; genere,  rank. 

25.  imberbis,  a mark  of  effeminacy ; bene  barbatos,  a practice 
regarded  by  respectable  Romans  as  affected,  and  so  foppish  ; talar- 
ibus,  down  to  the  heel ; velis,  veils , rather  than  the  substantial 
toga,  which  was  of  unbleached  wool. 

Sect.  23.  saltare  et  cantare : these  accomplishments  were 

hardly  regarded  as  respectable  in  the  better  classes. 

32.  spargere,  i.e.  in  food  or  drink:  poisoning  has  in  all  ages 
been  carried  to  a high  art  in  Italy. 

107.  his  noctibus : although  this  was  spoken  Nov.  9,  yet 
the  Roman  year  was  at  this  time  in  such  a state  of  confusion, 
that  the  true  date  was  probably  some  time  in  December,  just 
when  the  winter  was  setting  in. 

Sect.  24.  cohortem  praetorium,  body-guard . 

12.  debilitatam,  broken  down. 

13.  urbes  coloniarum,  etc. : the  colonies  and  municipia  included 


l 


Notes:  Cicero. 


1 14 

their  walled  cities,  urbes , in  their  territory.  These  well-manned 
walls  would  be  more  than  a match  for  Catiline’s  rude  works. 

15.  ornamenta,  outfit  or  equipment  of  all  sorts. 

Sect.  25.  ex  eo  ipso,  from  the  very  comparison. 

23.  jaeeant,  lie  helpless. 

31.  bona  ratio,  good  counsel ; perdita,  desperate. 

108.  Sect.  26.  custodiis  vigiliisque  : see  note,  Cat.  i.  § 8. 

4.  consultum,  etc.,  provident  measures  have  been  taken. 

5.  coloni  municipesque  : see  note  on  municipes,  R.  A.  § 5. 
A colony  differed  from  a municipium  in  being  founded  by  Roman 
(or  Latin)  citizens,  who  retained  from  the  first  their  citizenship, 
either  in  whole  or  in  part.  At  the  time  of  Cicero  all  practical 
difference  between  the  two  classes  of  towns  had  been  done  away ; 
but  the  colonies  always  retained  a certain  precedence  in  rank. 

15.  vocari  videtis  : the  members  of  the  Senate  had  their  gather- 
ing place  (senaculum)  adjoining  the  curia , and  were  summoned  by 
heralds  ( praecones ) from  this  into  the  building.  If  any  were  absent, 
the  heralds  were  sent  to  their  houses.  The  curia  and  senaculum 
could  be  seen  from  the  place  of  assembly  on  the  Forum,  and  the 
heralds  were  no  doubt  noticed  going  their  rounds. 

16.  atque  adeo,  or  rather. 

Sect.  27.  monitos  volo,  § 292.  d.  — etiam  atque  etiam,  again 
and  again . 

20.  solutior,  too . remiss . 

21.  quod,  etc.,  as  for  the  rest. 

23.  horum  and  his  relate  to  the  citizens  by  whom  he  is  surrounded, 
and  imply  a gesture. 

Sect.  28.  togato  : as  the  toga  was  the  garb  of  peace,  this  word 
means  in  peace , or  as  a statesman , instead  of  a military  commander. 

109.  manifestae,  overt . 

6.  illud,  in  appos.  with  ut  . . . possitis : / will  secure  that  you 
shall  all  be  safe. 

Sect.  29.  quam  urbem  . . . hanc,  this  city  which  (§  200.  b ; G. 
618  ; H.  4459)  ; or  repeat,  that  city. 


Catiline  III . 


US 


CATILINE  III. 

Argument . 

Chap.  i.  Exordium.  The  citizens  are  congratulated  on  their  safety. 
— Nar ratio.  2,  3.  The  conspirators’  plans  have  been  watched;  the  Gallic 
embassy  seized  with  letters,  which,  with  the  treasonable  leaders,  are  brought 
before  the  Senate.  — 4.  Testimony  of  Volturcius  and  the  Gauls.  — 5.  Forced 
confession  of  Cethegus,  Lentulus,  and  Gabinius.  — 6.  The  Senate  decrees 
the  custody  of  the  traitors  and  a general  thanksgiving.  — 7.  Now  all  is 
safe:  Catiline  alone  was  to  be  feared,  and  only  while  in  the  city. — 
8,  9.  The  Divine  aid  manifest  in  sundry  omens;  chiefly  in  the  madness  of 
the  traitors  in  confiding  their  counsels  to  the  Gauls.  — Peroratio.  10.  Ex- 
hortation to  keep  the  thanksgiving : this  bloodless  victory  compared  with 
others  more  costly. — 11.  Cicero  claims  no  reward  but  a grateful  remem- 
brance. — 12.  But  he  is  less  fortunate  than  victors  in  foreign  war,  since  the 
conquered  are  still  citizens.  The  State  shall  be  his  reward  and  defence. 

Sect.  1.  vitam,  lives:  the  plural  could  not  be  used  in  Latin 
(§  75-  3 5 but  compare  a , b,  e).  — bona,  estates  (landed  property)  ; 
fortunas, goods  (personal  property). 

110.  Sect.  2.  salutis,  preservation. 

11.  ilium:  Romulus,  who,  after  his  death,  was  considered  to  be 
a god,  and  identified  with  the  Sabine  god  of  war,  Quirinus.  urbi, 
etc.,  dat.  following  subjectos. 

18.  eorum,  i.e.  the  swords. 

Sect.  3.  vobis,  opposed  to  in  Senatu. 

22.  exspectatis,  are  waiting  to  hear . 

23.  ut,  since. 

24.  cum  reliquisset,  having  left . 

28.  cum  eiciebam:  notice  the  tense  (at  the  time  / was  engaged 
in  driving  out,  etc.,  also  volebam,  below),  as  compared  with  erupit 
(burst  forth , once  for  all).  Notice,  also,  the  difference  in  mood  (at 
the  time , etc.),  compared  with  cum  reliquisset  (not  referring  to 
time  at  all,  but  to  circumstance  : having  left  behind , etc.). 

29.  ilia,  sc.  invidia . 

31.  exterminari  (terminus),  put  out  of  the  boundaries . 

32.  restitissent,  in  dir.  disc,  restiterint  (fut.  perf.). 


Notes : Cicero . 


1 16 

HI.  Sect.  4.  oratio,  argument ; fidem  facer  et,  gain  credence . 
ut  . . . comprehenderem,  that  I might  get  hold  of  the  matter. 

6.  Allobrogum : the  Allobroges  were  a Gallic  nation,  between 
the  Rhone  and  the  Alps  (in  the  modern  Dauphine  and  Savoy)  ; 
subdued  B.C.  12 1,  and  united  with  the  province  Narbonensis.  They 
were  restless  under  their  new  masters  (see  § 22),  and  inclined  to 
take  up  with  Catiline’s  movement.  Their  ambassadors  had  come 
to  complain  of  certain  exactions  of  their  provincial  governor.  — 
belli,  i.e.  when  out  of  the  range  of  the  Roman  jurisdiction;  tumul- 
tus,  rebellion , i.e.  when  nearer  home, 

7.  Lentulo,  see  Introd. : he  was  consul  B.C.  71,  but  was  expelled 
from  the  Senate  the  next  year,  with  sixty-three  others,  on  account 
of  his  character,  and  now  held  the  praetorship  with  the  view  of 
beginning  the  course  of  honors  over  again. 

9.  litteris,  a letter  (see  § 79.  c). 

15.  manifesto  deprehenderetur,  taken  in  the  act:  the  words 
apply  strictly  to  the  criminals  themselves. 

Sect.  5.  praetores:  although  the  regular  duties  of  the  prae- 
tors were  judicial,  yet  they  possessed  the  imperium , and  in  virtue 
of  this  could  command  troops  in  the  absence  of  the  consuls,  or 
under  their  authority. 

19.  qui  sentirent,  as  men  who,  etc. 

22.  pontem  Mulvium,  the  bridge  over  the  Tiber,  about  two 
miles  above  the  city,  by  which  the  principal  roads  (the  Flaminian 
and  Cassian)  led  into  north  Italy. 

23.  inter  eos,  i.e.  between  the  two  divisions. 

26.  praefectura : the  title  given  to  the  lowest  class  of  Italian 
towns  which  had  lost  their  political  independence. 


Roman  colonies  and  municipia  (see  note,  R.  A.  § 5)>  being  integral 
parts  of  the  civitas  Rom  ana , had  no  independent  administration  of  justice, 
but  were  under  the  authority  of  the  praetor  urbanus , who  sent  a praefec- 
t us  jure  dicundo  to  act  in  his  name.  For  this  purpose  it  was  usual  to  group 
several  towns  together,  and  the  groups  thus  formed  were  called  praefec- 
turae.  After  the  Social  War,  which  resulted  in  giving  full  citizenship  to 
the  inhabitants  of  all  the  Italian  towns,  these  praefecturae  were  dissolved. 
Jurisdiction  in  crimes  and  in  the  most  important  civil  cases  came  directly  to 
the  praetor  in  Rome,  while  cases  of  inferior  importance  were  left  to  the 


Catiline  IIL 


ii  7 


municipal  magistrates,  — duumviri  in  the  older  colonies,  quattuorviri  in 
the  municipia  and  Sulla’s  colonies.  There  still  remained,  however,  a num- 
ber of  small  towns  which,  while  receiving  full  Roman  citizenship,  did  not 
receive  full  rights  of  local  self-government,  but  continued  to  have  justice 
administered  by  prefects  sent  from  Rome.  The  Italian  towns,  therefore, 
in  the  last  century  of  the  republic,  fell  into  three  classes,  — coloniae}  muni- 
cipia and  praefecturae.  Beloch,  Der  italische  Band \ p.  132. 

26.  Reatina : Reate  was  a very  ancient  town  of  the  Sabines, 
about  forty  miles  north-east  of  Rome.  Cicero  was  the  patronus 
(see  note  R.  A.  § 4)  of  Reate ; that  is,  acted  as  its  attorney  and 
legal  counsel : which  accounts  for  his  having  this  body-guard  of 
young  men  from  that  place.  Besides,  these  simple  mountaineers 
still  retained  something  of  the  old  Italian  virtues,  and  therefore  were 
well  fitted  for  this  service. 

Sect.  6.  tertia  vigilia : the  night,  from  sunset  to  sunrise,  was 
divided  into  four  equal  watches ; this  time  was  about  3 a.m. 

32.  res,  the  occasion  of  the  attack.  — ignorabatur,  etc.  Though 
the  Allobroges  had  played  the  conspirators  false,  and  knew  that  the 
consul  had  his  plans  ready,  they  did  not  know  what  these  plans 
were,  and  therefore  were  as  much  taken  by  surprise  as  Volturcius 
himself.  Even  the  troops  would  appear  not  to  have  known  what 
special  enterprise  they  were  engaged  in. 

112.  ipsi,  the  men  (as  opposed  to  the  letters). 

3.  machinatorum : Gabinius  had  been  the  go-between  in  this 
case ; he  and  Statilius  had  had  it  in  charge  to  burn  the  city  (Sail. 
Cat.  43,  44). 

4.  dum,  as  yet. 

6.  venit : having  been  summoned  like  the  others. 

7.  praeter,  etc.,  since  Lentulus  was  notoriously  lazy. 

Sect.  7.  viris,  dat.  after  placeret,  which  has  for  subject  lit- 
teras  . . . deferrem. 

13.  esse  facturum  governs  the  clause  ut  . . . deferrem:  it  may 
be  rendered  : I said  I would  not  fail  to  lay  before  the  public  council 
a matter  touching  the  public  danger  before  it  had  been  tampered  with 

(integram). 

14.  et  enim  si,  for  if , you  see. 


1 1 8 


Notes : Cicero. 


Sect.  8.  si  quid  . . . esset,  whatever  weapons  there  were. 

23.  introduxi,  sc.  in  Senatum.  — fidem  publicam,  assurance  of 
safety : he  was  to  be  used  as  State’s  evidence. 

25.  vix  = at  length  with  difficulty. 

27.  servorum : in  the  memory  of  the  terrible  servile  insurrec- 
tions in  Sicily,  and  especially  that  of  Spartacus  in  Italy,  less  than 
ten  years  before,  this  would  shock  and  terrify  his  hearers  beyond 
measure.  — ut  . . . uteretur  (§  331.  a ; G.  546 ; H.  498.  ii.)>  obj.  of 
the  verb  implied  in  mandata,  etc. 

29.  id,  in  a sort  of  apposition  with  ut  . . . accederet. 

31.  erat,  § 336.  b\  G.  630.  R.1 ; H.  524s. 

113,  Sect.  9.  equitatum:  the  Roman  cavalry  was  chiefly 
composed  of  Gallic  and  other  auxiliaries  (see  note  on  the  Eques- 
trian Order,  Verr.  i.  § 1). 

2.  defuturas  depends  on  the  verb  implied  in  praescriptum. 

3.  sibi  (copias)  refers  to  the  conspirators ; sibi  (confirmasse) 
to  the  envoys  of  the  Allobroges.  — f atis  : the  books  bought  by  Tar- 
quinius  Superbus  of  the  Cumaean  Sibyl.  They  were  kept  in  charge 
of  a board,  collegium , the  quindecimviri  sacris  faciundis , and  con- 
sulted in  cases  of  great  public  emergency.  They  appear  to  have 
been  the  source  of  the  introduction  of  Grecian  rites  and  forms  of 
worship  in  Rome  (Marquardt,  Rom.  Alt.  iv.  p.  51).  — haruspicum  : 
the  haruspices  were  Etruscan  soothsayers,  who  interpreted  the 
will  of  the  gods,  chiefly  from  the  entrails  of  animals  sacrificed. 
They  were  a private  class,  of  low  standing,  and  are  not  to  be  con- 
founded with  the  augurs,  who  were  a board  of  Roman  noblemen, 
of  high  rank,  who  interpreted  the  auspices  according  to  the  native 
Roman  rules,  chiefly  by  the  flight  of  birds,  by  lightning,  etc. 

6.  Cinnam,  etc. : L.  Cornelius  Cinna  was  colleague  of  Marius, 
and  ruled  Rome  after  his  death,  B.c.  86.  L.  Cornelius  Sulla  ruled 
Rome  B.C.  82-79  (see  § 24). 

7.  fatalem,  destined. 

9.  virginum : the  Vestal  Virgins,  six  in  number,  maidens  of 
high  rank,  consecrated  to  chastity  and  the  service  of  Vesta.  They 
were  peculiarly  sacred,  and  were  highly  privileged.  Violation  of 
their  vow  of  chastity  was  incest  us,  and  was  regarded  as  a prodigium 
of  very  bad  omen.  Of  the  incident  referred  to  here  nothing  fur- 


Catiline  III. 


1 19 

ther  is  known.  — Capitolii : the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  (see 
note,  Verr.  iv.  § 15)  was  burned  during  the  rule  of  the  Marian  fac- 
tion, B.C.  83. 

Sect.  10.  Saturnalibus  : a very  ancient  festival,  in  honor  of 
Saturnus,  the  god  of  seed-sowing,  celebrated  Dec.  19.  During  this 
festival  every  serious  business  was  suspended ; and  it  was  so  com- 
plete a holiday  that  slaves  feasted  at  the  same  tables  with  their 
masters.  No  better  opportunity  could  be  found  for  the  outbreak  of 
an  insurrection  than  this  season  of  unrestrained  jollification. 

14.  tabellas,  tablets  of  wood : wax  was  spread  on  the  inside,  and 
on  this  the  writing  was  scratched  with  a stilus.  When  used  for 
letters,  the  tablets  were  tied  about  with  a linen  thread,  linum , and 
sealed. 

17.  ipsius  manu : the  ambassadors  had  made  sure  to  get  all  the 
conspirators  committed  in  writing  except  Cassius,  who  alone  had 
the  sagacity  to  keep  out  of  it. 

18.  senatui : the  Gallic  tribes  were  governed  by  an  aristocracy, 
having  a council  or  senate  as  its  mouth-piece. — sese,  etc. : in  dir. 
disc .^faciam  quae  vestris  legatis  confirmavi. 

20.  sibi  recepissent,  had  taken  upon  themselves. 

21.  tamen : i.e.  notwithstanding  the  staggering  evidence  against 
him. 

23.  semper  . . . fuisse,  had  always  been  a fancier  of  good 
cutlery . 

29.  est  vero,  etc.,  i.e.  you  may  well  recognize  it : it  is,  etc. 

30.  avi  tui  : Cornelius  Lentulus,  cos.  b.c.  162.  He  was  princeps 
senatus , that  is,  designated  by  the  censors  as  first  man  of  the  Sen- 
ate : an  honorary  office,  held  ordinarily  by  patricians  (Momm.  Rom. 
Forsch.  i.  p.  92). 

32.  debuit  (§  288.  a , R. ; G.  424;  H.  537 a),  ought  to  have 
recalled.  (The  joining  of  such  opposites  as  muta  and  revocare  is 
called  oxymoron , or  par ado x.) 

Sect.  11.  eadem  ratione  = to  the  same  purport.  — si  . . . vel- 
let,  subj.  of  indir.  disc,  (direct,  si  vultis)  ; feci  potestatem,  / gave 
him  leave. 

114.  per  quem,  i.e.  who  had  conducted  them. 

6.  esset,  is  (imperf.  by  seq.  of  tenses,  § 287.  d\  H.  495.  v.). 


120 


Notes : Cicero . 


Sect.  12.  quis  sim,  etc.  This  letter  is  given  with  slight  varia- 
tions by  Sallust. 

19.  jam,  still. 

20.  infimorum,  i.e.  slaves ; see  note,  § 8. 

Sect.  13.  ilia,  the  following  (§  102.  b). 

27.  furtim,  stealthily  (“  like  thieves”). 

29.  indicare,  inform  against. 

32.  a principibus,  the  leading  men : the  voting  was  in  the  order 
of  dignity  (see  note,  Cat.  iv.  § 1).  — sententiae  : the  views  of 
individual  senators. 

34.  perscriptum  : the  vote  in  the  Senate  merely  determined  the 
substance  of  the  ordinance,  which  was  afterwards  written  out  in 
regular  form  by  the  secretaries,  under  the  direction  of  the  presiding 
officer.  (See  the  form  as  given  on  p.  249  of  the  text.) 

Sect.  14*  verbis  amplissimis,  in  the  most  ample  terms. — 
gratiae  aguntur,  thanks  are  rendered. 

115.  conlegae,  C.  Antonius : see  Introd.  Cat.  1. 

j-gi  publicae  consiliis,  the  public  counsels . i.e.  his  own  as 

consul. 

8.  cum  se  abdicasset,  after  abdicating.  Lentulus  could  not 
properly  be  called  to  account  during  his  magistracy,  and  was  there- 
fore compelled  to  abdicate  (see  below). 

12.  L.  Cassium,  etc.:  these  last  mentioned  had  not  yet  been 
arrested,  but  Ceparius  was  caught  in  his  flight  and  brought  back. 

14.  pastores:  Apulia  was,  as  now,  used  chiefly  for  pasturage. 
In  the  summer,  when  these  broad  plains  were  dried  up,  the  flocks 
were  driven  to  the  mountain  pastures  of  Samnium  and  Lucania. 
These  pastoral  regions  have  always  been  the  home  of  a lawless  and 
restless  population,  prone  to  brigandage. 

Sect.  15.  supplicatio,  a day  of  prayer,  proclaimed  by  the 
Senate,  either  in  thanksgiving,  gratulatio,  as  in  the  present  case,  or 
in  entreating  favor  of  the  gods.  Another  class,  obsecratio,  was 
directed  by  the  Sibylline  books  (see  note,  § 9),  in  order  to  ward  off 
some  impending  calamity.  — eorum,  i.e.  the  gods. 

26.  meo  nomine  (a  mercantile  phrase),  on  my  account. 

27.  togato,  as  a civilian:  the  toga  was  the  regular  dress  of  the 
Roman  in  time  of  peace.  None  other  was  authorized  to  wear  it. 


Catiline  III. 


1 2 I 


and  the  Roman  was  further  required  always  to  wear  it  when  acting 
in  a civil  capacity. 

29.  liberassem  : in  the  decree,  liberavit . 

30.  hoc  interest,  there  is  this  difference.  — bene  gesta,  as  well 
as  conservata,  agrees  with  re  publica. 

33.  jus,  rights.  — tamen : he  was  allowed  to  resign  instead  of 
being  put  to  death  without  resigning  (as  in  the  case  below). 

36.  quae  . . . fuerat,  what  had  not  been  a scruple  to  Marius  = a 
scruple  which  had  not  prevented  M.  from  (quominus,  etc.). 

116.  quo  minus  occideret,  to  prevent  his  killing,  following 
religio  (§  319.  d).  — C.  Glauciam,  see  note  Cat.  i.  § 4. 

2.  nominatim  : i.e.  the  authority  was  conferred  in  general  terms, 
by  the  formula  Vide  ant,  etc. 

3.  privato,  as  a private  citizen. 

Sect.  16.  pellebam,  was  attempting , etc. : see  Cat.  i.,  passim. 

14.  tam  diu,  so  long  only. 

1 7.  consilium  = ability  to  plan. 

18.  jam  habebat,  already  had  in  hand:  he  had  reduced  con- 
spiracy to  a science. 

Sect.  17.  hunc  ego  : two  pronouns  are  often  put  together  thus 
for  antithesis. 

24.  callidum,  experienced. 

28.  depulissem , pushed  aside : the  image  is  of  averting  a crush- 
ing weight  (molem),  just  ready  to  fall. 

29.  non  ille,  etc.:  i.e.  as  Cethegus  did.  — Saturnalia,  i.e.  so 
distant  a date. 

30.  tanto  ante  : this  praise  of  Catiline’s  sagacity  is  hardly  con- 
sistent with  his  successive  schemes  of  conspiracy,  repeatedly  foiled 
for  now  three  years  (see  Cat.  i.  § 15).  — rei  publicae,  dat.  after 

denuntiavisset. 

32.  testes,  in  appos.  with  both  signum  and  litterae. 

35.  manifesto,  flagrant. 

117.  hostis  (pred.  appos.),  as  an  enemy. 

Sect.  18.  quod  . . . potuisse  (parenthetical),  because , etc. 

10.  cum  (correl.  with  turn  vero),  while  we  can  guess  it,  yet  still 
more  we  can  almost  see  it  with  our  own  eyes. 


122 


Notes:  Cicero . 


ii.  consilii  limits  gubernatio  in  the  predicate:  to  belong  to 
human  wisdom ; turn  (below)  answers  to  cum. 

15.  faces,  etc.:  these  omens  are  such  as  the  Romans  observed 
and  noted  carefully.  Livy’s  history  is  full  of  them. 

19.  praetermittendum,  inadvertently;  relinquendum,  inten- 
tionally. 

Sect.  19.  Cotta  et  Torquato,  consuls  B.c.  65,  the  year  in 
which  Catiline’s  conspiracy  was  first  intended  to  break  out.  — aera  : 
the  laws  were  engraved  on  bronze  tables.  Some  of  these  are  still 
extant. 

25.  ille  . . . Romulus  : there  is  a bronze  statue  of  the  wolf  suck- 
ling the  infants  in  the  Capitoline  Museum  at  Rome,  which  bears 
marks  either  of  lightning  seaming  one  of  its  hind  legs,  or  of  some 
defect  in  the  casting.  Mommsen  (Vol.  i.  p.  608)  holds  it  to  be  the 
same  with  that  here  mentioned,  and  it  is  certainly  not  unlikely. 

33.  flexissent : in  dir.  disc,  flexerint,  following  appropinquare, 
which  has  a future  sense. 

Sect.  20.  illorum,  the  haruspices . — idem  (plur.),  they  also . 

118.  contra  atque,  opposite  to  what  (§  156.  a ; G.  31 1 c ; H.  459  s). 

3.  solis  . . . conspiceret : it  has  been  much  disputed  whether 
the  Capitolium , or  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  was  on  the  north- 
eastern or  south-western  summit  of  the  Capitoline  Hill.  This  pas- 
sage affords  a conclusive  argument  in  support  of  the  view  that  it 
was  on  the  south-western  point  of  the  hill.  A statue  here,  facing 
east,  would  also  face  (< conspiceret ) the  forum  and  comitium,  which 
would  not  be  the  case  with  one  upon  the  north-eastern  point. 

7.  conlocandum  locaverunt : the  regular  expression  for  giving 
out  a contract  (§  294.  d\  G.  431  ; H.  544.  N.2). 

8.  illi,  of  year  before  last. 

9.  consulibus  and  nobis,  abl.  abs.  expressing  the  date. 

Sect.  21.  praeceps,  headstrong ; mente  captus,  insane . 

12.  haec  omnia,  i.e.  the  universe. 

15.  ita  is  in  appos.  with  caedes  . . . comparari. 

16.  rei  publicae  (dat.),  against  the  State. 

22.  in  aedem  Concordiae  : one  of  the  principal  temples  at  the 
northern  end  of  the  Forum,  where  the  Senate  had  held  its  session 
on  this  day.  It  was  built  by  the  consul  L.  Opimius,  b.c.  12 i,  after 


Catiline  III. 


123 


his  bloody  victory  over  C.  Gracchus.  One  would  almost  think  it  a 
piece  of  satire. 

Sect.  22.  quo:  abl.  of  cause:  wherefore.  — si  dicam,  if  / 
should  say  (§  307.  b ; G.  598  ; H.  509). 

31.  non  ferendus,  intolerable  for  arrogance. 

36.  ilia,  etc. : these  words  in  brackets  are  a manifest  gloss. 

I I9i  gens  relates  here  to  the  Gauls  as  a whole,  not  to  the  Allo- 
broges  in  particular. 

8.  ultro,  voluntarily.  — patriciis : the  patricians  were  the  origi- 
nal citizens  of  Rome ; and  the  plebeians,  the  mass , were  their 
clients  or  dependants,  foreign  residents,  and  emancipated  slaves. 
When  the  plebeians,  after  a contest  of  more  than  a hundred  years, 
obtained  an  equality  of  political  rights,  the  original  patrician  fami- 
lies still  continued  to  be  an  hereditary  aristocracy,  with  no  political 
privileges,  but  with  the  exclusive  right  to  certain  positions  of  mere 
honor  and  dignity,  such  as  the  princeps  senatus  (see  note,  § 10) 
and  certain  priestly  offices.  All  patricians  were  of  course  members 
of  the  new  nobility.  Of  the  conspirators,  Catiline,  Lentulus,  and 
Cethegus  were  patricians.  (See  note  on  p.  31,  above.) 

Sect.  23.  pulvinaria,  shrines : properly  cushions , upon  which 
the  statues  of  the  gods  were  laid,  when  a feast  was  spread  before 
them.  This  was  called  lectisternium , and  was  usually  connected 
with  the  supplicatio  (see  note,  § 15).  Only  certain  gods,  chiefly 
Grecian,  had  pulvinaria , and  the  rite  was  established  by  direction 
of  the  Sibylline  books  (see  note,  § 9).  — celebratote  : the  future 
imperative  is  used  on  account  of  its  reference  to  a set  time  in  the 
future. 

20.  duce,  in  actual  command;  imperatore,  holding  the  sover- 
eign power,  whether  actually  commanding  that  particular  operation 
or  not.  — illos  dies  : the  supplicatio  lasted  several  days. 

Sect.  24.  P.  Sulpicium  [Rufum],  a young  man  of  remarkable 
eloquence,  a leader  in  the  reforming  party  among  the  aristocracy, 
one  of  the  speakers  in  Cicero’s  De  Oratore.  He  was  tribune  B.c. 
88,  and  his  quarrel  with  C.  Caesar  was  the  first  act  of  the  Civil  War. 
By  his  proposition,  the  command  in  the  Mithridatic  War  was  trans- 
ferred from  Sulla  to  Marius ; and  when  Sulla  refused  to  obey,  and 
marched  upon  the  city,  Sulpicius  was  one  of  the  first  victims. 


124 


Notes : Cicero . 


27.  conlegam : Lucius  Cornelius  Cinna  (see  note,  § 9).  They 
were  consuls  B.C.  87,  after  the  departure  of  Sulla  for  the  East,  and 
in  their  dissensions  the  civil  war  broke  out  afresh.  The  victory  of 
Cinna  recalled  Marius  from  exile. 

30.  lumina : among  these  were  Octavius ; C.  Caesar  (see  above), 
and  his  brother  Lucius ; Q.  Catulus,  father  of  the  opponent  of  the 
Manilian  law  (see  below)  ; M.  Antonius,  the  great  orator;  and  the 
pontifex  maximus , Q.  Scaevola  (see  note,  Verr.  v.  § 19). 

31.  ultus  est : to  preserve  the  emphasis,  render,  the  cruelty , etc.* 
was  avenged  by  Sulla  (see  note,  R.  A.  § 6). 

33.  dissensit,  there  was  a quarrel  between , etc.  — M.  Lepidus, 
father  of  the  triumvir,  was  consul  B.C.  78  (after  Sulla’s  death),  with 
Q.  Catulus,  son  of  the  one  murdered  by  Cinna.  The  scheme  of 
Lepidus  to  revive  the  Marian  party  resulted  in  a short  civil  war,  in 
which  he  was  defeated  by  his  colleague  and  killed. 

35.  ipsius  : he  was  the  victim  of  his  own  violence,  and  therefore 
less  regretted. 

120.  Sect.  25.  commutandam  rem  publicam,  a change  of 
government. 

5.  tamen,  i.e.  while  those  were  only  political  disturbances,  yet 
cost  a great  many  lives,  this  attempt  to  destroy  the  commonwealth 
has  been  put  down  with  little  loss. 

10.  quale  bellum,  a war  such  as. 

13.  omnes,  etc.,  everybody  except  the  desperate. 

15.  tantum,  so  7nuch  only . 

Sect.  26.  mutum,  du7nb : such  as  a statue,  for  example. 

31.  eandem  diem,  etc.,  the  same  period  of  time  — eternal  as  1 
hope  — is  extended  at  once  to  the  safety  of  the  city , etc 

34.  duos  civis,  Pompey  and  himself. 

121.  Sect.  27.  nihil  noceri  potest,  no  harm  can  be  done. 

Sect.  28.  in  honor e vestro : honor  is  used  here,  as  usual,  to 

denote  external  honors  (offices)  conferred  by  the  people.  Holding 
the  consulship,  he  had  nothing  higher  to  look  forward  to. 


Catiline  IV. 


125 


CATILINE  IV. 

Argument. 

Chap.  i.  Exordium.  The  question  of  the  traitors’  doom  must  be  set- 
tled without  regard  to  Cicero’s  interest  or  his  household ; his  act  is  its  own 
reward.  — Propositio.  2,  3.  Desperate  nature  of  the  conspirators’  guilt : it 
is  manifest  already  by  clear  proof,  and  condemned  already  by  the  action 
of  the  Senate.  — 4.  The  two  opinions:  that  of  Silanus,  for  death;  of 
Caesar,  for  perpetual  imprisonment. — -5.  The  latter  will  be  least  invidious 
to  Cicero : its  extreme  severity.  — Contentio.  6.  But  in  either  there  can  be 
no  cruelty : severity  to  them  is  mercy  to  the  people.  What  if  the  con- 
spiracy had  succeeded ! The  city  to  be  given  over  to  plunder  and  confla- 
gration. — 7.  The  general  excitement  and  alarm.  The  guilty  are  to  be 
regarded  no  longer  as  citizens,  but  as  public  enemies.  — 8.  All  classes 
of  citizens  — even  freedmen  and  slaves  — desire  the  safety  of  the  city.  — 
9.  Responsibility  resting  on  the  Senate : the  Consul  will  not  fail  them.  — 
Peroratio.  10.  He  cares  nothing  for  himself : his  fame  is  sure.  The  war 
he  has  taken  up  is  without  end;  but  the  harmony  of  the  State  shall  be 
unbroken. — ■ 1 1.  Let  then  remember  his  political  sacrifices;  but  vote  only 
for  the  welfare  and  safety  of  the  State. 


As  this  is  the  first  deliberative  oration,  delivered  in  the  Senate,  con 
tained  in  this  collection,  it  will  be  well  to  describe  the  course  of  a sena- 
torial debate. 

The  Senate  could  be  called  together  by  any  magistrate  possessing  the 
civil  imperium  (regularly  the  Consul),  also  by  the  Tribunes  of  the  Peo- 
ple : the  magistrate  who  summoned  it  also  presided,  and  laid  before  it 
( referre ) the  business  for  which  it  was  summoned.  He  might  at  this 
point  give  his  own  judgment.  Then  he  proceeded  to  ask  ( rogare ) the 
Senators  individually  their  opinions  ( sententia ).  The  order  was  to  ask  in 
turn  the  consulares,  praetorii,  and  aedilicii ; that  is,  those  who  sat  in  the 
Senate  in  virtue  of  having  held  these  offices  respectively.  It  has  been 
disputed  whether  the  senatores  pedarii  — i.e.  those  who  had  held  no 
curule  office  — had  the  jus  sententiae , or  right  to  debate.  There  are, 
however,  numerous  instances  of  their  having  taken  part  in  discussion.  If 
the  annual  election  had  already  taken  place, — which  was  usually  in  July, 
six  months  before  the  new  magistrates  assumed  their  offices,  — the  magis- 
trates elect,  designali,  were  called  upon  before  their  several  classes.  The 


126 


Notes : Cicero. 


princeps  Senatus  (see  note,  Cat.  iii.  § io)  was  called  upon  first  of  all, 
when  there  were  no  consules  designati.  The  presiding  officer  had  it,  indeed, 
in  his  power  to  vary  the  order,  and  honor  or  slight  any  senator  by  calling 
upon  him  extra  ordinem. 

The  business  was  as  a rule  laid  before  the  Senate  in  general  terms,  not 
in  any  special  form  for  action : each  Senator  could,  as  he  chose,  give  his 
judgment  in  full,  by  argument  (sententiam  dicer  e'),  or  simply  express 
his  assent  to  the  judgment  of  another  (verbo  assentiri ).  It  was  also 
possible  for  a senator,  when  thus  called  on,  to  give  his  opinion  on  any 
other  subject  not  included  in  the  questions  referred ; but  no  senator  had 
a right  to  introduce  any  matter  formally  by  motion,  as  with  us.  The  vote 
was  taken  by  going  on  one  side  or  other  of  the  house  {discessio) . When 
a majority  had  decided  in  favor  of  any  sententia , it  was  written  out  in 
proper  form  by  the  secretaries  ( scribae ),  under  the  direction  of  the  presi- 
dent, in  the  presence  of  some  of  its  principal  supporters  (adesse  scri - 
bundo ),  and  promulgated. 

In  the  present  case,— what  sentence  should  be  passed  upon  the  captured 
conspirators, — the  consul  elect,  D.  Junius  Silanus,  had  advised  that  they 
be  put  to  death : and  C.  Julius  Caesar,  as  praetor  elect,  that  they  be  kept  in 
custody.  At  the  end  of  the  discussion,  Cicero  as  presiding  consul  gave  his 
views  in  this  speech.  (For  the  speeches  of  Caesar  and  Cato,  see  Sallust, 
Catiline,  ch.  51,  52.) 

Sect.  1.  si  haec,  i.e.  if  the  consulship  has  been  given  me  on 
these  terms. 

123.  Sect.  2.  aequitas : the  praetor,  who  administered  jus- 
tice between  citizens,  had  his  tribunal  upon  the  Forum. 

2.  campus  : the  comitia  centunata , in  which  the  higher  magis- 
trates were  elected  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 18),  were  held  in  the  Cam- 
pus Martius , north  of  the  city,  just  outside  the  walls,  the  level 
space  in  which  the  modern  city  is  chiefly  situated.  — auspiciis, 
ablative : as  it  was  only  through  the  auspices  taken  for  the  comitia 
that  the  Campus  was  consecrated. 

The  Roman  commonwealth  was  regarded  as  resting  directly  upon  the 
will  of  the  gods,  expressed  in  signs  sent  by  them,  auspicia.  The  magis- 
trates alone  were  authorized  to  consult  the  auspices  (jpectid),  which  was 
done  by  special  formalities;  and  the  auspices,  when  observed,  were  inter- 
preted by  a special  board  (< collegium ) of  priests  called  Augurs.  All 


Catiline  IV. 


127 


important  public  acts  were  done  auspicato , that  is,  under  authority  of  the 
auspices ; the  right  of  interpreting  these  was  therefore  a source  of  great 
political  influence  to  the  board  of  augurs,  which  was  composed  of  men  of 
the  highest  rank  and  distinction.  Cicero  himself  became  a member  of  this 
board  ten  years  after  his  consulship.  The  rules  of  interpretation  were 
developed  into  a special  science  called  jus  augurium.  Most  public  acts 
of  any  kind  must  be  performed  auspicato , especially  the  holding  of  all 
public  assemblies  in  which  business  was  transacted.  Thus  the  Campus 
was  “ consecrated  by  auspices  ” every  time  that  the  comitia  centuriata 
were  held.  The  enclosure  upon  the  Campus,  called  saepta  or  ovile , in 
which  the  assembly  met,  was,  like  the  Curia , or  Senate-house,  and  the 
rostra , or  speaker’s  stand,  specially  set  apart  and  consecrated  as  a templum 
(see  note,  Manil.  § 70). 

3.  auxilium : the  Roman  Senate,  having  the  management  of 
foreign  affairs,  was  at  this  time  a great  court  of  appeal  for  subject 
or  friendly  nations. 

5.  sella  curulis,  the  seat  used  by  the  curule  magistrates,  — king, 
interrex,  dictator,  magister  equitum,  consul,  praetor,  censor,  and 
curule  aedile.  It  was  like  a modern  camp-stool  without  back  or 
sides,  with  crossed  legs  of  ivory,  so  that  it  could  be  folded  up  and 
carried  with  the  magistrate  wherever  he  went. 

14.  foedissima,  horrible , with  the  added  idea  of  polluting  things 
sacred. 

17.  fatale,  see  note,  Cat.  iii.  § 9. 

Sect.  3.  pro  eo  ac  mereor,  in  proportion  as  / deserve.  — rela- 
turos  gratiam,  will  reward  (“  return  favor”  : cf.  habere , agere). 

28.  immatura  : because  an  ex-consul  had  reached  the  highest 
point  of  Roman  ambition.  — misera  : the  philosophy  of  the  ancients 
professed  to  make  them  despise  death  (see  Plato,  Apologia , and 
Cicero,  Tusc.  Quaest.  i.). 

29.  ille  ferreus  qui,  so  iron-hearted  as. — fratris  : his  brother 
Quintus,  younger  than  he,  and  at  this  time  praetor  elect.  He  served 
with  credit  in  Caesar’s  Gallic  campaigns. 

32.  neque  . . . non,  nor  can  it  be  but  that,  etc.  — uxor,  etc,: 
his  wife  Terentia ; his  daughter  Tullia  (daughters  took  the  gentile 
name  of  the  father,  see  § 80.  c ),  married  to  C.  Calpurnius  Piso ; his 
son  Marcus,  now  two  years  old. 

34.  amplecti,  take  in  its  arms. 


128 


Notes:  Cicero. 


124.  gener:  Piso  was  not  yet  a member  of  the  Senate,  and 
was  probably  standing  in  the  lobby.  — mo  veor  (emphatic),/  am 
affected . 

2.  uti  sint,  [to  wish]  that , etc.  (the  verb  being  implied  in 
moveor)  ; pereamus  is  in  the  same  construction  as  sint. 

Sect.  4.  incumbite,  bend  your  energies,  a figure  taken  from 
rowing. 

6.  circumspicite,  watch  for . 

7.  Gracchus,  etc.,  see  notes,  Cat.  i.  §§  3,  4. 

10.  Memmium:  C.  Memmius,  one  of  the  most  upright  men  of 
his  time,  and  a candidate  for  the  consulship  against  Glaucia,  was 
murdered  by  instigation  of  Glaucia  and  Saturninus  (b.c.  100).  This 
led  to  the  separation  of  Marius  from  these  demagogues,  and,  on 
their  forcible  resistance,  they  were  put  to  death. 

11.  tenentur,  are  in  custody. 

14.  signa,  seals  \ ; manus,  handwriting  (see  Cat.  iii.). 

Sect.  5.  judiciis  : their  acts  (here  recounted)  were  their  ver- 
dict on  the  conspirators’  guilt. 

22.  gratias  egistis ; compare  relaturos,  § 3.  — singularibus 
verbis,  in  unprecedented  terms . 

Sect.  6.  sed  : i.e.  though  you  have  in  fact  decided. 

35.  tamquam  integrum,  as  if  you  had  not  already  expressed 
your  judgment. — judicetis,  censeatis  : respecting  the  facts,  they 
acted  as  a Court;  respecting  the  punishment,  as  a State  Council. 

36.  ilia  consulis,  I will  say  in  advance  what  belongs  [me  as] 
the  consul:  i.e.  declare  the  need  of  instant  action ; what  action, 
it  is  for  the  Senate  to  determine. 

125.  jam  pridem  videbam,  had  long  seen. 

8.  adfinis,  implicated. 

11.  provincias,  especially  Spain,  with  which  Cn.  Piso  had  had 
relations.  It  had  not  yet  become  fully  reconciled  since  the  overthrow 
of  Sertorius,  only  eight  years  before. 

12.  sustentando,  forbearance ; prolatando , procrastination. 

Sect.  7.  haec  (with  a gesture),  all  this , i.e.  city*  citizens,  and 

government. 

18.  amplectitur,  adopts. 

19.  versatur  in,  exhibits. 


Catiline  IV. 


129 


22.  punctum  temporis,/br  a moment . 

26.  mortem,  etc.,  the  Epicurean  doctrine,  espoused  by  Caesar. 

3 1 . municipiis  dispertiri,  sc.  eos  in  custodiam. 

32.  iniquitatem,  unfairness , as  it  might  expose  them  to  danger, 
and  it  would  be  unjust  to  choose  among  so  many ; difficultatem, 
embarrassment,  since  they  might  decline  the  service. 

Sect.  8.  adjungit,  he  (Caesar)  adds  to  his  proposal. 

126.  sancit,  ordains  under  penalties. 

4.  per  senatum,  by  an  executive  decree ; per  populum,  by  law. 

8.  uno,  sc.  dolore. 

10.  itaque,  etc.,  an  artful  way  of  making  the  punishment  of 
death  seem  less  cruel : since  death  is  a relief,  these  myths  had  been 
invented  to  give  it  terror.  — videlicet,  no  doubt. 

Sect.  9.  mea,  § 222.  a\  G.  381  ; H.  408 2. 

17.  hanc  . . . viam,  this  course  in  politics  (Caesar’s  well-known 
course).  — popularis,  not  popular,  but  devoted  to  the  people,  demo- 
cratic: Caesar  was  now  the  recognized  leader  of  the  party. 

18.  auctore  (abl.  abs.),  proposer ; cognitore,  sponsor  (a  legal 
term). 

23.  majorum : none  of  Caesar’s  ancestors  were  men  of  any  dis- 
tinction, although  some  distant  relations  of  the  same  name  were 
prominent  in  public  affairs  in  the  time  of  Sulla  (see  note,  Cat.  iii. 
§ 24).  It  was,  however,  one  of  the  oldest  patrician  families. 

24.  obsidem  : he  is  pledged  at  all  events  to  defend  the  State  as 
against  the  conspirators. 

26.  levitatem,  want  of  principle,  i.e.  of  the  steady  purpose,  or 
stability  of  character,  implied  in  gravitas.  — contionatorum, 
demagogues . 

27.  saluti,  i.e.  not  voluntati : their  interests,  not  their  capricious 
wishes. 

Sect.  10.  non  neminem,  one  or  another . 

Here  Cicero  turns  from  Caesar,  a genuine  democrat,  to  some  self- 
seeking  demagogue,  whom  he  does  not  name.  No  doubt  all  his  hearers 
knew  whom  he  meant;  and  we  are  told  that  it  was  Q.  Metellus  Nepos, 
brother  of  Celer  (see  Cat.  i.  § 19),  a fugleman  of  Pompey  and  an  enemy 
of  Cicero.  He  was  elected  tribune  the  next  year  — entering  upon  his 


130 


Notes : Cicero . 


office  upon  the  Ides,  Dec.  13;  and  when  Cicero,  on  New  Year’s  day, 
on  laying  down  his  office,  was  about  to  address  the  people,  Metellus 
forbade  it,  “ declaring  it  unfit  that  the  murderer  of  Roman  citizens  should 
address  an  assembly  of  free  men.  Amidst  the  uproar  which  this  act  ex- 
cited, Cicero  could  only  exclaim,  with  a solemn  adjuration,  that  he  had 
served  the  State , and  the  general  acclamations  of  the  people  overwhelmed 
every  opposing  whisper.”  (Merivale.) 

29.  de  capite  : this  was  properly  only  in  the  power  of  the  comi- 
tia  centuriata. 

31.  dedit,  decrevit,  adfecit : i.e.  gave  his  vote  for  these  acts. 

33.  qui  has  for  antecedent  the  subject  of  judicarit. 

34.  re,  the  matter  (in  general)  ; causa,  the  issue  to  be  decided. 

35.  C.  Caesar:  the  full  name  gives  emphasis;  he  does  no.J  hesi- 
tate to  pass  a judgment  upon  them,  equally  affecting  the  caput , — 
i.e.  not  only  the  life,  but  the  civil  existence,  — which  was  protected 
by  the  Sempronian  law. 

36.  Semproniam,  see  note,  Verr.  vi.  6. 

127,  ipsum  latorem,  C.  Gracchus : he  was  put  to  death  not 
jussu  populi , but  in  virtue  of  the  dictatorial  authority  intrusted  to 
the  consuls  by  the  Senate.  But  a violation  of  the  law  in  his  case 
did  not  excuse  another  on  the  part  of  Cicero. 

4.  largitorem,  etc. : i.e.  however  lavish , — a symptom  of  court- 
ing the  popular  favor. 

6.  etiam,  still. 

10.  se  jactare,  show  himself  off  (as  a friend  of  liberty). 

Sect.  11.  obtinebo,  make  it  appear  that  it  (this  opinion). 

21.  ita  . . . liceat  ut,^  may  I enjoy,  etc.,  as  I am  [in  fact]  moved 
by  no  malignity . 

Sect.  12.  cum  vero  : here  vero  introduces  (as  often)  the  most 
striking  point.  The  others  are  bad  enough,  but  when , etc. 

32.  purpuratum,  a courtier  ,*  huic  (dat.  of  ref.),  of  his . 

35.  Vestalium,  see  note,  Cat.  iii.  § 7. 

128.  si  quis,  in  case  any. 

11.  universum,  common , i.e.  belonging  to  all.  The  city,  as  the 
seat  of  empire,  is  contrasted  with  each  man’s  private  domicile. 


Catiline  IV. 


131 

13.  id  egerunt,  have  aimed  at  this:  the  ut-clause  is  in  appos. 

with  id. 

Sect.  13.  nisi  vero,  etc.,  unless , indeed , any  one  thought  (a 
reductio  ad  absurdum , as  usual  with  this  phrase) . 

L.  Caesar  (consul  B.C.  64)  was  a distant  relative  of  the  Dictator,  son 
of  Lucius  Caesar  (consul  B.C.  90,  the  year  of  the  Social  War),  the  author 
of  the  law  giving  citizenship  to  the  Italian  allies  (see  note,  Arch.  § 7). 
The  sister  of  Lucius  Caesar  (the  younger)  was  married  to  Lentulus,  and 
his  mother,  Fulvia,  was  daughter  of  M.  Fulvius  Flaccus,  the  leading 
adherent  of  C.  Gracchus.  When  Gracchus  and  Flaccus  found  themselves 
(B.C.  1 21)  drawn  into  a collision  with  the  Senate,  they  sent  the  young 
son  of  Flaccus  with  a proposition  of  compromise.  The  Senate,  however, 
refused  to  listen  to  any  terms,  threw  the  messenger  in  prison,  — where  he 
was  afterwards  strangled,  — and  moved  upon  the  insurgents  with  all  the 
power  of  the  State.  In  the  contest  that  followed,  both  leaders,  and 
several  thousands  of  their  partisans,  lost  their  lives.  It  was  to  these 
events  that  L.  Caesar  appealed,  in  justifying  his  vote  in  condemnation  of 
his  brother-in-law  Lentulus. 

19.  nudius  tertius,  day  before  yesterday . 

22.  ejus  refers  to  avum. 

23.  legatum : of  course  the  informal  messenger  of  insurgents 
could  have  no  claim  to  the  title  ambassador , or  to  the  privileges 
which  attached  to  the  title,  in  ancient  as  well  as  modern  times. 

24.  quorum  limits  factum  : understand  with  simile  some  word 
describing  the  present  conspiracy  ( what  act  of  theirs  is  like  this  f'). 

25.  largitionis  . . . versata  est,  a disposition  for  lavish  grants 
then  prevailed  in  the  public  policy,  leading  to  violent  class-jealousy. 

The  plans  of  C.  Gracchus  embraced  not  only  a lex  frumentaria , allow- 
ing every  citizen  to  buy  a certain  amount  of  corn  from  the  State  at  less 
than  half  its  market  rate,  and  a lex  agraria,  providing  for  the  distribution 
of  public  land  among  the  poorer  citizens;  but  also  the  establishment  of 
several  colonies,  both  in  Italy  and  the  provinces,  the  object  of  which  was 
at  once  to  provide  poor  citizens  with  land,  and  to  relieve  the  city,  by  emi- 
gration of  a part  of  its  proletariat.  Of  these  colonies  the  only  ones  actually 
established  were  Junonia,  on  the  site  of  Carthage,  and  — after  the  death 
of  Gracchus  — Narbo,  Narbonne , in  Gaul. 


i32 


Notes:  Cicero. 


27.  avus  (see  note,  Cat.  iii.  § 10)  : he  was  an  active  supporter  of 
the  Senate  on  this  occasion. 

33.  urbem  inflammandam : according  to  Sallust,  ch.  43,  this 
work  was  assigned  to  Gabinius  and  Statilius. 

35.  vereamini  follows  censeo  (ironical),  as  if  with  ut  omitted. 

129.  Sect.  15.  consentiunt,  show  their  agreement. 

26.  ita  ut  = only  to ; lit.,  with  this  limitation  that.  suminam 
ordinis  consilique,  superiority  in  rank , and  precedence  in  counsel. 

29.  hujus  ordinis  (i.e.  the  Senate)  limits  dissensione  in  the 
sense  of  cum  hoc,  etc.  The  long  contest  here  alluded  to  (see  note, 
Verr.  i.  § 1)  was  at  last  compromised  by  the  Aurelian  law  (see 
note,  id.  § 47). 

31.  quam  si, etc .,  and  if  svekeep  this  union.  — confirmo , I assure. 

35.  tribunos  aerarios,  deans  of  the  tribes.  The  Roman  people 
were  divided  into  thirty-five  tribes,  local  and  territorial,  like  wards. 
These  tribes  were  made  the  basis  of  the  comitia  centunata,  as  well 
as  the  comitia  tributa,  and  served  also  for  general  administrative 
and  financial  purposes.  From  the  latter  the  name  tribuni  aerarii 
was  given  to  their  presiding  officers. 

36.  scribas : the  scribae  quaestorii  (treasury  clerks)  formed  an 
important  and  powerful  corporation.  As  they  were  a permanent 
body,  while  the  quaestors  (treasurers)  were  elected  annually,  they 
had  the  real  responsibility  in  the  management  of  the  treasury  (see 
Momm.  Rom.  St.  i.  p.  272).  — universos,  the  whole  body. 

|30.  sortis  : the  quaestors  entered  upon  office  on  the  Nones  of 
December  (Dec.  5)  ; all  other  patrician  magistrates  on  the  first  of 
January.  The  scribae  had  therefore  come  together  in  order  to  be 
present  while  the  quaestors  drew  lots  for  their  provinces  (note, 

Verr.  i.  § 11).  . . 

Sect.  16.  ingenuorum,  free-born . Freedmen,  liber tini,  were 
always  regarded  as  inferior  in  rank,  if  not  in  civil  and  political 
rights.  Even  these,  however,  are  shown  in  the  next  chapter  to  be 
interested  in  the  safety  of  the  republic. 

8.  operae  pretium  est,  it  is  worth  while . 

9.  sua  virtute:  manumission  was  very  commonly  bestowed,  as 
the  reward  of  some  peculiar  merit  in  the  slave. 


Catiline  IV. 


133 


11.  hie  nati : i.e.  opposed  to  the  slaves,  who  were  as  a rule  — 
at  least  city  slaves  — not  born  in  slavery,  but  brought  from  foreign 
countries. 

19.  quantum  . . . voluntatis,  does  not  contribute  whatever  good- 
will he  dare  and  can  to  the  com7non  safety . 

Sect.  17.  circum  tabernas,  i.e.  among  the  handicraftsmen. 

24.  quidem  (concessive),  to  be  sure . 

32.  instrumentum,  stock  in  trade. 

34.  quorum  relates  to  eorum,  four  lines  above. 

35.  incensis,  sc.  tabernis.  — futurum  fuit  = fuisset  (§  308.  d\ 

G.  599.  R.8). 

131.  Sect.  18.  praesidia,  supports. 

6.  obsess  a,  beset. 

9.  arcem  et  Capitolium:  the  Capitoline  was  a saddle-shaped 
hill,  having  the  temple  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus  on  one  elevation,  the 
old  citadel,  arx , on  the  other.  Which  was  which  has  been  a point 
of  much  dispute,  but  one  of  the  arguments  will  be  found  in  note, 
Cat.  iii.  § 20,  for  the  view  which  appears  best  supported — that  the 
Capitoliu7n  proper,  the  height  which  contained  the  Capitoline 
temple,  was  the  south-westerly  one.  The  difficulty  arises  in  part 
from  the  fact  that  the  word  Capitoliu77i  is  used  in  three  different 
senses  — for  the  temple,  the  whole  hill,  and  that  part  of  the  hill 
containing  the  temple. 

9.  aras  Penatium  : the  Penates  were  gods  of  the  household  and 
the  larder  ( pe7ius ),  worshipped  by  every  paterfa7nilias  in  his  own 
atriuTn.  The  State,  being  developed  from  the  family,  had  likewise 
its  Penates,  which  were  fabled  to  have  been  brought  by  ^Eneas  from 
Troy,  and  established  at  Lavinium,  whence  they  were  transferred  to 
Alba  Longa,  and  afterwards  to  Rome.  Their  temple  was  on  the 
Velia,  the  low  hill  connecting  the  Palatine  and  Esquiline. 

10.  ignem  Vestae  : the  temple  of  Vesta  ( aedes , not  teTnplum , 
not  having  been  consecrated  by  the  augurs)  was  on  the  Sacra  Via , 
towards  the  Palatine,  — a small  round  building.  Adjoining  it  was 
the  regia , th  j residence  of  the  Pontifex  Maxwius , afterwards  given 
by  Augustus  to  the  Vestal  Virgins. 

Sect.  19.  in  civili  causa,  in  a political  question. 

20.  quantis  . . . delerit : this  clause  will  be  best  turned  into 


134 


Notes:  Cicero. 


English  by  translating  the  participles,  f undatum,  etc.,  as  verbs, 
and  delerit  as  a relative  clause, — with  how  great  toil  this  empire 
was  established , which  one  night , etc. 

132,  Sect.  20.  gesta,  abl.  abs.  with  re  publica. 

Sect.'  21.  Scipio  : the  elder  Africanus,  who  brought  the  Second 
Punic  War  to  a triumphant  close  by  the  battle  of  Zama,  B.c.  202. 
By  “ carrying  the  war  into  Africa,”  he  forced  Hannibal  to  retire 

from  Italy. 

8.  alter  Africanus:  the  younger,  surnamed  ZEmihanus.  He 

was  son  of  L.  ^milius  Paulus  (mentioned  below),  and  adopted  by 
the  son  of  the  elder  Africanus.  He  captured  Carthage  B.c.  146, 

and  Numantia,  in  Spain,  B.c.  133. 

10.  Paulus  : father  of  the  younger  Africanus,  and,  like  his  son, 
the  most  eminent  and  upright  man  of  his  generation.  He  brought 
the  Third  Macedonian  War  to  a close  by  the  battle  of  Pydna,  b.c. 
168,  and  led  King  Perseus  captive  in  his  triumphal  procession. 

i’i.  currum  [triumphalem]  : the  captives  did  not  go  with  or  be- 
hind the  triumphal  chariot,  but  preceded  it  in  the  procession. 

13.  bis  liberavit : by  the  victories  over  the  German  invaders, 
over  the  Teutones  at  Aquae  Sextiae  (b.C.  102),  and  the  Cimbn  at 
Campi  Raudii  (b.C.  10 i). 

14.  Pompeius : it  should  be  remembered  that  Pompey  was  now 
in  the  East,  in  the  midst  of  his  career  of  conquest,  and  that  his 
return  was  looked  for  with  expectancy  by  all  parties.  Cicero  took 
every  means  to  win  the  confidence  of  the  great  general,  and  gain 
him  over  to  his  views  in  public  affairs;  but  to  no  purpose.  After 
some  wavering,  he  associated  himself  with  Caesar,  thus  giving  the 
Senate  a blow  from  which  it  never  recovered,  and  preparing  the 
way  for  his  own  downfall. 

Sect.  22.  quamquam,  and  yet . — uno  loco,  in  one  respect . 

22.  oppressi  serviunt,  are  crushed  and  enslaved . 

|20(  Sect.  23.  pro  imperio,  in  place  ofi  i.e.  «U  these  would 

be  gained  by  a foreign  command. 

2.  neglexi,  i.e.  by  turning  it  over  to  his  colleague  Aniomus  (see 
Introd.  Cat.  i.).  — triumpho : by  thus  surrendering  his  province, 


Oration  for  Archias. 


135 


he  renounced  all  thought  of  gaining  a triumph,  the  highest  honor 
to  which  a Roman  could  aspire. 

4.  clientelis  hospitiisque  : the  relation  of  cliens  to  patronus 
was  that  of  a subordinate  to  a superior,  carrying  with  it  services  on 
the  one  side  and  protection  on  the  other ; the  hospites  were,  on  the 
other  hand,  equals,  and  their  connection  was  one  of  mutual  aid 
and  friendship.  Foreign  states  and  citizens  were  eager  to  form 
such  ties  with  influential  Romans,  and  they  were  equally  advanta- 
geous to  the  Roman.  Of  course  a provincial  governor  had  peculiar 
opportunities  for  this. 

5.  urbanis  opibus,  the  means  afforded  by  a city  life.  Such  ties 
would  be  more  easily  formed  by  a sojourn  in  the  province ; but 
their  value  to  the  provincial  consisted  in  the  opportunities  for 
protection  and  assistance  which  a Roman  statesman  possessed  in 
the  city,  and  which,  in  a political  career,  would  be  especially  open 
to  him. 

7.  pro  meis  studiis,  in  reward  of  my  efforts. 

14.  satis  praesidii,  in  appos.  with  the  clause  si . . . memineritis. 

Sect.  24.  eum  . . . qui,  a consul  who,  etc.  (§  102.  d).  — per  se 
ipsum  praestare,  warrant  [so  far  as  he  may]  on  his  own  part. 


ORATION  FOR  ARCHIAS. 

Argument. 

Chap.  i.  Exordium.  Claim  of  Archias  to  Cicero’s  services,  both 
from  personal  reasons  and  as  a man  of  letters.  — 2.  Apology  for  the 
unusual  character  of  his  plea.  — Narratio.  3.  Early  career  of  Archias:  he 
is  enrolled  as  a citizen  of  Heraclia.  — Confirmatio.  4.  His  technical 
claim : his  registry,  acts  of  citizenship,  domicile.  — 5.  Argument  from  the 
public  records.  — 6.  The  case  is  now  closed.  But  there  are  other  reasons 
why,  as  a man  of  letters,  he  should  be  admitted.  The  great  service  of 
these  pursuits  to  the  statesman.  — 9.  Testimony  of  famous  men  in  the 
past.  — 8,  9.  All  men  recognize  the  poet’s  claims:  examples.  — 10.  Greek 
is  a surer  passport  to  fame  than  Latin.  Men  inferior  to  Archias  have 
been  thus  honored. — 11,  12.  Fame  is  the  strongest  motive  to  acts  of 
public  virtue.  — Peroratio.  1 3.  Appeal  to  the  court : summary  of  Archias’ 
claim. 


Notes:  Cicero. 


136 

FAGE 

134.  Sect.  1.  hujusce  rei,  i.e.  dicendi. 

4.  ratio,  theoretic  acquaintance , contrasted  with  exercitatio, 
practice . 

7.  A.  Licinius  : following  the  custom  of  naturalized  foreigners, 
as  well  as  freedmen,  Archias  had  taken  the  gentile  name  of  his 
noble  friends  and  patrons,  the  Luculli.  Cicero’s  motive  in  always 
speaking  of  him  by  his  Roman  name  is  obvious. 

10.  inde  usque,  from  as  far  back  as  that . 

11.  principem,  master. 

14.  a quo  relates  to  huic,  which  is  dat.  after  ferre;  quo  relates 

to  id  : surely , to  the  man  himself  from  whom  we  have  received  that 
whereby,  etc. 

15.  ceteris,  every  body  else , whom  he  could  assist  (cf.  opem)  ; 
alios,  those  few  others  whom  he  could  save  (cf.  salutem). 

135.  Sect.  2.  a nobis,  that  I speak  in  this  way.  — neque, 
and  not . 

4.  ne  nos  quidem,  etc.,  not  even  I have  devoted  myself  to 
oratory  alone. 

Sect.  3.  quaestione  legitima,  a court  established  by  law  (i.e. 

the  Lex Papia,  see  Introd.). 

10.  publico,  as  distinguished  from  private  cases. 

12.  severissimos : this  old  Roman  severity  was  not  likely  to  be 
conciliated  by  Cicero’s  prai§es  of  literature. 

15.  forensi  sermone  is  not  used  here  in  its  restricted  meaning, 
suited  to  the  courts , but,  as  political  speeches  were  delivered,  and 
business  transacted,  on  the  Forum,  it  means  rather  the  ordinary 
style  of  discourse.  — abhorreat,  differs  widely. 

20.  hoc  praetore : Q.  Cicero  was  himself  a poet  and  man  of 
critical  taste.  — loqui  and  uti  have  me  understood  as  subj. 

Sect.  4.  Antiochiae  : Antioch  was  the  largest  and  most  impor- 
tant of  the  cities  of  the  Roman  Empire  in  Asia.  It  was  founded  by 
Seleucus  Nicator,  first  king  of  Syria,  about  B.c.  300. 

34.  urbe,  see  § 184*  G.  412.  R.2;  H.  3^34* 

36.  contigit,  sc.  ei,  i.e.  Archias.  — post,  afterwards . 

136.  Sect.  5.  tunc , at  that  time . This  was  the  long  period 
of  comparative  quiet  between  the  Gracchan  disturbances  (b.c.  133- 


Oration  for  Arc! lias. 


137 


1 21)  and  the  tribunate  of  Drusus  (b.c.  91,  see  note,  § 9),  followed 
by  the  Social  War  and  the  civil  wars  of  Marius  and  Sulla. 

6.  Latio  : not  the  geographical  Latium  merely,  but  including  all 
towns  which  at  that  time  possessed  Latin  citizenship ; that  is,  the 
Latin  colonies,  such  as  Venusia,  the  birth-place  of  the  poet  Horace. 

8.  Tarentini  et  Regini : see  note,  Verr.  vii.  § 21. 

9.  Neapolitani : Neapolis,  Naples,  was  a Greek  city,  founded  by 
Cumae,  but  not  as  an  independent  civitas , therefore  merely  called 
the  new-town  (of  Cumae). 

12.  absentibus  : people  at  a distance. 

13.  Mario  et  Catulo  (coss.  B.c.  102)  : of  these,  Marius  was 
renowned  for  his  exploits,  while  Catulus  was  a good  officer,  and  also 
a man  of  culture.  He  was  father  of  the  Catulus  who  opposed  the 
passage  of  the  Manilian  Law. 

14.  eos,  i.e.  men  of  that  stamp. 

16.  Luculli : Lucius,  the  one  who  fought  against  Mithridates, 
and  his  brother  Marcus : both  of  them  belonged  to  the  highest 
ranks  of  the  aristocracy,  and  were  men  of  distinguished  taste  and 
culture. 

17.  praetextatus : Roman  boys  wore  the  toga  praetexta,  i.e. 
with  a broad  purple  border,  which  was  also  worn  by  magistrates. 
On  entering  upon  manhood,  at  about  the  age  of  sixteen,  the  prae- 
texta was  laid  aside,  and  the  toga  virilis , a plain  robe  of  unbleached 
wool,  was  assumed.  The  shape  of  the  toga  seems  to  have  been 
an  elongated  semicircle,  but  its  dimensions  varied  much  at  different 
periods. 

18.  sic  etiam  hoc : the  sentence  is  incomplete.  Read,  This 
quality  of  genius  \was  so  marked ] that,  etc. 

Sect.  6.  Metello  Numidico  : the  most  distinguished  member 
of  this  family  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 21),  cousin  of  Balearicus  (see 
R.  A.  § 50).  He  was  predecessor  of  Marius  in  the  war  against 
Jugurtha,  and  from  this  service  in  Numidia  received  his  agnomen. 

23.  Aemilio,  sc.  Scauro  : see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 52. — Catulo  : 
see  note,  § 5. 

24.  L.  Crasso  : the  most  distinguished  orator  of  his  time,  a man 
of  genius  and  culture  (see  note,  Verr.  v.  § 19)  : he  died  B.c.  91. 

25.  Drusum  (M.  Livius),  tribune,  b.c.  91,  in  which  year  he 
attempted  to  carry  through  a series  of  moderate  reforms,  in  which 


I WUSStM 


l Notes : Cicero. 

he  was  aided  by  Crassus  and  other  eminent  men.  He  met  with  the 
most  bitter  opposition,  especially  from  L.  Philippus  (see  Manil.  § 
62),  and  was  at  last  assassinated.  — Octavios:  see  Cat.  iii.  § 23. 
— Catonem:  probably  father  of  the  famous  Cato  of  Utica.— 
Hortensiorum : the  orator  Hortensius  was  distinguished  for  the 
elegance  of  his  taste  and  the  luxuriousness  of  his  life. 

29.  si  qui  = “ those  (if  there  were  any)  who,”  etc. 

30.  cum  M.  Lucullo:  probably  on  some  private  business,  as 
Lucullus  was  at  this  time  not  much  over  twenty  years  old. 

32.  Heracliam:  an  important  Greek  city,  on  the  southern  coast 
of  Lucania.  In  the  war  with  Pyrrhus  it  fought  on  the  side  of  the 
Romans,  and  entered  (b.c.  278)  into  an  alliance  of  the  closest  and 
most  favorable  character  (aequissimo  jure  ac  foedere'). 

137.  Sect.  7.  Silvani,  etc.:  the  Lex  Plautia-Papiria  of 

B. c.  89.*  The  law  is  quoted  in  indir.  disc.,  but  the  main  clause  is 
left  out,  being  embraced  in  data  est,  etc. 

The  most  thoughtful  Romans  had  long  been  of  the  conviction  that  it 
was  necessary  to  extend  the  citizenship  to  the  Italian  allies,  and  thus  in- 
clude these  vigorous  and  sound  communities  within  the  Roman  system. 

C.  Gracchus  first  proposed  reforms  in  this  direction,  and  they  were  the 
most  important  part  of  the  scheme  of  Drusus  (b.c.  91),  who  for  this  pur- 
pose entered  into  close  political  relations  with  leading  Italians.  When  his 
death  destroyed  all  hope  of  peaceful  reform,  the  Italians  had  recourse  to 
arms,  in  the  Social  or  Italian  War  (b.c.  90-89);  and,  although  they  were 
unsuccessful  in  the  field,  the  objects  they  had  aimed  at  were  gained.  The 
Lex  Julia,  of  L.  Cresar  (cos.  B.C.  90),  bestowed  the  citizenship  upon  all 
who  had  remained  faithful  (including  all  the  Latins,  see  note,  § 5) ; and 
the  Lex  Plautia-Papiria,  of  the  tribunes  M.  Plautius  Silvanus  and  C. 
Papirius  Carbo  (not  to  be  confounded  with  his  infamous  cousin  Gnaeus,  the 
Marian  leader  after  the  death  of  Cinna),  extended  it  to  other  Italian  com- 
munities. These  towns  now  exchanged  their  independence  for  Roman 
citizenship,  and  became  incorporated  with  the  Roman  republic;  though 
many  of  them,  as  Heraclea,  hesitated  about  making  the  change,  and  did 
it  with  great  reluctance.  They  lost  all  rights  of  independent  government 
(such  as  that  of  coining  money,  the  jus  exsilii,  etc.).  Latin  became  the 
official  language;  justice  was  administered  by  Roman  law;  and  in  most 
cases  their  government  was  organized  on  the  model  of  Rome,  having  duum •• 


Oration  for  Archias. 


139 


viri  for  consuls,  and  a curia  for  the  Senate.  The  passage  here  given 
from  the  Plautian-Papirian  law  contains  its  application  to  citizens  of  foreign 
birth,  like  Archias. 

3.  ferebatur,  was  proposed . It  was  not  left  possible  for  any 
aliens  to  take  advantage  of  the  law  by  obtaining  Italian  citizenship 
for  this  purpose.  — domicilium  : domicile , or  permanent  residence. 

4.  essent  professi,  had  declared  their  intention . — Q.  Metellum 
[Pium],  praetor,  b.c.  89:  the  most  eminent  living  member  of  this 
family,  and  one  of  the  leaders  of  the  aristocracy. 

Sect.  8.  tabulas,  archives.  The  tabularium , as  at  Rome,  was 
the  building  where  the  archives  were  kept. 

22.  municipii : since  the  bestowal  of  the  Roman  citizenship,  the 
Italian  civitates  had  become  Roman  municipia  (see  note,  R.  A.  § 5). 

Sect.  9.  civitatem  datam : i.e.  by  the  law  before  cited. 

29.  conlegio  : since  the  praetors  were  elected  as  a body,  their 
special  functions  being  determined  by  lot,  they  may  be  regarded  as 
a collegium , or  “board,”  in  those  few  cases  in  which  they  are  re- 
garded as  a whole,  and  their  special  and  individual  powers  do  not 
come  into  consideration  (Momm.  Rom . St.  i.  p.  63).  In  this  case 
it  would  seem  that  the  names  might  be  entered  with  any  one  of 
the  praetors. 

30.  Appii  (Claudii : the  name  Appius  was  confined  to  the  Claud- 
ian  gens),  husband  of  Caecilia,  the  friend  of  Roscius  (see  note,  R.A. 
§ 50),  and  father  of  the  infamous  Clodius.  Claudius  and  Gabinius 
alone  are  mentioned  as  colleagues  of  Metellus,  probably  because 
the  provinces  of  all  the  other  praetors  carried  them  away  from  Italy ; 
for,  before  the  time  of  Sulla,  when  it  was  made  their  duty  to  remain 
in  the  city  during  their  term  of  office,  and  govern  provinces  only  as 
pro-prcetors  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 12),  it  was  the  custom  for  all  but 
the  praetor  urbanus , the  praetor  per egrinus,  and  the  praetor  repe- 
tundaruin  to  administer  a province  during  their  year  of  office  as 
praetors. 

32.  damnationem : he  was  condemned  some  years  later  for  ex- 
tortion on  complaint  of  the  Achaeans. 

35.  L.  Lentulum  : nothing  further  is  known  of  him  ; he  probably 
presided  over  a court  fudices)  to  determine  cases  involving  citizen- 
ship under  the  new  law. 


140 


Notes:  Cicero . 


138.  Sect.  10.  multis  and  praeditis  are  dat.  after  impertie- 
bant ; arte,  abl.  after  praeditis. 

7.  Graecia,  i.e.  Graecia  Magna,  the  Greek  cities  of  Italy.  — credo 
(ironical),  I suppose. 

8.  Locrensis  : Locri  Epizephyrii,  a Greek  city  near  Rhegium. — 
quod  relates  to  id,  which  is  governed  by  largiri  understood ; huic, 
Archias. 

10.  ingenii  limits  gloria,  which  depends  on  praedito. 

11.  civitatem  datam,  i.e.  by  the  Lex  Plautia-Papiria ; legem 
Papiam,  see  Introduction. 

13.  illis,  sc.  tabulis,  i.e.  of  Tarentum,  Rhegium,  and  Neapolis. 

Sect.  11.  census  : the  list  of  citizens  made  out  by  the  censors. 

The  censors  were  two  in  number,  elected  from  men  of  consular  dignity, 
originally  at  a minimum  interval  of  four  years  (Momm.  Pom.  Chron.  p. 
164),  afterwards  once  in  five  years,  — the  interval  called  a lustrum , — and 
holding  office  for  eighteen  months.  They  ranked  as  magistratus  majores , 
but  did  not  possess  the  imperium,  and  had  no  power  to  convene  either 
the  Senate  or  an  assembly  of  the  people.  Their  functions  were— 1,  to 
inspect  the  registry  of  citizens  of  every  class  and  order  (see  note,  § 28) ; 
2,  to  punish  immorality,  by  removal  from  the  Senate,  the  equestrian  cen- 
turies, or  the  Tribe  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 18),  — nota  censoria,  infamia, 
ignominia;  3.  the  general  superintendence  of  the  finances  (giving  out 
contracts  for  collecting  the  revenues,  see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 13),  and  of  the 
public  works.  In  the  intervals  of  the  censorship,  these  last  were  under 
the  care  of  the  aediles  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 36).  Sulla  tacitly  abolished  the 
office  of  censor,  but  it  was  revived  in  the  consulship  of  Pompey  and  Cras- 
sus,  B.C.  70  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 54).  The  censors  between  the  passage 
of  the  Lex  Plautia-Papiria  and  the  case  of  Archias  were  : — 

B.C.  89.  Lucius  Caesar  and  Publius  Crassus. 

B.C.  86.  Q.  Marcius  Philippus  and  M.  Perperna. 

B.C.  70.  Lucius  Gellius  and  Gnaeus  Lentulus. 

B.C.  65.  The  elected  censors,  Catulus  and  Crassus,  could  come  to  no 
agreement,  and  abdicated.  They  are  therefore  not  mentioned  here. 

15.  est  obscurum  (ironical),  it  is  not  generally  known. 

16.  proximis,  the  last  (Gellius  and  Lentulus). 

17.  apud  exercitum,  in  the  war  against  Mithridates  : see  oration 
for  Manilian  Law. 


Oration  for  Archias.  14 1 

18.  ill  Asia:  this  was  in  the  first  Mithridatic  war,  in  which 
Lucullus  served  as  quaestor  to  Sulla. 

20.  quoniam,  etc. : i.e.  even  in  the  census  lists  there  might  be 

fraudulent  names. 

24.  esse  versatum  (sc.  eum),  had  availed  himself  of:  this 
clause  is  the  obj.  of  criminaris.  — testamentum,  etc.,  acts  which 
no  foreigner  could  do. 

26.  in  beneficiis,etc. : his  name  was  reported  for  a gratuity,  i.e. 
on  the  ground  of  some  special  merit. 

Sect.  12.  suppeditat,  he  supplies.  Its  obj.  is  the  clause  ubi 

. . . conquiescant. 

33.  suppetere  has  for  subject  the  clause  quod  . . . rerum. 

36.  contentionem,  strain. 

|3Qb  ad  communem  fructum,  to  the  general  advantage. 

6.  nullius  tempore,  the  needs  of  no  one ; i.e.  as  a client. 

7.  aut  otium,  either , etc. 

Sect.  13.  ceteris  follows  conceditur ; temporum  limits 
quantum,  which  relates  to  tantum.  — ceteris  (dat.  after  concedi- 
tur), alii : i.e.  everybody  spends  time  on  his  own  business  or  recre- 
ation ; some  on  dissipation  and  gaming. 

13.  tempestivis  conviviis,  early  dinners , i.e.  beginning  by 
daylight,  or  in  business  hours,  — a mark  of  luxury  and  idleness. 

18.  quae,  i.e.  the  ability  to  speak. 

20.  ilia,  i.e.  the  moral  character  resulting  from  the  praecepta , 
mentioned  below : obj . of  hauriam. 

Sect.  14.  honestatem,  honor. 

26.  parvi,  of  slight  account. 

31.  accederet,  were  brought  to  them , were  thrown  upon  them. 

32.  imagines,  portraits . 


140.  Sect.  16.  Africanum,  Scipio  the  younger  (^milianus)  : 
C.  Lselius  was  his  most  intimate  friend,  a man  of  fine  culture.  L. 
Furius  Philo  was  also  a great  friend  of  literature. 

18.  Catonem : M.  Porcius  Cato,  called  the  Censor,  was  one  of 
the  leading  men  of  Rome  in  the  first  half  of  the  second  century 
b.c.  : a shrewd,  hard-headed  Roman,  full  of  prejudices,  and  priding 


142 


Notes  : Cicero . 


himself  on  his  blunt  manners.  He  was  a distinguished  antiquarian, 
and  wrote  books  on  antiquities  and  agriculture. 

18.  senem : he  gives  the  name  to  Cicero’s  dialogue  on  Old  Age 
( Cato  Major). 

24.  ceterae,  sc.  animi  adversiones. 

27.  adversis  [rebus],  dat.  with  praebent. 

Sect.  17.  Roscii : Q.  Roscius,  the  most  eminent  actor  of  his 
time,  defended  by  Cicero  in  a speech  which  is  still  extant. 

141.  Sect.  18.  novo  genere  : the  praise  of  letters  is  an  inno- 
vation upon  the  formal  proceedings  of  the  court. 

9.  revocatum  [hunc],  subj.  of  dicere. 

15.  sic  accepimus,  we  have  learned  this  (ceterarum  . . . inflari). 

19.  Q.  Ennius,  almost  the  earliest  name  in  Roman  literature. 
He  was  a native  of  Rudias  in  Magna  Graecia,  but  wrote  in  Latin 
(born  b.c.  239).  His  principal  work  was  the  Annates , an  epic  poem 
upon  Roman  history.  He  also  wrote  tragedies  and  other  works. 

Sect.  19.  Homerum,  etc. : Colophon,  Chios,  and  Smyrna  were 
Ionian  cities  of  Asia  Minor ; Salamis  an  island  near  Athens.  The 
names  of  the  cities  thus  claiming  Homer  are  given  in  the  following 
hexameter  verse : — 

Smyrna,  Chios,  Colophon,  Salamis,  Rhodos,  Argos,  Athene. 

142.  Cimbricas  res  : the  war  with  the  Cimbri  and  Teutones, 
who  invaded  Italy  and  were  at  length  defeated  by  Marius  : the  latter, 
B.c.  102;  the  former,  101. 

2.  durior  : Marius  was  a rude  and  illiterate  soldier. 

Sect.  20.  Themistoclem : the  great  Athenian  statesman  and 
general,  who  won  the  battle  of  Salamis,  in  the  second  Persian  inva- 
sion (b.c.  480),  and  afterwards,  by  his  skilful  policy,  raised  Athens 
to  its  greatest  height  of  power. 

9.  L.  Plotium,  a Roman  teacher  of  rhetoric. 

Sect.  21.  For  the  statements  in  this  section,  see  oration  for 
Manilian  Law. 

20.  ejusdem,  i.e.  Lucullus. 

22.  nostra,  as  ours  (pred.),  agreeing  with  pugna. 

26.  quae,  these  things  (just  mentioned)  : quorum  limits  ingeniis, 
and  refers  to  eis. 


Oration  for  A r chi  as. 


M3 


Sect.  22.  Africano  superiori  : the  conqueror  of  Hannibal. 

29.  in  sepulcro  Scipionum : this  tomb,  on  the  Appian  Way, 
has  been  discovered,  and  in  it  a bust  of  peperino  (not  marble), 
which  has  by  some  been  supposed  to  be  that  of  Ennius,  referred  to 
here.  It  now  stands  upon  the  sarcophagus  of  Scipio  in  the  Vatican 
museum.  Perhaps,  however,  in  here  means  on. 

32.  hujus:  M.  Porcius  Cato,  called  Uticensis , from  his  killing 
himself  at  Utica  after  Caesar’s  victory.  Cato  the  Censor  was  his 
great-grandfather. 

34.  Maximi,  etc. : Q.  Fabius  Maximus,  “the  shield  of  Rome,” 
in  the  Second  Punic  War;  M.  Marcellus,  “the  sword  of  Rome” 
(see  note,  Verr.  v.  § 6)  ; Q.  Fulvius  Flaccus,  a distinguished  officer 
in  the  same  war.  — ilium,  Ennius. 

143,  Heracliensem : Heraclia  (see  note,  § 6)  is  here  scorn- 
fully compared  with  the  insignificant  Rudiae. 

Sect.  23.  Graeca  leguntur,  Greek  is  read. 

9.  quo  ( whither ) relates  to  eodem;  cupere  governs  the  clause 
quo  . . . penetrare  : we  ought  to  desire  that  wherever , etc. 

n.  populis,  dat.  after  ampla,  a noble  thing  for  them. 

Sect.  24.  Sigeum,  a promontory  near  Troy. 

21.  Magnus,  i.e.  Pompey. 

23.  Mitylenaeum : Mitylene  was  an  /Eolian  city  in  the  island 
Lesbos,  the  home  of  the  famous  lyric  poets  Alcaeus  and  Sappho. 

Sect.  25.  civitate  donaretur,  § 225 .d\  G.  348;  H.  384.  ii.2. 

30.  donaret,  sc.  civitate. 

31.  quem,  subj.  of  jubere,  below. 

32.  de  populo,  of  the  people , i.e.  of  low  birth. 

33.  quod  fecisset,  which  he  had  made  as  an  epigram  (poetical 
address)  to  him. 

34.  tantummodo,  i.e.  this  was  its  only  poetical  merit. 

35.  eis  rebus  : i.e.  confiscated  goods.  Apparently  a commander 
could  take  out  from  the  booty  anything  he  desired  to  bestow  upon  a 
soldier  as  a reward  (hence  praemiuni)  ; and  here  the  confiscated 
goods  are  treated  in  the  same  manner. 

144,  Sect.  26.  Cordubae,  at  Cordova  in  Spain:  later  the 
birth-place  of  Seneca  and  Lucan. 


144 


Notes:  Cicero . 


8.  pingue  atque  peregrinum,  clumsy  and  oiitlandish. 

11.  prae  nobis  ferendum,  to  be  emphasized. 

12.  optimus  quisque,  § 93.  c. 

15.  in  eo  ipso,  in  the  very  act. 

1 6.  predicari,  nominari,  impersonal. 

Sect.  27.  Brutus  : D.  Junius  Brutus  (cos.  B.c.  138)  conquered 
the  Lusitanians  (of  Portugal). 

18.  Attii : L.  Accius  (Attius),  a tragic  poet,  distinguished  for 
vigor  and  sublimity,  born  B.c.  170 : he  lived  long  enough  for  Cicero 
in  his  youth  to  converse  with  him. 

20.  Fulvius  : M.  Fulvius  Nobilior  (cos.  B.c.  189)  subdued  HTolia. 
He  was  distinguished  as  a friend  of  Greek  literature,  and  built,  from 
the  spoils  of  war,  a temple  to  Hercules  and  the  Muses. 

22.  prope  armati,  having  scarce  laid  aside  their  arms. 

24.  togati,  see  note,  Cat.  iii.  § 15. 

Sect.  28.  quas  res,  i.e.  the  suppression  of  Catiline’s  conspiracy. 

33.  adornavi,  I supplied  him  with  materials  (i.e.  facts). 

(45.  Sect.  30.  parvi  animi  (gen.  of  quantity),  mean-spirited. 

1 7.  imagines,  busts  (see  note,  Verr.  v.  § 15). 

24.  afutura  est  ( absum ),  shall  be  void  to  my  sense. 

Sect.  31.  vetustate : i.e.  long  continued  friendship  (see  § 5). 
— convenit,  it  is  fitting , i.e.  id  existimari. 


EXILE  OF  CICERO. 

Argument  of  the  Oration  for  Sestius. 

[Omitted  portions  in  brackets.] 

Chap,  [i,  2.  Exordium.  Good  citizens  are  exposed  to  attacks  of  the 
lawless:  Cicero  will  undertake  their  defence.  — Narratio . I.  3-6.  Past 
life  and  services  of  Sestius,  especially  during  Catiline’s  conspiracy.]  — 7. 
Clodius  goes  over  to  the  plebs , to  forward  his  attack  on  Cicero.  — 8-16.  The 
consuls,  Gabinius  and  Piso,  his  tools:  their  character;  they  abandon  the 
state  to  Clodius.  — 11-13.  General  grief  at  the  attack  on  Cicero:  [Sestius 
is  accused  as  his  friend].  — 14-16.  Clodius’s  reign  of  terror:  why  Cicero 
yielded  to  the  storm. — 17,  18.  The  Triumvirate;  their  studious  neutrality. 
— 19-23.  Should  he  have  resisted?  His  enemies  were  fellow-citizens. 


Exile  of  Cicero. 


145 


He  feared  not  death;  but  his  example  was  needed  to  encourage  resistance. 
rjl,  24,  25.  Acts  after  his  departure : assignment  of  provinces;  censo- 
rial power  abolished;  club-law.  — 26-28.  Foreign  affairs : confiscation  of 
Ptolemy’s  kingdom;  Cato,  Cicero’s  friend,  sent  out  to  consummate  the 
villany  —29.  Contrast  in  former  examples.  — 30.  The  consuls  are  a party 
to  the  crime  and  disgrace.]  - III.  3*-  At  length  Pompey  takes  up  Cicero’s 
cause:  decrees  of  the  Senate  and  public  feeling  in  his  favor.  32.  Eight 
tribunes  propose  his  recall;  Lentulus  espouses  his  cause.  — 33,  34-  The 
new  year : the  new  consuls  are  his  friends;  Senators  speak  in  his  behalf. 
_ 35-37.  A law  is  proposed  for  his  return;  riot  and  violence  in  the 
Forum;  Sestius  abstains  from  force;  he  is  attacked  and  left  for  dead. 

38.  Had  Sestius  been  killed,  he  would  have  been  honored  and  avenged. 

— 39.  The  story  of  violence.  — 40,  41.  Action  of  Milo,  who  is  assailed  by 
Clodius,  and  defends  himself  with  armed  guards.  — [42.  Sestius  had  the 
same  right  to  defend  himself. -43-  Wretched  state,  when  such  things  are 
necessary!— 44.  Milo  is  prosecuted  by  Clodius  for  illegal  violence  : he  is 
not  suffered  to  retaliate.  - IV.  45.  46-  The  two  classes  {nationes)  in  the 
State.  The  optimates  : they  are  the  true  national  party ; their  defence  is  an 
honorable  service.— 47-  Violence  of  their  opponents : the  better  sort  are 
more  lukewarm.  - 48,  49-  Formerly  there  were  genuine  party  differences 
(the  Gracchi)  : now  only  personal  struggles,  maintained  by  hired  ruffians. 

— 50.  The  optimates  are  the  true  party  of  the  country.  — 51.  This  is  shown 
in  the  comitia.  — 52.  The  populares  are  really  enemies  of  the  people.— 
53,54.  This  is  shown  in  the  elections  and  public  games.  — 55“59-  PoPu“ 
lar  feeling  testified  for  Cicero  and  his  friends  in  the  theatres  and  gladia- 
torial shows.]  V.  60.  In  this  state  of  popular  feeling,  Cicero  cannot  refuse 
to  return.  — 61-63.  The  Senate  and  Pompey  advocate  his  recall:  also 
other  leading  men;  the  Italians;  his  return  is  a perpetual  triumph;  all 
classes  join  in  the  enthusiasm.  - [63,  64.  The  optimates  are  not  a class  by 
birth,  as  Vettius  claims:  he,  though  a noble,  leads  in  the  opposition]. 
Peroratio.  65,  66.  Young  men  are  exhorted  to  stand  by  the  Senate  : those 
who  do  this  are  optimates,  whatever  their  birth.  — 66-68.  This  glory  costs 
envy  and  hatred;  but  patriotism  has  its  reward.  — 69.  Appeal  to  the  jury 
to  save  Sestius  if  they  wish  Cicero  saved,  with  whose  cause  his  own  is 
identified. 


148.  fuerat  . . . cum,  that  year  had  passed  in  which , etc. : the 
year  of  Cesar's  consulship,  and  of  the  plebeian  adoption  of  Clo- 
dius. The  words  immediately  preceding  are,  Sed  necesse  est,  ante ■ 


146 


Notes : Cicero. 


quam  de  tribunatu  P.  Sestii  dicere  incipiam , me  totum  superior  is 
anni  reipublicae  naufragium  exponere  ; in  quo  colligendo,  ac  refici - 
enda  salute  commum , omnia  reperientur  P . Sestii  dicta,  facta,  con- 
silia  versata . (For  the  tense,  compare  § 279.  a ; G.  228 1 ; H.  476, 
and  notice  the  emphasis  in  fuerat.)  — ignari  rerum,  inexperienced. 

4.  re  quidem  vera,  but  in  truth.  — traductione,  transfer . This 
word  seems  to  imply  some  fling  at  the  irregularity  of  the  proceed- 
ing by  which  Clodius,  a man  of  forty,  was  adopted  as  son  by  a 
youth  of  twenty.  The  correct  legal  term  is  transitio. 

A patrician  who  wished  to  hold  the  plebeian  office  of  tribune,  which 
was  the  great  engine  of  political  power,  might  make  a formal  renunciation 
of  the  privileges  of  his  rank : in  this  case,  being  no  longer  a patrician,  he 
of  course  belonged  to  the  commonalty,  or  plebs.  This  was  called  transitio 
ad  plebem  (Momm.  Rom.  Forsch.  i.  p.  124),  and  the  formal  act  by  which 
it  took  place  was  called  detestatio  sacrorum  (renunciation  of  the  sacred 
rites).  Clodius  attempted  this  simple  process  B.c.  60,  but  was  prohibited 
for  some  reason  by  the  consul,  Metellus  Celer,  and  the  next  year  became 
a member  of  the  plebs  by  adoption  into  a plebeian  family. 

It  was  a common  practice  in  Rome,  if  a family  was  in  danger  of  becom- 
ing extinct,  to  adopt  a young  man  of  some  other  family,  who  now  stood  to 
his  adoptive  father  precisely  as  his  own  son;  and  although  it  might  be 
that  he  was  not  cognatus  (blood  relation),  yet  he  was  recognized  as  agnatus 
(descendant  in  the  male  line.  See  Maine,  Ancient  Law,  p.  125).  The 
most  familiar  example  of  this  is  Scipio  Africanus  the  younger,  whose  agno- 
men, yEmilianus,  indicates  that  he  was  by  birth  a member  of  the  yEmilian 
gens.  If  the  person  adopted  was  sui  juris , that  is,  had  been  freed  from 
the  p atria  potest  as  of  his  father,  by  his  father’s  death  or  in  any  other  way, 
the  adoption  was  called  adrogatio.  It  was  an  act  of  great  formality,  and 
the  circumstances  must  first  be  examined  by  the  pontifices , to  make  sure 
that  the  sacra  of  the  person  adopted  should  suffer  no  loss,  and  that  the 
person  adopting  had  no  hope  of  legitimate  heirs.  The  act  must  then  be 
submitted  to  the  Comitia  of  the  curiae,—  an  ancient  division  of  the  people, 
originally  purely  patrician,  but  afterwards  embracing  plebeians  also  (Momm. 
Rom.  Forsch.  i.  p.  140).  This  assembly  had  been  superseded  for  all  prac- 
tical purposes  by  those  of  the  centuries  and  tribes  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 18), 
but  was  still  kept  up  for  a few  formal  acts,  as  this  of  adrogatio , and  the 
annual  law  conferring  the  imperium  — lex  curiata  de  imperio.  It  was  so 
far  a mere  formality  that  for  the  latter  purpose  the  thirty  Curiae  were  repre- 


Exile  of  Cicero . 


147 


sented  by  thirty  bailiffs  ( lictores] ).  When  the  curiae  met  merely  to  witness 
an  act,  as  a will,  or  detestatio  sacrorum , the  assembly  was  held  in  the  Curia 
Calabra  on  the  Capitoline,  and  was  called  comitia  calata. 

The  consul  Csesar,  being  also  pontifex  maximus , managed  the  whole 
affair  for  his  tool,  Clodius;  and  the  adoption  was  clearly  and  ostentatiously 
a farce.  A senator  of  nearly  forty  was  adopted  by  a young  married  man 
of  twenty  named  Fonteius  — obviously  in  complete  violation  of  the  spirit 
of  the  institution.  Hence,  and  by  reason  of  some  other  gross  informali- 
ties, Cicero  sedulously  speaks  of  it  as  invalid,  from  which  it  would  result 
that  the  tribunate  of  Clodius  was  illegal,  and  all  his  laws  null  and  void. 

Again,  if  it  had  been  a genuine  adrogatio , Clodius  must  have  taken  the 
name  of  his  adoptive  father,  while  in  the  case  of  transitio  ad  plebem  the 
patrician  name  was  preserved.  The  fact  that  Clodius  kept  his  name, 
proves  that  the  ceremony  of  adoption  was  only  a subterfuge,  resorted  to 
on  account  of  some  scruple  of  Metellus. 

6.  acrius  . . . inimici  = a far  bitterer  enemy  of  peace , etc.  (§  234. 
d\  G.  356.  R-1;  H.  391.  ii.4). 

7.  multis  repugnantibus,  while  many  opposed. 

8.  Pompeius  : as  one  of  the  coalition,  Pompey  had  presided,  as 
augur,  at  the  auspices  of  the  adoption,  and  so  laid  Clodius  under 
personal  obligation.  — cautione,  etc.,  security , pledge , and  protest 
(under  oath). 

10.  esse  facturum,  indir.  disc,  after  the  verb  implied  above.— 
quod  . . . foedus  . . . nisi,  etc.,  which  bargain  that  villain , born  of 
the  rottenness  of  every  crime , thought  he  could  not  violate  enough , 
without  alarming  by  his  own  perils  the  very  man  (Pompey)  who 
had  taken  security  (cautorem)  against  another's  danger. 

Sect.  2.  fuit  (emphatic),  there  was , surely.  — consules,  i.e. 
those  of  the  next  year : A.  Gabinius,  proposer  of  the  Gabinian  Law 
(see  Introd.  to  Manil.  Law),  and  L.  Calpurnius  Piso,  father-in-law  of 
Caesar. 

16.  hocine  ut,  exclam,  question  (§  332.  c\  G.  560;  H.  486.  ii.  n.). 

18.  ad  delendum,  etc.,  only  for  the  sake  of  etc. 

21.  insignibus,  i.e.  the  sella  curulis,  toga  prcetexta , etc. 

149.  Sect.  3.  alter,  i.e.  Gabinius,  the  same  who  is  praised  in 
the  speech  for  the  Manilian  Law  (§  58).  — adfluens,  dripping. — 
calamistrata,  frizzled : the  calamistrum  is  a crimping-iron. 


148 


Notes : Cicero . 


2.  conscios,  etc.,  translate,  the  partners  of  his  vices  and  the  old 
corrupters  of  his  youth. 

3.  puteali  . . . inflatus  : A puteal  was  an  enclosure  erected  upon 
a spot  struck  by  lightning : it  received  its  name  ( well-curb ) from  its 
being  open  at  the  top  like  a well.  Such  a puteal  stood  near  the 
eastern  end  of  the  Forum,  and  near  it  a tribunal  for  the  adminis- 
tration of  justice  was  erected  by  L.  Scribonius  Libo  (probably  praetor 
peregrinus , B.c.  204),  from  which  it  was  called  Puteal  Libonis.  A 
circular  foundation,  probably  to  be  identified  with  this,  has  recently 
been  uncovered  between  the  temple  of  Vesta  and  that  of  Castor. 
(This  puteal  is  not  to  be  confounded  with  that  under  which  the 
razor  and  whetstone  of  Attius  Navius  were  buried,  which  was  upon 
the  Comitium.)  This  passage  may  be  explained  to  mean,  puffed  up 
by  his  intimacy  with  the  tribunal , and  the  hosts  of  usurers ; refer- 
ring to  the  desperate  indebtedness,  of  which  Gabinius  (as  Cicero 
would  insinuate)  was  rather  proud. 

4.  Scyllaeo,  the  dangerous  rock  in  the  Sicilian  strait  (fretu)  : as 
if  one  should  say,  foundering  in  that  maelstrom  of  debt.  — aeris 
alieni,  lit.  other  men's  money. 

5.  columnam,  the  columna  Maenia  at  the  western  end  of  the 
Forum,  near  the  Mamertine  prison.  Here  the  triumviri  capitales , 
or  police  commissioners,  exercised  judgment,  and  upon  it  the  names 
of  fraudulent  debtors  were  posted. 


Gabinius  had  escaped  the  Scylla  of  the  puteal  and  the  Charybdis  of  the 
Columna , only  by  running  into  the  harbor  of  the  tribunate  (b.c.  67).  The 
Gabinian  Law  of  his  tribunate  served  to  repair  his  broken  fortunes,  and 
start  him  in  his  political  career.  In  another  passage  Cicero  declares  that 
it  was  only  the  success  of  his  law  against  the  pirates  that  saved  Gabinius 
from  turning  pirate  himself.  After  his  consulship,  Gabinius  went  as  pro- 
consul  to  Syria,  and  on  his  return,  B.c.  54,  was  accused  of  majestas , ambi- 
tus, and  repetundae.  He  was  condemned  on  the  last  count,  and  went 
into  exile. 

6.  tribunatus  (gen.)  : because  a magistrate  was  not  liable  to 
arrest. 

7.  operis,  artisans , of  the  lowest  class. 

8.  ab  eis  ereptum  ne,  etc.,  rescued  by  them — i.e.  by  their  votes 


Exile  of  Cicero . 149 

in  the  comitia  — so  as  not  (§  319.  a ; G.  543.  R.2;  H.  49^)  to  stand 
trial  for  bribery . 

9.  invito  senatu,  in  spite  of  the  Senate. 

By  a law  of  C.  Gracchus,  the  Senate  determined  in  advance  the  prov- 
inces of  the  two  consuls,  who  then  drew  lots  for  them.  A law,  therefore, 
like  the  Gabinian  and  Manilian,  or  that  which  gave  Caesar  his  proconsul- 
ship of  Gaul,  infringed  on  the  legitimate  authority  of  the  Senate.  By  the 
law  here  referred  to,  Gabinius  got  the  rich  province  of  Syria,  in  place  of 
Cilicia,  — a province  which  would  have  demanded  more  work  and  given 
less  opportunity  to  plunder. 

n.  incolumem,  safe  from  bankruptcy. 

Sect.  4.  alter,  i.e.  Piso. 

14.  barbatis  = old-fashioned . The  old  Romans  wore  long 
beards:  the  custom  of  shaving  came  in  about  B.c.  300.  — exem- 
plum,  specimen. 

15.  columen,  prop.  — diceres , you  would  say : properly  a future 
apodosis  (dicas)  thrown  back  into  the  past  (§  31 1.  c.  R.). 

16.  nostra,  the  dull  ( fusca ) native  dye  in  his  praetexta  and  latus 
clavus  (the  broad  stripe  up  and  down  the  front  of  the  tunic),  as 
opposed  to  the  imported  murex,  which  was  fashionable  and  costly. 

18.  imaginis,  etc.,  a sneer  at  his  ambition  for  the  jus  imaginum 
(see  Verr.  i.  15),  which  he  could  earn  only  in  some  such  subordi- 
nate office.  — duumviratum,  see  note  on  Or.  for  Arch.  § 7. — 
Seplasiam,  a place  ( platea ) at  Capua,  where  hair-dressers  had 
their  shops,  and  cosmetics  were  sold.  So  shock-headed  a magis- 
trate would  certainly,  it  was  feared,  abolish  the  business. 

20.  supercilium  frown,  as  if  a sign  of  dignity. 

21.  pignus  : with  an  eyebrow  like  that,  the  republic  was  surely 
safe ! 

22.  oculo  : sundry  allusions  seem  to  show  that  Piso  had  a defect 
in  one  eye.  If  so,  Cicero  was  not  the  man  to  spare  the  sneer. 

Sect.  5.  tamen,  after  all. 

25.  labi  atque  caeno,  pestilent  and  dirty  fellow . 

26.  me  dius  fidius,  sc.  juvet.  The  god  of  faith  was  an  old 
Latin  deity,  commonly  invoked  in  oaths.  His  Sabine  name,  Semo 
Sancus,  has  the  same  meaning. 


150 


Notes : Cicero . 


31.  adfinem:  Piso  was  a relative  of  Cicero’s  son-in-law,  C.  Piso 
Frugi,  a promising  young  man,  who  died  during  Cicero’s  exile. 

Sect.  6.  alter,  i.e.  Gabinius.  — quis  arbitraretur,  who  could 
have  supposed  that  such  a man  could  hold  the  tiller  and  manage  the 
helm  ? 

36.  diuturnis  tenebris,  daylight  darkness . 

150.  lustrorum  ac  stuprorum,  dens  of  infamy : lustrum  is 

a lair  of  wild  beasts. 

3.  alienis,  i.e.  of  the  triumvirs. — non  modo,  etc.,  not  only  too 
tipsy  to  see  the  coming  storm,  but  even  to  open  his  eyes  to  the  un- 
wonted daylight . (In  this  expression  ne  negatives  both  clauses.) 
After  carousing  all  night,  he  must  needs  sleep  all  day. 

Sect.  7.  plane,  etc.,  utterly  in  every  way . 

7.  blanda  consiliatricula,  a flattering  commendation , in  appos. 
with  nobilitate,  high  birth . The  Calpurnii  were  plebeian,  but  of  a 
very  ancient  and  noble  house. 

1 1 . etiam  mortuorum,  even  when  dead . 

12.  tristem,  austere ; subhorridum , rather  rough. 

14.  eo  nomine  . . . frugalitas : one  of  the  family  names  of  the 
Pisos  was  Frugi,  which  means  thrifty . 

16.  vocabant,  encouraged . — materni  generis:  Piso’s  mother 
was  Calventia,  daughter  of  a Gaul  who  had  come  to  Rome  as  a 
trader. 

Sect.  8.  ipse  . . . sensi,  I,  as  well  as  the  state , have  found  (by 
experience) . 

20.  levem,  unprincipled  (opp.  to  gravis:  see  note  on  Cat.  iv. 
§ 9).  — falsa,  i.e.  his  good  reputation  arose  from  a false  judgment. 

21.  sciebam,  [though]  I knew  all  along, 

23.  obstructio,  veil;  properly,  a wall  built  to  hide  (as  the  “ cur- 
tain” of  a fort). 

24.  perspici,  seen  through. 

Sect.  9.  videbamus,  i.e.  we  all  saw,  contrasted  with  qui  . . . 
intuebantur.  — inclusas  (i.e.  in-doors),  secret . 

29.  philosophos  nescio  quos,  philosophers,  so-called : i.e.  Epi- 
cureans, whom  Cicero  never  loses  an  opportunity  to  flout. 

32.  cujus,  i.e.  voluptatis. 

33.  verbum,  the  very  name  of  it. 


Exile  of  Cicero . 1 5 1 

35.  sapientis  (acc.)  . . . facere,  that  the  wise  do  all  things  for 
their  own  advantage . 

36.  bene  sanum,  a man  of  sense.  The  Epicureans  held  that  a 
wise  man  ought  not  to  engage  in  public  affairs ; while  the  Stoics 
taught  that  philosophy  should  be  used  in  the  service  of  the  state. 

151.  eos  qui  dicerent,  i.e.  the  Stoics. 

6.  vaticinari  atque  insanire  dicebat,  he  called  [such  persons, 
eos]  preachers  and  fools. 

Sect.  10.  fumabat  . . . redolerent,  smoked  so  [with  the  kitchen 
fires]  that  he  could  smell  the  odor  of  his  discourse : the  philosophy  t 
of  the  stews ! 

10.  statuebam  sic,  / came  to  this  conclusion.  — boni,  mali  (the 
antithesis  is  strengthened  by  quidem),  though  nothing  good , yet 
nothing  bad . 

1 1.  ab  illis  nugis , from  those  follies  of  his. 

13.  imbecillo,  infirm ; debili,  feeble. 

15.  vel,  even.  — acie  et  viribus,  edge  and  temper. 

2\.  ut  . . . acciperent,  the  regular  form  for  the  terms  of  a bar- 
gain (§  331.  d‘  G.  546;  H.  497.  ii.).  In  fact,  Gabinius  obtained 
the  province  of  Syria,  and  Piso  of  Macedonia.  — quas  vellent, 
which  they  should  wish  (subj.  by  attraction  from  future). 

22.  ea  lege,  si,  on  this  condition , that. 

24.  tradidissent,  for  fut.  perf.  of  dir.  disc. — foedus  . . . ici  : 
when  a treaty  was  made,  it  was  ratified  by  slaying  an  animal  as  sac- 
rifice. The  technical  expression  was  ferire  or  icere  (hence  foedus 
ictuni) . 

27.  rogationes,  bills , proposed  for  the  acceptance  of  the  people. 

28.  tribuno,  Clodius.  — de  mea  pernicie,  etc. : the  word  nomi- 
nal im  applies  only  to  the  consular  provinces.  The  rogatio  which 
was  aimed  at  Cicero  did  not  mention  him  by  name,  but  in  general 
terms  imposed  the  punishment  aquae  et  ignis  interdictio  (cutting  off 
from  the  necessaries  of  life)  upon  any  magistrate  who  had  inflicted 
or  should  inflict  the  punishment  of  death  upon  any  Roman  citizen 
unless  convicted  by  due  process  of  law,  which  could  only  be  in  the 
comitia  centuriata.  (The  omitted  passage  contains  some  incidents 
of  the  act  of  Cicero’s  banishment,  especially  the  insolent  conduct 
of  Gabinius.) 


152 


Notes : Cicero . 


Sect.  11.  squalebat,  veste  mutata,  put  on  mourning  clothes. 

It  was  the  custom  of  the  Romans  to  express  their  sympathy  for  one 
in  danger  by  wearing  ragged  and  mean  apparel. 

32.  municipium,  see  R.  A.  § 5. 

33.  societas  vectigalium  : see  note,  Manil.  § 4.  conlegium  . 
this  word  is  often  used  for  those  magistrates  who  stood  to  each 
other  in  a collegiate  relation,  that  is,  with  equal  and  undivided 
powers ; especially  the  tribunes.  In  this  case,  however,  are  meant 
what  we  should  call  incorporated  societies,  which  were  persons  in 
the  eye  of  the  law:  these  were  essentially  religious,  — the  great 
priestly  colleges  of  augurs,  fe dales,  etc.,  and  a great  number  of  a 
private  nature,  principally  semi-religious  burial  societies  (cf.  § 13). 

34.  concilium  : this  was  the  technical  expression  for  any  assem- 
bly of  a portion  of  the  people : thus  the  plebeian  assembly  of  the 
tribes,  usually  called  comitia  tributa , was  in  strictness  of  speech 
concilium  plebis.  — consilium  (see  note,  R.  A.  § 54),  the  general 
word  including  all  bodies  that  take  common  action ; in  particular,  a 
body  of  persons  learned  in  law,  who  sat  with  the  president  of  a 
court  to  advise  him  upon  legal  questions.  — honorificentissime,  in 
terms  of  highest  honor. 

36.  cum  edicunt,  § 325.  b\  G.  582.  R.3;  H.  521.  ii.  2.1  ut  ad 
suum,  etc.,  i.e.  put  off  mourning. 

152.  ipsius,  its  own  (i.e.  of  the  Senate;  to  which  alone  the 
word  decretum  applies)  : suis  would  have  referred  to  consul. 

3.  parnmne  est  quod  fefellisti,  etc.,  is  it  not  enough  that  you 
have  so  deceived  7nen,  but  you  must  also  defy , etc. 

6.  consulare  nomen.  i.e.  in  the  person  of  Cicero,  a consulans. 

10.  sive  . . . valebat,  whether  that  change  of  dress  amounted  to  a 
sign  of  their  sorrow , or  to  entreaty. 

Sect.  12.  sua  sponte,  i.e.  from  private  feeling  only. 

16.  legatos  legasti,  appointed  as  legati  (see  note,  Manil.  § 57). 

17.  ergo  . . . licebit,  r<7  then,  etc.  Supply  and  or  while  between 
the  two  clauses;  the  connective  being  regularly  omitted  in  Latin  in 

this  form  of  speech.  # . 

19.  fortasse,  i.e.  in  case  there  should  be  occasion  for  it;  with  a 
hint  that  there  will  be.  — civis,  etc.,  a citizen  (Cicero)  most  hon- 

ored  by  the  favor  of  the  good. 


Exile  of  Cicero . 


T53 


24.  ex  fastis  evellendos,  expunged  from  the  fasti . These  were 
the  official  lists  of  magistrates.  — foedere  provinciarum,  see  § 19. 

25.  in  circo  Flaminio  : this  was  just  north  of  the  Capitoline 
hill,  therefore  outside  of  the  walls.  Contiones  (see  note,  Man.  Law, 
Arg.)  were  usually  held  in  the  comitium.  This  was  called  by  Clo- 
dius  outside  of  the  city,  in  order  that  Caesar  might  be  present ; since, 
as  being  proconsul  and  clothed  with  the  military  imperium , he 
could  not  enter  the  city. 

25.  furia,  etc.,  Clodius.  — vestro : i.e.  of  the  judices,  men  of 
senatorial  and  equestrian  rank. 

27.  voce  ac  sententia  ( hendiadys ),  their  loudly  expressed  opinion. 

29.  auspicia : as  in  the  Roman  polity  every  action  depended  on 
the  auspices , or  expressed  will  of  the  gods,  for  its  validity,  and  the 
magistrates  alone  possessed  the  right  to  look  for  them  ( specho ), 
any  magistrate  possessing  the  auspices  could,  unless  prohibited  by 
edict  (see  below),  stop  legislation  by  announcing  to  the  presiding 
magistrates  unfavorable  omens  in  the  sky  ( obnuntiare ),  or  even,  as  it 
appears,  by  declaring  his  intention  of  watching  for  them  ( servare  de 
caelo ).  This  means  could  be  used  even  against  the  comitia  tributa. 

The  Senate  and  higher  magistrates  sometimes  defended  the  passage  of 
their  laws  from  this  interference,  by  prohibiting  any  magistrate  servare  de 
caelo  on  the  day  of  the  comitia  ; and  the  whole  process  was  regulated  by 
the  JE\i an  and  Fufian  laws  (about  B.c.  150).  The  precise  purport  of  these 
laws  is  not  known,  but  the  present  passage  is  one  of  our  principal  sources 
of  information  in  regard  to  them.  Obnuntiatio  was  the  sole  means  by 
which  the  patrician  magistrates  could  control  the  legislation  of  the  tribunes. 
This  seems  to  have  been  distinctly  put  in  their  hands  by  the  yElian  and 
Fufian  laws,  and  taken  away  from  them  by  the  Clodian  law,  which  also 
appears  to  have  limited  in  some  way  the  power  of  the  tribunes  to  prevent 
legislation  by  “interceding”  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 44).  Thus  Clodius  was 
relieved  from  the  interference  of  his  colleagues,  as  well  as  of  the  patrician 
magistrates  (consul,  praetor,  curule  aedile,  and  quaestor  — so  called,  not  as 
being  held  by  patricians  exclusively,  which  they  were  not,  but  as  being  of 
patrician  origin). 

30.  intercederet,  the  technical  word  for  the  interference  (veto) 
of  the  tribunes.  — omnibus  fastis  diebus,  on  any  legal  business 
day . 


154 


Notes : Cicero. 


The  dies  fasti  w ere  the  days  on  which  it  was  lawful  (fas)  for  the  preetor 
to  hold  his  court.  There  were  237  of  these  in  the  year  (consisting,  before 
Caesar’s  reform,  of  355  days).  Of  these  237  there  were  194  on  which  it 
was  allowable  to  hold  public  assemblies.  These  were  called  dies  comiti - 
ales , and  the  other  43,  being  dies  fasti  non  comitiales , were  known  espe- 
cially as  dies  fasti.  All  the  other  days  of  the  year,  1 18,  were  nefasti , either 
wholly  or  in  part;  that  is,  no  public  business  could  be  performed  upon 
them,  although  a few  of  these  had  certain  hours  free  for  business.  The 
dies  nefasti  included  the  festival  and  sacred  days,  as  well  as  days  of  ill 
omen.  The  Clodian  law  seems  to  have  provided  that  the  dies  fasti  should 
also  be  dies  comitiales  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 31)- 

31.  lex  Aelia,  a law  of  Q.  ^lius  (cos.  b.c.  148);  Fufia,  of  the 
tribune  Fufius ; providing  for  the  above  legal  methods  of  delaying 
public  business.  Both  these  laws  were  regarded  as  important  safe- 
guards against  hasty  and  partisan  legislation. 

Sect.  13.  pro  tribunali,  in  front  of  the  tribunal , a raised  plat- 
form or  judgment-seat.  The  Aurelian  tribunal  was  near  the  eastern 
end  of  the  Forum. 

33.  deletam:  i.e.  by  the  abolition  of  the  constitutional  means 
of  preventing  vindictive  or  passionate  and  hasty  legislation. 

35.  nomine  conlegiorum,  see  note,  § 11. 

The  associations  here  spoken  of  are  the  collegia  compitalicia , organiza- 
tions whose  object  was  to  conduct  the  sacred  rites  of  the  compita  (cross- 
roads). The  whole  territory  was  divided  into  districts ,—pagi  in  the 
country,  and  vici  in  the  city;  and  each  district  had  its  local  sacra , held 
at  its  central  compitum , and  addressed  to  its  laresf  or  local  divinities. 
The  collegia  which  had  charge  of  these,  though  nominally  religious,  were 
turned  into  “ street-clubs,”  under  the  control  of  pothouse  politicians. 
They  were  “ nothing  else  than  a formal  organization  — subdivided  accord- 
ing to  streets,  and  with  almost  a military  arrangement  — of  the  whole  free 
and  slave  proletariate  of  the  capital  ” (Momm.).  These  clubs  were  sup- 
pressed by  the  Senate,  B.C.  64,  and  were  now  revived  by  Clodius,  to  aid 
him  in  his  schemes. 

vicatim,  by  wards  (via,  or  districts).  — decuriarentur,  were 
grouped  in  squads , a word  of  military  origin.  The  decuria,  how- 
ever, was  a common  name  for  the  divisions  of  collegia , without 
military  or  numeral  reference. 


Exile  of  Cicero. 


155 


153.  templum  Castoris,  on  the  south  side  of  the  Forum,  near 
the  eastern  end,  — apparently  used  as  a stronghold  by  Clodius. 
The  three  columns  now  standing  there  belonged  to  it. 

3.  tollebantur,  were  just  being  taken  up,  to  prepare  for  siege. 

4.  forum  et  contiones  : the  Forum  was  the  usual  place  of  assem- 
bly for  the  tribal  comitia,  the  comitium  for  contiones  (see  note,  § 39). 
_ nullus,  nihil  (pred counted  for  nothing.  — possidebat,  held 
in  keeping.  — cum  . . . retraxisset,  when  he  had  got  away  both 
consuls  from  public  duty  by  the  bargain  about  the  provinces. 

Sect.  14.  quae  cum,  etc.,  and  while  these  things  were  so.  ac, 

and  in  fact. 

13.  equester  ordo,  etc.,  an  indictment  was  brought  against  the 
whole  equestrian  order.  This  refers  to  a passage  (omitted)  which 
describes  Gabinius  as  threatening  this  Order  for  the  support  it  had 
given  Cicero  against  Catiline. 

14.  Italiae,  see  §11. 

15.  relegarentur,  were  got  out  of  the  way : i.e.  Cato,  on  pretext 
of  an  honorable  mission  to  Cyprus. 

20.  tamen  . . . restitissemus,  still,  with  so  great  zeal  on  the  part 
of  good  men , / should  have  resisted ; but , etc.,  — the  condition 
being  implied  in  moverunt. 

Sect.  15.  rationem,  motive . 

25.  nec  deero,  nor  will  / disappoint.  — causa  tam  bona,  i.e. 
to  defeat  the  illegal  violence  of  Clodius. 

28.  parato  agrees  with  consensu. 

31.  levitatem  audaciamque,  reckless  audacity . (A  few  lines, 
here  omitted,  consider  the  examples  of  Metellus  and  Marius.) 

Sect.  16.  autem : i.e.  if  I yielded  only  to  that  fear,  I own  that 
I was  weak  5 but  there  was  something  further. 

36.  C.  Marium : this  refers  to  the  case  of  Metellus  Numidicus, 
whose  exile  Cicero  compares  with  his  own.  He  went  into  exile  in 
Marius1  sixth  consulship,  B.C.  100,  rather  than  subscribe  to  an 
unconstitutional  law  carried  by  Saturninus  with  the  support  of  the 
consul. 

|54.  importuna,  inhuman.  — quos  refers  to  prodigia  by 

synesis  (§  187*  d\  G.  202.  R.1;  H.  445 5)* 

3.  le vitas,  want  of  principle,  the  opposite  of  gravit as.  tri- 


1 56 


Notes:  Cicero. 


buno  . . . addixerat,  had  bound  hand  and  foot  in  service  to  the 
tribune . The  word  addicere  means  literally  to  assign  as  bond- 
slave  to  a master,  — the  act  of  a court  of  justice,  equivalent  to 
imprisonment  for  debt. 

4.  si  . . . superassem  non  verebar  ne,  etc.,  / did  not  fear  lest , 
in  case  l should  be  victorious , etc.  The  apodosis  is  really  contained 
in  reprehenderet ; but  the  construction  is  that  of  the  future  pro- 
tasis (§  307./).  As  the  protasis  contrary  to  fact  is  a development 
from  this,  by  throwing  it  back  into  past  time,  the  two  are  almost 
equivalent,  as  here. 

Sect.  17.  sed  ilia,  etc.,  but  this  (which  follows)  is  what  influ- 
enced me . Here  sed  is  opposed  to  the  sentence  above,  quos  ho- 
mines, etc. 

12.  auctore  (abl.  abs.),  with  the  support  of. 

13.  quoad  licuit,  i.e.  till  the  laws  against  Cicero  were  passed. 
This  passage  is  interesting,  as  showing  the  personal  relations 
claimed  by  Cicero  with  the  members  of  the  coalition.  But  his 
letters  show  that  in  fact  a strong  and  unfriendly  jealousy  existed 
between  him  and  Crassus,  and  that  for  Caesar  he  felt  a political 
antipathy,  deepened  by  fear  of  his  genius  and  daring. 

18.  his  auctoribus  usurum,  these  he  should  follow  as  advisers , 
and  employ  as  assistants. 

20.  ex  quibus,  etc.,  one  of  whom  [he  said]  had , etc.  In  fact 
Caesar  was  at  this  time  just  making  his  first  levies  for  the  campaign 
in  Gaul.  (In  a relative  clause  like  this,  the  subj.  would  be  more 
usual ; but,  as  an  independent  proposition,  the  relative  is  equivalent 
to  a demonstrative,  with  the  regular  construction  of  indir.  disc.). 

22.  praesto,  within  call. 

Sect.  18.  legitimam,  by  process  of  law. 

25.  causae  dictionem , putting  on  trial. 

27.  tam  improbe  conjecta,  so  unblushingly  foisted  upon  the 
political  leaders. 

29.  eorum  taciturnitas : the  unfriendly  silence  of  Cicero’s 
political  rivals,  who  now  “ left  him  naked  to  his  enemies,”  was  the 
sharpest  mortification  he  endured  in  his  public  career. 

30.  conferebatur  has  a similar  meaning  with  conjecta,  above. 

32.  non  infitiando  confiteri,  by  not  denying , to  confess  them- 
selves partisans  of  Clodius. — illi,  the  chiefs  of  the  coalition. 


Exile  of  Cicero . 


T57 


33.  acta  ilia,  etc.,  the  acts  of  Caesar  as  consul,  which  were  said 
to  be  illegal  because  of  religious  informality,  and  were  in  danger 
of  being  set  aside  by  the  judicial  officers  (praetors)  and  the  Senate. 

34.  labefactari,  infirmari  (conative  present),  were  sought  to  be 
undermined  and  held  void. 

36.  popularem,  a party  term. 

155.  propiora  esse,  touched  them  more  nearly . 

Sect.  19.  a consulibus,  to  avoid  ambiguity;  with  the  dative 
it  might  be  construed,  said  to  the  consuls. 

3.  fidem  = protection.  — neque  se  . . . dicebat,  and  said  that 
he  would  not. 

4.  public e,  by  official  act. 

8.  vitae  (dat.  of  indir.  obj.  following  the  act  implied  in  insidias), 
plots  against  his  life. 

10.  coram,  in  person. 

11.  ab  illis,  meo  nomine,  i.e.  he  really  feared  that  some  designs 
against  him  might  be  attempted  by  Cicero’s  enemies,  who  would 
hope  to  cast  the  charge  on  him. 

15.  cum  imperio,  the  technical  term  for  being  in  military 
command. 

17.  fratrem:  Caius  Clodius,  an  elder  brother  of  Publius.  This 
would  be  claimed  as  an  evidence  of  Caesar’s  personal  support. 

Sect.  20.  non  nemo,  one  and  another. 

19.  fortis,  etc.,  of  firm,  energetic , and  lofty  temper. — restitis- 
ses,  you  should  have  made  a stand  (hortat.  subj.  § 266.  e ; G.  266. 
r.3;  H.  483s).  The  dramatic  form  is  here  used,  following  dixerit, 
in  preference  to  the  simpler  ut  resisterem,  in  appos.  with  illud, 
and  depending  on  restabat. 

24.  dimicationem  caedemque  = a bloody  conflict.  — fugisse, 

shunned. 

26.  hoc,  in  appos.  with  ut  . . . dedidissent. 

28.  vectores,  the  crew. 

29.  negarent,  mallent : the  imperf.  here  denotes  continued 
action  as  opposed  to  the  momentary  action  in  accidisset.  If  Cicero 
were  telling  an  actual  fact,  he  would  say,  Accidit  ut,  etc.;  vectores 
negabant,  malebant ; and  this  difference  in  tense  is  preserved  in  the 
contrarv-to-fact  construction. 


Notes : Cicero . 


32.  non  modo,  etc.,  i.e.  not  merely  if  certain  death,  but  even 
if  great  peril,  etc. : see  the  application  of  the  figure,  at  the  end 

of  § 21. 

Sect.  21.  fluitantem,  drifting . 

36.  incursurae,  § 293.  b\  G.  279;  H.  5493. 

156.  depugnarem,  should  I have  resisted  (§  268)  ; depug- 
nem  would  be,  shall  I (ought  I to)  contend ? Transferred  to  the 
past,  it  becomes  as  above. 

8.  summo  exitio,  I will  not  say  absolute  rum , but  at  least , etc. 
Sect.  22.  victi  essent,  what  the  supposed  vir  fortis  would  say. 

at  cives,  i.e.  the  conquered  would  still  be  my  fellow-citizens 

(compare  Cat.  iii.  § 27  ; iv.  § 22).  ab  eo,  etc.,  i.e.  he  who  before, 
when  in  office,  had  crushed  the  conspiracy  without  fighting,  would 
have  now  been  in  arms  as  a private  citizen. 

14.  qui  superessent,  who  would  [now]  survive  f 

15.  venturam  fuisse,  for  venisset  of  dir.  disc. 

17.  turn,  at  the  time  of  his  exile  : was  it  death  / fled  from  then  f 
19.  illas  res,  the  acts  of  his  consulship : cum  in  this  passage  is 
displaced  by  the  emphatic  words. 

21.  non  haec  . . . canebantur,  was  not  this  predicted  by  me  at 
the  very  moment  of  my  action  ? (Cat.  iv.  chap,  x.) 

Sect.  23.  rudis,  ignorant ; ignarus  rerum,  inexperienced.— 
tarn,  i.e.  as  to  fear  death. 

31.  donata,  a free  gift. 

33.  alii  . . . alii,  two  common  opinions  among  ancient  thinkers: 
compare  Cat.  iv.  § 7,  and  Plato’s  Apology  of  Socrates. 

35.  mentis  (acc.),  subj.  of  sentire. 

36.  excessissent,  for  perf.  def.  of  direct  discourse. 

157.  Sect.  24.  exemplum,  i.e.  an  example  of  one  who  had 
preserved  the  state,  so  that  there  would  be  nothing  in  future  to 
encourage  a statesman  of  public  spirit. 

9.  quis  . . . auderet : the  protasis  is  contained  in  me  . . . non 

restituto  (§  310.  a\  G.  5942  7 5492)* 

12.  cum  sua  minima  invidia,  at  the  risk  of  ever  so  little  odium 

against  him  (§  190.  b\  G.  363.  R. ; H.  396.  iii.  n.-). 

13.  servavi : notice  the  emphatic  position. 


159 


Exile  of  Cicero. 


SECT.  25.  hoc  honoris  gradu,  i.e.  his  rank  as  consulans. 

22.  cum  reliquissem,  subj.  on  account  of  the  implied  supposi- 
tion : in  case  / had  left. 

23.  hoc,  in  appos.  with  quod  . . . malui. 

25.  hunc  [dolorem],  etc.,  this  grief  I chose  to  endure , etc. 

Sect.  26.  isdem  radicibus  = a fruit  of  the  same  tree:  i.e. 

from  the  same  birthplace  ( Arpinum ). 

32.  Minturnis,  at  Minturnce , a town  at  the  mouth  ot  the  Lins 

(a  gloss,  explanatory  of  the  preceding). 


When  Sulla  returned  to  the  city,  B.C.  88,  and  put  Sulpicius  to  death, 
Marius  escaped  and  concealed  himself  in  the  marshes  of  Minturme,—  a 
seaboard  town  on  the  borders  of  Latium  and  Campania.  Here  he  was 
captured  and  thrown  into  prison,  where  a Cimbrian  slave  was  directed  o 
kill  him-  “but  the  German  trembled  before  the  flashing  eyes  of  the  old 
conqueror,  and  the  axe  fell  from  his  hands  when  the  general  with  his 
haughty  voice  demanded  whether  he  dared  to  kill  Cams  Manus  ( - 

The  magistrates  of  Minturnae,  struck  with  shame,  set  him  free,  and  enabled 
him  to  escape  to  Africa,  whence  he  was  recalled  in  triumph  by  Cinna  the 
next  year,  to  riot  in  the  blood  of  his  fellow-citizens. 


Sect.  27.  atque  ilia  . . . ego,  and  [while]  he,  etc. 


158.  periculo  rei  publicae  (like  the  English),  at  the  peril  of 
the  state , i.e.  as  its  only  defence  from  peril. 

3.  consularibus  litteris,  since  men  of  that  rank  had  given  him 

these  letters  missive. 

7.  fidei  publicae,  official  fidelity . — luod  si,  etc.,  if  this  contin- 
ues to  be  an  example. 

Sect.  28.  regum,  with  kings  : the  externa  bella  are  regarded 
as  warlike  efforts  of  kings  and  peoples  now  quite  crushed  (exstincta) . 

13.  invidia:  as  if  that  were  the  only  thing  to  deter  an  honora- 
ble ambition.  (Here  Cicero  mentally  compares  his  own  case  with 
Caesar’s). 

14.  praeclare,  etc.,  we  treat  them  handsomely  in  suffering  them 
to  become  our  subjects . 

15.  periculorum,  obj.  gen.  after  medicina. 

20.  rem  publicam  spectatis,  look  forward  to  public  life.  — 
segniores,  any  less  active. 


i6o 


Notes : Cicero . 


Sect.  29.  si  eis  . . . persolutum,  if  the  due  penalty  is  visited  on 
them. 

26.  numquam  jam,  never  again . 

31.  suum  terrorem,  the  dread  of  him . 

35.  relegentur,  banished  (see  § 14). 

159.  Sect.  30.  esse  confectam,  was  ruined.  (The  form  of 
indir.  disc,  is  used  after  oratione,  instead  of  quod  with  the  indie, 
denoting  the  fact.)  Compare  note,  § 20. 

12.  caritatem,  affection  for . 

14.  tecta  ac  templa:  i.e.  the  usual  crowds  did  not  appear. 

18.  mihi  . . . rogata  est,  ruin  to  me  and  the  state,  and  a province 
to  the  consuls , was  enacted. 

Sect.  31.  monstra  scelera,  prodigies  of  crime. 

24.  eo  ipso  crimine,  on  this  very  ground  (that  he  had  defended 
the  state). 

25.  servitio  concitato,  by  stirring  up  the  slaves  (see  note,  Cat. 

iii.  § 8). 

26.  lex  : the  law  which  banished  Cicero.  — vasto  . . . tradito  : 
i.e.  the  Forum,  where  the  comitia  tributa  met,  was  forsaken  by  good 
citizens,  and  the  assembly  was  overawed  by  armed  men. 

Sect.  32.  inter  esse,  intervene. 

32.  spolia:  see  next  sentence. 

33.  partitionem  aerarii : the  proconsuls  regularly  received  their 
outfit  by  vote  of  the  Senate;  but  on  this  occasion  the  Clodian 
law  appropriated  large  sums  for  them. 

34.  beneficia:  not  those  referred  to  in  Arch.  § 11,  but  offices 
and  appointments. 

35.  vexabatur  : Terentia,  Cicero’s  wife,  was  driven  from  her 
home,  and  his  house  on  the  Palatine,  as  well  as  some  of  his  villas, 
destroyed.  This  appears  to  have  been  an  act  of  pure  mob-law,  not 
the  legitimate  exercise  of  any  tribunician  power.  — liberi:  his  only 
children  were  his  daughter  Tullia  (now  twenty-one  years  old)  and 
his  son  Marcus,  a child  of  seven. 

36.  Piso  gener  : and  he  a Piso . 

160.  deferebantur : both  consuls  took  possession  of  works  of 
art  and  other  articles  of  value  in  Cicero’s  houses. 


Exile  of  Cicero . 


161 


5.  commoverentur,  they  should  have  been  moved  (hort.  subj. 
§ 266.  e\  G.  266.  R.3;  H.  48s2).  An  omitted  passage  speaks  of 
Cato’s  mission,  or  honorable  banishment,  to  Cyprus. 

Sect.  33.  vellet,  could  have  wished : i.e.  if  it  had  been  possible 
to  do  anything. 

7.  invitissimis  eis,  much  against  the  will  of  those  who , etc. 

12.  qui  . . . definisset:  Pompey  is  here  described  by  allusions 
to  his  exploits  (see  Or.  on  Manilian  Law). 

18.  quam  servasset  (as  above)  : but  the  whole  situation  is  charac- 
terized, rather  than  the  state  itself  = when  he  had  preserved  it. 

Sect.  34.  accessit,  he  joined . 

20.  reliquis,  what  remained  to  be  done  (opp.  to  praeteritis).  — 
inclinatio,  tendency. 

24.  L.  Ninnio,  a tribune  of  the  people : the  tribunes  also  had 
the  jus  vocandi  Senatus  and  referendi.  The  Senate  was  favorable 
to  the  proposed  act,  but  it  was  prevented  by  the  intercession  of 
y£lius  Ligus:  this  tribune  sided  with  Clodius,  leaving  eight  who 
were  favorable  to  Cicero’s  recall.  The  promulgation,  spoken  of 
below,  did  not  take  place  until  Oct.  29,  and  then  after  all  it  never 
came  to  a vote. 

25.  contremuit,  was  shaken. 

26.  promulgaverunt,  proposed  a law : the  promidgatio  took 
place  the  24th  day,  in  trinum  nundinum , before  the  Comitia  were 
held  (Mom.  Rom.  Chron.  p.  243). 

27.  decrevisse,  had  fallen  off  (decresco). — in  ea  fortuna,  in 
that  kind  of  fortune  (misfortune).  — fortuna,  sc.  mea. 

28.  quos  esse,  sc.  amicos. 

31.  tamen,  as  it  was.  — habueram,  i.e.  at  the  time  of  his  fall.  — 
defluxit,/^//  away. 

32.  Aeliorum  : Ligus  appears  not  to  have  belonged  rightfully  to 
this  gens , in  which  Ligus  was  a common  family  name  : the  Liguri- 
ans, from  whom  his  cognomen  was  taken,  had  the  reputation  of 
being  rude  and  perfidious. 

Sect.  35.  Kal.  Jan.,  B.C.  57:  P.  Lentulus  Spinther  and  Q. 
Metellus  Nepos,  consuls.  Lentulus  was  favorable  to  Cicero,  and 
Nepos — an  old  enemy  of  his  — was  a mere  hanger-on  of  Pompey, 
who  had  now  broken  off  with  Clodius.  Lentulus  brought  the  case 
before  the  Senate  on  New  Year’s  day. 


Notes:  Cicero. 


162 

35.  equidem  (here,  as  often,  equivalent  to  ego  quidem),  but  /. 

161.  Sect.  36.  Cotta:  L.  Aurelius  Cotta  (cos.  b.c.  65).  He, 
in  his  praetorship,  B.C.  70,  had  proposed  the  compromise  by  which 
the  courts  were  reorganized  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 47).  For  the 
order  of  business  in  the  Senate,  see  note,  Cat.  iv.  Int. 

8.  more  majorum,  by  precedent. 

9.  non  posse,  it  was  not  possible. 

10.  ferri,  of  a law;  judicari,  of  a legal  procedure. 

1 1 . comitiis  centuriatis : the  Clodian  laws,  it  will  be  remem- 
bered, had  been  passed  in  the  comitia  tributa. 

15.  reliquae  tranquillitatis,  of  future  tranqtiillity . 

23.  vim  habere,  etc.,  i.e.  the  law  was  void,  and  therefore  need 
not  be  repealed. 

Sect.  37.  hunc,  subj.  of  sentire  : that  he  had  very  just  views 
(answering  to  the  sententia  of  Cotta,  given  above). 

29.  defungerer,  get  clear  of. 

30.  beneficium  : i.e.  by  a law  expressing  their  good  will.  Pom- 
pey  apparently  did  not  venture  to  treat  the  acts  as  absolutely  void, 
but  contrived  this  evasive  measure. 

33.  discessio,  division  (see  introd.  note  to  Cat.  iv.). 

34.  Gavianus : a nickname  of  the  tribune  Sex.  Atilius  Serranus, 
in  allusion  to  his  low  birth.  — cum  esset  emptus,  though  he  had 
been  bought : the  manner  in  which  Cicero  speaks  of  this  shows  the 
demoralized  state  of  politics  at  that  time. 

36.  socer : his  name  was  Cn.  Oppius. 

102.  postero  die,  i.e.  the  next  on  which  the  Senate  could  sit. 
• — mo  ram,  hindrance. 

2.  discessum  est,  they  adjotirned. 

4.  pauci  omnino,  only  a few  in  all. 

6.  tamen : though  time  pressed,  yet  no  other  action  was  taken. 

Sect.  38.  ludificatione,  quibbling:  properly,  a feint,  ox  false 
movement , intended  to  deceive  an  enemy  (a  military  term), 
calumnia,  chicanery . 

8.  concilio,  in  counsel , construed  with  agendi,  which  limits  dies. 
A concilium,  it  will  be  remembered,  was  an  assembly  of  a portion 


Exile  of  Cicero. 


163 

of  the  people,  and  was  therefore  in  strictness  the  correct  term  for 
the  plebeian  assembly  of  the  tribes,  which  is  usually  called  comitia 
tributa . 

9.  princeps,  the  chief  supporter . 

10.  Q.  Fabricius:  he,  as  well  as  Sestius,  was  a tribune.— 
templum,  consecrated  place  — Rostra:  see  note,  Manil.  § 70. 

12.  hie,  Sestius. 

13.  nihil  progreditur,  takes  no  step  forward . 

16.  multa  de  nocte,  early  in  the  morning  (when  there  was  still 
much  of  the  night  left). 

18.  manus  adferunt,  come  to  blows . 

Sect.  39.  tamen,  opposed  to  the  implied  fact  that  he  had  not 
exposed  himself  to  violence  (telis  obtulisset  corpus') . 

30.  in  comitio  (see  note,  Verr.  vi.  § 14) : the  assembly  was 
properly  held  in  the  comitium , or  elevated  spot  set  apart  for  pub- 
lic purposes.  As  this  was  found  too  small  for  large  gatherings, 
the  market-place  proper,  on  the  other  side  of  the  rostra , was  used, 
and  the  speaker,  in  the  last  years  of  the  republic,  faced  away  from 
the  comitium  towards  the  market-place. 

Sect.  40.  compleri,  § 288.  b\  G.  277.  R. ; H.  537 

35.  refarciri,  choked . 

36.  copiam,  etc.,  this  armed  array . 

163.  patricium  et  praetorium : of  Clodius’  brother,  Appius 
Claudius,  the  praetor. 

8.  Cinnano,  etc. : see  Cat.  iii.  § 24. 

10.  animorum,  passions.  — pertinacia,  wilful  obstinacy , con- 
st antia.,  judicious  firmness . 

n.  intercessoris : i.e.  a tribune,  interceding  to  prevent  the 
passage  of  a law. 

12.  latoris,  the  proposer  of  a law.  — commodo,  advantage  in 
the  law  vetoed. 

13.  concertatione,  conflict  among  magistrates  of  equal  power. 

35.  discessione,  division. 

Sect.  41.  multitudine,  a throng  of  followers;  praesidio,  an 
armed  band. 

26.  auspiciis,  etc.  (see  note,  § 12)  refers  to  obnuntiasset. 

31,  jure  laesisset:  i.e.  both  of  these  procedures,  however  mis- 


164 


Notes : Cicero . 


chievous,  would  still  have  been  legally  and  formally  correct  — like 
filibustering  in  Congress. 

32.  novicios,  raw . — aedilitate : Clodius  was  aedile  the  next 
year,  B.C.  56. 

36.  eum,  Sestius. 

164.  Sect.  42.  id  egit,  aimed  at  this . 

5.  interf ationem,  interruption . — legibus : i.e.  the  original  law 
of  the  tribuneship,  and  also  the  Appuleian  law,  making  it  a viola- 
tion of  majestas  to  interrupt  a tribune  in  the  discharge  of  his  office. 

6.  obnuntiavit  consuli,  i.e.  Metellus.  The  object  is  not  known. 

10.  saeptorum,  railings , or  temporary  enclosures  for  voting. 

13.  opinione  mortis,  the  notion  that  he  was  dead. 

16.  modo,  moderation. 

Sect.  43.  Milo  : T.  Annius,  whom  Cicero  afterwards  defended 
for  the  murder  of  Clodius  (see  the  next  following  Oration). 

19.  non  quo,  § 341.  d,  R. ; G.  541.  R.1;  H.  5162.  — impertiam, 
bestow,  sc.  ei. 

25.  sic,  with  this  design . 

27.  constans  ratio,  a rational  and  consistent  measure.  — plena 
. . . concordiae,  having  the  full  and  harmonious  consent  of  all 
parties . 

28.  consulis  alterius,  Lentulus ; alterius,  Metellus. 

30.  unus,  Appius  Claudius. 

32.  duo  soli  : Numerius  Rufus  and  Sex.  Atilius  Serranus,  tribunes. 

33.  qui  si,  and  if  they. 

36.  summum  ordinem,  the  Senate. 

165.  Sect.  44.  ille  gladiator,  that  ruffian  (Clodius).  — si 
moribus  ageret,  if  he  made  it  a question  of  character . 

14.  dolorem,  indignation. 

1 6.  tripudiantem  : the  tripudium  was  strictly  a religious  dance. 

Sect.  45.  pristini  judicii : in  the  year  B.C.  62,  Clodius  had 
been  guilty  of  a daring  act  of  impiety,  in  violating  the  mysteries  of 
the  worship  of  the  Bona  Dea ; but  had  been  acquitted  by  a venal 
jury  (note,  Or.  for  Milo,  § 13). 

23.  consul,  Metellus;  praetor,  Appius  Claudius;  tribunus, 
Atilius.  The  effect  of  this  new  edict  — although  general  in  its 


Exile  of  Cicero . 


i65 

nature  — was,  as  was  intended,  to  protect  Clodius  from  prosecution. 

24.  ne  reus,  etc.  The  edicts  were,  in  fact,  that  no  proceedings 
should  be  had  till  after  the  allotment  of  places  to  the  praetors. 

26.  quid  ageret,  what  was  he  to  do? 

31.  adfligeret?  should  he  cast  down  (i.e.  by  abandoning  it)  ? 

32.  perfecit  ut,  etc. : i.e.  he  surrounded  himself,  as  Clodius  had 
done,  with  a band  of  cut-throats. 

Sect.  46.  hoc  in  genere,  in  this  sort. 

166.  cernit  toto  corpore,  i.e.  risks  at  every  point. 

Sect.  47.  quis  ignorat,  etc.  This  passage  is  interesting,  as 
one  of  the  few  glimpses  we  have  of  ancient  opinion  respecting  the 
foundation  of  civil  society.  — ita  tulisse,  has  so  decreed. 

9.  naturali  jure,  the  law  of  nature ; civili,  that  of  organized 
society. 

17.  res  publicas,  institutions. 

Sect.  48.  nihil  tam  interest,  nothing  makes  so  much  difference. 

23.  horum,  etc.,  whichever  we  refuse , we  must  employ  the  other. 

24.  volumus,  in  effect  a condition,  though  in  form  a statement. 
28.  altero  . . . altero,  i.e.  law  and  force:  an  ingenious  apology 

for  Milo’s  acts  of  violence. 

3 1 . ratio,  method , or  principle. 

After  all  these  efforts  had  failed,  the  restoration  of  Cicero  was 
carried  quietly,  on  the  4th  of  August,  by  a Lex  Cornelia , proposed 
by  the  consul  P.  Cornelius  Lentulus,  in  the  comitia  centuriata. 
For  the  circumstances  alluded  to  in  the  following  section,  see 
Cicero’s  Letter  to  Atticus  (Att.  iv.  1),  who  was  then  in  Epirus. 

167.  Sect.  49.  filiae,  see  § 32. 

5.  coloniae  : Brundisium,  a very  ancient  Greek  port  (B pevrlaiov), 
was  established  as  a Roman  colony  Aug.  5,  B.c.  242. 

6.  aedis  Salutis  : this  temple,  on  the  Quirinal  hill,  was  dedi- 
cated on  the  same  day,  B.c.  303. 

Sect.  50.  P.  Lentulum  : this  was  the  young  son  of  the  consul 
of  B.c.  57.  He  had  the  year  before  assumed  the  toga  virilis , and 
also,  by  election  into  the  college  of  augurs,  the  toga  praetexta. 
The  squalor  and  sordes  here  referred  to  were  on  account  of  a prop- 
osition to  abrogate  the  proconsular  imperiwn  of  the  elder  Lentu- 


1 66 


Notes : Cicero . 


lus,  who  had  been  commissioned  as  governor  of  Cilicia,  to  restore 
to  his  throne  the  exiled  King  Ptolemy  Auletes  of  Egypt,  father  of 
the  famous  Cleopatra.  This  proposition,  which  was  vehemently 
disputed,  never  came  to  a vote ; but  a year  or  two  later  Ptolemy 
was  restored.  From  the  next  section  it  would  appear  that  Cicero 
attributed  much  of  this  opposition  against  Lentulus  to  his  constant 
support  of  himself. 

34.  hac  toga,  the  squalid  garment  he  then  had  on. 

168.  Sect.  51.  illo  die:  the  arrest  of  the  conspirators, 
on  Dec.  3,  b.c.  63  (see  Cat.  iii.). 

Sect.  52.  hie  puer,  the  young  Lentulus. 

29.  meo  nomine,  on  my  account . 


DEFENCE  OF  MILO. 

Argument . 

Chap,  i,  2.  Exordium.  The  new  form  of  trial:  public  sympathy  is 
with  the  defendant  — except  the  Clodian  hirelings.  Question  not  of  fact, 
but  of  right. — Confutatio.  3,  4.  Homicide  is  not  always  a crime;  it  is  espe- 
cially justifiable  in  defence  against  violence.  — 5,  6.  Judgment  of  the  Senate 
and  of  Cicero  himself.  — 7,  8.  The  action  of  Pompey  : his  motive  in  constitut- 
ing the  court.  — Narratio.  9,  10.  The  question  is,  Which  laid  the  plot  against 
the  other?  History  of  the  controversy.  Why  Clodius  desired  Milo’s 
death,  and  how  he  planned  to  meet  him;  the  encounter  on  the  Appian  Way. 

Confirmatio.  I.  12-14.  Which  was  gainer  by  the  other’s  death?  which 

was  likelier  to  commit  the  crime?  the  two  men  compared. — 15,  16.  Milo 
had  before  spared  Clodius:  why  kill  him  now? — 17-19.  How  Clodius 
knew  of  Milo’s  journey,  and  informed  himself  of  his  setting  out : pretext 
of  the  death  of  Cyrus.  — 20,  21.  Comparison  of  the  conditions:  Milo  was 
on  strange  ground,  and  unprepared.  — 22.  Why  Milo  manumits  his  slaves  : 
it  was  a generous  and  right  act.  The  testimony  of  Clodius*  slaves  goes 
for  nothing. — 23-26.  Milo’s  after  acts:  the  false  charges  against  him, 
especially  of  plotting  against  Pompey : the  pretended  hostility  of  Pompey 
explained  away.  — II.  27-30.  Yet  if  he  had  killed  Clodius  purposely,  all 
would  have  approved.  The  crimes  of  Clodius : would  any  have  him  re- 
stored to  life?  If  Milo  had  slain  him,  he  might  have  claimed  glory  for  the 


Defence  of  Milo. 


167 

deed.  — 31—33.  It  was  the  act  of  the  gods,  who  first  made  Clodius  mad, 
that  he  might  rush  on  his  destruction.  — Peroratio.  34-38.  Milo’s  calm 
resignation;  the  State’s  ingratitude.  He  is  upheld  by  the  consciousness 
of  right,  and  the  sympathy  of  the  good.  His  services  to  Cicero,  who  ap- 
peals to  the  jurors  in  his  own  name  : Milo  would  hardly  permit  this  appeal 
to  their  compassion. 

PAGE 

170.  Sect.  1.  fortissimo:  this  word  implies  a steady  cour- 
age, rather  than  the  violent  temper  which  distinguished  Milo.  — 

perturb  etur  de,  alarmed  for . 

6.  novi  judicii : the  court  was  ordained  by  the  comitia  tributa , 
on  motion  of  Pompey,  as  the  first  act  of  his  consulship : one  of 
the  conditions  being,  that  after  three  days  had  been  allowed  for 
the  hearing  of  witnesses,  two  hours  should  be  reserved  for  the  prose- 
cution, and  three  for  the  defence. 

Sect.  2.  pro  templis,  see  plan  of  Forum.  — non  . . . non 
adferunt  aliquid,  do  not  fail  to  bring  something  (of  terror  or  con- 
straint). 

12.  ut  . . . possimus,  so  that  we  cannot  even  be  relieved  of  fear 
(non  timere)  without  some  fear. — foro,  judicio  : because  these 
especially  require  peace,  and  are  opposed  to  the  very  idea  of  armed 
conflict. 

171.  si  . . . putarem,  Cicero  assumes,  in  spite  of  the  plain  fact, 
that  the  authorities  (including  Pompey)  are  on  the  side  of  Milo. 

3.  me  recreat,  I am  reassured ; reficit,  revived  (emphatic 
position). 

6.  tradidisset,  had  submitted . 

8.  publica,  official. 

Sect.  3.  ilia  arma,  etc.  On  the  first  day  of  the  trial,  when 
M.  Marcellus  began  to  cross-examine  one  of  the  witnesses  against 
Milo,  he  was  so  terrified  by  the  rush  of  the  mob,  that  he  took 
refuge  on  the  praetor’s  bench.  Pompey,  alarmed  by  the  same  dis- 
turbance, came  down  next  day  with  an  armed  guard,  and  the  trial 
was  allowed  to  proceed  without  disturbance. 

10.  praesidium,  protection.  — quieto,  i.e.  free  from  actual  fear. 

12.  auxilium,  help,  against  actual  violence  ; silentium,  freedom 
from  interruption  even  by  words. 


Notes:  Cicero , 


1 68 

13.  quae  quidem  est  civium,  so  far  at  least  as  it  consists  of 
citizens  (alluding  to  the  gladiators  in  the  pay  of  Clodius) . 

14.  neque  quisquam,  etc.,  and  there  is  no  one  of  those  whom  you 
see  looking  on,  who  does  not  at  once  favor , etc. 

19.  decertari,  that  the  conflict  is, 

22.  hesterna  contione,  yesterday's  harangue . The  day  before, 
after  the  court  adjourned,  one  T.  Munatius  Plancus  (see  § 12)  had 
harangued  the  crowd,  urging  them  to  be  on  hand  next  day,  and 
not  suffer  Milo  to  escape.  On  this  day,  the  last  of  the  trial,  says 
Asconius,  shops  were  closed  throughout  the  city ; Pompey  posted 
guards  in  the  Forum  and  all  its  approaches ; he  himself  sat,  as  on 
the  day  before,  in  front  of  the  Treasury,  girt  with  a select  body  of 
troops.  When  Cicero  began  to  speak,  “ he  was  received  by  an 
outcry  of  the  party  of  Clodius,  who  could  not  be  restrained  even  by 
terror  of  the  surrounding  soldiery.1’ 

21.  eorum,  namely , of  those  (gen.  of  material,  § 214.  e ; G.  367*  R* ; 
H.  401). 

23.  praeirent,  dictated . — judicaretis,  indir.  quest.  } but  if  direct 
would  still  be  in  the  subj.  (quid  judicetis?  what  are  you  to  decide? 
§ 268;  G.  251 ; H.  486.  ii.). 

24.  quorum  si,  and  if  from  them, 

25.  retineatis : the  penalty  was  banishment,  by  which  he  lost 
his  rights  as  citizen. 

26.  neglexit,  thought  as  nothing. 

Sect.  4.  adeste  animis,  have  presence  of  mind, 

31.  locus,  opportunity,  — amplissimorum  ordinum  : the  couit 
was  made  up  of  senators,  equites , and  tribuni  aerarii  (see  Verr.  i. 

§49). delectis : the  whole  body  of  jurors  (360)  was  selected; 

though  the  particular  jury  (of  51)  was  drawn  by  lot. 

33.  re  et  sententiis,  by  act  and  verdict. 

36.  dediti,  devoted.  — omnem,  complete,  — nos,  see  below. 

172.  Sect.  5.  nobis  duobus,  than  we  twofi.e,  the  orator 
and  his  client. 

4.  exercitum,  tormented. 

6.  ad  rem  publicam,  into  public  life.  — crudelissimorum  : exile 
was  the  worst,  apparently,  that  Milo  had  to  fear.  Here  Cicero 
alludes  to  his  own  experience  of  it. 


Defence  of  Milo.  169 

7.  ceteras,  i.e.  the  ordinary  turmoils  which  a politician  must 
expect  to  meet,  from  which  the  courts  should  be  a refuge. 

8.  dum  taxat  (usually  written  together  as  an  adverb),  at  any  rate. 

10.  senser at,  had  taken  ground. 

11.  ex  cunctis  ordinibus,  see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 47. 

15.  tails  viros,  such  men  (as  you).  It  was  admitted,  says  Asco- 
nius,  that  no  body  of  jurors  had  ever  been  more  illustrious  or  just 
than  those  who  composed  this  court. 

Sect.  6.  quamquam,  and  yet  (corrective). 

16.  tribunatu,  see  Oration  for  Sestius,  § 43  (87). 

17.  ad  . . . defensionem,/^r  the  rebuttal  of  this  charge. 

18.  abutemur,  take  unfair  advantage : these  acts  of  Milo’s  trib- 
uneship,  it  will  be  remembered,  were  in  the  personal  interest  of 
Cicero. — insidias  a Clodio  : Cicero  was  the  only  one  of  Milo’s 
advocates  who  ventured  on  this  line  of  defence,  which  so  brings 
out  the  interest  and  ability  of  his  speech.  It  required  some  assur- 
ance to  speak  of  Milo  as  acting  in  self-defence ! 

22.  fuerit  for  fuit,  on  account  of  adsignetis. 

24.  turn  denique,  then  only. 

25.  cetera,  all  else. 

Sect.  7.  ad  earn  orationem,  to  that  line  of  argument. 

29.  est  propria,  properly  belongs. 

30.  in  senatu  : a shocking  detail  of  Milo’s  brutalities  in  connec- 
tion with  this  murder  — including  the  wanton  slaughter  of  many  of 
Clodius’  men,  and  the  cutting  up  a slave  by  piecemeal  under  pre- 
tence of  extorting  testimony  — had  been  made  by  Q.  Metellus 
Scipio  in  the  Senate. 

32.  rem,  the  real  case. 

33.  negant : of  course  this  supposed  denial  is  a caricature  of 
the  real  argument  employed. 

35.  tandem  = / should  like  to  know. 

36.  nempe,  why , precisely.  — primum,  i.e.  the  first  capital  trial. 

173.  M.  Horatii : the  famous  story  of  the  three  Horatii  and 
the  three  Curiatii.  When  Horatius  was  condemned  to  death  for 
the  murder  of  his  sister,  he  was  acquitted  on  appeal  to  the  people ; 
and  this  incident  passed  as  the  origin  of  provocatio,  or  appeal  to 
the  people  from  the  decision  of  a magistrate  (see  note,  Verr.  vi.  § 6). 


Notes:  Cicero . 


170 

— nondum  libera,  under  the  kings:  it  was  in  the  reign  of  Tulius 
Hostilius,  b.c.  668. 

2.  comitiis : sc.  curiatis  (see  note,  Sest.  § 10).  The  comitia 
centuriata  and  tributa  were  not  established  till  long  after  this  time. 

Sect.  8.  an,  why  l 

6.  recte,  right  in  conscience  ; jure,  in  law. 

7.  P.  Africanum,  i.e.  Ahnilianus : he  was  cousin  (by  adoption) 
and  brother-in-law  of  Gracchus,  and  friendly  to  the  spirit  of  his 
reforms,  although  not  sympathizing  with  his  violent  course. 

8.  C.  Carbone:  a bad  member  of  a bad  family;  lather  of  the 
proposer  of  the  Lex  Plautia-Papiria  (see  note,  Arch.  § 7),  who  was 
the  most  respectable  representative  of  the  family:  uncle  of  the 
infamous  Cn.  Papirius  Carbo,  the  Marian  leader.  C.  Carbo  was  a 
mere  demagogue,  a violent  supporter  of  Gracchus,  and  probably 
the  murderer  of  Scipio  Ahnilianus : he  afterwards  went  over  to 
the  opposite  party,  and  was  one  of  the  bitterest  antagonists  of  C. 
Gracchus.  Two  years  after  the  death  of  C.  Gracchus,  he  was 
attacked  so  vehemently  by  the  young  orator  L.  Crassus,  that  he 
took  his  own  life  (it  is  said,  by  swallowing  cantharides). 

10.  aut  . . . aut : i.e.  these  are  cases  in  which  homicide  is  lawful. 

11.  Ahala,  etc.  (see  Cat.  i.  §§  3,  4)  : but  these  acts  were  so  far 
from  being  approved  at  the  time,  that  in  every  case  here  mentioned 
the  chief  actor  was  forced  into  exile. 

14.  fictis  fabulis,  properly,  mythical  dramas : the  reference  is  to 
the  Eumenides  of  ^Eschylus,  which  treats  of  the  expiation  of  the 
guilt  of  Orestes,  son  of  Agamemnon,  at  the  court  of  Areopagus  in 
Athens.  Six  judges  pronouncing  for  condemnation  and  six  for 
acquittal,  Pallas  gives  her  casting-vote  for  mercy.  — doctissimi,  the 
greatest  poets. 

15.  memoriae  tradiderunt,  have  left  on  record. 

Sect.  9.  duodecim  tabulae,  the  Twelve  Tables. 

The  “Twelve  Tables”  were  the  code  which  formed  the  basis  of  Roman 
law,  drawn  up  B.c.  451  by  an  elected  board  of  ten  commissioners,  decem- 
viri. The  decemvirs  superseded  for  the  time  the  regular  magistrates, 
plebeian  as  well  as  patrician ; and  it  appears  to  have  been  intended  that 
this  should  be  a permanent  change  in  the  form  of  government,  which 
should  place  patricians  and  plebeians  on  an  equality.  The  experiment 


i;t 


Defence  of  Milo. 

failed,  — through  the  arrogance  of  the  Board,  and  especially  the  infamous 
adjudication  of  the  decemvir  Appius  Claudius,  in  the  case  of  the  free-born 
maiden  Virginia,  — and  the  old  institutions  were  restored  in  two  years. 
The  codification  of  the  laws,  however,  made  by  the  decemvirs,  continued 
in  force,  and  was  the  starting-point  of  the  legal  education  of  every 
Roman,  and  of  all  later  development  of  Roman  law.  (Maine,  “ Ancient 
Law,”  p.  32.) 

19.  nocturnum,  etc.,  this  permission  was  obsolete  in  the  time  of 
Cicero,  and  the  necessity  of  killing  had  to  be  proved,  as  nowadays. 

quo  quo  modo,  no  matter  how. 

21.  quis,  one. 

23.  porrigi,  offered. 

24.  atqui,  and  now. 

25.  vi  vis  . . . defenditur,  offered  violence  is  repelled  by  force. 

27.  pudicitiam  eriperet,  tried  to  rob  of  his  honor.  tribunus  : 

C.  Lusius,  son  of  Marius’  sister.  This  was  a stock-instance  among 
rhetoricians,  in  arguing  the  just  limits  of  self-defence. 

31.  scelere  solutum,  acquitted  of  guilt. 

Sect.  10.  vero,  i.e.  a still  stronger  case. 

33.  comitatus,  body-guard , which  would  seem  to  have  been  a 
common  thing  among  these  gentlemen  of  Rome,  as  among  the 
partisan  chieftains  of  the  Middle  Age. 

34.  volunt,  mean. 

35.  nullo  pacto,  under  no  circumstances. 

|74 1 adripuimus,  caught]  hausimus , imbibed]  expressimus, 

wrought  out ; imbuti,  steeped. 

omnis  . . . esset,  any  way  should  be  honorable,  (lex,  as  a 
word  of  decreeing,  takes  ut  with  subj. : § 331*  a\  G.  546;  H.  501.) 
Sect.  11.  silent : notice  the  emphatic  position. 

7.  velit,  subj.  because  of  sit. 

8.  ante  . . . quam,  § 262;  G.  576;  H.  520.-etsi:  i.e.  there  is 
no  need  to  appeal  to  the  law  of  nature. 

9.  ipsa  lex : a law  of  Sulla,  forbidding  not  only  murder,  but 
going  armed  with  intent  to  murder. 

10.  non  hominem  occidi:  i.e.  this  is  not  the  point  which  the 

law  (in  that  clause)  forbids. 

14.  judicaretur:  the  subject  is  antecedent  of  qui.  The  argu- 


172 


Notes : Cicero . 


ment  is,  that  the  judicial  interpretation  excepts  the  case  of  self- 
defence  ; though  the  words  hominem  occidere  are  expressly  used  in 
the  law. 

17.  insidiatorem : here  he  hints  that  Clodius  will  be  found  to 
have  forfeited  his  life  to  the  law  just  cited. 

Sect.  12.  sequitur  illud,  the  next  thing  is  this. 

20.  contra  rem  publicam  factum,  a technical  phrase,  like  “a 
breach  of  the  peace.” 

21.  illam  vero,  etc.,  nay , but  the  Senate  approved  it  (the  killing 
of  Clodius). 

24.  nec  tacitis,  loudly ; nec  occulte,  in  plain  terms . 

27.  declarant,  i.e.  it  is  shown  by.  — hujus  ambusti  tribuni,  this 
fire-scorched  tribune , i.e.  T.  Munatius  Plancus  (note,  § 3). 

28.  intermortuae,  still-born , or  stifled  by  the  smoke  of  the  burn- 
ing Senate-house  at  the  time  of  Clodius’  funeral  (see  note,  § 13). 
This  conflagration  had  caused  such  a reaction  in  the  public  mind, 
that  Milo,  who  had  nearly  abandoned  his  case,  was  encouraged  to 
return  to  Rome  to  stand  trial,  and  even  to  renew  his  canvass  for  the 
consulship. 

31.  potentia,  unlawful  domination. 

32.  aut  auctoritas  aut  gratia,  influence  from  public  acts  or  pri- 
vate favor. 

33.  ofliciosos,  serviceable , in  the  way  of  forensic  advocacy. 

35.  sane,  if  you  like ; or,  for  aught  I care. 

175.  Sect.  13.  vero,  in  reference  to  the  statement  at  the  be- 
ginning of  § 12.  — hanc  quaestionem,  this  special  court , consti- 
tuted for  this  case  (note,  § 1,  compare  R.  A.  § 1). 

2.  erant,  there  were  already. 

6.  de  illo  incest o stupro,  that  incestuous  outrage , the  violation 
of  the  mysteries  of  the  Bona  Dea  (b.c.  62). 

An  annual  service  was  solemnized  (see  § 86)  to  the  Bona  Dea  — the 
Earth-Goddess  of  fertility  — at  the  house  of  a consul  or  praetor,  in  which 
the  Vestal  Virgins  took  part,  together  with  matrons  of  the  highest  rank  in 
the  city.  The  ceremonies  were  so  strictly  private  that  no  man,  not  even 
the  magistrate  at  whose  house  they  took  place,  was  suffered  to  be  present. 
On  this  occasion  the  mysteries  were  celebrated  at  Caesar’s  house  as  praetor. 


Defence  of  Milo. 


1 73 


Caesar,  bein gpontifex  maximus , resided  in  the  Regia  (the  official  residence 
of  that  dignitary),  the  remains  of  which  are  thought  to  have  been  recently 
discovered  near  the  temple  of  Vesta.  Clodius,  who  was  the  accepted  lover 
of  Pompeia,  Caesar’s  wife,  introduced  himself  in  female  dress;  but  was  dis- 
covered, and  escaped  through  the  help  of  a housemaid.  The  scandal  was 
frightful.  A new  ceremony  was  ordered  by  the  priests.  Caesar,  whose 
strong  partisan  Clodius  was,  affected  to  believe  no  harm,  but  presently 
divorced  Pompeia,  saying,  loftily,  that  Caesar’s  wife  must  be  above  suspi- 
cion. The  Senate  — since  the  existing  quaestiones  perpetuae  had  each  its 
own  rigidly-defined  sphere  — proposed  a special  court  de  pollutis  sacris, 
in  which  the  jurors  should  be  designated  by  the  praetor,  not  determined  by 
lot.  But  the  comitia  which  was  to  decide  the  question  was  broken  up  by 
a mob;  and  afterwards  the  Senate  was  obliged  to  accept  a compromise, 
which  secured  a court  containing  a sufficient  number  of  venal  jurors,  by 
whom  Clodius  was  acquitted,  31  to  25.  This  celebrated  trial,  in  which 
Cicero  had  part,  as  witness  to  disprove  an  alibi  (see  § 46),  was  the  origin 
of  the  inexpiable  feud  between  him  and  Clodius. 

9.  incendium  curiae.  The  body  of  Clodius,  left  in  the  high- 
way, had  been  picked  up  and  sent  to  Rome,  where  its  wounds  were 
exposed  to  public  gaze,  till,  in  the  fury  of  the  time,  it  was  dragged 
to  the  Senate-house.  Here  a funeral-pile  was  made  of  desks,  benches, 
and  other  furniture,  and  in  the  conflagration  the  Senate-house  itself, 
with  several  other  buildings,  was  destroyed. 

10.  Lepidi  : M.  Himilius  Lepidus  (afterwards  triumvir  with  Octa- 
vianus  and  Antony)  had  been  appointed  interrex , a formality  neces- 
sary to  give  regularity  to  the  forms  of  election  when  there  were  no 
consuls. 

Whenever  there  was  a suspension  of  legal  authority,  by  vacancy  of  the 
chief  magistracy,  it  was  understood  that  the  auspicia — which  were  regu- 
larly in  possession  of  the  magistrates  — were  lodged  with  the  patrician 
members  of  the  Senate,  until  new  magistrates  should  be  inaugurated. 
The  renewal  of  the  regular  order  of  things  was  begun  by  the  patrician 
senators  coming  together  and  appointing  one  of  their  own  number  as  in- 
%terrex.  He  held  office  for  five  days,  as  chief  magistrate  of  the  Common- 
wealth and  possessor  of  the  auspicia;  then  created  a successor,  who  might 
hold  the  comitia  for  the  election  of  consuls.  In  the  present  case,  the 
tribunes  had  prevented  the  appointment  of  an  irtterrex  for  several  weeks. 
After  the  death  of  Clodius,  Lepidus  was  appointed,  and  the  mob  demanded 


174 


Notes : Cicero . 


that  he  should  hold  the  comitia  at  once  for  the  election  of  consuls.  This 
he  refused,  on  the  ground  that  the  first  inter  rex  had  no  such  power;  when 
his  house  was  besieged  during  the  five  days  of  his  interregnum , and  at 
last  stormed  and  plundered.  The  mob  battered  in  his  door,  destroyed  the 
household  furniture,  including  his  wife’s  marriage-bed  (the  lectus  genialis , 
which  stood  in  the  hall),  the  family  images,  and  the  tapestries  of  the  hall; 
and  were  only  stayed  at  last  by  the  armed  force  of  Milo. 

Sect.  14.  e re  publica,  in  the  interest  of  the  commonwealth. 

18.  decrevi,  notavi,  / voted , I marked,  i.e.  as  deserving  punish- 
ment, leaving  the  person  of  the  criminal  to  the  decision  of  the 
court  (§  31).  These  words  refer  to  Cicero’s  acts  and  votes  in  the 
Senate. 

2i.  crimen:  the  charge  against  the  particular  person;  rem,  the 

act  itself. 

23.  tribunum,  Plancus.  — licuisset : the  action  was  stayed  by 

the  tribune’s  intercessio. 

24.  decernebat,  it  was  on  the  point  of  deciding  (§  277.  c\  G. 
224 ; H.  469.  ii.1). 

25.  extra  ordinem,  out  of  turn  : i.e.  they  should  have  precedence 
of  the  regular  docket. 

26.  divisa  sententia  est,  i.e.  the  points  were  taken  up  separately. 

Pompey  had  proposed  his  law  de  vi,  establishing  a special  court.  In 
opposition  to  this,  a resolution  was  offered  in  the  Senate  ( a ) that  the  dis- 
turbances were  against  the  good  of  the  republic,  and  (b)  should  be  pro- 
ceeded against  by  the  regular  courts,  only  out  of  turn.  The  division  of 
the  question  demanded  by  the  tribune  Q.  Fufius  Calenus  {nescio  quo) 
allowed  the  first  clause  to  pass,  but  stopped  the  second  by  the  tribunician 
veto  ( etnpta  intercessione) . Then,  in  due  time,  Pompey’s  law  was  passed; 
while  an  empty  resolution  of  the  Senate,  disapproving  of  acts  of  vio- 
lence, could  be  used  to  damage  the  case  of  its  own  champion,  as  appears 
from  § 12. 

27.  nescio  quo  ; Calenus  is  not  named,  probably  as  being  pres- 
ent (compare  note,  R.  A.  § 5).  0 

Sect.  15.  re,  the  facts  of  the  fray;  causa,  the  case  of  the  ac- 
cused person. 

33.  nempe,  etc.,  simply  investigation  should  be  made.  — quid 
porro,  etc.,  what , then , was  to  be  investigated  f 


Defence  of  Milo. 


175 


176.  hanc  salutarem  litteram,  this  saving  letter  (hanc,  be- 
cause in  favor  of  his  client).  Each  juror  inscribed  on  his  ballot 
A (absolve)  for  acquittal,  or  K ( condemno ) for  conviction. 

Sect.  16.  Publio  Clodio  : the  name  is  given  in  full  to  empha- 
size the  person.  — tempori,  the  troubled  time,  which  demanded  the 
investigation. 

13.  Catonis:  M.  Porcius  Cato  (the  Younger),  a stern  champion 
of  the  Senate,  who,  when  Caesar  had  destroyed  the  hopes  of  his 
party,  killed  himself  at  Utica,  — hence  called  Uticensis. 

14.  Drusus : M.  Livius  Drusus  (son  of  Marcus)  was  murdered 
by  some  unknown  person  on  returning  home  from  an  exciting  politi- 
cal debate  (b.c.  91). 

17.  Africano,  i.e.  ^Emilianus.  He  was  actively  opposed  to  the 
plans  of  C.  Gracchus  for  the  division  of  the  Latian  lands ; and, 
while  the  controversy  was  at  its  hottest,  was  found  dead  in  his  bed, 
with  marks  (it  was  thought)  of  strangulation.  His  wife,  sister  of 
the  tribune,  and  Gracchus  himself,  lay  under  some  suspicion  of  the 
crime,  which  was  probably  the  act  of  Carbo  (see  note  to  § 8). 

19.  quem  immortalem,  etc.  Scipio  died  at  the  age  of  fifty-six. 
— dolor e,  indignation. 

Sect.  17.  quia,  etc.,  i.e.  it  is  question  of  persons. 

25.  summorum,  infimorum,  simply  high  and  low.  — quidem ,yet. 

29.  monumentis,  memorial:  i.e.  the  road  itself.  The  Appian 
Way  was  constructed  B.c.  312,  by  the  censor  Ap.  Claudius  Caecus, 
an  ancestor  of  Clodius.  This  circumstance  is  skilfully  used  to  tell 
against  Clodius,  rather  than  in  his  favor. 

31.  ille,  the  famous  (§  102.  b). 

Sect.  18.  M.  Papirium : this  was  one  of  Clodius’  earliest  ex- 
ploits. Papirius,  a friend  of  Pompey,  was  killed  in  a brawl  about  a 
son  of  Tigranes,  held  as  hostage  at  Rome,  whom  Clodius  was  trying 
to  rescue  and  send  back  for  a great  ransom  to  Asia,  having  by  a 
trick  got  him  out  of  the  hands  of  his  custodian. 

177.  templo  Castoris,  where  the  Senate  was  then  holding 
session.  The  circumstance  took  place  in  the  year  of  Clodius’  trib- 
unate (b.c.  58),  while  Pompey  was  in  the  Senate.  “ He  instantly 
went  home  and  stayed  there.” 

10.  caruit,  stayed  away  from . 


176 


Notes : Cicero . 


Sect.  19.  certe  haec,  surely  all  these  (res,  vir,  tempus). 

14.  summa,  in  the  highest  degree . 

17.  eo  tempore,  i.e.  during  the  violences  which  followed  the 
exile  of  Cicero  (see  oration  for  Sestius). 

21.  proinde  quasi,  just  as  if,  etc.  That  is,  the  overt  act  must 
be  judged  by  its  obvious  intent : of  course  no  tribunal  (except  an 
inquisition)  would  attempt  to  try  men  for  their  intentions  (consilia), 
but  an  attempt  to  kill  would  be  punishable. 

Sect.  20.  adflictantur : cf.  “stricken  down”  by  grief.  This 
whole  exaggerated  description  is  probably  in  lively  contrast  with 
the  fact. 

Sect.  21.  non  fuit,  etc.,  there  was  no  such  cause . 

36.  ferendam,  to  be  proposed  to  the  people. 

178.  reconciliatae  : Pompey  had  lately  renewed  friendly  rela- 
tions with  Clodius. 

7.  ior  titer,  firmly. — delegit:  the  choice  of  the  judices  was  left 
to  Pompey,  just  as  the  Senate  had  ordered  it  to  be  left  to  the  praetor 
in  the  trial  of  Clodius  (see  note,  § 13). 

9.  secrevit,  set  aside . 

12.  continetur,  is  limited. 

13.  consuetudines  victus,  the  associations  of  daily  life . 

15.  res  public  a,  public  business. 

Sect.  22.  quod,  in  that  (§  333.  a ; G.  538.  R. ; H.  503.  N.1). 

19.  Domiti:  L.  Domitius  Aenobarbus  (consul,  B.c.  54),  a leader 
against  Caesar  in  the  civil  war : a haughty  and  cruel  noble,  which 
was  the  character  of  this  house  down  to  its  extinction,  in  the  em- 
peror Nero. 

21.  consularem,  i.e.  the  presiding  officer. 

25.  ab  adulescentia : Sallust  calls  Caesar  adulesQentulus , “ quite 
young,”  at  the  age  of  thirty-seven ; but  the  word  here  is  of  course 
an  exaggeration. 

26.  documenta  maxima:  in  his  praetorship  (b.c.  58),  Domitius 
had  roughly  cut  his  way  through  a crowd  of  the  followers  of  Clodius, 
killing  many  of  them.  The  crowd  had  gathered,  under  the  tribune 
Cn.  Manlius,  to  uphold  a law  giving  the  suffrage  to  freedmen. 

Sect.  23.  quam  ob  rem : in  reference  to  the  foregoing  intro- 
ductory argument. 


Defence  of  Milo . 


1 77 


28.  si  neque,  etc. : a recapitulation. 

30.  vellemus,  § 267.  c\  G.  254.  R.2;  H.  484. 

35.  uter  utri,  which  against  the  other  (colloq.  which  against 
which). 

179.  Sect.  24.  in  praetura  : Clodius  was  candidate  for  this 
office,  as  Milo  for  the  consulship. 

4.  tracta,  delayed . 

5.  non  multos  mensls  : really,  less  than  six. 

Originally  the  term  of  office  was  a full  year;  and  if  the  magistrates 
entered  upon  their  office  at  an  irregular  time,  whether  by  reason  of  an 
interregnum  (see  note,  § 13)  or  from  any  other  cause,  they  still  held  for 
a full  year,  and  thus  this  irregular  commencement  of  the  official  year  became 
for  a time  its  regular  commencement.  Afterwards  the  date  of  the  official 
year  was  fixed,  and  any  interregnum  was  deducted  from  the  time  of  the 
actual  magistrates.  Thus,  B.c.  53,  the  magistrates  were  not  elected  until 
July,  and  could  therefore  hold  office  only  until  January,  less  than  six 
months. 

6.  qui  non  spectaret,  seeing  that  he  did  not  look , etc.  (§  320.  e\ 
G.  637;  H.  503.  ii.). 

10.  annum  suum,  his  regular  year . By  the  lex  Villia  annalis 
an  interval  of  two  years  must  pass  between  the  several  patrician 
magistracies.  As  Clodius  had  been  curule  aediie  in  B.C.  56,  he 
might  have  been  praetor  in  the  broken  year  53. 

11.  religione  aliqua >from  some  religious  scruple , as  it  is  generally 
(ut  fit). 

Sect.  25.  mancam,  lame-handed , crippled . 

16.  fieri,  was  getting  to  be,  or  sure  to  be.  — contulit  se,  went  over. 

17.  petitionem,  canvass. 

19.  convocabat  (imperf.),  not  officially,  but  in  the  course  of  his 
canvass.  — se  interponebat,  played  the  go-between  among  the  sev- 
eral tribes. 

20.  Collinam  novam,  a new  Colline  tribe.  Of  the  thirty-five 
tribes,  the  four  city  tribes  ranked  lowest,  because  the  freedmen 
and  poor  citizens  were  placed  in  them ; and  of  these  the  Colima  was 
least  reputable  of  all.  It  was  through  the  collegia  compitalicia , or 
local  clubs,  that  Clodius  worked  upon  the  city  tribes ; and,  by  the 


i78 


Notes : Cicero . 


exaggerated  expression  that  he  registered  an  entirely  new  Collina, 
it  appears  to  be  meant  that  the  new  and  perhaps  fraudulent  names 
that  he  got  upon  the  list  outnumbered  the  genuine  voters.  — ille, 
Clodius  ; hie,  Milo  (as  generally  in  this  speech). 

23.  paratissimus, perfectly  ready  (as  he  was). 

25.  suffragiis : there  were  several  attempts  to  elect  magistrates, 
which  failed  through  the  obstructive  tricks  familiar  to  Roman  poli- 
ticians. 

Sect.  26.  silvas  publicas : probably  some  depredations  oi 
Clodius  in  Etruria,  where  he  had  extensive  estates.  Perhaps  it  had 
something  to  do  with  renting  the  public  pastures  (Manil.  § 14). 

32.  significavit,  hinted  at. 

180.  Sect.  27.  sollenme,  annual , or  at  regular  seasons.— 

legitimum,  established  by  law. 

Lanuvium  was  an  old  town  of  Latium,  about  twenty  miles  south-east  of 
Rome.  It  contained  a temple  of  Juno  Sospita,  a local  divinity,  so  famous 
that,  when  Lanuvium  became  a municipium  of  Rome,  this  sanctuary  was, 
by  special  arrangement,  received  into  the  Roman  religious  system.  The 
flamen,  or  special  priest,  of  Juno  Sospita  must  be  inaugurated  by  the  chief 
magistrate  ( dictator ) of  the  municipium . Milo,  of  Lanuvian  origin,  a 
municeps  of  the  town,  now  held  this  office.  (It  will  be  noticed  that  the 
title  dictator , which  at  Rome  meant  an  extraordinary  magistrate  with 
kingly  power,  was  given  in  several  Latin  towns  to  their  regular  republican 
chief  magistrate.) 

Sect.  28.  quoad,  etc.,  the  Senate  adjourned  on  this  day  about 
the  fourth  hour  (between  ten  and  eleven  a.m.). 

12.  calceos : the  senator  wore  shoes  adorned  with  a crescent- 
shaped ornament  (lunula)  ; his  tunic  was  also  distinguished  by  the 
broad  purple  stripe  in  front  (latus  clavus).  When  travelling,  a 
Roman  put  off  his  toga  and  badges  of  office,  and  put  on  a heavy 
travelling  cloak  (paenula)  and  other  easy  garments. 

16.  obviam  fit : this  was  just  beyond  Bovillae  (Albano),  a village 
about  nine  miles  from  Rome. 

17.  raeda,  a four-wheeled  family  carriage. 

18.  Graecis  comitibus,  singers,  dancers,  etc.  (see  § 55).— 
uxore  : the  wife  of  Clodius  was  afterwards  married  to  Mark  Antony ; 
that  of  Milo  was  Fausta,  daughter  of  Sulla. 


179 


Defence  of  Milo. 

21.  paenulatus : the  paenula  went  on  over  the  head,  like  a 
Mexican  poncho,  and  so  confined  the  arms. 

22.  comitatu : this  troop  of  singing  boys  and  maidens  was,  no 
doubt,  to  glorify  the  village  procession  next  day  at  Lanuvium. 

Sect.  29.  hora  undecima : this  would  be  about  half-past  four 
p.m.  In  reality,  as  we  learn  from  other  sources,  it  was  neaily  two 
hours  earlier ; and  Milo  had  stopped  at  an  inn  in  Bovillae,  in  order 
(as  was  charged)  to  make  sure  of  not  missing  his  enemy. 

25.  adversi  occidunt,  they  attack  and  kill . 

31.  animo  fideli,  faithful ; praesenti,  ready  (presence  of  mind). 

35.  re  vera,  really.  — fecerunt  quod  quisque  . . . voluisset . 
this  sentence  is  greatly  admired  as  “a  way  of  putting  things.” 

36.  derivandi,  etc.,  to  divert  the  charge,  from  Milo  to  the  slaves. 

181-  Sect.  30.  prosit,  hortative  subjunctive,  used  as  often  in 
a concession. 

9.  quin  servaret,  without  saving ; cf.  quin  judicetis,  without 
judging  (below). 

Sect.  31.  optabilius  fuit,  it  would  have  been  preferable  (§  31 1 • 
G.  246.  R.1;  H.  51 1-  n.3). 

20.  semel,  once  only. 

25.  id,  i.e.  the  plot  laid. 

27.  latum  est  ut,  etc.,  i.e.  this  is  the  intent  of  Pompey’s  law 
(see  note,  § 14). 

31.  ut  ne  sit,  subj.  of  purpose  (purpose  of  the  investigation). 

34.  in  ilia,  in  the  case  of  the , etc. 

182.  Sect.  32.  illud  Cassianum,  that  noted  saying  of  Cas- 
sius. L.  Cassius  Longinus  Ravilla  (cos.  b.c.  127)  was  one  of  the 
most  upright  men  of  his  time,  distinguished  as  a quaesitor  (pre- 
siding officer)  of  special  trials.  — cui  bono,  for  whose  advantage 
(§  233  ; G.  350 ; H.  390.  i.)  ; not  for  what  advantage , as  it  is  often 
wrongly  given  in  English. 

2.  personis,  parties : the  persona  is  properly  the  mask , which 
indicates  by  its  features  the  character  in  a play. 

3.  atqui,  etc.,  now , by  the  killing  of  Milo , etc. 

4.  adsequebatur,  was  going  to  gain. 

5.  non  eo  consule,  without  one  as  consul. 


l8o 


Notes:  Cicero. 


7.  quibus  . . . coniventibus : these  competitors  of  Milo  were 
P.  Plautius  Hypsaeus  and  Q.  Metellus  Scipio,  — the  latter  an 
adopted  son  of  Metellus  Pius,  but  unworthy  either  of  the  family 
(Scipio)  in  which  he  was  born,  or  of  that  into  which  he  entered. 
He  took  a leading  part  on  Pompey’s  side  in  the  civil  war,  and  was 
defeated  by  Caesar  at  Thapsus,  b.c.  46. 

8.  eludere,  give  the  slip . 

10.  tantum  beneficium : they  would  owe  their  election  to  him 
(see  § 25). 

Sect.  33.  hospites,  strangers  (see  note,  R.  A.  § 5). 

15.  peregrinantur,  etc.,  are  your  ears  gone  abroad ? 

18.  fuerit  impositurus,  ind.  quest,  for -turns  fuit=imposuisset. 

20.  Clodi : Sex.  Clodius,  client  and  confidential  agent  of  the 
demagogue. 

21.  eripuisse  e domo,  i.e.  from  P.  Clodius1  house,  in  the  riots 
after  his  death.  No  attack,  however,  was  made  upon  his  house. 

22.  Palladium : the  image  of  Pallas,  kept  in  the  citadel  of  Troy, 
and  taken  thence  by  a nocturnal  enterprise  of  Ulysses  and  Diomed. 
The  sanctity  and  adventures  of  this  portfolio  suggest  the  comparison. 

25.  per:  the  words  of  adjuration  are  omitted. — hujus  legis  : a 
proposed  law  of  Clodius,  by  which  the  freedmen  were  to  be  dis- 
tributed among  all  the  thirty-five  tribes  (see  note,  § 25).  Sex. 
Clodius,  the  son  of  a freedman,  is  shrewdly  hinted  at  as  author 
of  the  law. 

28.  de  nostrum  omnium  — this  break  is  called  aposiopesis. 
Cicero  would  have  said  caede,  but  affects  to  be  alarmed  at  the  threat- 
ening look  with  which  Sex.  Clodius  hears  his  allusion  ( aspexit  me 
illis  oculis'). 

32.  lumen  curiae,  in  allusion  to  the  burning  of  the  Senate- 
house  (see  note,  § 12).  He  dare  not  say  more ! 

34.  poenitus  [=  punitus]  es  (often  deponent  in  Cicero)  : noth- 
ing was  more  horrible  to  the  ancients  than  the  loss  of  due  funeral 
rites.  The  burning  of  Clodius1  body  by  the  mob  deprived  him  of  all 
the  honors  to  which  he  was  entitled. 

183.  imaginibus  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 15)  : a Claudius  should 
have  a long  line  of  most  distinguished  images.  — pompa,  procession ; 
laudatio,  funeral  oration , by  a near  kinsman.  These  were  among 


Defence  of  Milo . 


1 8 1 


the  essential  rites  of  burial. — infelicissimis,  ill-omened , as  the 
conflagration  of  a riot  (compare  infelix  arbor,  the  gibbet). 

Sect.  34.  obstabat,  the  supposed  remark  of  an  opponent. 

11.  repugnante  eo,  in  spite  of  him.  — fiebat,  was  coming  to  be 
(see  note  on  fieri,  § 25).  — immo  vero,  nay,  rather. 

12.  utebatur , found. 

13.  valebat  (emphatic),  what  had  weight  with  you  was. 

22.  quis  dubitaret?  who  could  [then]  hesitate t (§  268;  G.  251  ; 
H.  485). 

24.  usitatis  jam  rebus,  by  the  customary  means. 

28.  ne  quem,  i.e.  a result  aimed  at,  though  not  strictly  a purpose . 

Sect.  35.  at,  etc.,  but  (you  say)  his  hate  prevailed ; he  did  it  in 
rage,  as  a personal  foe,  etc. 

35.  poenitor  —punitor. 

184.  nulla,  none  at  all. 

2.  quid  odisset?  why  should  Milo  have  hated ? 

3.  civile,  political  (such  as  a good  citizen  must  feel). 

4.  ille  erat  ut  odisset,  in  his  case  there  was  ground  for  hate. 

7.  reus  Milonis : prosecutions  could  be  entered  in  the  standing 
courts  by  private  persons  (see  note,  R.  A.  § 7).  — lege  Plotia  (or 
Plautia)  : probably  by  M.  Silvanus,  tribune,  B.c.  89  (see  note, 
Arch.  § 7).  This  law  appears  to  have  been  the  basis  of  all  later 
legislation  de  vi. 

Sect.  36.  cum  . . . cessi : Cicero  gives  his  own  case  as  an 
example  of  Clodius’  way  of  acting. 

17.  diem  dixerat  = reum  fecerat. 

Diem  dicere  was  the  term  used  of  a magistrate  who  brought  a criminal 
charge  before  the  public  assembly.  Such  a charge  could  not  be  sprung 
upon  the  accused  person  without  notice ; but  a day  must  be  set  (diei  dictio) 
for  the  trial.  The  tribal  assembly  could  only  impose  fines  (hence  multam 
inrogarat ) : so  with  the  quaestiones  perpetuae , which,  with  the  single  ex- 
ception of  parricide  (see  R.  A.  § 28),  punished  only  with  fines  or  banish- 
ment (see  Pauly,  Realen.  vol.  vi.  p.  351).  Capital  charges  against  Roman 
citizens,  such  as perduellio  (treason),  must  regularly  be  brought  before  the 
centuriate  assembly.  Only  a magistrate  could  summon  ( diem  dicere) 
before  either  comitia,  or  propose  a fine  ( multam  inrogare),  while  private 
persons  could  prosecute  {reum  facere)  in  a quaestio  perpetua. 


182 


Notes:  Cicero . 


1 8.  multam  inrogarat,  had  claimed  a fine . — perduellionis, 

treason . 

19.  videlicet,  ironical. 

21.  servorum  . . . nolui,  compare  Sest.  § 20. 

Sect.  37.  vidi  enim,  / with  my  own  eyes.  Cicero  here 
artfully  recounts  other  violent  acts  of  Clodius,  in  the  form  of  reasons 
which  moved  him,  — killing  two  birds  with  one  stone.  — Horten- 
sium,  Cicero’s  early  rival,  and  opponent  in  the  case  of  Verres. 

26.  Vibienus:  probably  a lapse  of  Cicero’s  memory.  He  was 
killed  in  the  riots  after  the  death  of  Clodius. 

29.  haec,  huic,  haec  : notice  the  emphatic  repetition  {anaphora'). 

34.  ad  regiam : the  old  palace  of  Numa,  on  the  Sacra  Via , at 
the  point  where  it  reached  the  Forum.  It  adjoined  the  temple  of 
Vesta,  and  was  occupied  by  the  pontifex  maximus  (at  this  time 
Caesar : see  note  on  §13).  When  Augustus  was  made  Pont.  Max. 
he  gave  the  Regia  to  the  Vestal  Virgins.  The  occasion  here  re- 
ferred to  was  probably  an  election  riot  in  the  preceding  year. 

Sect.  38.  quid,  etc.,  what  like  deed  of  Milo's  f 

36.  detrahi  non  posset,  on  account  of  the  disturbances  and 
lawlessness  of  the  time. 

185.  potuitne,  couldn't  he? 

4.  deos  penatTs,  see  note,  Cat.  iii.  § 18.  — illo  oppugnante  : 

this  was  an  attack  not  by  a mob,  but  by  an  armed  band,  made 
upon  Milo’s  house,  built  on  a spur  of  the  Palatine,  Nov.  12,  b.c. 
57,  the  year  of  Cicero’s  return. 

6.  Fabricio  : see  Sest.  §§  38-41. 

8.  Caecilii,  praetor,  B.c.  57.  He  was  attacked  while  presiding 
over  the  games  of  Apollo,  in  July. 

10.  lata  lex,  i.e.  the  law  proposed  for  his  recall  (Sest.  § 49). 

11.  facti,  i.e.  Cicero’s  recall. 

Sect.  39.  consensus,  universal  feeling. 

18.  praetores,  all  except  Appius  Claudius,  brother  of  Clodius; 
tribuni,  see  note,  Sest.  § 43. 

19.  auctor,  the  responsible  originator  (Sest  § 33)  ; dux,  cham- 
pion, who  led  it  to  a successful  issue. 

23.  decretum : this  word  is  sometimes  used  for  the  proclama- 
tion of  a magistrate,  which  was  properly  edictum.  The  decretum 


Defence  of  Milo. 


183 


was  the  ordinance  of  a collegimjt  or  council,  especially  of  the  Senate 
(see  note,  Cat.  i.  § 4),  but  also  of  any  municipal  body.  The  decree 
here  referred  to  was  passed  by  the  municipal  Senate  (curia)  of 
Capua,  upon  Pompey’s  proposition. 

24.  signum  dedit  ut,  gave  the  signal  for , etc.  (equivalent  to  a 
verb  of  command). 

27.  qui  . . . ejus,  of  any  one  who , equivalent  to  a conditional 
construction  (see  § 316;  G.  5941;  H.  507.  iii.2).  The  imperfect 
cogitaretur  is  used  instead  of  the  pluperf.,  on  account  of  the 
indefinite  qui.  (In  present  time  it  would  be,  Si  quis  inter  emeriti 
cogitetur.  In  past  time,  when  it  becomes  contrary  to  fact,  the  same 
relation  between  the  tenses  is  retained.) 

Sect.  40.  bis  : once  for  the  attack  on  his  house  (ante,  § 38)  ; the 
other  occasion  is  unknown. 

30.  et  reo  : Clodius,  as  aedile  (b.c.  56),  had  laid  a charge  against 
Milo  (dixit  die7n  Miloni)  for  employing  gladiators  to  bring  about 
by  intimidation  the  law  for  Cicero’s  recall. 

35.  gravissimam  . . . partem,  a most  important  part  in  political 
affairs . 

186.  in  scalarum  tenebris,  the  stairway  of  a bookseller’s 
shop,  as  Cicero  says  (Phil.  ii.  9)  in  his  reply  to  the  charge  of  Antony 
that  he  had  caused  the  death  of  Clodius.  The  affair  took  place 
B.c.  53,  when  Antony,  at  this  time  a friend  of  Cicero,  was  candi- 
date for  the  quaestorship. 

5.  nulla  sua  invidia,  witji  no  odium  to  himself. 

Sect.  41.  saepta,  railings  (voting-enclosures). 

8.  curavisset,  had  caused  (§  294.  d\  G.  431 ; H.  544.  n.2).  A 
fragment  of  a lost  oration  says  that  the  two  consuls  were  knocked 
down  by  stones. 

10.  liberet,  might  please. 

12.  loco,  with  the  advantage  of  ground  (note,  Cat.  ii.  § 1). 

Sect.  42.  contentio,  striving  after. — subesset,  was  close  at 
hand. 

18.  ambitio,  the  canvass  (“going  about”  for  votes  ; hence,  more 
remotely,  bribery). 

20.  obscure  qualifies  cogitari,  but  is  displaced  to  oppose  palam. 

21.  fabulam  fictam,  a got-up  story  (an  election  lie). 


1 84 


Notes:  Cicero . 


23.  molle,  sensitive ; fragile,  unstable ; flexibile,  changeable . 
Sect.  43.  august  a . . . auspicia,  rhetorical  for  comitia  centuri • 
ata  quae  auspicato  fiunt . All  the  higher  magistrates  must  be 
elected  at  these  comitia. 

3 1 . idem  = on  the  other  hand. 

32.  regnaturum,  would  be  an  autocrat. 

34.  inlecebram  peccandi,  lure  to  wickedness. 

187.  Sect.  44.  Petili,  Cato  : Petilius  and  Cato  are  addressed 
personally,  as  prominent  men  sitting  zsjudices.  Such  appeals  would 
not  now  be  tolerated,  but  were  consistent  with  ancient  procedure. 

7.  Favonio  : Favonius  (see  § 26)  was  a friend  and  great  admirer 
of  Cato,  and  one  of  the  conspirators  against  Caesar.  He  had  taken 
part  with  Cato  in  some  proceedings  against  Clodius. 

Sect.  45.  fefellit,  i.e.  in  making  this  threat. 

13.  stata,  on  a fixed  day. 

17.  mercenario  tribuno : speeches  were  made  this  day  by  C. 
Sallustius  (the  historian)  and  Q.  Pompeius.  Probably  the  latter  is 
here  meant. 

19.  approperaret,  were  making  haste  (imperf.  of  continued 
action). 

Sect.  46.  qui  . . . potuerit,  how  could  he  have  known  f 
26.  ut  . . . rogasset,  even  though  he  had  asked  (§313;  G.  610; 
H.  515.  iii.). 

32.  quaesierit  sane,  suppose  (if  you  will)  that  he  did  ask. 
quid  largiar,  how  much  I grant — how  liberal  I am. 

188.  eadem  hora : in  the  famous  trial  of  the  violation  of  the 
mysteries  (§  13)  Clodius  had  tried  to  prove  an  alibi , by  showing, 
from  Causinius’  testimony,  that  he  had  spent  that  night  at  his 
house  at  Interamna  ( Terni , on  the  river  Nar  in  Umbria,  ninety 
miles  away)  ; but  was  confuted  by  the  evidence  of  Cicero,  who  testi- 
fied that  he  had  called  upon  him  the  same  day,  — a circumstance 
that  Clodius  never  forgot  or  forgave. 

Sect.  47.  profectus  esse,  infin.  depending  on  liberatur,  is 
proved  (and  so  cleared ),  as  implying  a verb  of  saying  (§  330.  e\ 
G.  651 ; H.  522). 

9.  quippe,  of  course.  — futurus,  expecting  to  be. 


Defence  of  Milo . 


i85 


10.  meum,  etc.,  make  a point  for  myself \ 

13.  majoris,  more  important:  this  charge  was  afterwards  brought 
up  against  Cicero  by  Antony. 

14.  abjecti  homines,  C.  Sallustius  and  Q.  Pompeius. 

1 5 . jacent,  fall  to  the  ground . 

Sect.  48.  occurrit,  meets  me . 

20.  ne  . . . quidem,  not  Clodius  either . 

21.  si  quidem,/^,  if. 

24.  quid  nuntiaret  ? why  should  he  bring  word? 

26.  obsignavi,  indorsed.  The  names  of  witnesses  were  written 
on  the  back  of  wills,  etc.,  after  they  were  closed  and  sealed. 

27.  palam,  i.e.  by  naming  the  legatees  in  the  presence  of  the 
witness.  Clodius  need  not  hasten  back  to  learn  what  he  knew 
already. 

Sect.  49.  age,  well  then  ; sit,  etc.,  suppose  it  were  so  (that  the 
messenger  informed  him  about  Cyrus). 

34.  properato,  § 243.  e\  G.  390;  H.  414.  N.3. 

35.  tandem,  at  any  rate. 

189.  exspectandum,  i.e.  near  the  city,  so  as  to  catch  him  by 
night. 

Sect.  50.  sustinuisset,  would  have  borne . 

7.  latronum : highway  robbery,  with  violence,  was  pretty  com- 
mon in  the  near  neighborhood  of  Rome. 

10.  bonis,  [landed]  estates. — multi,  etc.:  here  it  is  hinted  that 
the  crimes  of  Clodius  (who  had  estates  in  Etruria)  had  made  him 
many  enemies  (see  note  § 26). 

Sect.  51.  devertit,  turned  aside  to  stop. — -quod  ut,  now 

though . 

1 7.  ante,  somewhere  beyond  the  villa. 

19.  adhuc,  thus  far . 

Sect.  52.  nihil  umquam,  etc.  On  the  contrary,  Cicero  says 
elsewhere  (Att.  iv.  3),  speaking  of  the  disorder  that  followed  his 
return  from  exile,  “ If  he  [Clodius]  comes  in  his  way,  I foresee 
that  he  will  be  killed  by  Milo.  He  does  not  hesitate  to  do  it;  he 
openly  professes  it  ( prae  se  fert ).”  Perhaps  Cicero  had  forgotten  it  I 

29.  dissimulasse,  concealed  the  fact. 

31.  causam  finxisse,  invented  an  excuse . 


Notes:  Cicero. 


1 86 

190.  Sect.  53.  etiam,  any  longer . 

3.  substructions  (see  § 85),  buildings , but  with  the  idea  of 
walls,  grading,  and  the  like,  made  necessary  by  the  great  size  of 
the  buildings  fashionable  among  the  Roman  nobles  (see  Horace, 
Od.  III.  1). 

4.  versabantur,  used  to  be  employed . — adversarii,  of  Clodius. 

8.  res,  circumstances . 

Sect.  54.  quid  minus,  sc.  quam  Milo . 

16.  ilium,  the  other . 

18.  tarde,  etc.,  compare  § 49.  — qui  convenit,  how  does  that  suit 
his  character  f 

20.  Alsiensi  : his  villa  at  Alsium,  a town  on  the  coast  of  Etruria. 

Sect.  55.  Graeculi,  dimin.  of  contempt:  “ Greeklings.” 

28.  in  castra  Etrusca,  i.e.  to  Catiline’s  camp,  for  which,  says 
Asconius,  he  had  once  really  set  out.  — nugarum  nihil,  no  nonsense , 
such  as  buffoons  and  the  like. 

29.  pueros  symphoniacos,  singing  boys  (see  § 28). 

30.  uxoris  ancillarum,  his  wife's  waiting-maids . 

32.  virum  a viro  lectum,  in  allusion  to  a custom  in  the  Roman 
army  of  selecting  men  for  dangerous  service  one  at  a time,  each 
new  one  being  designated  by  the  last. 

36.  mulier,  scornfully  said  of  Clodius  (compare  note,  R.  A.  § 50). 

191.  Sect.  56.  odio,  § 233  ; G.  350;  H.  390.  i. 

5.  propositam,  put  up  for  sale ; addictam,  knocked  down  (terms 
of  the  auction  room). 

8.  Martem  communem,  the  impartiality  of  Mars . 

10.  pransi  : th z prandium  was  the  noon-day  meal,  generally  quite 
simple,  of  fruit  and  bread,  but  made  by  high-livers  a full  meal  (or 
European  breakfast). 

14.  haesit,  was  caught, 

15.  expetiverunt : this  illustrates  the  ancient  mode  of  regard- 
ing punishment,  as  a compensation  exacted  from  the  wrong-doer  by 
the  person  injured.  (See  Maine,  “ Ancient  Law,”  p.  358.) 

Sect.  57.  manu  misit : only  slaves  could  be  forced  to  give 
testimony  by  torture  (R.  A.  § 35).  As  Milo  had  freed  his,  it  was 
claimed  that  he  wished  to  destroy  evidence.  Manumission  under 
such  circumstances  was  forbidden  by  later  law. 


Defence  of  Milo . 


187 


22.  in  causa,  on  the  legal  question . 

23.  indagamus  hie : i.e.  the  legal  aspect  is  to  be  considered 
here. 

25.  nescis ,you  know  not  how . 

192.  Sect.  59.  quaestiones,  examination  (by  torture)  of 
Clodius’  slaves. 

6.  in  atrio  Libertatis.  It  was  in  this  hall  (probably  near  the 
present  Column  of  Trajan)  that  questions  touching  the  liberation  of 
slaves  were  considered,  and  that  torture  was  inflicted,  — not  merely 
in  mockery  of  the  name,  but  to  excite  in  the  slave  some  hope  of 
freedom. 

3.  Appius  : son  of  C.  Claudius,  an  elder  brother  of  Clodius. 

9.  de  servis  : the  passage  in  brackets  seems  necessary  to  the 
sense.  The  exception  de  incestu  — not  the  only  exception,  by  the 
way_is  mentioned  to  bring  the  jest  upon  Clodius  (compare  note, 
Cat.  iii.  § 9). 

11.  proxime,  very  near:  i.e.  by  having  his  murder  treated  as 
sacrilege,  in  respect  to  the  question  of  slaves.  (The  whole  passage 
is  an  argument  a fortiori . If  the  Romans  excluded  enforced  testi- 
mony of  a master’s  slaves  when  the  truth  could  be  arrived  at,  how 
much  more  should  it  be  excluded  here,  where  the  truth  was  impos- 
sible on  account  of  the  temptation.) 

12.  ad  ipsos,  in  the  mysteries  of  the  Bona  Dea  (see  § 13).  In 
the  very  effective  sarcasm  of  this  passage,  there  is  a pardonable 
confusion  between  the  quaestio  in  dominum  (for  incest  by  Clodius), 
and  the  caerimonia  violata  (which  is  represented  as  sacrilege  against 
Clodius). 

15.  non  quin,  not  but  (§  341.  R;  G.  541.  R.1;  H.  5 1 6 2) . 

Sect.  60.  verbi  causa,  for  example. 

23.  areas,  cells , anciently  (apparently)  literal  “ chests”  of  timber, 
robustae . 

26.  integrius,  sounder , more  honest  and  impartial  (of  course 
ironical) . 

Sect.  61.  ardente,  still  on  fire. 

35,  populo,  senatui,  i.e.  by  appearing  in  his  place  among  them. 

193-  praesidiis,  i.e.  the  special  power  with  which  Pompey 


1 88 


Notes:  Cicero . 


was  clothed  as  sole  consul,  which  is  further  dwelt  on  in  the  follow- 
ing (see  § 65). 

Sect.  62.  imperitorum,  strangers  to  his  character  (though  well- 
intentioned). 

Sect.  63.  illud,  in  appos.  with  ut  . . . trucidaret. 

27.  portenta,  monsters  (his  accomplices). 

28.  loquebantur,  talked  about , comparing  Milo  with  Catiline, 
and  saying  he  would  do  likewise. 

29.  miseros,  etc.,  wretched  the  lot , etc. 

30.  in  quibus,  in  whose  case . 

Sect.  64.  ilia,  these  surmises. 

36.  conscientia,  an  implied  supposition  contrary  to  fact  (i.e.  if 
he  had  had  such  consciousness). 

194.  maximo  animo  (protasis),  one  of  the  highest  courage . 

6.  indicabatur,  use  the  impers.  form  in  English:  it  was  shown 
that,  etc.  — vicum,  narrow  street  (properly  a district  or  quarter ). 

7.  dicebant,  they  woidd  say  (repeated  charges). 

8.  Ocriculanam,  on  the  Tiber,  in  a corner  of  Umbria.  — devecta 
Tiberi,  carried  down  the  Tiber . 

9.  clivo  Capitolino,  the  street  which  ran  from  the  upper  end  of 
the  Forum  to  the  Capitolium . 

11.  delata : deferre  ad  Senatum  is  to  lay  a piece  of  information 
before  the  Senate ; referre,  to  bring  a piece  of  business  before  it  for 
action. 

Sect.  65.  popa,  an  inferior  priest  who  slew  the  sacrifices  — 
hardly  more  than  a butcher  — who  also  kept  a popina , or  restaurant 
and  grog-shop : hence,  apud  se  ebrios.  (According  to  Asconius, 
this  Licinius  was  a sacrificulus , a higher  order  of  attendant,  whose 
business  it  was  to  perform  certain  purifying  rites.) 

17.  Circo  Maximo:  this  was  the  place  for  the  great  games,  in 
the  valley  between  the  Palatine  and  Aventine  hills.  The  circus  gave 
its  name  to  the  district. 

21.  in  hortos,  see  note,  R.  A.  § 10.  Here  Pompey,  it  was  said, 
kept  himself,  out  of  fear  of  Milo. 

Sect.  66.  tam  celebri  loco,  in  so  thronged  a locality . Caesar, 
as  Pontifex  Maximus,  inhabited  the  Regia  (see  note,  § 37)  on  the 
Sacra  Via , in  the  busiest  part  of  Rome. 


Defence  of  Milo.  189 

36.  senator  inventus  est.  “ Pompey  was  afraid  of  Milo,  or 
pretended  to  be  j and  he  stayed  mostly,  not  at  home,  but  in  his 
gardens  — even  the  upper  ones,  where  a great  guard  of  soldiers 
camped  around.  Pompey,  besides,  had  once  adjourned  the  Senate 
suddenly,  saying  that  he  feared  Milo’s  coming.  Then  at  the  next 
session,  P.  Cornificius  had  said  that  Milo  had  a sword  under  his 
tunic,  fastened  to  his  thigh,  and  demanded  that  he  should  bare  his 
thigh,  which  Milo  did  at  once,  lifting  his  tunic.  Then  Cicero  called 
out,  that  all  the  other  charges  against  Milo  were  just  like  that” 
(Asconius). 

195.  Sect.  67.  exaudire : Pompey  was  sitting  not  in  the 
court,  but  at  the  Treasury,  a considerable  distance  off. 

Sect.  68.  sed  quis,  but  [this  cannot  be ; for]  who , etc. 

22.  si  locus  : on  account  of  his  suspicions,  says  Asconius,  Pom- 
pey had  refused  to  admit  Milo  — and  no  one  else  — when  he  came 
to  visit  him.  — te  tuo,  sc.  in  se;  me  suo,  sc.  in  me . 

27.  tribunatum  suum,  see  Or.  for  Sestius,  § 43. 

35.  ne,  assuredly . 

36.  ita  natus,  born  for  that  very  thing,  to  sacrifice  everything  for 
his  country.  — Magne  : it  is  uncertain  when  the  title  Magnus  was 
bestowed  on  Pompey ; Plutarch  says  by  Sulla.  Through  his  friends’ 
flattery,  it  was  adopted  as  a family  name.  — te  antestaretur,  would 
appeal  to  your  testimony . 

196.  Sect.  69.  infidelitates,  [acts  of]  ill-faith . This  and  the 
following  plural  abstracts  are  often  best  translated  by  the  singular 
in  English,  though  Latin  prefers  the  more  concrete  form  of  the 
plural  (§  75.  c\  G.  195.  R.5;  H.  1302).  — motu  aliquo : an  antici- 
pation of  the  approaching  civil  war. 

Sect.  70.  juris  publici,  etc.,  law,  customs,  politics. 

14.  ne  quid,  etc.,  see  note,  Cat.  i.  § 2. 

16.  hunc  simply  repeats  Pompeium,  after  the  long  parenthesis  ; 
ejus  qui,  of  one  who  (by  that  supposition),  i.e.  Milo.  (The  whole 
passage  is  an  apodosis,  depending  on  the  supposition  that  Pompey 
thought  him  guilty.) 

1 7.  dilectu : Pompey  held  the  consulship  in  b.c.  55,  but  after  its 
expiration  did  not  go  into  his  province  of  Spain,  but  despatched 


Notes : Cicero. 


190 

thither  his  army  under  the  command  of  legati , while  he  himseli  re- 
mained in  Italy  with  proconsular  power,  — a very  irregular  pro- 
ceeding. Immediately  after  the  death  of  Clodius,  the  Senate  gave 
the  interrex  (see  note,  § 13),  the  tribunes,  and  the  proconsul 
(Pompey)  the  extraordinary  power  ne  quid,  etc.  (see  note,  Cat.  i. 

§ 2),  and  empowered  Pompey  to  hold  a levy  of  troops.  — exspec- 
taturum  fuisse,  would  have , etc.  (§  337  ; G.  662  ; H.  527.  iii.). 

20.  legem,  the  law  for  the  investigation. 

21.  oporteret,  liceret:  ought , as  I think;  may  well  (legally),  as 
all  allow. 

Sect.  71.  animadvertere  in,  proceed  against , i.e.  punish . 
The  whole  turning  of  Pompey’s  unfriendly  action  in  Milo’s  favor  by 
Cicero  is  a stroke  of  art. 

27.  hesternam  contionem,  compare  § 3. 

Sect.  72.  Clodianum  crimen,  this  charge  of  Clodius’  murder. 

34.  palam  clamare  : this  was  the  line  of  defence  taken  by  Cato 
and  other  friends  of  Milo ; in  opposition  to  whom  Cicero  preferred 
to  disprove  the  charge  ( diluere  crimen). 

35.  Sp.  Maelium,  see  note,  Cat.  i.  § 3. 

- 36.  jacturis,  lavish  expenditure . 

197.  conlegae,  i.e.  Octavius. 

Ti.  Gracchus  was  firmly  resisted  by  his  colleague  Octavius,  who  used  all 
the  obstructive  power  of  the  tribunate  to  thwart  his  plans.  Gracchus, 
then,  finding  himself  completely  brought  to  a stand,  proposed  to  the  people 
to  deprive  Octavius  of  his  office.  This,  although  a violent  course  of  action, 
and  contrary  to  the  spirit  of  the  constitution,  — which  combined  almost 
unlimited  power  of  the  magistrate  with  complete  responsibility  at  the  end 
of  the  term  of  office,  — was  still  strictly  legal  (see  Mommsen  Rom.  St.  i. 

P-  SI3)- 

5.  auderet,  i.e.  in  the  case  supposed. — cum  . . . liberasset, 
implying  a supposition  contrary  to  fact ; not  merely  the  ordinary 
subjunctive  of  relative  time. 

SECT.  73.  saepe  censuit,  see  § 13. 

10.  sorore,  his  third  sister,  wife  of  L.  Lucullus,  and  so,  legally, 
one  of  his  family. 

11.  quaestionibus  habitis  : this  relates  to  the  consilium  of  rela- 


Defence  of  Milo . 19 1 

tives,  held  by  the  paterfamilias , or  head  of  the  family,  in  regard  to 
Clodia,  to  pass  judgment  upon  crimes  in  the  family. 

12.  civem  quern  . . . judicarant,  i.e.  Cicero  himself. 

15.  regna  dedit : the  Galatian  Brogitarus,  son-in-law  of  King 
Deiotarus,  was  complimented  with  the  title  of  king  by  a law  of 
Clodius.  — ademit,  referring  to  the  case  of  King  Ptolemy  of  Cyprus, 
spoken  of  in  the  oration  for  Sestius. 

16.  partitus  est : see  Or.  for  Sest.  § 10. 

17.  civem:  this  is  usually  referred  to  Pompey.  But,  though 
Pompey  was  attacked  by  Clodius  (see  § 18),  there  was  no  blood- 
shed : further,  singulari  virtute  et  gloria  is  a mild  expression  for 
Cicero  to  use  of  Pompey  on  this  occasion  ; and,  though  ip  is  rather 
exaggerated  for  the  tribune  Fabricius  (see  § 38),  yet  the  circum- 
stances precisely  correspond. 

19.  aedem  Nympharum,  containing  the  censorial  registers.  It 
appears  to  have  been  burnt  in  the  disorders  which  preceded  Cicero’s 
exile. 

Sect.  74.  non  calumnia  litium  : fraudulent  and  malicious  law- 
suits were  too  mild  and  dilatory  a method  of  plunder.  A powerful 
noble,  with  his  slaves  and  clients,  had  almost  an  army  at  his  dis- 
posal, and  in  the  disorders  of  the  present  time  this  actually  amounted 
to  private  warfare,  like  that  of  the  feudal  nobles.  The  following 
incidents  illustrate  this  further. 

24.  sacramentis : a form  of  procedure  in  which  a penalty  or 
forfeit  {sacrament uni)  was  deposited  by  each  party,  to  abide  the 
result  of  the  suit. 

26.  Etruscos  ; see  note,  § 26. 

31.  Janiculo  et  Alpibus  : i.e.  all  Italy  north  of  the  Tiber. 

32.  splendido,  the  regular  complimentary  epithet  of  a Roman 
eques. 

34.  Prilio  : lago  di  Castiglione,  a small  sheet  of  water  in  Etruria. 

— luntribus  = lintribus. 

35.  materiem,  timber ; caementa,  building-st one ; arma,  tools. 

198.  Sect.  75.  mortuum,  a corpse . — qua  invidia,  etc., 
by  the  odium  of  which  (the  presence  of  the  dead  body)  a flame 
[of  calumny]  would  be  kindled . Odium  is  often  spoken  of  as  a 
flame  (“inflamed  with  hate”). 


1 92 


Notes:  Cicero . 


8.  Appium : the  oration  for  Sestius  shows  that  App.  Claudius 
was  not  always  on  the  best  terms  with  the  aristocracy ; in  fact,  the 
Claudii  were  as  a family  characterized  by  original  and  radical  opin- 
ions (see  Momm.  Rom . Forsch . i.  p.  285). 

9.  fratrem : Ap.  Claudius  Pulcher,  an  elder  brother  of  Clodius, 
Cicero’s  predecessor  in  the  province  of  Cilicia. 

10.  dejecit,  ousted . 

11.  vestibulum,  courtyard , or  open  space  in  front  of  the  house. 
— sororis,  probably  his  second  sister,  wife  of  Q.  Metellus  Celer,  who 
lived  next  her  brother  on  the  Palatine. 

Sect.  76.  videbantur,  were  beginning  to  seem.  — tolerabilia, 
inevitable,  and  therefore  bearable.  — quidem,  concessive. 

15.  aequabiliter,  without  distinction . 

17.  nescio  quo  modo,  somehow  or  other . 

18.  vero,  opposed  to  quidem. 

20.  potuissetis,  i.e.  if  they  had  been  realized.  — imperium  : all 
this  mischief  he  had  perpetrated  in  virtue  of  holding  the  offices 
of  tribune  and  aedile.  What  would  he  do  if  he  got  the  imperium , 
by  holding  the  praetorship,  for  which  he  was  candidate  ? 

21.  tetrarchas,  a title  of  certain  petty  kings,  especially  in  Galatia 
(see  § 73 : originally,  but  not  always,  kings  of  a fourth  part  of  a 
country). 

23.  possessiones,  i.e.  by  his  judicial  authority  as  praetor. 

27.  tenentur,  are  proved. 

Sect.  77.  per  me  unum : ut  is  displaced  by  the  emphasis 
thrown  upon  me. 

35.  aequitas,  equity , i.e.  the  administration  of  justice,  disregard- 
ing the  strict  letter  of  law.  This  was  within  the  province  of  the 
praetor  urbanus  (Maine,  “ Ancient  Law,”  p.  55)* 

36.  esset,  ironical. 

199.  nunc,  as  it  is. 

7.  multas,  aetas,  both  emphatic  by  the  inversion.  — imperato- 
rum : now  including  Caesar,  who  at  this  time  seemed  to  have  com- 
pletely subdued  Gaul,  and  had  just  invaded  Britain  and  Germany. 

Sect.  78.  in  eis  singulis  [bonis],  in  the  case  of  each  one. 

12.  visuros  fuisse,  for  vidissetis  of  dir.  disc.  (§  337!  G.  662; 
H.  527.  iii.). 


193 


Defence  of  Milo. 

17.  judiciis  : Pompey,  in  this  year  of  his  sole  consulship,  carried 
several  laws  intended  to  secure  the  better  administration  of  justice, 
among  other  things  limiting  the  time  allowed  to  the  lawyers’  argu- 
ments. 

22.  odio  inimicitiarum,  the  bitterness  of  private  resentment. 

23.  libentius  quam  verius  (§  192  ; G.  314 ; H.  444  2)»  with  more 
alacrity  than  truth. 

24.  et  enim  si,  etc.,  for  even  if  it  (my  animosity)  had  good  rea- 
son to  be  extreme. 

26.  aequaliter  versaretur  = found  its  equal. 

Sect.  79.  quin,  nay , adds  strength  to  the  imperative.  “Come 
now,  attend  while  I present  the  case  in  this  light.” 

29.  nempe  haec,  this , you  know . 

31.  sic  intuentur,  view  as  plainly. 

32.  cernimus,  discern  (distinguish  by  eyesight)  ; videmus,  see 
(the  general  word). 

33.  meae,  that  / suggest.  — imaginem,  etc.  = quae  sit  condicio 
(apod,  of  si  possim). 

34.  ita  si,  on  condition  that. 

35.  quid  voltu  extimuistis?  why  this  look  of  terror  f 

36.  vivus,  if  alive,  — quos  = when  . . . you. 

200.  vellet,  instead  of  plup.  to  denote  continued  action : “ had 
had  the  disposition.” 

8.  si  putetis,  a conceivable  supposition ; si  posset,  a condition 
contrary  to  fact. 

Sect.  80.  cantus,  instrumental  music;  carmina,  songs : for 
example,  the  famous  one  on  Harmodius  and  Aristogeiton. 

16.  prope  ad  religionem,  almost  to  the  sanctity. 

Sect.  81.  si  non  negat,  a general  protasis  to  the  whole  that 
follows. 

25.  dubitaret,  sc.  if  he  had  done  it. 

26.  nisi  vero,  ironical. 

30.  probaretur,  approve  itself.  — poterat,  § 311.  G.  599.  R.3: 
H.  51 1.  N.3. 

3 1 . minus  grata,  not  so  agreeable. 

34.  propter  quem,  through  whose  means. 

35.  laetarentur,  subj.  as  belonging  to  the  supposed  case. 


194 


Notes : Cicero . 


201-  Sect.  82.  ut  putaremus,  as  to  think . 

12.  paeniteat,  regret. 

Sect.  83.  uteretur,  i.e.  si  fecisset.  Notice  the  art  with  which 
this  (probably  the  true  state  of  the  case)  is  put  in  the  form  of  a false 
supposition,  in  order  to  give  Milo  the  benefit  of  both  views  of  the 

case. 

18.  hujus  beneficii,yhr  this  favor . — fortuna,  destiny . 

19.  vestra,  i.e.  of  the  optimates.  — deberi  putant,  claim  as  due . 
— felicitas,  good  luck, 

21.  divinum  belongs  with  vim  as  well  as  numen. 

22.  ille,  yonder. 

24.  maximum,  greater  than  all. 

25.  majorum,  the  ancients , who  were  regarded  as  being  nearer 
the  gods,  their  divine  origin,  and  so  better  acquainted  with  the 
secrets  of  the  universe. 

26.  sanctissime  coluerunt,  piously  practised . 

Sect.  84.  imbecillitat z,  frail  nature . 

29.  quod  vigeat,  etc.,  that  has  life  and  sensation.  et  non 
inest,  while  it  does  not  exist. 

33.  haec  ipsa,  i.e.  this  very  speech. 

36.  perniciem,  pest. 

202.  mentem  injecit:  “Whom  the  gods  wish  to  destroy 
they  first  make  mad,”  — a very  old  idea. 

3.  habiturus  esset,  was  destined  to  have. 

Sect.  85.  mediocri,  ordinary. 

7.  religiones,  sanctuaries. 

8.  commosse  (commovisse)  se,  bestirred  themselves. 

9.  retinuisse,  reasserted.  — Albani : Clodius’  Alban  villa  (see 
§§  46,  51)  must  have  been  in  the  territory  of  Alba  Longa,  the 
ancient  capital  of  Latium,  whose  temples  were  spared  and  their 
worship  adopted  by  Rome  (as  that  of  the  Lanuvian  Juno  had 
been,  see  note,  § 27),  when  the  city  was  destroyed  by  Rome.  From 
what  follows  it  would  appear  that  some  of  these  sanctuaries  had 
been  demolished  by  Clodius  in  his  building  schemes  (see  § 53).— 
tumuli,  mounds , used  for  altars. 

15.  viguerunt,  revived. 

16.  Latiaris : the  temple  of  Jupiter,  on  the  Alban  Mount,  was 


Defence  of  Milo . 


195 


the  religious  centre  of  the  Latin  confederacy  (which  in  this  was  like 
the  Greek  Amphictyony).  It  was  a movable  festival,  feriae  con - 
ceptivae , celebrated  by  the  consul,  usually  in  April  or  May. 

17.  lacus  : there  are  several  little  lakes  about  the  Alban  Mount, 
chief  of  which  are  those  at  Alba  and  Aricia,  in  the  craters  of  extinct 
volcanoes.  — nemora : nanus  (same  root  as  vl^u)  is  originally  an 
open  grove  where  cattle  can  graze : it  is  applied,  as  well  as  Incus , to 
a consecrated  grove.  Of  these  the  most  famous  in  Italy  was  the 
sanctuary  of  Diana  on  the  Lacus  Nemorensis  ( L . Nemi)  near  Aricia. 

Sect.  86.  nisi  forte,  compare  nisi  vero,  above. 

22.  Bonae  Deae,  an  Italian  goddess  whose  very  name  is  a mys- 
tery. She  probably  represented  the  fruitful  power  of  the  earth,  so 
that  her  mysteries,  celebrated  on  December  3 and  4 (see  note,  § 13) 
corresponded  to  those  of  Demeter  {Mother  Earth)  at  Eleusis. 

26.  taeterrimam,  i.e.  the  death  of  a highwayman. 

28.  nec  vero  non,  nor  can  it  be  but. 

30.  imaginibus,  waxen  masks  of  ancestors,  worn  by  persons  in 
the  funeral  procession,  to  represent  the  departed  worthies ; cantu, 
music ; ludis t games;  exsequiis,  procession ; funere,  burial  rites. 

32.  celebritate,  throng  (see  § 33,  and  note,  R.  A.  § 13). 

36.  mortem  ejus  lacerari,  that  his  dead  body  should  be  mangled. 

203.  Sect.  87.  redemerat,  had  bought  off . 

8.  domum  . . . incenderat : b.C.  57.  The  other  outrages  here 
enumerated  have  been  already  described,  Sest.  § 32  (54). 

13.  capere,  contain . 

14.  incidebantur : he  felt  so  sure  of  his  power,  that  he  was  hav- 
ing the  laws  engraved  even  before  their  passage. 

15.  nos  . . . addicerent : which  should  bind  us  over  to  our  own 
slaves  (i.e.  freedmen).  The  suffrage  of  the  freedmen  was  a stand- 
ing subject  of  controversy  in  Roman  politics.  They  voted  in  the 
four  city  tribes  (see  note,  § 25),  but  many  efforts  were  made  to  get 
them  into  the  rustic  tribes ; and  Clodius  had  promised,  as  praetor, 
to  bring  forward  a law  with  this  object. 

16.  adamasset,  had  taken  a fancy  to. 

Sect.  88.  cogitationibus,  plans.  — ilium  ipsum  : i.e.  Pompey, 
whose  return  to  Rome  was  just  before  the  Clodian  disturbances 
began. 


196 


Notes:  Cicero. 


23.  hie,  at  this  point. 

27.  circumscripsisset,  kept  him  within  the  legitimate  bounds  of 
his  office  (as  praetor). 

28.  id,  i.e.  circumscribe . — in  privato,  i.e.  when  he  held  no 
magistracy. 

Sect.  89.  consular em,  of  an  ex-consul  (i.e.  Cicero). 

33.  possideret,  would  [now]  occupy , etc. 

35.  libertos  suos : if  he  freed  the  slaves  of  others,  they  would 
be  his  freedmen,  and  bound  to  him  as  clients  (see  note,  R.  A.  § 12). 

204.  Sect.  90.  templum,  etc.,  the  sanctuary  of  public  purity , 
grandeur , wisdom,  and  counsel. 

10.  aram,  as  the  sacred  place  where  treaties  were  made.  — por- 

tum,  haven  of  refuge. 

12.  funestari,  defiled  by  the  presence  of  a corpse. 

13.  esset,  would  have  been  (§  308.  a\  G.  252 ; H.  480). 

Sect.  91.  ab  eo,from  (i.e.  against)  him. 

19.  potuisse,  for  potuit  (of  dir.  disc.),  might  have  been . 

20.  excitate,  su7nmon. 

23.  falcibus,  hooks  (like  firemen’s  hooks)  to  tear  up  the  steps, 
and  turn  the  building  into  a fortress. 

24.  ad  Castoris,  see  note,  § 18. 

25.  disturb ari,  broken  up. 

26.  M.  Caelius,  a young  man  esteemed  by  Cicero  as  of  great 
promise,  and  defended  by  him  in  a cause  of  some  scandal,  but  who 
afterwards  turned  out  to  be  a wild  and  desperate  demagogue  (see 
Brut.  § 273).  In  the  year  B.C.  44,  after  Caesar’s  victory  at  Pharsalia, 
both  Caelius  and  Milo,  in  concert  with  each  other,  headed  revolts 
against  Cmsar,  and  lost  their  lives  ignominiously  in  Southern  Italy. 
(By  silentio  is  meant  that  the  contio  was  orderly  and  well  disposed 
before  this  attack  of  the  Clodians.) 

205.  Sect.  92.  haud  scio  an,  § 210.  f,  r.  ; G.  459;  H.  529. 

6.  ut  liceat  depends  on  obsecrantis  (acc.). 

8.  cupimus : in  gladiatorial  contests,  if  one  combatant  had  the 
other  at  his  mercy,  he  waited  the  will  of  the  people,  who  expressed 
their  wish  to  have  his  life  spared  by  turning  down  their  thumbs.  If 
most  thumbs  were  turned  up,  he  was  put  to  death. 


Defence  of  Milo . 


197 


10.  efflagitant,  clamor  for . 

Sect.  93.  exanimant,  etc.,  these  words  of  Milo  dishearten  and 
depress  me. 

13.  audio,  hear  of;  intersum,  bear  witness  to  (literally,  am  in  the 
midst  of). 

18.  propter  me,  through  my  means . 

21.  bene  moratam,  of  good  manners  and  morals. 

Sect.  94.  mihi  (§  232.  a.;  G.  352  ; H.  388  *)  : for  this  passage, 
see  Quint  VI.  i.  27. 

23.  tribunus,  see  Sest.  § 43.  — dedissem,  had  devoted . 

25.  acceperam,  had  found. 

27.  Clodianis  armis,  i.e.  on  account  of  Clodius’  violence. 

28.  putarem,  should  / have  thought  ? (§  268.  R. ; G.  252 ; H. 
485.  N.1). 

206.  Sect.  95.  quo  videtis,  sc.  eum  esse. 

5.  plebem : this  word,  in  the  later  republic,  had  lost  its  meaning 
of  a class  contrasted  with  the  hereditary  aristocracy  of  the  patricians, 
and  was  applied  to  the  lower  classes  in  general. 

8.  tribus  patrimoniis : Milo  was  by  birth  a member  of  the 
Papian  gens,  but  was  adopted  (see  note,  Sest.  § 1)  by  his  maternal 
grandfather,  C.  Annius.  This  accounts  for  two  patrimonies;  the 
third,  Asconius  thinks,  was  probably  his  mother’s.  The  orator 
here  makes  a civic  virtue  out  of  Milo’s  lavish  bribery. 

10.  conciliarit,  has  won . 

14.  ablaturum,  will  bear  away , i.e.  the  memory  of  them. 

Sect.  96.  vocem  praeconis,  etc. : i.e.  the  election  was  practi- 
cally decided,  when  the  comitia  were  broken  up  by  a mob.  The 
election  could  not  therefore  be  formally  and  legally  complete,  and 
no  announcement  could  be  made  by  the  herald. 

16.  desiderarit,  cared  for. 

19.  facinoris  suspitionem,  etc. : the  suspicion  of  a great  crime, 
not  the  indictment  for  this  act.  That  is,  as  the  last  chapters  have 
shown,  it  was,  in  Cicero’s  view,  not  Clodius’  death,  but  suspicion 
of  designs  against  Pompey  and  the  state,  that  decided  the  case 
against  Milo. 

22.  recte  facta,  § 207.  c\  G.  438.  R.1;  H.  359.  n.4 

Sect.  97.  si  . . . ratio,  if  regard  is  to  be  had.  (The  proper 


Notes:  Cicero 


198 

apodosis,  we  should  say,  etc.,  is  supplanted  by  the  thing  that  would 
be  said ; and  by  this  protasis  and  apodosis  the  tense  of  the  rest  of 
the  paragraph  is  changed.) 

207.  Sect.  98.  Etruriae  festos  : holidays  appointed  by  the 
people  of  Etruria,  the  neighbors  whom  Clodius  had  cheated  and 
robbed,  at  the  good  news  of  his  death. 

3.  et  actos  et  institutos,  in  app.  with  festos : the  celebrations 
that  have  already  taken  place,  and  the  anniversaries  that  have  been 
established.  — centesima  et  altera,  i.e.  just  one  hundred  days. 

The  length  of  interval  was  caused  by  the  insertion  this  year  of  an  inter- 
calary month  between  February  and  March.  This  was  in  theory  done 
every  other  year,  but  was  practically  left  to  the  caprice  of  the  pontifices , 
from  which  it  resulted  that  the  calendar  had  fallen  into  extreme  confusion. 
The  calendar  year  was  67  days  behind  the  true  time;  and  the  discrepancy 
remained  until  the  reform  by  Julius  Caesar,  B.C.  45*  The  Roman  year  at 
this  time  consisted  of  only  355  days,  and  the  inserted  month  was  alternately 
of  20  and  22  days  (see  § 376).  These  were  inserted,  not  at  the  end  of 
February,  but  alternately  after  the  24th  and  23d  of  the  month,  so  that  the 
intercalary  month  (Mercedonius)  always  contained  27  days  (Momm.  Rom. 
Chr.  p.  21).  According  to  Asconius,  the  trial  was  April  8 (vi.  Id.),  and 
the  murder  was  Jan.  18  (xiii.  Kal.  Feb.),  although  both  these  dates  were 
disputed.  Counting  for  January  11  days,  the  Mensis  Intercalaris  27, 
March  31,  and  April  8 days,  we  have  23  days  left  for  February,  which 
would  indicate  the  shorter  intercalation,  of  22  days. 

5.  qua  . . . ea,  wherever  . . . there  (abl.  of  way  by  which). 

7.  non  laboro,  I have  no  concern. 

8.  versatur,  abides. 

Sect.  99.  his,  sc.  judicibus. 

12.  cum  . . . es,  § 326.  a ; G.  567  ; H.  51 72* 

13.  quo  . . . eo,  § 250,  and  R. ; G.  400 ; H.  423. 

2i.  quae  oblivio  = forgetfulness  of  which  (as  regularly  with  adj. 
pronouns,  cf.  ea  gratia ). 

Sect.  100.  pietatis,  gratitude. 

28.  inimicitias,  etc.  “Such,”  says  Asconius,  “were  the  con- 
stancy and  good  faith  of  Cicero,  that  neither  the  popular  enmity, 
nor  the  suspicions  of  Pompey,  nor  the  fear  of  coming  danger  it  he 


Defence  of  Milo . 


199 


should  be  put  on  trial  before  the  people,  nor  the  arms  openly  taken 
up  against  Milo,  could  deter  him  from  his  defence,  when  he  might 
have  shunned  all  danger  and  popular  wrath,  and  even  won  back  the 
good  will  of  Pompey,  by  relaxing  a little  the  zeal  of  his  advocacy.” 

208.  Sect.  102.  mene  non  potuisse,  sc.  respondebo. 

25.  gentibus:  aline  must  have  dropped  out,  part  of  which  be- 
longs with  gentibus.  Before  non,  the  word  must  be  quibus. 

Sect.  103.  concepi,  incurred. 

28.  ilia  indicia,  i.e.  Catiline’s  conspiracy. 

34.  fuerit,  § 332.  b\  G.  647.  R.4 ; H.  502  2.  — possum,  virtually 
future,  and  so  used  as  apod,  to  a future  protasis. 

209.  dictator : in  times  of  great  public  emergency,  the  Senate 
could  call  upon  the  consuls  to  create  a Dictator,  who  should  possess 
the  undivided  power  of  the  old  kings,  but  only  for  the  period  of  six 
months.  The  laws  of  appeal,  and  other  safeguards  of  individual 
liberty,  had  at  first  no  force  against  this  magistrate.  In  later  times 
dictators  were  no  longer  appointed,  but  the  consuls  were  invested 
with  dictatorial  power  by  the  formula,  ne  videont , etc.  (Cat.  i.  § 2). 
Sulla,  and  afterwards  Caesar,  revived  the  name  and  authority  of  this 
magistracy ; but,  by  holding  it  for  life  ( fterpetuo ),  completely  changed 
its  character,  making  it  equivalent  to  absolute  sovereignty. 

The  Magister  Equitum , appointed  by  the  Dictator,  stood  next  in 
command  to  him. 

Sect.  104.  in  Italia : since  the  Social  War,  the  towns  of  Italy, 
having  received  Roman  citizenship,  had  lost  the  jus  exsilii  (see  note, 
Arch.  § 5). 

Sect.  105.  lacrimis  defendi  : this  was  a peculiarly  Roman  cus- 
tom. Many  a desperate  case  was  gained  in  the  Roman  courts  by 
putting  on  mourning,  and  bringing  out  the  wife  and  children  of  the 
accused,  in  deep  mourning  and  bathed  in  tears. 

Not  long  after  this  trial,  which  ended  in  Milo’s  conviction,  he 
was  further  tried  in  his  absence  for  bribery  ( ambitus ) and  illegal 
combinations  ( de  sodaliciis') , and  on  a second  charge  of  assault 
( de  vf),  and  was  condemned  on  each  count.  Cicero  sent  him  a 
copy  of  his  labored  defence,  and  received  a reply  dryly  thanking  him 


200 


Notes : Cicero . 


for  his  effort,  but  expressing  satisfaction  that  the  speech  was  not 
delivered;  “for  then,1’  said  he,  “I  should  not  now  be  eating  the 
excellent  mullets  of  Marseilles.1’ 

In  the  Civil  War,  Milo  perished  in  South  Italy,  while  leading  the 
remnant  of  his  troop  of  gladiators  in  resistance  to  Caesar,  — “hit 
with  a stone  from  the  wall 11  in  an  assault  on  the  town  of  Cosa,  in 
Lucania  (see  Caesar,  B.  C.  iii.  22). 


ORATION  FOR  MARCELLUS. 

Argument . 

CHAP.  i.  Caesar’s  clemency  in  victory  is  glorious  for  himself  and  honor- 
able for  Marcellus.  — 2.  Warlike  glories  depend  on  many  outward  circum- 
stances : this  glory  is  wholly  his  own.  — 3*  Conquest  is  a natural  and 
frequent  thing : self-conquest  is  a divine  attribute.  Other  praises  are 
drowned  by  the  noise  of  war;  this  wins  love  and  gratitude.  — 4.  This  glory 
none  can  claim  to  share.  Victory  itself  is  conquered  when  its  rights  are 
renounced.— 5,  6.  This  is  an  earnest  of  Caesar’s  patriotism.  Cicero  had 
feared  the  victory  of  his  own  side:  Caesar’s  spirit  was  the  nobler.  7. 
There  is  nothing  to  fear  from  the  pardoned : the  State  itself  hangs  upon 
Caesar’s  life.  — 8.  The  wounds  of  civil  wars  are  to  be  healed;  he  must  live 
to  restore  the  republic.  — 9.  This  glory  still  remains:  unless  the  State  is 
restored,  his  other  glories  will  have  no  abiding-place.  — 10.  All  accept  the 
results,  and  wish  his  safety.  — 1 1.  Cicero  is  the  mouthpiece  of  all  in  render- 
ing thanks 

PAGE. 

210.  diuturni  silentii:  it  was  now  more  than  six  years  since 
the  defence  of  Milo,  which  was  followed  almost  immediately  by 
Cicero’s  absence  as  proconsul  in  Cilicia,  whence  he  returned  only 
on  the  eve  of  the  Pharsalian  campaign.  — eram  usus,  have  kept 
(here  pluperfect,  as  preceding  attulit) . 

2.  timore  (abl.  of  cause),  fear  of  consequences;  verecundia, 
modesty , distrust  of  himself  under  the  circumstances.. 

4.  vellem : not  subj.  of  indir.  question,  but  conjunct,  modestiae 
(§  31 1.  b\  G.  252;  H.  485),  thrown  into  past  time  by  conn,  of 
tenses ; initium  looks  forward  to  a change  of  plan : hence  the  subj., 
meaning  what  I may  wish  in  the  future  (compare  § 3°7-/l  G'  59s) • 

5 . tantam  mansuetudinem,  etc. : no  doubt  these  words  express 


Oration  for  Marcellus. 


201 


the  genuine  and  grateful  surprise  felt  at  Caesar’s  clemency,  so  con- 
trasted with  the  temper  and  purpose  of  his  opponents. 

7.  rerum  omnium,  in  every  respect . 

211.  Sect.  2.  quasi  signum  sustulisti,  you  have  raised , as 
it  were , a signal . 

Sect.  3.  in  multis,  in  me  ipso,  in  the  case  of  many , and  in 
my  own.  — paulo  ante,  just  now. 

15.  commemoratis,  see  Introd. 

17.  suspitionibus : Caesar  is  said  to  have  suspected  Marcellus 
of  some  designs  of  assassination. 

Sect.  5.  usurpare,  dwell  on. 

212.  Sect.  6.  Fortuna,  see  Manil.  Law,  § 47. 

Sect.  7.  centurio,  the  infantry  officer  (see  note,  Manil.  § 37). 

22.  praefectus,  the  commander  of  the  auxiliary  cavalry.  So 
cohors  and  turma  correspond  to  each  other,  as  the  infantry  and 
cavalry  divisions. 

At  the  present  period  the  regular  cavalry  of  the  legion  was  quite  insig- 
nificant, and  the  horse  of  the  Roman  army  consisted  chiefly  of  auxiliaries, 
— Gauls,  Spaniards,  Thracians,  etc.;  these  were  organized  in  alae  of  300 
or  400  men  each,  which  were  subdivided  into  tur?nae  of  30.  For  this 
reason  we  find  here  the  Roman  infantry  officer  combined  with  the  auxiliary 
cavalry  officer,  — corresponding  to  the  real  composition  of  the  army. 

Sect.  8.  immanitate  barbaras,  barbarous  and  fierce:  his  con- 
quests had  first  subdued  the  Gauls,  Germans,  and  Britons. 

29.  locis  infinitas:  Caesar  moved  from  Gaul  B.C.  49  into  Italy, 
and  the  same  year  to  Spain.  In  48  he  crossed  over  to  Greece,  and 
thence  to  Egypt.  In  47  he  carried  on  war  in  Asia  Minor,  and  in 
46  gained  the  crowning  victory  of  Thapsus  in  Africa. 

213.  Sect.  9.  illae  quidem : the  pronoun  (as  often  in  con- 
cessive sentences),  is  inserted  only  to  append  quidem,  adding 
nothing  to  the  sense. 

8.  tubarum,  of  clarions : the  tuba  was  a long,  straight  horn, 
used  in  infantry  ; the  lituus  a curved  one,  used  in  cavalry. 

Sect.  10.  hujus  curiae.  The  old  Curia  Hostilia,  upon  the 
north  side  of  the  Comitium,  was  destroyed  by  fire  in  the  riots  after 


202 


Notes:  Cicero. 


the  death  of  Clodius,  b.C.  52  (see  Mil.  § 33) ; but  was  rebuilt  by 
Faustus  Sulla,  son  of  the  dictator. 

23.  C.  Marcelli:  cousin  of  Marcus  (cos.  B.C.  50). 

25.  obfudit,  rushed  upon. 

Sect.  IX.  tropaeis  et  monumentis:  the  tropaea  were  memo- 
rials of  victory,  consisting  of  armor  of  the  conquered,  arranged  in 
human  form,  and  either  erected  by  itself,  or  attached  to  some  monu- 
ment— as  a column  or  arch.  Of  monuments,  Caesar  did  not  live  to 
carry  out  his  plans  fully;  he  built,  however,  a new  enclosure  for 
assemblies,  the  Saepta  Julia,  and  laid  out  a new  forum  for  courts 
of  justice,  the  Forum  Julium,  north  of  the  old  Forum. 


214.  Sect.  12.  florescet,  § 205.  b\  G.  283.  r.2;  H.  463. — 
operibus,  dat.  (§  229). 

4.  victores : i.e.  Cinna,  Marius,  and  Sulla. 

6.  vereor  ut,  etc.  (§  331./;  G.  552;  H.  498.  iii.),  I fear  this 
which  I say  cannot  be  understood  in  the  hearing  quite  as  (perinde 
atque)  / feel  it  in  the  thinking. 

10.  occidissemus,  might  [by  right  of  war]  have  fallen. 

Sect.  13.  quam  late  pateat,  how  far  it  reaches . 

16.  ilia,  i.e.  Pompey’s. 

17.  tenemur,  are  convicted. 

21.  reddidit,  restored , by  confidence  that  no  vengeance  would 
follow. 

23.  hostls,  acc.  plur. 

Sect.  14.  flagitantium : before  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war, 
Csesar  sent  C.  Curio  (son  of  C.  Curio,  Verr.  i.  § 18)  to  Rome  with 
offers  of  compromise,  which  were  spurned  by  the  Senate. 

32.  hominem,  the  7nan  (Pompey)  : emphatic,  not  his  measures. 
— consilio,  reasons. 

33.  grati  animi  (see  Sest.  § 33)  : at  the  time  of  Cicero’s  recall, 
Pompey  interested  himself  to  go  in  person  to  several  of  the  Italian 
towns  to  encourage  the  general  feeling  in  his  favor ; and  so  atoned 
in  part  for  the  tardiness  of  his  support,  and  his  earlier  hesitating, 
cold,  and  ungracious  course. 


215.  Sect.  15.  integra  re,  before  peace  was  broken. 


Oration  for  Marcellas* 


203 


2.  cum  capitis  mei  periculo,  with  danger  of  my  life.  It  is 
said  that  after  Pompey’s  defeat,  the  command  was  urged  upon 
Cicero  by  Cato;  and  on  his  refusal  to  conduct  the  war,  young 
Pompey  would  have  stabbed  him  unless  Cato  had  interfered. 

4.  existimator  rerum,  judge  of  things. 

6.  statim  censuerit : Cicero  was  welcomed  and  kindly  treated 
by  Caesar  on  his  return  to  Italy,  b.c.  47.  The  war  was  not  finished 
till  the  next  year,  hence  incertus  exitus , etc. 

8.  victor,  when  victorious  (opposed  to  incertus,  etc.). 

Sect.  16.  certorum  hominum : such  senatorial  leaders  as 
Metellus,  Scipio,  and  Dolabella.  Cicero  says,  in  a letter  to  M. 
Marius  (Fam.  vii.  3),  “ Excepting  the  chief  and  a few  besides,  the 
others  — the  leaders  I mean  — were  so  grasping  in  the  campaign 
and  so  cruel  in  their  talk,  that  I shuddered  at  the  [thought  of] 
victory.  There  was  nothing  good  except  the  cause.”  And  to  Atti- 
cus  (ix.  7),  “It  is  their  plan  to  stifle  (suffocare)  an<^ 

by  famine,  then  ravage  the  fields,  set  fire,  and  not  spare  the  money 
of  the  rich.”  Pompey,  he  says,  would  often  say,  Sulla  potuit : ego 
non  potero?  (ib.  ix.  10). 

18.  inter  se,  with  each  other . 

Sect.  18.  otiosis,  the  neutral. 

29.  ubi  fuisset,  which  might  have  been  a mere  accident* 

33.  aliquando,  at  last. 

34.  contulisse  ad,  laid  upon. 

216.  Sect.  19.  quae,  things  which  (the  Stoic  doctrine). 

1 1 . commodata,  loaned. 

Sect.  20.  praesertim  belongs  with  lapsis. 

14.  opinione,  notion. 

16.  si  . . . timuerunt,  subj.  of  est  (cf.  § 333.  R. ; G.  469.  R.2; 
H.  529.1  N.1). 

17.  senserunt,  found  by  experience . 

Sect.  21.  querelam,  etc.,  that  the  partisans  of  Pompey  wished 
to  kill  him. 

25.  de  tuis,  i.e.  his  immediate  companions;  qui  una,  those  on 
the  same  side. 

28.  qui  fuerunt,  sc.  inimici. 

Sect.  22.  sane,  by  all  means. 


204 


Notes ; Cicero. 


217-  ignarus,  inexperienced ; rudis,  raw ; nihil  cogitans,  in 

considerate. 

6.  equidem,y^r  my  part. 

7.  dumtaxat,  merely  (even  these) . 

Sect.  23.  consensio,  conspiracy . 

16.  constituenda  judicia,  etc. : the  short  period  of  Caesar’s 
dictatorship  was  distinguished  by  a number  of  salutary  enact- 
ments, which  were  almost  equivalent  to  a complete  revision  of  the 
constitution. 

17.  propaganda  suboles  : the  waste  of  population  by  incessant 
wars  had  already  begun  to  alarm  the  best  minds  of  Rome.  It  was, 
in  fact,  the  chief  direct  cause  of  the  ruin  of  the  Empire,, 

18.  diffluxerunt,  have  run  wild  (like  vines). 

Sect.  24.  sananda,  to  be  healed  (the  result)  ; mederi,  to  remedy 
(the  treatment). 

Sect.  25.  doctorum,  philosophers. 

218.  cunctam,  entire. 

2.  perfectione,  completion. 

Sect.  28.  immo,  corrects  the  general  expression  parum  magna. 

12.  futurus  fuit,  was  to  be. 

Sect.  27.  hie  actus,  as  in  a play. 

20.  tu  perfruare,  enjoy  it  yourself 

23.  dicito,  fut.  as  referring  to  the  time  designated  by  turn. 

27.  angustiis,  narrow  bounds. 

Sect.  28.  [ut]  inservias,  § 331./,  R. ; G.  546.  R.3;  H.  502. 

34.  quae  quidem,  i.e.  aeternitas. 

36.  certe,  doubtless . 

2(9.  Sect.  28.  munera,  gifts  to  the  people,  as  monuments 
and  spectacles. 

Sect.  29.  sedem,  abiding-place ; domicilium,  home. 

8.  requirent,  will  miss. 

10.  illud,  the  war;  hoc,  the  public  safety. 

1 1 . servi  eis  judicibus,  pay  regard  to  those  judges . 

Sect.  30.  non  pertinebit,  will  have  no  concern  for. 

Sect.  31.  perfuncta  est,  has  got  through  with. 


Oration  for  Ligarius . 205 

28.  arma,  etc.,  arms  have  been  laid  down  by  some  and  wrested 
from  others . 

Sect.  32.  sanitatis,  ordinary  intelligence. 

220.  Sect.  33.  unde,  with  which  (in  Latin  the  beginning 
is  regarded  as  the  source  from  which). 

11.  agimus,  express  ; habemus,  feel. 

Sect.  34.  cum  id  praestiterim,  while  / have  fulfilled  it.  — me 
conservato,  while  / have  been  preserved. 

29.  quod  . . . non  arbitrabar,  which  I thought  no  longer  possible. 


ORATION  FOR  LIGARIUS. 

Argument. 

Chap.  i.  The  charge  and  the  circumstances.  — 2.  No  crime,  or  sign  of 
ill-will  to  Caesar.  — 3.  Cicero  himself  was  more  culpable,  yet  is  pardoned. 
— 4.  So  Tubero,  who  is  indebted  to  Caesar  for  his  life,  yet  seeks  that  of 
Ligarius.  — 5.  The  clemency  of  Caesar  is  the  refuge  of  all:  he  stays  the 
violence  of  his  partisans.  — 6.  The  political  difference  was  not  crime,  but 
error:  so  regarded  by  Caesar  himself. — 7.  Circumstances  of  the  command 
in  Africa:  Ligarius  was  not  responsible.  — 8,  9.  If  Tubero  had  been 
admitted,  he  would  have  acted  against  Caesar;  when  refused,  he  went  to 
Pompey.  — 10,  1 1.  Cicero  does  not  defend  the  cause,  but  pleads  for  mercy; 
Caesar  regards  the  case  itself,  not  the  man  who  pleads  it.  His  friends 
desire  mercy  for  Ligarius.  — 12.  Final  appeal : the  divine  quality  of  mercy. 

PAGE 

221.  propinquus,  kinsman.  It  is  not  known  what  was  the 
relationship  of  Tubero  to  Cicero.  He  was  a member  of  the  Hilian 
gens , — a family  distinguished  for  its  legal  attainments;  and  Tubero 
himself  ranks  high  among  the  Roman  jurists.  The  prosecutor,  O. 
Tubero,  was  son  of  L.  Tubero,  whom  Ligarius  had  prevented  from 
landing  in  Africa ; a chief  grievance  was  that  the  younger  Tubero 
was  at  the  time  sick  on  board. 

The  Roman  state  was  developed  out  of  the  patriarchal  state  of  society, 
of  which  it  retained  many  characteristic  institutions,  such  as  the  patria 
potestcis , the  enormous  power,  even  of  life  and  death,  possessed  by  the 


Notes:  Cicero . 


head  of  a family  {paterfamilias')  over  those  under  his  legal  control,— 
that  is,  all  sons  and  descendants  in  the  male  line,  and  all  unmarried  daugh- 
ters. Daughters,  upon  their  marriage,  passed  from  the  potestas  of  the 
father  to  the  manus  of  the  husband. 

The  gens  was  an  enlarged  family,  which  had  outgrown  the  centralized 
power  of  a paterfamilias,  and  the  feeling  of  near  relationship,  but  which 
still  held  in  theory  to  the  belief  in  a common  descent,  and  which  main- 
tained a gentile  organization,  possessed  certain  property  in  common,  and 
kept  up  the  observance  of  certain  sacra . The  chief  object  of  adoption 
(note,  Sest.  § i)  was  the  maintenance  of  these  sacra . If  a person  died 
intestate  without  heirs,  his  property  went  to  his  gens.  . The  fundamental 
importance  of  the  gens  in  the  Roman  patriarchal  institutions  appears  in  the 
fact  that  the  gentile  name,  always  ending  in  ius  (except  in  a few  Etruscan 
names  in  na,  as  Perpenna)  was  the  nomen  proper,  while  the  family  name 
was  only  cognomen.  Some  persons,  as  C.  Marius,  had  no  family  name; 
but  most  gentes  fell  into  a number  of  families,  and  sometimes  even  these 
families  were  divided  into  branches,  with  distinctive  names.  Thus  the 
Cornelian  gens  contained  the  families  of  Scipio,  Sulla,  Cinna,  Lentulus, 
Dolabella,  etc. ; while  a branch  of  the  Scipios  retained  for  many  genera- 
tions the  agnomen  Nasica.  Strictly  speaking,  there  were  no  fully  organ- 
ized gentes  except  those  of  the  patricians,  as  the  Corneln,  Juln,  Fabn, 
Claudii;  but  the  plebeian  nobility  (see  note,  Verr.  1.  § 15)  develope 
gentes  of  its  own,  which  were  quite  analogous  to  those  of  the  patricians. 
Such  were  the  Csecilii,  Sempronii,  Licinii,  Livih 

5.  quo  me  vertam,  which  way  to  turn.  In  later  use  the  word 
(verto)  is  found  in  a reflexive  sense,  as  the  corresponding  word 
with  us.  — necessarius : Cicero’s  necessitudo  to  Pansa  appears  to 
have  consisted  in  their  working  together  in  behalf  of  Ligarius.  . 

n Pansa  (C.  Vibius ; cos.  b.c.  43  ; see  Phil,  xiv.)  : at  this  time 
a leading  supporter  of  Cmsar.  This  introduction  is  in  a high  degree 
ironical.  — ut . . . esset  (obj.  of  fecerit),  that  it  is  no  longer  a new 

case. 

222.  Sect.  2.  Considio:  C.  Considius  Longus,  propraetor 
of  Africa,  B.C.  50,  the  year  before  the  civil  war. 

10.  satis  facere,  etc. : the  governor  of  a province,  on  leaving 
his  province  before  the  expiration  of  his  term,  could  appoint  any 
officer  he  chose  to  govern  pro  praetor e in  his  place  : such  a lieuten- 


Oration  for  Ligarius . 


207 


ant  exercised  the  imperium  of  his  superior.  It  was  usual,  although 
not  required,  in  this  case,  to  appoint  the  highest  subordinate  officer, 
the  quaestor;  hence  this  apologetic  expression  of  the  orator  (see 
Momm.  Rom . St.  i.  p.  178).  Ligarius,  it  seems,  was  so  highly 
esteemed  by  the  provincials  that  the  governor  could  do  no  less 
than  appoint  him. 

14.  sociis,  see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 13. 

Sect.  3.  cupiditate  inconsiderata,  headlong  partisanship . 

18.  salutis  and  studii  limit  ducem ; the  provincials,  at  first  by 
a sort  of  necessity  for  their  own  security,  then  with  a growing  zeal 
espousing  Pompey’s  cause,  craved  a military  leader. 

19.  cum  = at  which  time  (§  325.  b ; G.  582  ; H.  471  5). 

22.  praetor  = propraetor.  — obtinuerat : had  held , in  some 
former  year.  Of  course,  therefore,  he  had  no  legitimate  authority 
in  Africa  at  the  present  time,  for  the  imperium  must  be  conferred 
by  a special  and  very  definite  act : hence  the  expression  si  illud,  etc. 

Sect.  4.  qui  cuperet,  being  one  who  wished. 

32.  in  provincia  pacatissima:  Africa  was  one  of  the  earliest 
and  most  thoroughly  conquered  of  the  provinces : as  is  shown  by 
the  fact  that  in  the  division  of  the  Empire  by  Augustus,  when  he 
took  into  his  own  hands  the  administration  of  provinces  which 
required  a military  force,  Africa  was  left,  with  Asia,  Achaia,  Hither 
Spain,  Narbonnese  Gaul,  etc.,  under  the  authority  of  the  Senate. 
Africa,  however,  alone  of  the  senatorial  provinces,  had  a regular 
military  force,  consisting  of  one  legion. 

33.  pacem  esse,  subj.  of  expediret.  — profectio,  his  going  there. 

223.  Sect.  5.  criminosum,  liable  to  accusation. 

7.  Uticae,  a Phoenician  city  in  Africa,  older  than  Carthage,  under 
whose  supremacy  it  was  always  restive.  For  this  reason  it  helped 
Rome  against  Carthage,  and  was  rewarded  with  the  gift  of  territory. 
After  Africa  was  made  a Roman  province,  Utica  was  its  capital. 

Sect.  6.  occurrat,  indir.  question  depending  on  reformidat : 
a construction  very  common  in  the  comic  poets. 

Sect.  7.  imperator.  After  the  news  of  Pompey’s  death  (b.c. 
48),  Caesar  was  made  dictator  rei publicae  constituendae , at  the  same 
time  receiving  certain  other  special  grants  of  power,  and  retaining 
the  imperium , which  he  had  now  held  uninterruptedly  for  twelve 


208 


Notes  : Cicero. 


years.  Hence  the  exaggerated  expression  imperator  unus ; for  in 
the  original  sense  of  this  title  (see  note,  Verr.  v.  1),  it  could  be 
borne  by  as  many  officers  as  was  necessary.  It  was  not  until  t le 
sprint  of  b.c.  45,  some  months  after  the  delivery  of  this  oration, 
that  Imperator  became  the  title  of  a new  magistrate,  in  whom  the 
imperium  was  vested  for  his  life,  and  to  be  transmitted  to  his 
descendants.  This  was  the  commencement  of  the  Empire,  though 
the  office  was  suspended  from  the  death  of  Caesar  till  it  was  revived 
by  Augustus.  From  this  time  the  old  use  of  this  title  was  rare. 

33.  alterum,  second . 

34.  fascis  laureates:  the  fasces  were  wreathed  with  laurel 
when  the  commander,  after  victory,  was  greeted  as  imperator. 
Cicero  aspired  to  the  honor  of  a triumph  for  successes  over  some 
mountain  robbers. 

36.  reddere,  restore.  (This  infin.  represents  a conative  present, 
having  a future  force  : hence  dedisset  for  fut.  perf.  of  dir.  disc.) 

224.  Sect.  8.  ut,  how. 

6.  cognationem,  kinship  by  blood.  Probably  this  is  used  rhe- 
torically for  adfmitatem,  connection  by  marriage. 

Sect.  9.  fuisse,  subj.  of  esse, 
io.  nempe,  etc.,  why  i one  who , etc. 

13  in  acie  Pharsalica : the  decisive  victory  of  Caesar  over 
Pompey,  at  Pharsalus,  in  Thessaly,  was  fought  Aug.  9,  b.c.  48. 

14.  petebat,  aimed  at.  — qui  sensus,  i.e.  on  which  side  t 
16.  optabas ,pray  for  (stronger  than  cupiebas). 

Sect.  10.  equidem,  to  be  sure , 

30.  ut  tu  vis,  as  you  will  have  it. 

Sect.  11.  dicam  = dicturus  sum. 

35.  levium,  unsteady ; immanium , ferocious, 

225  Sect.  12.  eum  dictatorem  : i.e.  Sulla.  The  dictator, 
as  possessor  of  the  full  royal  imperium , had  judicial  powers,  although 
their  exercise,  at  this  period,  had  fallen  into  disuse. 

10.  aliquot  annis  post,  some  years  later . Sulla  had  provided  by 
law  for  the  impunity  of  those  who  executed  his  proscriptions ; but 
Csesar,  as  judex  quaestionis  de  sicariis,  b.c.  64,  took  pains  to  secure 
the  trial  and  conviction  of  more  than  one  of  these  wretches. 


Oration  for  Ligarius.  209 

14.  studia  virtutis,  the  devotion  to  virtue , etc .,  of  your  race  and 
family . 

Sect.  13.  in  qua,  under  which . 

19.  non  videamini  esse,  are  not , it  seems . 

Sect.  14.  domi,  z>z  private. 

34.  tollere,  away. 

Sect.  15.  per  te : i.e.  as  contrasted  with  the  bloodthirstiness 
of  some  of  his  followers. 

226.  essent : following  nisi,  etc.  (notice  conn,  of  tenses). 

Sect.  16.  alicujus,yhr  any  one. 

14.  tunc,  in  that  case  (§  310.  a ; G.  594s;  H.  507.  N.7). 

19.  extorquebit,  will  wrest  from  you. 

Sect.  17.  de  nullo  alio,  etc. : i.e.  why  he  selected  Ligarius  out 
of  all  Pompey’s  followers ; how  one  who  had  committed  precisely 
the  same  fault  could  have  the  audacity  to  bring  the  charge  — or 
was  it  perhaps  that  he  had  some  new  crime  to  accuse  him  of  ? 
(adferret  is  subj.  as  being  a question  ; the  others  are  facts).  — ilia 
causa,  Pompey’s. 

27.  qui  durius,  who  speak  more  harshly. 

227.  Sect.  18.  mortuus,  “ in  his  grave." 

4.  contumeliam : Caesar’s  proconsular  command  in  Gaul  ended 
March  1,  B.c.  49.  It  was  usual  in  such  cases  to  continue  in  com- 
mand until  the  next  first  of  January,  on  the  principle  that  every 
tenure  of  office  continued  until  a successor  was  appointed ; and,  in 
consequence  of  a law  of  Sulla,  the  consuls  and  praetors  went  to  the 
government  of  provinces  immediately  on  the  expiration  of  their 
term  of  office  in  the  city.  A new  law  of  Pompey’s,  however,  had 
provided  that  five  years  should  intervene  between  the  magistracy 
and  the  governorship,  so  that  it  would  be  easy  to  appoint  a succes- 
sor to  Caesar  at  the  legal  expiration  of  his  office.  Further,  Caesar 
had  been  exempted  by  law  from  the  necessity  of  presenting  himself 
in  person  as  a candidate  for  the  consulship  of  b.c.  48.  His  plan 
was  to  be  elected  in  his  absence,  to  retain  his  proconsulship  until 
the  day  when  he  should  assume  the  consulship  again,  and  thus  to 
have  no  gap  between  the  two  offices.  If  there  were  a gap  of  a 
single  day,  his  enemies  were  on  the  watch  to  prosecute  him,  for 


210 


Notes:  Cicero . 


various  acts  which  were  at  any  rate  irregular.  Their  policy  was  to 
abrogate  his  command,  if  possible,  and  at  any  rate  to  repeal  the 
law  which  allowed  him  to  be  a candidate  while  absent.  The  year 
50  B.c.  was  consumed  in  fruitless  negotiations  and  attempts  at  com- 
promise ; when  Pompey  and  the  Senate  at  last  cut  off  further  de- 
bate, refused  all  concessions  to  Caesar,  and  declared  war.  It  was 
this  treatment  which  Cicero  describes  as  contumelia . 

6.  pacem  esse  cupiebas : it  seems  certain  that  Caesar  had,  in 
his  desire  for  peace,  carried  his  offers  of  compromise  as  far  as  was 
possible  for  him  to  do  safely  in  his  position. 

7.  ut  tibi  conveniret,  that  you  should  come  to  an  understanding 

(in  appos.  with  id). 

Sect.  19.  esses,  i.e.  in  that  case. 

12.  secessionem : Pompey  and  most  of  the  Senate  retired  at 
Caesar’s  approach,  and  escaped  to  Greece. 

15.  utrisque  cupientibus,  where  both  wished. 

j8.  eorum  qui  sequebantur : almost  the  entire  body  of  nobles 

followed  Pompey. 

21.  cognita  . . . tua,  now  that  your  clemency  is  known. 

Sect.  20.  poteramusne,  sc.  non  venire. 

28.  atque  is  almost  = at  qui. 

Sect.  21.  Tuberonis  sors  : in  the  assignment  of  the  provinces. 
228.  excusare,  to  excuse  himself  '. 

3.  contubernales,  in  Cicero’s  brief  campaign  in  the  Social  War. 
6.  quidam,  some  friend:  it  is  uncertain  who. 

Sect.  22.  occupatam,  i.e.  by  Attius  Varus. 

14.  voluisse,  voluisse,  maluisse,  all  have  the  clause  Africam 
obtinere  depending  on  them,  but  it  is  expressed  only  with  the 

second. 

15.  natam  ad  belluxn : a map  of  the  Mediterranean  will  show 
the  formidable  position  of  the  province  of  Africa  as  against  Italy. 

1 7.  aliquem,  some  one  else. 

Sect.  23.  tradituri  fuistis,  were  you  going  to  surrender  t (hall- 
way  between  the  original  meaning  and  that  which  it  afterwards  had, 
of  the  apod,  contrary  to  fact.  The  student  should  bear  in  mind 
these  transitions  in  meaning,  as  language  is  constantly  changing, 
and  can  never  be  strictly  reduced  to  rules  : traditurum  fuisse  (be- 


Oration  for  Ligarius. 


21 1 


low)  is  the  regular  construction  of  indir.  disc. ; while  the  above 
forms  in  direct  disc,  were  only  used  as  strict  apodosis  later). 

27.  cujus  interfuit,  whose  interest  it  was. 

Sect.  24.  veniebatis,  conative  imperf. 

34.  maxime  infestam : King  Juba  of  Numidia  was  a zealous 
adherent  of  Pompey,  and  Africa  was  the  seat  of  the  last  struggle  of 
the  Senate  against  Caesar. 

35.  huic  causae,  Caesar’s.  — aliena  voluntas,  estranged  feeling. 
— conventus : an  association  of  the  citizens  of  a province,  pos- 
sessing certain  corporate  powers. 

229.  Sect.  25,  nempe,  naturally  enough. 

6.  in  societatem,  to  take  a share  in. 

8.  venissetis,  you  should  have  come  (not  apod,  but  hortatory)  ; 
venistis  (emphatic),/^  did  come. 

12.  per  me,  for  all  me. 

15.  qui  privaverit,  in  that  he  deprived  you  (subj.  of  char.). 

Sect.  26.  quamvis  probarem,  however  much  / might  approve. 
(The  tense  is  attracted  by  the  following  apod,  contrary  to  fact.)  — 
partibus,  party. 

26.  ad  eos  ipsos,  constr.  (by  synizesis')  with  partibus. 

Sect.  27.  nequaquam  fuerunt:  Varus  was  of  an  insignificant 
family,  while  the  Tuberos  were  members  of  the  nobility.  — justo, 
regular , duly  conferred. 

34.  ad  Caesarem,  sc.  venit. 

36.  causam,  side . 

230.  Sect.  28.  ejus,  Pompey. 

9.  cum  videres,  second  person  of  indef.  subj.  in  a general  con- 
dition (§  309.  a\  G.  59 7.  R.3;  H.  5085). 

12.  esset,  subj.  of  charact. ; but  for  that  it  would  be  indie.  (erat)f 
by  § 308.  b\  G.  599.  R.3;  H.  511.  n.3. 

Sect.  29.  in  ilia  causa,  in  upholding  the  side  of  Pompey. 

22.  ad  unam  summam,  to  one  7nain  pouit. 

Sect.  30.  tecum,  in  company  with  you.  Caesar  was  hardly  less 
distinguished  as  an  orator  than  as  a general  and  statesman.  — equi- 
dem  emphasizes  multas.  — in  foro  : the  Forum  was  the  seat  of 
the  administration  of  justice. 


212 


IllMj 

II 


2I2  Notes:  Cicero . 

26.  honorum:  i.e.  the  canvassing  for  office  made  it  necessary 
for  him  to  appear  as  fatronus . 

27.  posthac,  sc.  fecerit. 

31.  ne  haec  quidem,  i.e.  the  following. 

32.  valerent,  might  prevail  (if  I used  them). 

34.  oppressus,  forced  into.—  in  eo  ipso,  i.e.  in  his  conduct  in 
the  war  to  which  he  was  forced. 

36.  temere,  thoughtlessly. 

231.  ignoscatur,  impersonal. 

3.  idem  . . . qui  Just  as. 

Sect.  31.  mihi,  etc.,  i.e.  not  only  have  I been  preserved,  but,  etc. 

6.  est  posita,  depends. 

7.  studiis,  zealous  efforts . 
o.  causas,  the  cases. 

10.  voltus : the  tears  and  lamentations  by  which  it  was  cus- 
tomary to  seek  acquittal. 

11.  quam  tuus  necessarius,  how  clqsely  connected  with  you. 

12.  quam  illius,  opposed  to  tuus. 

14.  fruuntur,  concedas : the  indie,  refers  to  individual  cases ; 
the  subj.  characterizes  Caesar  himself,  but  the  difference  is  slight. 

17  justissimum,  very  natural. 

Sect.  32.  tu  : only  expressed  to  go  with  the  concessive  quidem. 

21.  Sabinos:  Ligarius  was  of  Sabine  origin,  and  many  of  his 

Sabine  friends  were  here  present. 

22.  florem,  etc. : the  Sabine  territory  among  the  mountains  was 

still  the  home  of  a hardy  and  virtuous  population. 

23.  nosti:  during  the  civil  war,  Caesar  had  found  shelter  from 
Sulla  among  these  kindly  mountaineers. 

26.  squalorem,  see  note,  Sest.  §11. 

Sect.  33.  quodvis,  any  whatever  (emphatic). 

34  vox,  the  expression  which  follows. 

.35.  nos,  i.e.  the  party  of  Pompey.  — nisi  qui,  except  those  who. 

tecum  fuerunt,  on  your  side , i.e.  as  holding  aloof  from 
the  other'side.  As  neutrals,  they  were  threatened  by  the  Pompeians. 

6.  non  nulli,  some  of  us. 

7.  tuis  suos,  to  your  friends  their  friends . 


Oration  for  Ligarius . 


213 


Sect.  34.  fuerit  futurus,  see  note,  § 23. 

15.  conspirantem, harmonious  (breathing  together)  ; conflatam, 
identical  (fused  together). 

17.  ut  . . . sequerentur,  subst.  clause  (§  332.  b ; G.  313  ; H.  502 2). 

19.  tempestate,  by  stress  of  weather. 

21.  tamen,  notwithstanding. 

Sect.  35.  ierit,  etc.  (concessive  subj.),  suppose  he  did  go. 

23.  hi  . . . tui  (emphatic)  = these  beseech  you , and  they  are  your 
friends.  — equidem  sets  off  the  implied  subj.  ego  against  tu, 
below.  — cum  interessem,  having  been  concerned  in. 

25.  quaestor  urbanus,  city  treasurer  (see  note,  Verr.  i.  § 11), 
in  which  capacity  he  appears  to  have  done  a service  to  Caesar,  who 
was  then  in  Gaul. 

Sect.  36.  nihil  egit  aliud,  had  no  other  object. 

31.  haec,  the  present  condition  of  things. 

34.  officio,  brotherly  kindness. 

36.  tot  talibus,  many  and  excellent  as  they  are. 

37.  condonaveris  : condonare  is  to  grant  something  for  the 
sake  of  some  one  else. 

233.  Sect.  37.  de  homine  nobilissimo,  i.e.  Marcellus. 

2.  in  curia,  before  the  Senate  (see  Introd.  to  Or.  for  Marcellus). 
— foro  : Ligarius  had  been  accused;  hence  the  form  of  trial  in  the 
Forum. 

9.  populare,  popular , but  in  a strictly  political  sense. — nulla, 
etc.,  not  one  of  your  many  virtues  is  more,  etc.,  than  mercy. 

Sect.  38.  ut  possis : a subst.  clause  of  result  (§  332.  b\  G. 
313 ; H.  5022),  because  an  effect  is  implied  in  habet. 

15.  postulet,  § 31 1.  a\  G.  459.  r.  ; H.  485. 


214 


Notes : Cicero . 


THE  LAST  PHILIPPIC. 

Argument . 

Chap,  i,  2.  Rejoicing  is  premature,  while  Brutus  is  not  safe;  his  rescue 
has  been  the  object  from  the  beginning.  — 3-5.  Antony  and  his  troops 
should  be  held  as  public  enemies : their  cruelties  at  Parma,  etc.  : the  city 
itself  has  been  allotted  among  them.  Cicero  would  extend  the  time  of 
rejoicing,  and  salute  the  commanders  as  im per  at  ores,  to  which  their  deeds 
entitle  them.  — 6,  7.  Absurd  charge  against  Cicero,  of  aiming  at  power. 
The  career  of  honors  is  open,  and  the  people  rate  men  according  to  their 

deserts. 8.  His  former  counsel,  that  Antony  be  declared  a public  enemy. 

This  is  implied  in  the  proposed  supplicatio.  — 9,  10.  Exploits  and  eulogy 
of  Pansa  and  Hirtius. — II,  12.  A supplicatio  of  fifty  days  is  recommended 
for  the  three  commanders.  Eulogy  of  the  soldiers,  the  living  and  the 
dead.  Let  a monument  be  erected  to  the  dead,  especially  of  the  legion 
of  Mars.  — 13.  Let  us  console  their  relatives,  and  pay  the  promised  reward 
to  the  families  of  the  dead,  as  well  as  to  the  survivors.  — 14.  Resolution 
of  thanks  and  honor. 


rAua  . 

237.  Sect.  1.  Si  cognovissem  (see  note,  R.  A.  § 1)  : the 
construction  of  this  involved  sentence  is,  If  / knew  that  Brutus 
was  already  gone  from  Mutina  ( which  we  all  greatly  wish,  and 
think  to  be  effected  by  the  victory  already  gained ),  as  / do  know, 
from  the  documents  just  read,  that  the  army  of  our  worst  enemy  is 
cut  to  pieces  and  fut  to  flight,  I would  vote  without  hesitation,  etc. 
D Brutus,  one  of  Csesar’s  murderers,  had  been  assigned  by  him  to 
the  government  of  Cisalpine  Gaul,  and  took  possession  of  the 
province  after  Csesar’s  death.  In  the  summer,  Antony  procured 
the  passage  of  a law  transferring  this  province  to  himself.  Brutus, 
supported  by  the  Senate,  refused  to  give  it  up,  and  upon  this  issue 
hostilities  broke  out.  Brutus  was  at  this  time  besieged  in  Mutina 
{Modena),  and  the  consuls,  Hirtius  and  Pansa,  had  moved  to  raise 
the  siege.  — ex  litteris,  i.e.  from  the  army-bulletins. 

6.  ad  saga,  etc.,  as  we  should  say  figuratively  “to  arms,”  the 
sagum  being  the  type  of  anxiety  and  alarm,  as  the  toga  was  of 
security  and  peace. 


The  Last  Philippic. 


215 


As  the  toga  was  the  garb  of  peace,  so  the  sagutn  was  that  of  war.  It 
was  a simple  woollen  cloak,  fastened  over  one  shoulder  with  a clasp  or 
buckle,  fibula,  while  the  toga  had  no  fastening,  but  was  wound  in  elaborate 
folds  about  the  body.  The  saguni  was  worn  in  the  army,  and  also  in  the 
city  when,  as  now,  there  was  civil  war,  or  war  near  home.  Ire  ad  saga 
was  a mark  of  a state  of  war;  redire  ad  vestitum  would  come  with  peace. 

9.  ea  res  : the  raising  of  the  siege. 

Sect.  2.  sententia,  proposition. 

13.  in  hodiernum  diem  : i.e.  for  the  day’s  rejoicings. 

16.  id  agamus  ut,  let  us  do  so  with  the  intention  to  retain  it. 

17.  turpe  est : it  were  a mockery  to  show  rejoicing  and  triumph, 
when  the  gods  had  as  yet  granted  only  half  their  prayers. 

Sect.  3.  redierimus,  sc.  ad  vestitum. 

24.  ne  . . . prodatur  : i.e.  by  changing  the  dress  for  the  one  day,  it 
will  appear  that  it  was  not  on  account  of  Brutus  that  the  change  was 
made  ; for  he  was  not  yet  safe. 

27.  tollite  hanc,  set  aside  this  motive  (a  kind  of  protasis,  § 310.  b ; 
G.  594  4 ; H.  487  s). 

28.  pravae,  perverse. 

29.  conservate,  etc.,  maintain  your  dignity  (by  sustaining 
Brutus). 

Sect.  4.  legati : this  was  in  January.  At  the  head  of  the 
embassy  was  the  distinguished  jurist,  Ser.  Sulpicius  Galba,  who  died 
on  the  journey.  The  Ninth  Philippic  was  spoken  in  commemora- 
tion of  him. 

34.  denuntiarent,  order  (with  threats).  — hosti,  Antony. 

238.  Hirtius,  the  consul  (see  Introd.).  — imbecillitatem, 

infirm  condition.  Cicero  had  said  of  him  before,  “ How  feeble  and 
worn  he  was  ! But  the  infirmity  of  his  body  did  not  check  the 
vigor  of  his  soul.” 

2.  per  se,  through  his  own  exertions. 

3.  liberasset : Octavianus  had  taken  an  active  part  in  the  autumn 
in  thwarting  Antony’s  plans. 

5.  dolorem  aliquem  domesticum,  some  private  grief  \ for  the 

death  of  his  adoptive  father.  Cicero  would  imply  that  he  was  too 
true  a patriot  to  feel  a real  affection  for  the  dictator. 


2l6 


Notes:  Cicero . 


Sect.  5.  quid  . . . egit,  what  object  had  Pansa  f He  had  set  out 
for  Mutina  some  weeks  after  his  colleague. 

8.  faciendis,  procuring. 

13.  necessitate  victus,  implying  that  the  war  brought  distress 
in  the  provision-market  — quod,  i.e.  the  liberation  of  Brutus  from 

siege. 

14.  inibi  esse,  on  the  very  point  of  being  achieved . 

16.  et  connects  rei  and  evento. 

17.  praeripuisse,  seized  prematurely , if  the  news  proved  true; 
contempsisse,  scorned,  if  it  proved  false. 

Sect.  6.  significatio  vestra,  the  indication  you  have  given. 

21.  propraetore:  i.e.  Caesar  Octavianus,  upon  whom  the  Senate 

had  specially  conferred  this  rank  early  in  January.  He  was  left  in 
sole  command  after  the  deaths  of  Hirtius  and  Pansa.  — si  . . . ante, 
as  soon  as. 

22.  pertineant,  § 341.  *;  G.  509 3 ; H.  503. -unbufa , stained; 
madefacti,  bathed. 

23  exercituumque : this  term  is  added,  because  the  legions 
contained  only  Romans,  while  the  consular  armies  had  also  aux- 

diaries.  , _ . 

24  duobus  . . . proelio  : the  battle  was  begun  by  Pansa,  who  was 

routed  and  mortally  wounded  - although  the  fatal  character  of  his 

wound  was  not  yet  known  at  Rome;  then  the  fortune  of  the  day 
was  retrieved  by  reinforcements  led  by  Hirtius.  Octavianus  took 
no  part  in  this  engagement,  but  repulsed  an  attack  upon  the  camp. 

25.  hostium,  civium:  Cicero’s  great  point  in  the  Philippics  is 
to  make  out  that  Antony  — like  Catiline  — is  no  citizen,  but  a^pubhc 
enemy  In  the  argument  that  follows,  he  shows  that  the  proposi- 
tion of  a supplicatio  (see  note,  Cat.  Hi.  15),  which  had  never  been 
decreed  except  for  a victory  over  foreign  enemies,  indorses  this  view 
by  treating  Antony  as  an  enemy. 

26.  nefarium  scelus  : observe  the  chiasmos. 

28.  nisi  mucrones,  etc.,  unless  you  wish  their  very  sword-blades 
to  waver  in  doubt. 

Sect.  7.  hostem:  the  proposition  seems  to  have  studiously 
omitted  calling  Antony’s  troops  enemies : this  Cicero  objects  to. 

31.  vero .forsooth,  marks  the  irony. 

33.  improbis,  criminal \ sc.  civibus. 


The  Last  Philippic . 


34.  clarissimus  vir : P.  Servilius  Vatia,  the  proposer  of  the 
supplicatio,  Caesar’s  colleague  in  his  second  consulship,  b.c.  48. 

35.  urbanarum,  civil . — internecivi,  to  the  death.  — circum- 
scribunt,  swindle . 


239.  Sect.  8.  infert,  of  offensive  war.  — quattuor  consuli- 
bus,  i.e.  besides  the  two  consuls,  the  two  consuls  elect,  Plancus  and 
D.  Brutus. 

5.  gerit,  is  actually  carrying  on. 

6.  suis  cladibus,  the  evils  he  himself  threatens. 

7.  Dolabellae  facinus : Dolabella,  Antony's  colleague  in  the 
consulship  (b.c.  44),  when  on  his  way  to  the  province  of  Syria,  in 
February  43,  assaulted  Smyrna  by  treachery,  captured  the  propraetor 
of  Asia,  C.  Trebonius  (one  of  the  conspirators  against  Caesar),  and 
put  him  to  death  with  indignities  and  torture. 

11.  hoc  templo  : i.e.  that  of  Jupiter  Capitolinus,  where  the  Senate 
was  now  met. 

12.  Parmensium : Parma  had  been  captured  by  Antony,  and 
treated  in  the  manner  here  described. 

15.  propudium  et  portentum,  prodigy  of  wickedness. 

16.  L.  Antonius,  the  youngest  brother  of  Mark  Antony  (cos. 
B.c.  41). 


Sect.  9.  oblita,  besmeared. 

25.  crudelitatem : the  cruelty  of  the  Carthaginians  was  pro- 
verbial— at  least  among  their  enemies  the  Romans. 

27.  capta,  taken  by  assault ; surrepta,  surprised. 

Sect.  10.  hujus  urbis  : sc.  eum  esse : urbis  limits  quid  in 
the  same  sense  as  coloniarum  limits  hostis. 

32.  explendas,  replenishing.  — latrocinii,  gang  of  robbers . 

33.  peritus  metator  et  callidus,  that  tried  and  shrewd  sur- 
veyor. 

34.  Saxa,  L.  Decidius ; a Celtiberian  by  birth,  originally  a land- 
surveyor,  a creature  of  Caesar’s  and  now  of  Antony’s.  The  reference 
here  is  to  a law  of  Antony,  passed  in  the  June  preceding,  for  the 
establishment  of  colonies  of  veterans. 

36.  domesticis,  within  the  walls. 

240.  dissipatis,  spread  abroad. 


2 1 8 Notes  : Cicero . 

2.  domum,  home  (actual  abode)  ; tecta,  buildings  (in  general)  , 
larem,  domestic  hearth . 

The  Lares  (regarded,  at  any  rate  later,  as  deified  ancestors)  are  hardly  to 
be  distinguished,  as  an  object  of  worship,  from  the  Penates,  or  household 
gods  (see  note,  Cat.  iv.  § 17).  Each  compitum,  or  cross-road,  had  its 
lares,  who  were  the  object  of  the  sacra  of  the  collegia  compitalicia  (see 
note,'  Sest.  § 13).  The  lar  familiaris  was  the  protector  of  the  family, 
and  especially  of  the  hearth. 

6.  si  quis  attulerit  . . . assentiar,  if  any  would,  propose,  I would 

accept.  _ 

Sect.  11.  decreverit,  has  moved.  — omnino  numerum,  the 

number  in  all. 

15.  cui,  interrogative.  — ut  non,  etc.,  without  his  being  called, 
etc.,  even  though , etc. 

18.  decernenda  non  fuit,  ought  not  to  have  been  voted. 

Sect.  12.  an  adimemus,  shall  we  then  deprive  f 
22  quae  increbuit : in  the  later  days  of  the  republic,  the  title 
of  imperator  and  the  honor  of  triumph  were  granted  upon  much 
less  cause  than  in  earlier  times. 

23.  appellaret,  would  have  styled  (imperf.  because  of  repeated 

action).  ... 

30.  ovantem:  the  ovatio  was  an  inferior  triumph,  sometimes 

granted  by  the  Senate,  in  cases  when  the  proportions  or  circum- 
stances  of  the  victory,  or  the  rank  of  the  commander,  did  not  war- 
rant the  supreme  honor  of  a triumph  (see  note,  Man.  § 8).  The 
general  did  not  wear  the  purple  embroidered  robe,  or  the  laurel 
crown,  but  the  ordinary  toga  praetexta,  and  a wreath  of  myrtle. 
Moreover,  he  walked,  or  (in  later  times)  rode  on  horseback,  instead 
of  riding  in  a chariot. 

Sect.  13.  is  demum,  that  only. 

35.  sive,  if  either. 

241,  gratias  agebant,  gave  a vote  of  thanks. 

3.  tu  'igitur,  sc.  gloriaris.  — dixerit,  hortat.  subj.  (§  266  c ; G. 
2C7-  H.  485.  N.1). — equidem,  concessive. 

6 ’ gratiam  non  referri,  that  a favor  should  not  be  returned. 
Sect.  14.  Parilibus:  the  Parilia  or  Palilia  (April  21)  was  one 


The  Last  Philippic . 


219 


of  the  most  ancient  Roman  festivals,  in  honor  of  Pales,  a goddess 
of  flocks.  This  day  was  regarded  as  the  anniversary  of  the  found- 
ing of  the  city.  — qui  dies,  etc.,  which  occur  this  very  day . — cum 
fascibus  descensurum,  i.e.  was  coming  down  with  the  insignia  of 
usurped  power,  as  if  to  assume  the  throne. 

11.  hoc  esse  conlatum,  this  [intention]  was  attributed . 

13.  ne  quid,  § 319.  a ; G.  556.  R.4 ; H.  49s-  — ut : if  this  word 

is  retained,  the  expression  is  subj.  of  exclam.  (§  332.  c ; G.  560; 
H.  486.  ii.)  ; if  omitted,  a rhetor,  question  (§  268 ; G.  251 ; H.  485). 

15.  existerem,  etc.,  should  turn  out  of  a sudden  another  Cati- 
line. (Imperf.  as  referring  back  to  the  time  when  his  enemies  said 
‘ 4 descendetL ) 

16.  quibus  auspiciis,  i.e.  by  what  formal  authority.  augur,  /, 
an  augur  (emphatic)  : i.e.  an  augur  would  know  his  science  too 
well  for  such  an  attempt.  This  was  the  latest  of  Cicero  s official 
honors,  received  ten  years  before  ; and  he  fully  appreciates  the  dig- 
nity of  the  priestly  craft. 

While  an  augur  had  the  power  of  interpreting  the  auspices,  only  magis- 
trates had  the  power  of  taking  them  (see  note,  Cat.  iv.  2)  ; and  augurs 
were  not  in  any  sense  magistrates.  Further,  any  assumption  of  power 
would  be  invalid  unless  confirmed  by  auspices.  Cicero,  though  an  augur, 
was  unable  to  take  the  first  preliminary  step  to  any  usurpation  of  power. 
A technical  obstacle  like  this  would  not  stand  long  in  the  way  of  a modern 
usurper;  but  the  stress  here  laid  upon  it  illustrates  the  degree  to  which 
the  peculiar  formalism  of  the  Roman  religion  had  become  worked  into  the 
Roman  mind;  and  further,  the  power  that  lay  in  this  adherence  to  form 
towards  protecting  the  institutions  of  the  State. 

17.  trader em  : the  imferium , as  well  as  the  ausficia,  descended 
by  regular  succession,  like  ecclesiastical  functions  in  the  church, 
quemquamne  fuisse,  § 274;  G.  341 H.  539.  iii. 

20.  sermo,  mere  talk , not  even  honest  suspicion. 

Sect.  15.  illam  curiam,  i.e.  the  Pompeian:  this  was  to  the 
north  of  the  Capitoline,  and  was  the  scene  of  Caesar’s  death: 
hence  the  term  infelicem. 

23.  furiis  suis,  their  own  madmen.  (The  Mss.  have  vinbus  or 
juris:  Klotz’s  conjecture partibus  is  adopted  by  Halm.) 

26.  ad  me  : as  being  now  the  leading  man  in  the  State. 


220 


Notes:  Cicero . 


33.  quae  is  obj.  and  res  subj.  of  patefecit. 
Sect.  16.  jam  inde,  ever  since . 


242.  optatissimi  nuntii,  etc. : i.e.  of  the  victory  at  Mutina. 
— liberarit,  perf.  as  of  an  effect  still  continuing. 

Sect.  17.  male  mecum  ageretur,  / should  fare  hardly. 

14.  purgatus,  cleared.  — jejuno,  mean  (“meagre”). 

18.  magnus  . . . campus,  a broad  field  is  open  m public  life. 

19.  Crassus : the  great  orator,  who  died  B.c.  91.  apertus, 
unobstructed. 

20.  quidem,  Pm  sure.  — principes : such  men  as  Catulus, 
Lucullus,  Hortensius,  Servilius  (Isauricus),  and  Metellus  Celer. 

21.  cum  . . . cederem,  when  I myself  was  ready  to  yield  to  them. 
23.  quo  dolore,  interrogative. 

26.  sententiam  moderari,  govern  their  views. 

Sect.  18.  principals  (obj.  gen.),  supremacy . 

30.  cursus,  speed. 

32.  optime  sentiam,  have  the  noblest  views. 

34.  nollem  = I should  be  sorry  to  have  you. 


243.  et  libenter,  and  should  be  glad  to  be. 

Sect.  19.  haec  . . . ferunt,  some  persons  take  it  very  ill  that 

the  Roman  people  see , etc. 

4.  poteratne  fieri,  was  it  possible  ? 

6.  universo,  as  a whole. 

13.  xiii.  Kal.  Jan.  (Dec.  20),  the  day  when  the  third  and  fourth 
Philippics  were  spoken,  — one  in  the  Senate  and  one  in  the  Forum, 
-declaring  Antony  a public  enemy;  ex  Kal.  Jan.,  when,  in  the 
fifth  Philippic,  he  urged  that  no  negotiations  should  be  had  with 
him.  The  campaign  against  Antony  may  be  said  to  have  begun 
with  the  former ; but  no  active  measures  could  be  taken  until  the 
new  consuls  entered  upon  office  on  the  first  of  January. 

Sect.  20.  legatos : it  was  on  the  question  of  sending  this 
embassy  (see  note,  § 4)  that  Cicero  delivered  the  fifth  Philippic. 

20.  ilium  hostem,  sc.  appellari.  (Observe  the  condensed  em- 
phasis, caused  by  omission  of  the  verbs.) 

Sect.  21.  P.  Ventidium:  an  officer  of  Antony’s  army.  He 


221 


The  Last  Philippic. 

afterwards  gained  some  important  successes  over  the  Parthians, 
b.c.  38. 

24.  f volusenum : the  Mss.  here  are  hopelessly  corrupt. 

25.  discessionem : a vote  by  going  to  one  part  of  the  house 
(pedibus  ire  in  sententiam : see  Introd.  note,  Cat.  iv.). 

Sect.  22.  semel  et  saepius,  once  and  again. 

33.  sustulerunt,  i.e.  refused  to  put  the  question.  The  presiding 
officer  had  the  right  to  decide  what  questions  should  be  put. 

244.  impr  udeiis,  unawares , unconsciously . 

Sect.  23.  bellum  Octavianum  : the  reaction,  b.c.  87,  by  which 
Sulla’s  partisan,  the  consul  Octavius,  was  expelled  by  his  colleague 
Cinna. 

10.  Servili,  P.  Servilius  Vatia,  colleague  of  Caesar,  b.c.  48. 

13.  de  Alexandria  : for  a victory  over  the  Egyptians  : de  Phar- 
nace,  son  of  Mithridates,  King  of  Pontus  (both  victories,  b.c.  47). 

Sect.  24.  Gabinium  (see  Or.  for  Sestius)  : he  had  claimed  a 
supplicatio,  which  the  Senate  steadily  refused,  for  some  successes 
against  Arab  marauders  in  Syria. 

26.  re,  in  effect ; verbo,  in  so  many  words . 

Sect.  25.  habet,  has  already. — honoris  amplissimi  : i.e.  the 
consulship. 

32.  alterum,  i.e.  consul ; alterum,  imperator . 

36.  jugulis,  i.e.  our  lives  simply. 

245.  a membris,  etc. : Antony  would  not  only  cut  their 
throats,  but  treat  their  bodies  with  indignity,  — as  was,  in  fact, 
afterwards  done  in  the  case  of  Cicero : perhaps  even  torture  them, 
like  Dolabella. 

Sect.  26.  princeps,  leader  in. 

5.  legione  Martia : this  was  one  of  two  legions  (the  other  was 
the  Quarto ) that  had  gone  over  from  Antony  to  the  Senate  the 
November  previous. 

Sect.  27.  beneficia : i.e.  grants  of  money  and  assignments  of 
land  to  Caesar’s  veterans,  as  well  as  new  enactments  making  mili- 
tary service  less  onerous. 

22.  viginti  cohortibus,  i.e.  two  legions  (see  note,  Manil.  § 37). 


222  Notes:  Cicero. 

24.  qua  . . . accepimus,  than  which  we  have  heard  of  no  nobler 

example  of  a commander . . , 

2;  tribus:  in  point  of  fact,  Antony  had  only  two  legions  engaged ; 
but  full  particulars  had  not  yet  reached  Rome,  and  Cicero  appears 
to  have  thought  that  a third  legion,  the  Alauda,  which  he  had  with 

him  was  engaged  in  the  fight.  . , 

1 aetas  : Octavius  was  now  twenty  years  old,  an  age  at  which 
no  person  could  regularly  (by  the  lex  annalis)  hold  the  vnpenum. 

246  Sect.  28.  postulanda,  to  be  expected . 
n dabamus,  conative  imperfect.  # 

a eius  nominis,  that  title  ( imperator ),  which  is  connected  wit 
f The  title  was  not,  however,  conferred  with  the  power, 

taf  followed  some  important  success  in  the  field,  be, ng  given  by 
acclamation  of  the  soldiers. 

7 castra,  the  camp  of  Hirtius. 

Sect  29  decerno : note  that  this  word  does  not  mean  decree, 
but  of  ’a  single  senator,  simply  vote.  - quinquaginta,  an  unprece- 
dented number.  Ten  days’  sufflicatio  had  bee. a decreed  for  - 
pey’s  victories  in  Africa,  and  fifteen  for  Caesars  defeat  of  the  Bel 

S12a  conjnngi,  joined  with  that  of  the  commanders. 

Sect.  30.  cumulata,  redoubled. 

25.  praestabitur,  will  be  redeemed  (“  fulfilled  ”). 

26.  secuti  sunt  = relied  on.  . , 

28.  quibus,  i.e.  the  living,  whose  silent  presence  is  a rem  n . 
Sect.  31.  occurrunt,  suggest  themselves. 

247  Albam,  sc.  Fucensem , a town  among  the  mountains,  in 
the  territory  of  the  Marsi,  which  the  Martian  legion  took  and  hel 

after  revolting  from  Antony. 

5.  se  abrupit,  compare  § 26  and  note. 

8.  desiderat,  has  lost.  , , f 

Sect  32  idem  deus:  Mars  was  the  special  patron  god  ot 

Rome  la  relation  not  inconsistent  with  the  recognition  of  Jupiter 
1.  ’ and  of  all.  The  establishment  of  the  worship  of 

Jupiter  Gapholinus,  as  the  central  point  of  Roman  religion,  belongs 


The  Last  Philippic . 


to  that  stage  in  the  history  of  Rome  — the  period  of  the  Tar- 
quinian  dynasty  — when,  from  being  a single  Latin  city,  she  became 
the  head  of  the  Latin  name. 

15.  pignerari,  claim  as  his  own . 


248.  Sect.  34.  bustis,  burial-mounds.  The  bustum  was 
properly  the  heap  of  ashes  left  after  the  body  had  been  consumed 
with  the  rogus.  The  term  was  also  applied  to  the  mound  erected 
on  the  spot  where  the  body  was  burned. 

249.  Sect.  37.  alter  ambove  : the  imperium  of  the  two 
consuls  was  absolutely  equal,  and  the  power  of  neither  was  impaired 
by  any  field  of  action  specially  assigned,  or  any  duty  specially  im- 
posed upon  the  other.  Any  such  special  assignment  of  functions 
was  only  made  by  mutual  consent,  and  either  had  a legal  right 
to  interfere  in  the  other’s  province.  Of  course,  however,  any  such 
interference  was  regarded  as  unwarranted,  and,  in  practice,  the  two 
colleagues  either  took  turns  in  the  administration,  or  agreed  upon  a 
division  of  functions  between  them. 


1 


INDEX. 


The  figures  refer  to  the  pages  of  the  Notes. 


iddicere , 156. 

4drogatio , 146. 

Advocati , 6,  10. 

AEdilis,  50. 

Adoption,  146. 

Africa,  207. 

Ager  G alliens , 109. 

Ager  Publicus , 40. 

Agere  cum  populo , 49. 
Agnalus , 146. 

Allies  (Italian),  138. 
Antioch,  136. 

Antithesis,  8,  70. 

Appiu  Via,  88. 

Aquilius,  74. 

Aratores,  39,  40. 
Aristocracy  (Roman),  31 
Armenia,  72. 

Asia,  34,  75- 

Assemblies,  42. 
Auctoritas,  39,  97- 
Augur ia,  71. 

Augur es,  126,  219. 
Auspicia , 125,  153,  173; 
219. 

Bona  Dea,  164,  172, 
187,  195- 


Bosporus,  73.  Collegium ,118, 126,  139, 

Bustum , 223.  *52>  x54»  *77- 

Coloniae , 99,  112,  114, 

Csecilia,  28.  I3^- 

Caelius,  196.  Comitia,  42,  126,  132, 

Caesar,  129,  130,  147,  146;  ^6; 

156,207;  in  Gaul,  209.  tributa , 43,  53* 

ilendar,  113.  Comitium , 68,  153,  163. 


Calendar,  113 
Campus  Martius , 42 
126. 

Capite  Censi , 43 


Commune , 85. 
Cornperendinatio,  48. 

Co7npitum , 154,  1 77- 


Capitolium,  62,122,133.  Concilium,  152,  162. 

Consilium , 29,  46,  152. 


Carbo,  1 70. 

Career , 113. 

Cato,  141,  175. 
Catulus,  87,  137. 
Cavalry,  201. 
Censor  es,  56,  140. 
Centuriae , 43 


Consular  is , 51. 
Cons7iltum , 39,  97- 
Contio , 54,  69,  153,  168. 
Crassus,  63,  156. 

Crete,  83,  86. 

59,  95>  201. 


Centuriae  Equitum,  33.  Curule  office,  41 
Centurio,  83- 

Challenge  (of  jurors),  36.  Decumae,  40,  75. 

Cilicia,  58,  83. 


Cinna,  124. 
Citizenship,  40. 

C liens,  10,  135. 
Clodius,  72,  172,  184. 
Cognatus , 146. 


Decretwn , 182. 
Detestatio  sacrorwn, 

146. 

Decuria,  154- 
Decuriones,  16. 

Delos,  88. 


Index . 


225 


Dictator,  178,  199,  207, 
208. 

Dicer e causam,  9. 

Die  ere  diemy  181. 
Dilatioy  71. 

Discessio,  126. 

Dius  Fidiusy  149. 
Divisor esy  45. 

Drusus,  137,  138,  175. 
Duumviri , 138. 

Elections,  100. 

Ennius,  142. 

Equitesy  5,  9,  32. 
Evocatio  deorumy  60. 
Expiatio , 20. 

Exsiliu?ny  138,  140. 

Familiay  23,  76. 
Fanumy  63. 

Fasces y 81. 

Fasti  diesy  1 54. 

Felicitas  (temple  of), 
61. 

Fiscus,  45. 

Forumy  105,  227. 

Forum  Aureliumy  105. 
Freedmen,  15,  132; 
suffrage  of,  195. 

Gabinius,  148. 

Galleys,  84. 

Games,  47. 

Gens,  206. 

Gracchus,  32,  96,  97, 

1 3D  190- 
Greek  towns,  64. 
Gymnasia , 59. 

Haruspices , 118. 


Hospitium , II,  135. 
Hispania , 82. 

Imagines , 41,  180. 
Imperator,  57,  207. 
Imperiu?7iy  37,  42,  50, 

79,  9L  95,  I25,  207, 

223. 

Innocentia , 49. 
Intercalate , 198. 

Inter  cessio,  153,  174. 
Inter dictio,  15 1. 
Interregnum , 177. 

Inter  rex,  173. 

Judex  Quaestionis,  5. 
Judices,  5,  33. 
Judicium , 34,  38,  43, 
167, 193,  204;  Junia ■ 
num,  46,  52. 

Juris  dictio,  39. 

augurium,  127. 
Caeritum,  10. 

Jus  gentium,  27,  39. 
Exsilii,  99,  138. 

Lanuvium,  178. 

Lares,  218. 

Laws  (title),  24. 
Lectisternium,  123. 
Legatus,  47,  74,  88. 
Leges : A cilia,  55  ; ALlia, 
154;  Cornelia , 24, 
165;  Fufia , 154;  £0- 
binia,  75,89,92;  y*/- 
diciaria,  32;  Porcia , 
66;  Plautia-Papiria , 
138;  Semproniae,6 6; 
Valeria,  24. 

Legio,  47,  83. 


Liber  tini,  132. 

Libertus , 15. 

Lie  tores,  81. 

Zf/zV  cestimatio,  5 1 . 
Lucullus,  72,  79,  137. 
Romani,  etc.,  47. 

Majestas,  51. 
Mamertini,  65. 
Manumissio,  186. 
Marcellus,  57,  104. 
Marius,  86,  90,  97,  159. 
Mars,  222. 

Memmius,  128. 

Messana,  65. 

Metellus,  28,  44,46, 103, 

I29,  x37,  r55- 
Milo,  fate  of,  200. 
Municipium,  10,  114, 
ii6,  139,  178. 
Munus,  50. 

Necessitudo,  37. 

Nobility,  31,  41. 

Nomen,  105,  206. 

Nomen  Latinum , 99. 

Obnuntiatio , 153. 
Obsecratio,  120. 
Oppidum,  22. 

31 ; equestris , 33. 
Ortygia,  58. 

Ostia,  82. 

Ovatio,  218. 

Paenula , 178,  179. 
Palatium , 94. 
Palladium,  180. 

Parilia,  218. 
Parricidium,  18,  20. 


226 


Index. 


Pastor  es,  120. 
Paterfamilias , 23,  19 1, 
206. 

P atria  Potest  as,  15,  146, 
205. 

Patricii , 123. 

Pair  onus,  10,  135. 
Penates , 133,  182. 
Piratical  State,  81. 
Plebiscitum,  43. 

Pompey,  80,  134,  147, 
168, 174, 189- 

Potestas , 5°. 

Pontifex,  96, 173. 
Praefectura,  1 1 6. 
Praemium,  143. 
Praeneste,  99. 
Praerogativa,  46. 
Praetexta  (toga),  109, 

i37»  149.  2l8- 

Praetor  es,  28,  38,  7 1 , 89, 
92,  I l6. 

Princeps  Senatus , 123, 
126. 

Proconsul,  91,  209. 
Propraetor , 37,  92,  139, 
208. 

Prorogatio,  37,  80,  91. 
p7‘oscriptio , 12,  209. 
Provincia , 37,  75- 
Provocatio , 169. 
Prytaneum , 59. 

Public ani,  40,  75,  76. 
Pulvinaria,  123. 
Puteal,  148. 

Quaestio  (torture),  23. 


Quaes tiones  Perpetuae,  Stator,  100. 

5,  38,  43,  71,  173-  Stipendium,  76. 
Quaestor  es,  36,  132-  Sulla,  8,  15,  24,  26,  3 1, 
Quirites,  69.  *59*  2°8- 

Sulpicius,  123. 

Reate,  117*  Supplicatio,  120,  123, 

Referre  {legem),  53,  79,  2l6- 


89,  125. 

Regia,  182. 

Rejectio  judicum,  36. 
Repetundae,  5,  33,  51- 
Rhegium,  63. 

Rhodes,  87. 

Rogatio,  69,  106. 

Rogus,  223. 

Sacramenium , 191* 
Sagum,  215. 
Saturnalia , 119. 
Scsevola,  55,  63. 

Scipio,  23,  86,  96,  134, 

141,  175- 

Scribae,  126,  132. 
Scriptura , 76. 
Sectores,  23. 

Sella  Curulis,  1 27* 
Senaculum,  114. 
Senatus,  31,  39>  I25- 


Syracuse,  57,  58. 

Tabellae , 119. 

Tabulae  Novae , 1 1 2. 
Tabularium,  139. 
Templum , 93. 

Tempora , 70. 

109,120,  137,  165. 
Torture,  23,  40,  187. 
Transitio  ad  plebem , 
146. 

T ra  nsvectio  Eq  uitu  m , 

81. 

Tribunus  Aerarius,  54, 

132. 

Tribunus  Militaris , 47. 
Tribunus  Plebis,  52, 1 6 1 . 
Tribus,  132. 

Triumphus , 73,  90. 
Tropaea,  202. 
Tusculanum,  61. 


senatus, 

Senatus  consulta,  39,96.  Twelve  Tables,  170. 
Sententia,  125. 


Sertorius,  74. 

Servare  de  caelo , 1 53* 
Servilius,  93. 

Sibylline  Books,  1 1 8. 
Slaves,  76,  1 1 8,  187. 
Socii,  40,  103. 

Spectio,  126,  153. 


Utica,  207. 

Vectigalia,  40,  76. 
Vesta,  133- 
Vestal  Virgins,  118. 
Vestis  mutatio,  152 
Volaterrae,  13. 


A.,  Aulus  (wh.  see). 

a.  d.,  ante  diem  (wh.  see). 

a,  see  ab. 

ab  (a,  abs),  [reduced  case  of 
unc.  stem,  akin  to  Gr.  car  6,  Eng.  off, 
of],  adv.  (only  in  comp.),  and  prep, 
with  abl.,  away  from,  from  (cf.  ex, 
out  of  and  de,  down  from,  off  from). 

— Of  place,  with  idea  of  motion, 
from  : rediens  a cena.  — With  ex- 
pressions of  measure,  off,  away , at  a 
distance  of:  procul  a nobis;  a sena- 
torio  gradu  longe  abesse.  — Of 
time,  from,  since  : a kal.  J an. — Fig., 
from  (with  more  or  less  idea  of  mo- 
tion) : abhostedefendere;  abauro 
manus  cohibere;  nrbs  ab  armis 
conquiescere ; ab  eo  metuere  (as 
in  Eng.) ; secerne  te  a bonis;  a re- 
publica  deficere.  — When  the  idea 
is  slightly  different  in  Eng. : vacuus 
ab  ( destitute  of)  ; quaero  a vobis 
(I  ask  you);  a scelere  abhorrere 
(de  inconsistent  with);  postulare 
ab  ( ask  of) ; a vobis  contendere 
(urge  upon)  ; ab  isto  poenas  repe- 
tere  (see  poena) . — Esp.  with  pas- 
sives and  words  of  similar  import,  by 
(cf.  accidere  a Caesare,  at  the 
hands  of  showing  the  origin  of  this 
meaning).  — Esp.  also  (prob.  as  the 
place  whence  the  impression  comes), 
on  the  side  of  on,  at,  on  the  part  of: 
a tergo  interclusus  (in  the  rear). 

— In  comp.,  away , off, \ apart.  — Also 
with  negative  force,  not,  un-. 


abalieno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ab- 
alieno],  I.  v.  a.,  (put  away  to  an- 
other), alienate . 

abdico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ab-dico], 
I.  v.  a.,  (assign  away). — With  reflex., 
abdicate:  se  praetura  (resign  the 
prcetorship) . 

abdo,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere,  [ab-do 
(put)],  3.  v.  a.,  put  away,  remove, 
hide. — With  reflex.,  conceal  one's  self, 
hide,  bury  one's  self  (se  litteris); 
sol  (hide  its  face  at  sunset).  — With 
in  and  acc.  or  abl.,  hide  in,  withdraw 
to  (take  refuge  among),  withdraw 
and  hide  away.  — abditus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  hidden,  remote,  secluded. 

abducb,  -duxi,  -ductus,  -ducere, 
[ab-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  away,  draw 
away,  take  away,  lead  off,  carry 
away  (of  persons  or  things  which 
move  of  themselves). 

abeo,  -ii,  -iturus,  -ire,  [ab-eo],  irr. 
v.  n.,  go  away,  go  off,  retire,  go  (out 
of  sight  or  away)  : abiit  (he  is  gone, 
without  regard  to  cause  or  manner). 
— Fig.,  pass,  go  by  : abiit  ille  an- 
nus (passed  away). 

aberro,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [ab- 
erro],  i.v.  n.,  (wa?ider  away  or  off), 
go  astray,  wander  away. — Fig.,  go 
astray , deviate  from  : studia  aber- 
rantia  a communi  utilitate  (at  va- 
riance with,  not  in  harmony  with) . 

abhorreo,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [ab- 
horreo],  2.  v.  n.,  shrink  from.  — Less 
exactly  and  fig.,  be  at  variance  with , 


2 


Vocabulary . 


be  inconsistent  with , be  averse  from , 
be  indisposed  to : a tuo  scelere;  a 
meis  moribus ; a musarum  honore ; 
animi  a causa  (&?  estranged  front). 

abicio,  -jeci,  -jectus,  -icere,  [ab- 
jacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw  away , throw 
down , throw  (away  from  one’s  self). 

— Lit.,  cadaver  in  publicum 
y&r/A) . — Esp.  at  one’s  feet  as  a 
suppliant,  prostrate , throw  one's  self 

— Fig.,  aside  : humanitatem. 

— abjectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
downcast , overwhelmed , abject , bro- 
ken , worthless,  fallen. 

abies,  -ietis  (-jetis),  [?],  F.,/r 
or  spruce  (tree  or  wood),  (prob.  in- 
cluding all  short-leaved  coniferse). 
abjectus,  see  abicio. 
abjicio,  see  better  spelling  abicio. 
abjudico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ab- 
judico],  I.  v.  a.,  adjudge  away , take 
away  (by  legal  decision). 

abjungo,  -junxi,  -junctus,  -jun- 
gere,  [ab-jungo],  3.  v.  a.,  disjoin , 
detach . 

abnuo,  -nui,  -nutus,  -nuiturus, 
-nuere,  [ab-nuo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
{refuse  by  a nod).  — Less  exactly, 
refuse , decline . 

abripio,  -ripul,  -reptus,  -ripere, 
[ab-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  carry  off  (with 
violence),  drag  away , off. 

abrogo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ab-rogo, 
in  its  political  sense],  1.  v.  a.., pass  a 
vote  to  annul , or  take  a7vay  : colle- 
gae  magistratum  {deprive  of). 

abrumpo,  -rupi,  -ruptus,  -rumpere, 
[ab-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.,  break  off. — 
With  reflex.,  break  away , withdraw 
(with  violence), 
abs,  see  ab. 

abscido,  -cidi,  -cisus,-cidere,[abs- 
caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  off,  lop  off,  tear 
off,  tear  away. 

abscondo,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere, 


[abs-condo],  3.  v.  a.,  hide  away.— 
absconditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
hidden , obscure,  far  to  seek . 
absens,  see  absum. 
absimilis,  -e,  [ab-similis],  adj., 
unlike . 

absisto,  -stiti,  no  p.p.,  -sistere, 
[ab-sisto],  3.  v.n.,  stand  away,  with- 
draw. — Fig.,  leave  off,  keep  aloof. 

absolutio,  -onis,  [ab-solutio,  cf. 
absolvo],  F.,  {a  setting  free),  an  ac- 
quittal. — Also,  a coi7ipletion. 

absolvo,  -vi,  -utus,  -vere,  [ab- 
solvo], 3.  v.  a.,  {loosen),  acquit . — 
Also,  complete,  perfect. 

abstergeB,  -tersi,  -tersus,  -tergere, 
[abs-tergeo],  2.  v.  a.,  wipe  off,  wipe 
away:  fletum. 

abstinentia,  -ae,  [abstinent  + 
ia],  F.,  self-restraint  (abstaining  from 
gratifying  one’s  passions)  : innocen- 
tia  et  abstinentia. 

abstineo,  -tinui,  -tentus,  -tinere, 
[abs-teneo],  2.  v.  a.  and  n .,hold  off : 
manus  animosque  {keep,  withhold). 

abstrabo,  -traxi,  -tractus,  -tra- 
here,  [abs-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag  off, 
drag  away.  — Fig.,  draw  away. 

absum,  -fui  (afui),  -futurus,  -esse, 
[ab-sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  away,  be  ab- 
sent, be  off  (at  a distance).  — Fig.: 
tantum  abes  a perfeetione;  flagi- 
tium  a corpore  {not  be  found  on); 
haec  a meo  sensu  {be  unperceived 
by). — Esp.  impersonally,  be  so  far 
from,  etc. : tantum  abest  ut  videar 
{so  far  am  I from  seeming).  — ab- 
sens, -ntis,  p.  as  adj.,  in  one's  absence. 

abundantia,  -ae,  [abundant  + 
ia],  F.,  abundance. 

abundo,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [fab- 
undo-],  1.  v.  n.,  overflow.  — Fig., 
abound.  — Transf.  (of  the  place,  etc., 
containing  the  thing),  be  strong  in. 
be  rich  in,  abound  in. 


Vocabulary. 


3 


abator,  -usus,  -utl,  [ab-utor],  3. 
v.  dep.,  misuse,  abuse,  take  advantage 
of  (by  misuse). 

ac,  shorter  form  for  atque  (wh. 
see). 

accedo,  -cessi,  -cessurus,  -cedere. 
[ad-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  move  towards , 
draw  near,  approach,  come  up,  come 
near,  come  (to),  advance  to,  advance. 

— Fig.,  come  to  : huic  causae  ( take 
up ) ; litterarumlumen(^m^^/^). 

— Esp.,  be  added,  where  often  an  ex- 
planatory word  is  necessary  in  Eng. : 
illud  nobis  (we  shall  have  also  this 
advantage') ; so  with  quod  (there  is 
also  the  fact  that,  there  is  also  the 
reason  that,  or  simply,  moreover,  then 
again), 

accelero  (adc-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-celero],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hasten 
(towards  something). 

accessus,  -us,  [ad-fcessus,  cf. 
accedo],  M.,  an  approach. 

accido,  -cidi,  no  p.p,,  -cidere, 
[ad-cado],  3.  v.  n ,,fall  upon,  fall : 
tela  gravius  (strike).  — Fig.,  hap- 
pen, occur,  present  itself,  turn  out, 
arise,  — Often  euphemistically  for 
death,  defeat,  etc. : si  quid  ipsi  (of 
conviction) . 

accido,  -cidi,  -cisus,  -cidere,  [ad- 
caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  into,  partly  cut. 

accipio,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  -cipere, 
[ad-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take,  receive: 
bellum  (take  up) . — Less  exactly, 
receive,  suffer,  meet  with,  experience  : 
injurias;  dolorem.  — Fig.,  accept, 
learn,  hear,  get,  take. 

Accius  (Attius),  -i,  [?],  m.,  a 
Roman  family  name.  — Esp.  L,  Ac- 
cius, a tragic  poet,  born  B.c.  1 70. 

accommodo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ac-commodo-,  or  ad-commodo-], 
1.  v.  a.,  fit  on,  fit,  put  on,  adjust . — 
Fig.,  adapt,  suit,  conform,  accommo- 


date (testis  ad  crimen). — accom- 
modatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p .,  fitted,  adapt- 
ed, well-suited. 

accubo,  -are,  [ad-cubo],  1.  v.  n., 

lie  at,  lie  near.  — Esp.,  recline  (at 
table). 

accurate  [old  abl.  of  accura- 
tus],  adv.,  with  care,  carefully. 

accusatid,  -onis,  [accusa  + tion, 
F.,  an  accusation,  a prosecution,  an 
arraignment  (speech  of  (prosecu- 
tor). 

accusator,  -toris,  [accusa  + tor], 
M.,  a prosecutor,  an  accuser,  a con- 
ductor of  a prosecution. 

accuso,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ad- 
fcauso  (cf.causor)],  i.v.a ., accuse, 
blame,  find  fault  with.  — Esp.,  con- 
duct a prosecution  against,  prosecute, 
accuse,  arraign,  be  prosecutor . 

acer,  -cris,  -ere,  [VAC  (cf.  acus), 
+ ris  (cf.  -rus  in  purus)],  adj., 
sharp.  — Fig.,  keen,  active,  violent, 
energetic,  spirited,  severe,  harsh : 
homo;  duces;  familia;  senten- 
tiae;  supplicia;  acri  animo  (with 
great  spirit). 

acerbe  [old  abl.  of  acerbus], 
adv.,  bitterly.  — Fig.  (of  the  mind), 
with  bitterness,  severely ; ferre  (suf- 
fer severely  from,  etc.). 

acerbitas,  -tatis,  [acerbo  + tas], 
F.,  bitterness.  — Fig.,  harshness,  sever- 
ity, bitter  feeling.  — Concrete  in  plur. 
(with  change  of  point  of  view  in 
Eng.),  sufferings. 

acerbus,  -a,  -um,  [acer  (treated 
as  stem)+  bus  (cf.  superbus)], adj., 
bitter  (to  the  taste).  — Fig.  (to  the 
mind),  bitter,  hard  to  bear , cruel , 
harsh:  res;  supplicium.  — Transf. 
to  the  feeling  subject,  bitter,  violent : 
adversarius;  animus;  imploratio. 

acer  rime  (acerrume),  superb 
of  acriter. 


4 


Vocabulary . 


acervus,  -i,  [acer  (as  stem)  + vus 
(cf.  torvus)],  m.,  (pointed?),  a 
heap , # 

Achaicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 5 A xaiTcos], 
adj.,  0/  Achcea,  Achcean, — Grecian. 

Achaius  (Achajus),  -a,  -um, 
[Gr.  SA x«tos],  adj.  Achcean.  — Fern, 
as  subst.,  Achcea,  a province  of 
Greece.  — Later,  Greece , as  a Roman 
province. 

Achilles,  -is,  (-el,  -ei,  -i),  [Gr. 
•Axi'A»?s]>  M.,  Achilles,  the  hero  of 
the  Trojan  war. 

Aclxradina,  -ae,  [Gr.  ’A xpaSiVa], 
F.,  a part  of  the  city  of  Syracuse. 

acies,  -ei,  [ v'ac  + ies  (cf.  series)] , 
F.,  point , sharp  edge , edge,  sharpness 
of  the  edge,  keen  glance,  glare  : auc- 
toritatis  (edge,  fig.).  — Esp.,  line, 
battle  line,  array , army  (as  in  bat- 
tle array,  cf.  agmen),  rank  (of  an 
army  in  several  ranks)  : in  acie  ca- 
dere  (in  battle  array) ; Pharsalica 
(battle) . 

Acilius,  -i,  [unc.  stem  + ius,  prop, 
adj.],  M.,  a Roman  gentile  name. — 
Esp.  M\  Acilius  Glabrio,  who,  as 
tribune  of  the  people,  carried  a se- 
vere law  against  official  extortion. 
Hence,  as  adj.,  Acilian  (lex). 

acquiesco,  -evi,  no  p.p.,  -escere, 
[ad-quiesco],  3.  v.  n.,  acquiesce. 

acquiro,  see  adquiro. 

acriter,  [aero + ter  (prob.  neut. 
of  -terus  reduced)],  adv .,  sharply . 
Fig.,  actively,  sharply,  violently,  with 
spirit. 

acroama,  -atis,  [Gr.  cucpoafi a],  N., 
an  entertainment  (musical  or  dra- 
matical) . 

actio,  -onis,  [as  if  VAG  + ^°’ 
prob.  factiff  o],  F.,  a doing  (includ- 
ing all  the  performances  expressed 
by  ago).  — Esp.,  political  action , 
official  conduct : Lentuli  consults. 


Also,  a civil  action,  a prosecution : 
perduellionis.  — Also,  a pleading 
(of  a case),  a hearing  (changing  the 
point  of  view). 

actor,  -toris,  [y'AG  + tor],  M.,  a 
doer  (cf.  actio).  — Esp.,  a pleader 
(of  a case,  on  the  side  of  the  plain- 
tiff), a prosecutor , an  advocate  (of 
the  plaintiff),  an  attorney  : actor  hie 
defensor que  causae  meae. 

actum,  -I,  [n.  p.p.  of  ago],  N.,  a 
proceeding  (official),  an  act. 

actus,  -tus,  [VAG  + ^US]>  M,»  a 
driving,  a doing.  — Esp.,  an  act  (of 
a play). 

acuo,  -ui,  -utus,  -uere,  [acu-  (stem 
of  acus)],  3.  v.  a.,  sharpen.  — Fig., 
irritate , excite,  spur  on.  — acutus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  sharpened,  sharp , 
acute. 

acus,  -us,  [ VAC  + us]  > F*> a needle- 
ad  [?],  adv.  (only  in  comp.),  and 
prep,  with  acc.  With  idea  of  motion, 
to,  towards , against.  — Where  the 
idea  of  motion  is  more  or  less  oblit- 
erated, to,  towards, for,  at,  on,  against, 
in,  in  regard  to.  — Of  time,  till,  at, 
or  on  : ad  vesperam;  quam  ad  diem 
(up  to,  as  a limit).  — Esp.,  of  place, 
at  (not  exactly  in  nor  on),  around, 
near:  ad  Achillis  tumulum  (by)', 
ad  rhedam  (around) ; ad  curiam ; 
quam  ad  summam  (at  the  summit 
of  which,  city)  ; ad  inferos  (in  the 
world  below) ; ad  urbem  (near  the 
city,  of  a commander  with  the  impe- 
rium,  who  could  not  enter  the  walls) ; 
ad  populum  (before  the  people,  of 
official  action);  ad  senatorem  il- 
ium (at  the  house  of,  etc.) . — Also  fig., 
to,  towards , for  : fatale  ad  perni- 
ciem  (fated for)  ; ad  quietem ; ad 
judicandum  severus  (in) ; momen- 
tum ad  suspicionem  (cause  for, 
etc.) ; ad  laudem  contendere  (strive 


Vocabulary. 


5 


for).  — Esp.  with  gerund  to  denote 
purpose  or  tendency,  to  : audax  ad 
conandum  (in). — Also,  in  respect 
to , in  accordance  withy  at:  prae- 
clarus  ad  aspectum  (in  appear- 
ance) ; ad  severitatem  lenius  (in 
respect  to) ; ad  libidinem  (at)  ; ad 
nutum.  — In  comp,  as  adv.,  to,  in, 
by,  towards. 

a.  d.,  see  ante. 

adaequo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ad- 
aequo] , i . v.  a.,  make  equal  to  : cum 
virtute  fortunam  (match).  — More 
commonly  neuter,  become  equal  to, 
equal. 

adamd,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ad-amo], 
i . v.  a.,  fall  in  love  with , take  a fancy 
to,  covet. 

adaugeo,  -auxi,  -auctus,  -augere, 
[ad-augeo],  2.  v.  a.,  add  to,  in- 
crease. 

adc-,  see  acc-. 

addico,  -dixi,  -dictus,  -dicere,  [ad- 
dico],  3*  v*  av  adjudge , assign  (by 
legal  decision) . — addictus,  -a,  -urn, 
p.p.  as  adj.  and  subst.,  assigned  (to 
one  in  satisfaction  of  a debt),  bound, 
given  over  to,  devoted. 

addictio,  -onis,  [ad-dictio,  cf.  ad- 
dico], F.,  an  adjudging,  an  assign- 
ment (by  legal  decision). 

addo,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere,  [ad-do, 
put  and  give'],  3.  v.  a.,  give  to. — 
Also,  put  to,  add. 

adduce,  -duxi,  -ductus,  -ducere, 
[ad-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  to,  draw  to, 
bring  in  (of  persons),  bring,  draw 
in  (towards  one),  drive,  force : in 
eas  or  as  exercitum;  in  judicium  ; 
in  invidiam  (bring,  expose) ; in  ob- 
livionem  (consign)  ; in  spem  (raise); 
pretio  adducta  civitas ; amore  ad-  1 
ducti  (fascinated).  — Fig.,  induce, 
persuade,  drive,  lead. 

1.  adeo,  -ii  (-ivi),  -iturus,  -Ire,  1 


[ad-eo],  irr.  v.  a.  and  n.,  go  to,  visit, 
get  at,  co7?ie  to,  come  up,  go  to  (a 
place),  get  in  (to  a place),  advance 
(somewhere),  attack , approach  (speak 
with)  : with  or  without  ad  (visit). — 
Fig.,  encounter,  incur,  go  into , take  : 
periculum ; ad  rem  publicam  (take 
partin);  hereditates  (take). 

2.  adeo  [ad-eo],  adv.,  to  that 
point.  — Less  exactly,  to  that  degree, 
so  much,  so  : usque  adeo  (to  that  de- 
gree).— Weakened,  in  fact,  at  all, 
exactly.  — Esp.  atque  adeo,  and  in 
fact,  and  even,  or  rather. 

adeps,  -ipis,  [?],  comm.,  fat. — 
Plur.,  corpulence  (of  men). 

adfabre  (aff-),  [old  abl.  of  ad- 
faber],  adv.,  skilfully. 

adfecto  (aff-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-f facto,  cf.  adficio],  1.  v.  a., 
(make  for,  cf.  proficiscor),  aim  at, 
pursue  : iter  (run  a course) . 

adfero  (aff-),  -tuli,  -15tus,  -ferre, 
[ad-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  to,  bruig. 

— Fig.,  cause,  produce , bring  forth , 
bring  forward,  allege , report,  an- 
nounce, bring  about : moram;  fa- 
cultatis  tantum  (produce) ; lucem 
(cause  to  shine,  bring)  ; vim  (apply, 
use);  salutem;  rei  publicae  mo- 
tum ; medicinam  (apply) ; vim  (of- 
fer); manus  (lay  upon). 

adficio  (aff-), -feci,  -fectus, -ficere, 
[ad-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  do  to,  affect: 
quonam  modo  vos  (treat).  — With 
acc.  and  abl.,  affect  with,  inflict  upon, 
produce  in,  cause  to,  visit  with,  fill 
with  : praemiis  (confer  upon,  honor 
with);  populum laetitia  (fill with). 

— In  passive,  suffer,  receive,  be  in  (a 
condition),  be  afflicted  by,  suffer from: 
calamitate;  honore  (receive);  do- 
lore  (suffer);  beneficiis  (receive); 
turpitudine  (incur) ; supplicio  (be 
visited  with)  ; aetate  adfectus 


6 


Vocabulary. 


{-worn) ; vitiis  adfectus  {possessed 

by).  , 

adfig§,  -fixi,  -fixus,  -figere,  [acL- 
figo],  3.  v.  a.,. fasten  to,  crucify. 
adfingo,  -finxi,  -fictus,  -fingere, 

[ad-fingo],  3-  v-  a->  make  uf  in  ad~ 
dition,  invent  more,  counterfeit  be- 

sides. 

adfinis,  -e,  [ad-finis],  adj.,  bor- 
dering on.—  Fig.,  akin  to  (by  mar- 
riage).— Also,  implicated  (in  any- 
thing) : culpae. — As  subst.,  kinsman 
(by  marriage) . 

adfirmo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ad- 
firmo],  1.  v.  a.,  confirm , strengthen , 
corroborate.  — Hence,  declare , as- 
sert. _____ 

adflicto  (aff-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-flicto,  cf.  adfligo],  1.  v.a.,  dash 
against,  dash  upon,  dash  to  the 
ground.—  Hence,  overthrow,  over- 
whelm, wreck.  — Fig.,  afflict  (with 
disease),  prostrate. 

adfligo  (aff-),  -ffixi,  -fhctus,  -fh- 
gere,  [ad-fligo],  3.  v.  a.,  dash  upon.— 
Hence,  overthrow , wreck , overturn  : 
equestrem  ordinem  ( ruin);  con- 
sular e nomen;  causam  susceptam, 
Catilinam.  — adflictus,  -a,  -um,  as 
adj.,  cast  down , broken , disheartened , 
laid  prostrate , ruined  (fortunae), 

overwhelmed. 

adfluo  (affl-),  -fluxi,  no  p.p.,  -flu- 

ere,  [ad-fluo],  3-  v*  to’" 

Hence,  with  change  of  relation ,fiow 
(with  anything),  abound  in.—  ad- 
fluens,  p.  as  adj.,  abounding  in,  full 
of,  replete  with  : urbs  studiis ; un- 
guentis  (Gabinius) 

adgrego  (agg-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-fgrego],  1.  v.  a.,  unite  together , 
assemble , gather  together. 

adliaeresco,  -ere,  [ad-haeresco, 
cf.  adliaereo],  3.  v.  n.,  adhere  to, 
cling  to. 


adhibeo,  -ui,  -itus,  -ere,  [ad- 
habeo] , 2.  v.  a.,  have  in.  — Hence, 
call  in,  admit,  bring  with  (one).— 

Fig.,  employ , use:  vim  {offer,  use , 
employ)  ; studium  atque  aures  {af- 
ford, lend,  furnisK) ; orationem. 

adhuc  [ad-huc],  adv.,  hitherto 
(of  place).  — Of  time,  up  to  this 
time,  till  now , to  this  day,  thus  far, 
hitherto,  so  far . 

adimo,  -emi,  -emptus,  -imere,  [ad  - 
emo,  take),  3.  v.  a.,  take  away  (the 
action  regarded  as  done  to  some- 
body), take  from,  deprive  of,  rob  of 
\remove  from  (a  person), 
v adipiscor,  -eptus,  -ipisci,  [ad- 
^piscor],  3.  v.  dep.,  obtain,  secure , 
attain:  gloriam  {win,  gain). 

aditus,  -us,  [ad-itus,  cf.  adeo 
(1)],  M.,  approach,  arrival,  coming, 
com  i ng forwa rd,  access.  Concretely , 
an  avenue  (of  approach),  access  (ex- 
cuse for  approaching),  means  of  ap- 
proach, means  of  access,  way  of  ap- 
proach (in  military  sense),  entrance: 
laudis  {road  to  glory)  ; faciles  adi- 
tus ad  eum  privatorum  {access) ; 
omnium  aditus  tenebat. 

adjumentum,  -I,  [ad-tjumen- 
tum,  cf.  adjuvo],  N.,  aid,  assistance : 
adjumento  esse  {be  of  assistance). 

Concretely,  an  aid,  a means  (of 

assistance)^ 

adjungo,  -junxi,  -junctus,  -jun- 
gere,  [ad-jungo],  3.  v.  a .,  join  to 
unite  to,  attach,  unite  with,  add: 
divinitus  adjuncta  fortuna  {with 
the  addition  of  fortune  from  above). 

adjutor,  -toris,  [ad-fjntor,  cf.  ad- 
juvo], M.,  helper,  assistant,  abettor. 

adjutrix,  -icis,  [ad-fjutrix,  cf. 
adjuvo],  F,  a helper  (female,  or 
conceived  as  such  in  gender),  an  as-  „ 
sistant , an  abettor. 

adjuvo,  -juvl,  -jutus,  -juvare,  [ad- 


Vocabulary . 


% 


* 


juvo],  i.  v.  a.,  assist  help , 0/2, 

#2^,  ^ of  advantage , be  an  assistance 
to,  give  assistance:  causam  {sup- 
port) . 

adlego  (all-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-lego],  i.  v.  a.,  commission  (for 
some  purpose),  despatch , send  (as 
agents). 

adlicio  (all-),  -lexi,  -lectus,  -li- 
cere,  [ad-lacio],  3.  v.  a.,  entice,  al- 
lure, draw,  persuade:  ad  miseri- 
cordiam. 

adlino  (all-),  -levi,  -litus,  -linere, 
[ad-lino],  3.  v.  a.,  besmear , smear 


adlu§  (all-),  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -luere, 
[ad-luo],  3.  v.  a.,  wash  (as  of  the 
sea,  etc.). 

administer,  -tri,  [ad-minister], 
M.,  a servant,  an  assistant,  an  abet- 
tor, a tool  (of  persons)  : scelerum. 

administra,  -ae,  [ad-ministra], 
F.,  a servant  (female),  an  assistant, 
a handmaid:  virtutis. 

administro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ad- 
ministro-] , 1 . v.  a.  and  n.,  serve.  — 
Also,  manage,  administer , carry  on, 
conduct : bellum,  rem  publicam. 

admirabilis,  -e,  [ad-mirabilis, 
cf.  admiror],  adj.,  admirable,  mar- 
vellous, astonishing. 

admiratio,  -onis,  [ad-miratio, 
cf.  admiror],  F.,  admiration,  won- 
der, surprise,  astonishment : ipsius 
adventus  admiratioque  {his  arri- 
val and  the  marvel  at  the  man  him- 
self). 

admiror,  -atus,  -ari,  [ad-miror], 
1.  v.  dep.,  be  surprised,  wonder  at, 
admire.  — admirandus,  -a,  -um,  as 
adj.,  surprising.  — admiratus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  in  pres,  sense,  being  sur- 
prised. 

admitto,  -misi,  -missus,  -mittere, 
[ad-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  to,  admit, 


let  go:  in  Tusculanmn;  ad  con- 
silium admittitur  casus.  — Fig., 
allow  (cf.  com-  and  permitto)  : in 
se  facinus  {commit  a crime) ; dede- 
cus  {permit  to  be  incurred).  — Also, 
without  in  se,  commit . 

admodum  [ad  modum],  adv.,  to 
a degree.  — Hence,  very,  very  much , 
greatly , exceedingly,  so  (very)  much. 

admoneo,  -ui,  -itus,  -ere,  [ad- 
moneo],  2.  v.  a.,  warn,  urge,  re?nind. 

admonitus,  -tus,  [ad-monitus, 
cf.  admoneo],  M.,  a reminder,  a 
warning,  a suggestion. 

admoveo,  -movi,  -motus,  -movere, 
[ad-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  move  to,  ap- 
proach. — Less  exactly,  apply : ignes 
ceterosque  cruciatus. 

admurmuratio,  -onis,  [ad-mur- 
muratio],  F.,  a murmur  (at  some- 
thing), murmurs  of  intelligence  (or 
approval  or  displeasure). 

adnumero  (ann  ) , -avi,  -atus, 
-are,  [ad-numero],  1.  v.  a.,  count 
out  to. 

adnuo  (anil-),  -nui,  no  perf.  p., 
-nuere,  [ad-nuo],  3.  v.  n.,  nod  to,  nod 
assent.  — Less  exactly,  assent. 
adolescens,  see  adulescens. 
adolescentia,see  adulescentia. 
adolesco,  -olevi,  -ultus,  -olescere, 
[ad-olesco],  3.  v.  n.,  grow  up  (to 
maturity),  mature. — adultus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  grown  up,  mature. 
— Fi g*,full grown,  full  developed.  — 
See  also  adulescens. 

adorior,  -ortus,  -oriri,  [ad-orior], 
4.  v.  dep.,  {rise  up  against),  attack, 
assail. 

adorno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ad- 
orno],  1.  v.  a.,  adorn,  furnish , pro- 
vident out : maria  classibus ; hunc 
ad  perficiendum  {furnish  with  ma- 
terial, etc.). 

adparatus  (app  ),  -tus,  [ad-pa- 


J i|i  it 


s 

F 

1 


r s. 


8 


Vocabulary. 


ratus,  cf.  adparo],M.,  preparation.  1 
— Concretely,  preparations , equip- 
ments, furnishings. 

adpareo  (app),  -ui,  -iturus,  -ere, 
[ad-pareo],  2.  v.  n.,  appear  (see 
pareo). 

adparo  (app-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-paro],  1.  v.  a.,  ( get  for  some  pur- 
pose ?) , prepare , arrange , make  prep- 
arations for  (with  a conception  of 
the  object  from  Eng.)  : bellum; 
iter.  — adparatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj .,  prepared  (with  effort),  splendid , 
magnificent , elaborate. 

adpello  (app-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[fadpello-  (ad-pello-,  akin  to  pel- 
lo)],  1.  v.  a.,  accost , address , call  to , 
appeal  to , call  upon  : te  nunc  ap- 
pello.  — Also,  call , .*  quae  ap- 

pellatur  Insula;  sanctos  po’etas. 

adpendo  (app-),  -pendi,  -pensus, 
-pendere,  [ad-pendo],  3.  v.  a.,  weigh 
out  to. 

adpeto  (app-),  -ivi,  -itus,  -ere,  [ad- 
peto],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  seek  to  gain , 
desire,  aim  at:  plus  ornatus;  reg- 
num;  inimicitias  ( voluntarily  in- 
cur') ; vita  ferro  appetita  ( attempt- 
ed).  — adpetens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj., 
desirous , eager  for , covetous  : gloriae. 

adpono  (app-),  -posui,  -positus, 
-ponere,  [ad-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  place 
near , put  to,  fit. — appositus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  suited fitted. 

adporto  (app-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-porto],  1.  v.  a.,  bring  in , bring 
(to  some  place). 

adprobo  (app-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-probo],  1.  v.  a.,  approve  of 
agree  with  (an  opinion  or  action) . 

adpromitto  (app-),  -misi,  -mis- 
sus, -mittere,  [ad-promitto],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n., promise  in  addition,  promise 
as  surety. 

adpropero  (app-),  -avi,  -atus, 


-are,  [ad-propero],  1.  v.  a.  and  n., 
hasten  towards , hasten  in,  hurry  up, 
hasten  (to  something). 

adpropinquo  (app-),  -avi,  no 
p.p.,  -are,  [ad-propinquo],  1.  v.  11., 
approach,  co?ne  nearer , come  near, 
be  at  hand. 

adquird  (acq-) , -quisivi,  -quisitus, 
-quirere,  [ad-quaero],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 

( get  in  addition ),  acquire,  gain: 
adquirere  ad  fidem(§vzm  in  credit). 

adripio  (arr-),  -ripui,  -reptus, 
-ripere,  [ad-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch 
up,  seize,  catch. 

adroganter  (arr-),  [adrogant- 
(stem  of  p.  of  adrogo)  + ter],  adv., 
zvith presumption,  presumingly,  with 
insolence. 

adrogo  (arr-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-rogo],  1.  v.  a.,  (ask  in  addition ), 
claim,  demand.  — adrogans,  -antis, 
p.  as  adj.,  arrogant,  presuming. 

adscendo  (asc-),  -scendi,  -scen- 
sus,  -scendere,  [ad-scando],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  climb  up,  climb,  ascend, 
fjiount , rise  : ad  caelum. 

adscensus  (asc-),  -us,  [ad-f  scan- 
sus,  cf.  ascendo],  M.,  a climbing 
up,  an  ascent,  a going  up.  — Con- 
cretely, a way  up,  a means  of  ascent. 

adscisco  (asc-),  -scivi,  -scitus, 
-sciscere,  [ad-scisco],  3-  v*  a,>  attach 
(by  formal  decree),  adopt. — Less 
exactly,  attach  to  (one’s  self),  unite 
zvith  (one’s  self). 

adscribo  (asc-),  -scripsi,  -scrip- 
tus,  -scribere,  [ad-scribo],  3.  v.  a., 
write  down  (somewhere)  enroll,  as- 
sign (by  enrolment) : civitatibus 
(enroll  as  citizens  of) . 

adsensio  (ass-),  -onis,  [ad-sensio, 
cf.  adsentior],  F.,  ^^/.  — Con- 
cretely, an  expression  of  assent . 

adsentio,  -sens!,  -sensus,  -sentire, 
also  deponent.  — adsentior  (ass-), 


Vocabulary. 


9 


-sensus,  -sentiri,  [ad-sentio],  4.  v. 
dep.,  assent,  give  assent:  voluntati- 
bus  ( defer  to). 

adsequor  (ass-),  -secutus,  -sequi, 
[ad-sequor],  3.V.  dep .,  follow  after , 
overtake.  — Fig.,  attain , secure,  gain, 
accomplish  (as  an  end). 

adservo  (ass-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-servo],  1.  v.  a., guard,  keep,  keep 
under  guard',  hominem;  tabulas. 

adsido  (ass-),  -sedi,  -sessurus, 
-sldere,  [ad-sido],  3.  v.  n.  and  a., 
sit  down  (near  or  by  something) . 

adsidue  (ass-),  [old  abl.  of  ad- 
siduus],  adv.,  diligently,  constantly. 

adsiduitas  (ass-),  -tatis,  [adsi- 
duo  + tas],  F.,  diligence,  assiduity, 
constancy,  unremitting  effort:  mo- 
lestiarum  {constant pressure). 

adsiduus  (ass-),  -a,  -um,  [ad- 
fsiduus  (y'SED-f  uus,  cf.  residu- 
us)],  adj.,  ( sitting  by),  constant,  con- 
tinued, incessant,  untiring,  indefati- 
gable : adversarius;  adsiduus  in 
praediis  {constantly  employed). 

adsigno  (ass-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-signo],  1.  v.  a.,  assign , attribute. 

adspectus  (asp-),  -tus,  [ad-f  spec- 
tus,  cf.  adspicio],  m.,  a looking  at, 
a sight,  a view.  — Transf.,  an  appear- 
ance, an  aspect,  a view  (objectively), 
adspernor,  see  better  aspernor. 
adspicio  (asp-),  -spexi,  -spectus, 
-spicere,  [ad-f specio],  3.  v.  a.  a*xd  n., 
look  upon,  look  at,  look,  see  : altius 
{look,  aim). 

adst§  (ast-),  -stiti,  no  p.p.,  -stare, 
[ad-sto],  1.  v.  n.,  stand  by,  stand 
near,  stand  (by  or  near). 

adsuefacio  (ass-),  -feci,  -factus, 
-facere,  [fadsue-  (unc.  case,  akin  to 
suesco)  -facio],  3.  v.  a.,  accustom , 
train. — Pass.,  be  accustomed. 

adsum,  -fui,  -futurus,  -esse,  [ad- 
sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  near , be  by,  be 


! present,  be  at  hand,  be  there  {here), 
appear,  attend  (at  a place)  : propter 
{be  near  by);  animis  {be  attentive). 

— Esp.,  be  by  to  assist,  assist,  defend. 

— Also,  be  close  by,  impend. 
adtendd,  see  attendo. 
adtineo,  see  attineo. 
adtingo,  see  attingo. 
adtribuo,  see  attribuo. 
advilescens,  -entis,  [p.  of  ado- 

lesco],  adj.,  young.  — As  noun,  a 
youth,  young  man.  — With  proper 
names,  the  younger  (Jr.,  to  distin- 
guish one  from  his  father). 

adulescentia,  -ae,  [adulescent- 
+ ia],  F.,  youth. 

adulescentulus,  -i,  [adulescent- 
(as  if  adulescento-)  + lus],  m., 
(often  as  adj.),  a mere  boy,  very 
young. 

adulter,  -eri,  [ad-f  ulter,  cf.  ulte- 
rior, ultra,  one  who  roams  abroad ?], 

M. ,  an  adulterer,  a paramour. 

adulterium,  -i,  [adulter  -f  ium], 

N. ,  adultery. 

advena,  -ae,  [ad-f vena  (y'v en 
-fa)],  M.,  a chance  comer  (as  op- 
posed to  a native),  a stranger,  a 
visitor. 

advenio,  -verb,  -venturus,  -venire, 
[ad-venio],  4.  v.  n.,  come  to,  come, 
arrive:  Yerri  advenienti  {on  his 
arrival) . 

adventicius,  -a,  -um,  [fadven- 
tico  (adventu-  or  6+  cus)  + ius], 
adj.,  coming  by  chance  (cf.  advena), 
foreign,  external,  additional  (to 
one’s  own  resources). 

adventus,  -us,  [ad-fventus  (cf. 
advenio  and  eventus)],  m.,  a com- 
ing, an  arrival,  an  advent. 

adversarius,  -a,  -um,  [adverso- 
(reduced)  + arius,  cf.  onerarius], 
adj.,  {turned  toivards),  opposed. — 
As  noun,  an  opponent,  an  adversary. 


IO 


Vocabulary . 


adversid,  -orris,  [ad-fversio-,  cf. 
adverto],  F.,  a turning:  animi 
( occupation , employment ). — See  ani- 
madversio. 

adversus,  prep.,  see  adverto. 
adverto,  -verti,  -versus,  -vertere, 
[ad-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  turn  towards : 
animum  {turn  the  attention , notice , 
see  animadverto) , against , 

(to  anything).  — adversus,  -a, 
-urn,  p.p.  as  adj.,  front , opposed, 

opposite , eV*  opposition , adverse  : proe- 
lium  ( unsuccessful );  res  adversae 
( adversity , want  of  success').  — ad- 
versi  {those  in  front).  — adversus, 
[petrified  as  adv.  and  prep.,  cf.  ver- 
sus], against. 

advesperascit,  -ere,  [ad-vespe- 
rascit],  3.  v.  impers.,  dark , ap- 

proach evening. 

advoco,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ad- 
voco],  1.  v.  a.,  c#//  (to  one), 
mon.  — advocatus,  -i,  p.p.  as  subst., 
a witness  (called  in  to  some  transac- 
tion as  witness  and  adviser) , a sup- 
porter, a counsel  (assisting  one  in  a 
suit  but  not  a pleader,  cf.  patronus) . 

advolS,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [ad- 
volo],  1.  v.  xv.,  fly  to,  fly  at.  — Also, 
fig.,  fly,  rush. 

aedes,  -is,  [VIDH  Ccf-  aestas) 

+ es  (cf.  honos)  and  -is  (cf.  or- 
bis)],  F.,  {a  fireplace  ?),  a temple  (a 
regular  edifice,  cf.  templum,  a con- 
secrated spot,  and  fanum,  a shrine, 
generally  ancient) . — Also  (only  in 
* plur.),  a house,  a dwelling. 

aedificatio,  -onis,  [aedifica-f  tio], 
F.,  building:  portus  in  aedifica- 
tione  aspectuque  urbis  inclusi  {the 
plan,  the  site). 

aedificium,  -i,  [faedific-  (cf. 
artifex)  + ium],  n .,  a building. 

aedifico, -avi,  -atus,  -are,[taedifie- 
(cf.  artifex)],  1.  v.  a.,  build  (of  | 


houses),  erect,  construct.  — Less  ex- 
actly, of  ships. 

aedllis,  -is,  [aedi-  (as  stem  of 
aedes)  + lis],  m.,  belonging  to  a 
templet,  an  cedile,  an  officer  at  Rome. 
There  were  two  classes  of  these  offi- 
cers, — the  Curule,  who  had  charge 
of  the  public  games  and  were  impor- 
tant civil  magistrates,  and  the  Ple- 
beian, who  had  only  the  duties  of 
police  commissioners. 

aedilitas,  -tatis,  [aedile  + tas], 
F.,  cedileship  (the  office  of  aedile). 

Aegaevis,  -a,  -um,  [Aryalos],  adj., 
JEgcean  (of  the  /Egaean  Sea)  : mare 
{the  rEgcean). 

aeger,  -gra,  -grum,  [unc.  root 
( ? -y/iG,  shake)  + rus],  adj.,  sick,  dis- 
abled. — Also,  fig.,  suffering,  afflicted, 
enfeebled. 

aegerrime,  superl.  of  aegre. 

aegre  [abl.  of  aeger],  adv.,  feebly. 
— Hence,  with  difficulty,  hardly , 
scarcely,  unwillingly  (suffer  from 
doing  something) . 

Aegyptus,  -i,  [Afyuirros],  F., 
Egypt. 

Aelius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman  gen- 
tile name  (strictly  an  adj.).  — Esp., 
Q.  Mlius,  cons.  B.c.  148. —Plur., 
the  Ailii  (members  of  the  gens). 

Aelius,  -a,  -um,  [properly  same 
word  as  last],  adj.,  ALlian  (belong- 
ing to  the  iElian  gens).  — Esp.,  AL- 
lian (belonging  to  Q.  Ailius)  : lex 
(a  law  regulating  the  auspices  of  the 
conritia). 

Aemilius,  -i,[  ?,  aemulo- (reduced) 
+ ius],  M.,  a Roman  gentile  name. 

Esp.,  Marcus  ALmilius  Scaurus, 

cons.  B.c.  1 1 5. 

aemulus,  -a,  -um,  [ ?,  cf.  aequus  ?], 
adj.,  envious,  rivalling,  emulous. — 
Masc.  and  fern,  as  subst.,  a rival. 


Vocabulary . 


aequabiliter,  [aequabili  + ter], 
adv.,  uniformly , without  distinction. 

aequalis,  -e,  [aequo  + alis],  adj., 
equal , uniform. 

aequalitas,  -tatis,  F.,  equality. 
aequaliter  [aequali  + ter  (cf. 
acriter)],  adv.,  evenly , uniformly , 
equally , 0/2  an  equality. 

aeque,  [old  abl.  of  aequus],  adv., 
equally , evenly , in  the  same  way , 
much,  just  (as). 

aequitas,  -tatis,  [aequo  + tas], 
F.,  evemiess.  — Hence  (cf.  aequus), 
fairness , justice.  — Esp.,  aequitas 
animi  ( evenness  of  mind ' content- 
ment, resignation , equanimity '). 

aequus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  perh.  akin 
to  unus  (foenos)],  adj., 
equal.  — Hence, fair,  just,  equitable, 
right:  civitas  aequissimo  jure  (on 
a perfect  equality  as  to  rights').  — 
Esp.,  aequus  animus  (equanimity, 
contentment,  resignation)',  aequo 
animo  (with  composure,  with  verb, 
be  resigned  to,  be  satisfied  to,  be  con- 
tent to) ; aequus  animus  est  (I  am 
content,  resigned) ; aequo  animo 
paratoque  (with  resignation  and 
composure) ; aequo  animo  esse  (be 
undisturbed). 

aerarius,  -a,  -um,  [aer-  (as  stem 
of  aes)  + arius  (cf.  onerarius)], 
adj.,  (having  to  do  with  copper ).  — 
tribuni  (see  that  word).  — n.  as 
subst.,  the  treasury  (cf.  aes). 

aerumna,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  hardship, 
trouble,  toil,  suffering. 

aerumnosus,  -a,  -um,  [aerumna 
+ osus],  adj.,  toilsome,  painful,  full 
of  suffering. 

aes,  aeris,  [perh.  akin  to  Eng. 
iron],  N.,  copper  (for  the  arts,  or  as 
money).  — Hence,  money.  — Esp., 
alienum(ak<$/,  another  man’s  money). 
— Also,  bronze  (of  which  copper  is 


I I 

a chief  ingredient) , a tablet  (of  bronze, 
used  for  perpetuating  official  docu- 
ments). 

Aesculapius,  -i,  [’Ao7c\^nos],M., 
the  god  of  medicine  among  the  an- 
cients. 

aestas,  -tatis,  [stem  akin  to  aedes 
+ tas,  or  perh.  aesta-  (cf.  juventa) 
+ tis  (cf.  virtus)],  F.,  (heat),  sum- 
mer (the  season  for  military  opera- 
tions). 

aestimo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [aesti- 
mo- (aes-tumus,  tu  in  tueor  ? + 
mus,  cf.  aeditumus)],  1.  v.  a., 
value,  estimate,  assess  (of  damages, 
by  a process  regular  in  Roman  law). 

aestus,  -tus,  [root  of  aedes  + 
tus],  M.,  heat  (plur.  in  same  sense)  : 
aestu  febrique  (by  the  burning  heat 
of  fever).  — Hence,  boiling,  tide. 

aetas,  -tatis,  [aevo-  (stem  of 
aevum)  + tas],  f.,  age  (of  old  or 
young),  youth,  old  age,  life  : aetate 
adfectus  (oppressed  with  years) ; 
aetas  atque  robur  (youth  and 
strength);  aetatem  degere  (pass 
one’s  life);  nervos  aetatis  (sinews 
of  youth) ; ab  ineunte  aetate  (fro?n 
early  manhood);  aetatis  tempus 
(time  of  life) . — Also,  age  (time, 
generation). 

aetatula,  -ae,  [aetat  + ula  (as 
if  aetato  + la)],  f .,  youthful  age, 
early  years  (as  a period  of  life). 

aeternitas,  -tatis,  [aeterno+tas], 

F.,  eternity,  never-ending  time,  ever- 
lasting ages. 

aeternus,  -a,  -um,  [aevo-  (stem 
of  aevum)  + ternus  (cf.  hester- 
nus)],  adj.,  eternal,  lasting,  never- 
ending,  everlasting. 

Aetolia,  -ae,  [Aetola  + ia,  f.  of 
-ius],  f.,  a region  of  Greece  north 
of  the  Gulf  of  Corinth,  conquered  by 
M.  Fulvius  Nobilior  in  B.C.  189. 


12 


Vocabulary . 


Aetolus,  -a,  -um,  [aItojAos],  adj., 
JEtolian  (of  HLtolia). — Plur.,  the 
JEtolians  (the  people  of  the  country), 
aff-,  see  adf-. 

Africanus,  -a,  -um,  [Africa  + 
nus],  adj.,  of  Africa,  African:  hel- 
ium (of  various  wars,  esp.  one  fought 
by  Pompey  against  Domitius,  a par- 
tisan of  Marius,  in  B.c.  81).  Esp., 
as  surname  of  various  Scipios,  Af- 
ricanus. — So,  i.  C.  Scipio  Africa- 
nus the  elder,  procons.  B.c.  210,  the 
conqueror  of  Hannibal;  and  2.  his 
adopted  grandson  (son  of  TEmilius 
Paullus)  cons.  B.c.  I47>  the  destroyer 
of  Carthage  and  Numantia. 

Africus,  -a,  -um,  [Afro-  (stem  of 
Afer)  -4-  cus],  adj.,  of  Africa . — 
Africa,  F.  as  subst.,  the  country  of 
Africa.  — Esp.  in  a limited  sense,  the 
Roman  province  of  that  name,  in- 
cluding the  territory  of  Carthage  and 
the  regions  to  the  west. 

afuisse,  afuturus,  see  absum. 

Agathocles,  -is,  [' Ay a6oK\ri s'],  M., 
a tyrant  of  Syracuse  (born  B.c.  361) 
who  long  waged  an  active  warfare 
against  Carthage. 

age,  see  ago. 

ager,  agri,  [ VAG  ( drive? ) + rus, 
cf.  Gr.  aypos,  acre , M.],  land  (culti- 
vated),/^, country  (opposed  to 
city) , territory  (country ) , cultivated 
lands,  fields  (as  opposed  to  woods)  : 
fusi  per  agros  (of  rude  men)  ; uber- 
tas  agrorum  (of  the  land,  of  the 
soil) . — Esp.,  of  the  possession  of  a 
particular  city,  land,  territory,  coun- 
try. A state  in  ancient  times  con- 
sisted of  a fortified  city  or  town  (urbs, 
oppidum),  the  dwelling-place  or 
refuge  of  all  the  citizens,  and  the 
lands  cultivated  by  them  around. 
Farms  in  the  modern  fashion  were 
not  common.  — Cf.  per  agros  atque 


opplda  civium  Romanorum;  ager 
Tauromenitanus;  agerPicenus  et 
Gallicus. 

agito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [agito-  (as 
if  stem  of  p.p.  of  ago)],  1 . v.  a.,  drive, 
chase.  — Hence,  rouse,  stir  up,  excite, 
vex,  trouble.  — Fig.,  turn  over  (in 
mind) , propose , discuss,  purpose. 

agnosco,  -novi,  -nitus,  -noscere, 
[ad(g)nosco],  3.  v.  a.,  recognize  (in 
some  relation  to  one’s  self,  cf.  cog- 
nosco),  recognize  as  one's  own , claim, 
acknowledge. 

ago,  egi,  actus,  agere,  [VAG]> 

3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  drive  (apparently  from 
behind,  cf.  duco,  lead).  — With  a 
wide  range  of  meaning,  do  (esp.  of 
official  business,  cf.  conduct  and  carry 
011),  act,  treat,  discuss, plead,  manage, 
conduct , carry  on,  take  part  (in  any 
business),  deal  with,  take  up,  handle, 
take  action.  — In  many  phrases  : cum 
aliquo  bene  [male]  agere  (treat  one. 
well  or  ill ) ; secum  praeclare  agi 
(that  he  is  lucky)',  mecum  male 
agitur  (I fare  hardly) ; agam  cum 
populo  (lay  before  the  people,  of  mag- 
istrates, who  had  this  right) ; agam 
in  magistrate  (take  up,  deal  with) ; 
non  agam  obscure  (I  will  not  treat 
the  matter,  etc.) ; sic  tecum  agam 
(address,  deal  with,  plead  with)  ; lta 
quidam  agebat  (1 represent , urge, 
argue)  ; agere  causam  (plead) ; ad 
agendum  (to  plead  the  case) ; res 
agetur  (be  treated)',  locus  amplis- 
simus  ad  agendum  (for public  busi- 
ness) ; aliquid  agere  (aiin  at  some- 
thing, work  for  something)  ; id  actum 
est  (this  is  what  was  accomplished, 
this  was  the  end  and  aim) ; quid 
agis?  (what  are  you  doing  ? what  are 
you  about?  what  are  you  aiming  at?); 
quid  gladius  agebat?  (what  was  it 
doing?);  nihil  agere  (accomplish 


Vocabulary . 


13 


nothing,  also,  be  idle , do  nothing  pur- 
posely);  magnae  res  aguntur  ( great 
intei'ests  are  at  stake ) ; quid  agitur 
( what  is  the  question  ?) ; res  agitur 
( the  question  is,  also,  the  case  is  tried , 
the  cause  is  heard);  de  quo  nunc 
agimus(7.r  now  in  question) ; si  mo- 
ribus  ageret  (if  he  should  make  it 
a question  of  morals);  actum  est 
(it  is  all  over  with  us);  de  vec- 
tigalibus  agitur  (the  revenues  are 
at  stake);  quid  potest  agi  severius  ? 
(hozv  can  the  case  be  conducted,  etc.) ; 
quae  turn  agerentur  (which  were 
then  under  discussion,  going  on) ; 
negotium  meum  ago  (attend  to  my 
own  interests);  festos  dies  (cele- 
brate); triumphum {enjoy,  celebrate); 
fundamenta  (lay) ; gratias  (render, 
pay,  express,  cf.  habeo  and  re- 
fero) : in  crucem  (drag,  nail) ; age, 
age  vero  (come,  come  now,  see , well) . 

agrarii,  -drum,  [agro-],  m.  plur., 
agrarian  partisans . 

agrestis,  -e,  [unc.  stem  (from 
agro-)  + tis  (cf.  caelestis)],  adj., 
of  the  fields,  rustic . — Plur.,  rustics , 
farmers.  — Hence,  barbarous,  rude. 

agricola,  -ae,  [agro  + cola,  cf. 
incola],  M.,  a farmer . 

agricultnra  (often  as  separate 
words),  -ae,  [agro-cultura  or  agri 
cultura],  F.,  land  tillage,  farming, 
agriculture. 

Ahala,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp.  C.  Servilius 
Ahala,  who,  in  B.C.  439,  killed  Sp. 
Mselius  on  account  of  his  popularity 
and  his  good  will  to  the  lower  classes, 
shown  by  gifts  of  grain. 

Ajax,  -acis,  [A fas],  M.,  Ajax,  the 
name  of  two  heroes  of  the  Trojan 
war*  — Esp.,  the  more  famous  one, 
son  of  Oileus,  who  contended  with 
Ulysses  for  the  arms  of  Achilles,  and 


was  the  subject  of  many  literary  and 
artistic  works.  — Hence,  of  a statue 
of  him,  as  we  say  “ Powers’  Eve.” 
ajo,  [?],  3.  def.  v.  n.,  say,  assert: 
aiunt  (they  say,  they  tell  us). 

alacer,  -cris,  -ere,  [?],  adj.,  active, 
eager,  energetic,  spirited. 

Alba,  -ae,  [f.  of  albus,  the  white 
town],  F.,  the  name  of  several  cities 
in  Italy.  — Esp. : 1.  Alba  Fucensis,  a 
city  of  the  Marsi;  2.  Alba  Longa,  the 
supposed  mother  city  of  Rome. 

Albanus,  -a,  -urn,  [Alba  + nus], 
adj.,  °f  Alba,  Alban. — Neut.  sing., 
Albanum,  -i,  an  estate  near  Alba 
(in  which  region  many  Romans  had 
country-seats),  an  Alban  villa. 

alea,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a die  (for  play- 
ing)*— Also,  dice  (as  a game). 

aleator,  -toris,  [alea  + tor,  cf. 
viator],  m.,  a dicer,  a gamester. 

Alexander,  -dri,  [3AAe|a^5pos], 
M.,  a common  Greek  name.  — Esp., 
Alexander  the  Great,  son  of  Philip 
of  Macedon. 

Alexandria  (-ea),-ae,  [’AAe£aV 
fy>e*a],  F.,  the  name  of  several  towns 
named  for  Alexander  the  Great.  — 
Esp.,  the  famous  city  built  by  Alex- 
ander on  the  coast  of  Egypt. 

alienigena,  -ae,  [alieno-fgena 
(gen+a,  cf.  incola)],  M .,  a for- 
eigner, foreign-born. 

alieno, -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [alieno-], 
1.  v.  a.,  make  another's.  — Also,  make 
strange,  estrange,  alienate. 

alienus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  akin 
to  alius  (prob.  imitated  from  verb- 
stems  of  second  conjugation)  + nus 
(cf.  egenus)],  adj.,  another's,  of 
others,  others' , other  people' s : pecu- 
niae; misericordia;  in  alieno  (on 
another's  land).  — Hence,  strange, 
foreign,  estranged,  unfavorable  (cf. 
suus),  foreign  to  the  purpose  : tem- 


14 


Vocabulary . 


pus;  ejectus  ad  silienos  (strangers); 
iter  ( out  of  one' s way').  — Superl.,  as 
noun,  a perfecj  stranger. 

aliquando  [unc.  form,  cf.  quan- 
do  and  aliquis],  adv.,  at  some  time. 

— Emphatically,  at  last  (at  some 
time,  though  not  before). 

aliquanto,  see  aliquantus. 
aliquantus,  -a,  -um,  [ali-  (re- 
duced stem  of  alius)  -quantus  (cf. 
aliquis)],  adj.,  considerable—  Neut., 
as  noun,  a good  deal , a considera- 
ble part.  — aliquanto  (as  abl.  of 
measure),  by  considerable , consider- 
ably. 

aliquis  (-qui), -qua, -quid  (quod), 
[ali-  (reduced  stem  of  alius)  -quis], 
pron.  (more  forcible  than  quis ; not 
definite,  like  quidam;  not  univer- 
sal, like  quisquam),  some , some  or 
other , any . — Emphatic,  some  (con- 
siderable), any  (important). — As 
noun,  some  one , any  one , something, 
anything.  — Also,  rarely,  almost  if 
not  quite  equal  to  quis  alius  (cf. 
derivation),  some  other  ; abire  in  ali- 
quas  terras,  I.  Cat.  8,  20. 

aliquo  [old  dat.  of  aliquis],  adv., 
somewhither , somewhere  (in  sense  of 
whither). 

aliquot  [ali-  (reduced  stem  of 
alius)  -quot],  pron.  indecl .,  several, 
some  (more  than  one,  but  not  con- 
ceived as  many),  several  persons. 

aliquotiens  [ali-  (reduced  stem 
of  alius)  -quotiens],  adv.,  several 
times , a number  of  times. 

aliter  [ali-  (i*educed  stem  of 
alius)  + ter  (cf.  acriter)],  adv., 
otherwise,  differently : longe  aliter 
est  ( the  case  is  far  otherwise ). 

aliunde  [ali-unde  (cf.  aliquis)], 
adv.,  from  another  quarter , from 
elsewhere,  from  some  other  quarter. 
alius,  -a,  -ud,  [unc.  root.  (cf.  else) 


+ ius  (VYA)]>  adS-  Pr0n->  another 
(any  one,  not  all),  other , different, 
else,  another  (of  the  second  of  three 
or  more).  — Repeated  (either  in  sep- 
arate clauses  or  in  same),  one  ..  . 
another , one  another , one  one  (thing) 

I . . . another  another , some  . . . others  : 
alius  alia  causa  illata  ( alleging 
different  reasons) ; alius  ex  alio 
( from  different,  etc.,  one  from  one , 
another  from  another)  ; alius  atque 
(see  atque). 

allatus,  see  adfero. 
allego,  see  adlego. 
allicio,  see  adlicio. 
allino,  see  adlino. 

Allobrox,  -ogis,  [Celtic],  M.,  one 
of  the  Allobroges.  — Plur.,  the  Allo- 
broges  (the  tribe  of  Gauls  living  in 
Dauphiny  or  Savoy,  about  the  upper 
waters  of  the  Rhone,  subdued  in 
B.c.  1 21  by  Fabius  Maximus), 
alluo,  see  adluo. 
alo,  alui,  altus,  alere,  [VAL>  cf* 
adolesco],  3.  v.  a.,  cause  to  grow, 
feed,  nurse,  support  (supply  with 
food),  foster,  raise  (of  animals).— 
Fig.,  foster , foment,  feed,  increase  : 
haec  studia  adulescentiam  ( are 
the  food  of) . 

Alpes,  -ium,  [^/alp  (Celtic  form 
of  ALBHr  cf.  albus)  + is],  F.  ph, 
the  Alps,  more  or  less  loosely  used 
of  the  whole  mass  of  mountains  be- 
tween Italy  (Cisalpine  Gaul),  Gaul, 
and  Germany. 

Alsiensis,  -e,  [ Alsio+ ensis],  adj., 
of  Alsium.  — As  subst.,  a villa  near 
Alsium  (a  town  on  the  coast  of 
Etruria). 

altaria,  -ium,  [?,  alto+  aris],  N. 
ph,  the  temporary  structure  on  the 
altar  for  burning  the  victim ( ?).— 
Less  exactly,  an  altar. 

alte  [old  abl.  of  altus],  adv.,  high, 


Vocabulary. 


15 


deeply , deep:  altius  aspicere  {look 
higher,  look  farther). 

alter,  -era,  -erum,  [ y'AL-  (in 
alius)  + ter  (for  -terus,  compara- 
tive suffix)],  pron.  adj.,  the  other  (of 
two),  one  (of  two)  : alter  ambove 
{one  or  both). — In  plur.,  the  other 
party.  — Repeated  (cf.  alius),  one 
the  other , one  another  (of  two),  one 
. . . the  other.  — In  plur.,  one  party 
. . . the  other.  — Also,  the  second \ an- 
other (the  second  of  three)  : cente- 
sima  et  altera  {hundred  and  sec- 
ond).— Also  (esp.  with  negatives), 
another  (beside  one’s  self,  where  all 
are  conceived  as  two  parties,  one’s 
self  and  all  the  rest). 

alternus,  -a,  -um,  [alter-  (as 
stem)  + nus],  adj.,  alternate , recip- 
rocal, mutual,  alternating : versus 
{every  second) . 

alteruter  [alter-uter,  cf.  ali- 
quis],  -tra,  -trum,  -trius,  pron.  adj., 
one  of  the  two , one  or  the  other. 

altus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  alo  as 
adj.],  high.  — From  another  point  of 
view,  deep. — Neut.  as  noun,  the  sea, 
the  deep  : in  alto  {in  deep  water,  on 
the  sea). 

alumnus,  -I,  [alo-  (stem  of  alo) 
+ mnus  (cf.  Gr.  -/uevos?),  the  fos- 
tered'], M.,  a foster  child,  a nursling. 

alveolus,  -i,  [alveo  + lus],  m.,  a 
little  basin.  — Esp.,  a dice  box , the 
dice  box  (as  a symbol  of  gaming), 
amans,  see  amo. 
amb-  [akin  to  ambo,  ct/j.(p\],  prep, 
only  in  comp.,  about. 

ambitio,  -onis,  [amb-fitio,  cf. 
ambio],  F.,  {a  going  round). — 
Esp.,  to  canvass  for  office,  a canvass- 
ing. — Hence,  ambition. 

ambitus,  -tus,  [amb-itus,  cf. 
ambio],  M.,  {a  going  round) . — Esp., 
to  canvass  (cf.  ambitio),  but  only 


of  illegal  means  of  canvassing,  bri- 
bery (at  elections),  unlawful  can- 
vassing: de  ambitu  {on  a charge 
of  this  crime). 

ambo,  -ae,  -o,  (-drum),  [akin  to 
amb-],  num.  adj.,  both  (together,  cf. 
uterque,  both  separately). 

amburo,  -ussi,  -ustus,  -urere  [amb- 
uro],  3.  v.  a.,  burn  around,  scorch , 
half  burn. 

ainens,  -entis,  [ab-mens],  adj., 

{having  the  mind  away) , mad,  crazy, 
insane : audacissimus  atque  amen- 
tissimus^y  the  greatest  recklessness 
and  madness). 

amentia,  -ae,  [ament  + ia],  f., 

madness,  frenzy,  (mad)  folly,  in- 
sanity. 

Ameria,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  an  old  city 
of  Umbria,  about  fifty  miles  up  the 
Tiber  from  Rome  (now  Amelia , but 
only  a ruin). 

Amerinus,  -a,  -um,  [Ameria  (re- 
duced) -f  inus],  adj.,  of  Ameria.  — 
Plur.  M.,  the  people  of  Ameria. 

amiciS,  -icui  (-ixi),  -ictus,  -icire, 
[amb-jacio],  4.  v.  a.,  throw  round 
(of  clothing),  wrap  about.  — Also, 
with  object  of  the  person,  wrap, 
throw  around,  clothe  (with  outside 
garments)  : velis  amicti  non  togis 
{clad,  wrapped). 

amicitia,  -ae,  [amico  + tia],  f., 

friendship , friendly  relations,  alli- 
ance (opposed  to  hospitium,  wh. 
s zz),  personal  friendship. 

amicus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  from 
\/am  (in  amo)  + cus  (cf.  pudicus, 
posticus)],  adj.,  friendly,  well-dis- 
posed. — As  noun,  M.,  a friend,  an 
ally. 

amissus,  p.p.  of  amitto. 

Amisus,  -I,  [?],  F.,  an  important 
commercial  city  of  Pontus,  on  the 
Sinus  Amisenus,  a bay  of  the  Euxine. 


i6 


Vocabulary . 


amitto,  -misi,  -missus,  -mittere, 
[ab-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  (away), 
let  slip , let  pass . — Hence,  lose  (esp. 
of  military  losses)  : classes  amissae 
et  perditae  ( lost , by  negligence,  and 
ruined , by  misdoing). 

amo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?],  1.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  love ; amans  ( fond ). 

amoenitas,  -tatis,  [amoeno  + 
tas],  F.,  beauty  (as  of  scenery  and 
the  like),  beautiful  scenery , loveliness 
(only  of  things  pleasant  to  the  eye). 

amor,  -oris,  [VAM  0n  amo)  + 
or  (for  -os)],  M.,  love , affection. — 
Also,  toward  things , fondness  for,  de- 
light in. 

ample  [old abl.  of  amplus], adv., 
widely , largely—  amplius,  compar., 
farther , more,  longer  : quid  vis  am- 
plius  (in  such  cases  it  may  be  re- 
garded either  as  adj.  or  adv.,  see 
amplus) . 

amplector,  -plexus,  -plecti,  [amb- 
plecto],  3.  v.  dep.,  ( twine  around). 

Hence,  embrace , hold  in  one's 

arms.  — Fig.,  include , contain.  — 
Also,  favor,  court  the  favor  of. 

amplexor,  -atus,  -ari,  [amplexo- 
(stem  of  p.p.  of  amplector)],  1.  v. 
dep.,  embrace. 

ainplifico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [am- 
plified-], 1.  v.  a.,  increase , enlarge , 
extend,  heighten,  magnify.  ^ 

amplitudo,  -inis,  [amplo+tudo], 
F.,  size,  extent,  greatness.  — Esp.,  of 
station  or  fame,  greatness,  dignity, 
position,  prominence. 

amplus,  -a,  -urn,  [?,  perh.  amb 
+ stem  akin  to  plus,  plenus],  adj. 
Of  size  and  extent,  lit.  and  fig.,  large, 
wide,  great,  grand : curia.  — Esp., 
prominent,  op  consequence,  splendid, 
noble,  distinguished,  glorious  : prae- 
mia  ( lavish , valuable );  fortunae; 
patrui  amplissimi  ( most  distin- 


guished)-, homo  (great);  amplum 
et  praeclarum  (a  great  and  glo- 
rious thing) ; munus  (noble)  ; locus 
ad  agendum  (honorable);  fructus 
(splendid,  valuable) ; magnum  aut 
amplum  cogitare  (have  a great  or 
noble  thought);  beneficia  amplissima 
(highest) ; verba  amplissima  (strong- 
est terms) ; laus  amplior  (higher). 

— amplius,  neut.  comp,  as  noun  or 
adverb  (see  ample) (cf.  plus),  more, 
a greater  number,  further , besides. 

an  [?],  conj.  introducing  the  sec- 
ond member  of  a double  question, 
or,  or  rather : ab  eone  an  ab  eis 
qui,  etc.,  Gabinio  anne  Pompeio 
(or). — Often  with  the  first  member 
only  implied,  or,  (is  it  not  so?)  or, 
(as  an  impossible  alternative)  or: 
utrum . . . 2cn(whether . . . or). — Esp., 
haud  scio  an,  nescio  an,  / know 
not  but,  I am  inclined  to  think,  it 
may  be,  probably, perhaps,  very  likely. 
— an  vero,  see  vero. 

anceps,  -cipitis,  [amb-caput], 
adj.,  (having  a head  on  both  sides), 
double-headed.  — Less  exactly,  two- 
fold, double : contentio  (i.e.,  with 
two  foes).  — Hence,  doubtful:  for- 
tuna  (as  looking  both  ways,  and 
hence  undecided). 

ancilla,  -ae,  [anculo-(anco+lus) 
4.  la],  F.,  a maid-servant , a hand- 
maid. 

angiportus,  -us  (and-i),  [fango- 
( ^/ang  + us)  + portus],  M.,  a lane , 
a narrow  alley. 

ango,  anxi,  nop-p^angere^-v/ANG, 
cf.  anxius,  angustus],  3.  v.  a.,  throt- 
tle.  — Fig.,  distress,  make  anxious: 
vehementer  angebar  (1  was  much 
distressed)  ; tot  curis  vigiliisque 
angi  (distress  one's  self). 

anguis,  -is,  [Vang  (cf.  ango)  + 
is],  M.  and  F.,  a serpent. 


Vocabulary . 


17 


angulus,  -i,  [fango-  (cf.  angi- 
portus)  + lus],  M.,  a corner , an 
angle . 

angustiae,-arum,  [angusto+ia], 
f.  plur.,  narrows,  straits  : Ponti  (i.e., 
the  Dardanelles).  — Fig.,  straits  (cf. 
slang  expression  “ in  a tight  place”), 
narrow  boutids. 

angustus,  -a,  -um,  [angor  (for 
angos)  + tus],  adj.,  narrow , con- 
fined: angustiora  castra  ( less  ex- 
tensive) ; montes  ( confining , by 
which  one  is  hemmed  in).  — Fig.,  an- 
imus (narrow). 

anhelo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [amb?- 
halo],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  pant , breathe 
heavily , breathe  (with  force). 

aninia,  -ae,  [ani-  (treated  as  root, 
fr.  VAN>  M°™)  + ma  (f.  of  mus),  cf. 
animus],  F.,  breath.  — Hence,  soul, 
life:  liberorum  anima  ( the  lives). 

— Plur.,  the  soul  (of  man,  ab- 
stractly). 

animadversio,  -onis,  [animo- 
(?)  adversio  (cf.  animadverto)], 
F.,  a noticing,  attention  (to  a thing). 

— Hence,  punishment. 
animadverto,  -vertl,  -versus,  ver- 

tere  (also  animum  adverto  un- 
contracted), [animum  adverto], 
3.  v.  a.,  turn  the  mind  to,  attend  to: 
in  aliquem  ( punish , cf.  the  domes- 
tic “ attend  to”).  — Less  exactly,  ob- 
serve, notice,  learn. 

animosus,  -a,  -um,  [animo  + 
osus],  adj.,  spirited,  courageous. 

animus,  -i,  [ani-  (stem  as  root, 
fr.  y'AN,  blow)  + mus  (cf.  Gr.  ave- 
ixos,  zvind)~\,  M.,  breath , life , soul 
(vital).  — Usually  (the  above  mean- 
ings being  appropriated  to  anima, 
wh.  see),  soul  (as  thinking,  feeling), 
heart,  mind,  feelings , feeling,  intel- 
lect (but  cf.  mens),  spirit,  passion, 
desire : concitatio  animorum  ( feel - 


ings); animi  ad  causam  excitati; 
animum  vincere  (passions);  ani- 
morum motus  (the  activity  of  the 
intellect) ; magnus  animus  (a  great 
soul,  a man  of  great  soul);  animo 
meliore  (better  disposed) ; quo  ani- 
mum intendit  (at  what  he  is  aim- 
ing) ; animis  providere  (anticipate, 
provide  in  thought);  cerno  animo 
(in  my  mind's  eye);  bono  animo 
(with  good  intent) ; virtutes  animi 
(moral  virtues).  — Also  (in  a good 
sense,  often  in  plur.),  spirit,  con- 
stancy, courage , resolution  : opes  an- 
imique  (resources  and  spirit).  — 
Also : animus  magnus  (courage, 
magnanimity,  lofty  spirit)  ; animi 
magnitudo  (lofty  spirit) . — Esp.  (as 
directly  opposed  to  mens,  wh.  see), 
the  moral  powers,  will,  desires , affec- 
tions, etc.,  the  heart,  the  feelings, 
the  disposition : animus  et  mens 
(heart  and  mind)  ; ex  animi  mei 
sensu  (the  feelings  of  my  heart) . — 
For  animus  aequus,  see  aequus; 
for  animum  advertere,  see  ani- 
madverto. 

annalis,  -e,  [anno  + alis],  adj., 
yearly. — As  noun  (sc.  libri),  an- 
nals (books  of  history  arranged  in 
years),  history. 

Annius,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a Roman  gen- 
tile name.  — Esp.:  1.  T.  Annius 
Milo,  a supporter  of  Cicero,  defended 
by  him  in  the  oration  pro  Milone ; 
2.  Q.  Annius  Chilo,  a fellow-con- 
spirator with  Catiline. 

anniversarius,  -a,  -um,  [anni- 
verso  -f  arius],  adj .,  yearly,  return- 
ing every  year. 

annona,  -ae,  [stem  akin  to  annus 
+ na,  cf.  colonus,  Pomona],  f., 

grain  crop  (of  the  year).  — Flence, 
grain  market,  price  of  grain  : vili- 
tas  annonae  (cheapness  of  grain) ; 


i8 


Vocabulary . 


annonam  levare  ( relieve  the  mar- 
ket, lower  the  price  of  grain), 

annus,  -i,  [?]>  m.,  a year  (as  a 
point  of  time,  or  as  the  course  of  the 
year,  or  as  a period). 

ansa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  « handle.— 
Also,  fig.,  sermones  ansas  dabant 
( handles , to  get  hold  of). 

ante  [old  antid,  abl.  of  fanti- 
(cf.  post  and  postis)],  adv.,  before 
(of  place  and  time),  in  front,  in  ad- 
vance, beforehand,  first  (before  some- 
thing else)  : ante  quam  ( earlier 

than , before , until , etc.)  ; paulo 
ante  {a  little  while  ago')',  multis 
ante  annis  {many  years  ago)  ; jam 
ante  {already  before,  already).— 
Prep.,  before  (of  place  or  time),  in 
advance  of,  in  front  of  In  dates : 
ante  diem  (a.  d.)  {on  such  a day 
before );  ante  diem  xii  Kal.  Nov. 
{Oct.  2 1 st).  — In  comp.,  before  (of 
place,  time,  and  succession). 

antea  [ante  ea  (prob.  abl.  or 
instr.,  cf.  ea,  qua)],  adv.  (of  time), 
before,  previously,  once,  formerly , 
hitherto,  once. 

antecello,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  p-p-, 
[ante-cello],  3*  v*  n .,  surpass,  excel. 

antefero,  -tuli,  -latus,  -ferre, 
[ante-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  place  in  ad- 
vance, prefer.  — Pass.,  be  preferred, 
be  the  first,  have  the  superiority. 

antelucanus,  -a,  -urn,  [ante-luc 
+ anus],  adj.,  before  the  light : cenae 
{late,  prolonged  till  dawn). 

antepond,  -posui,  -positus,  -po- 
nere,  [ante-pono],  3.  v.  a.,. place  in 
advance  (cf.  antefero),  think  of 
more  importance , prefer,  place  be- 
fore, value  more  highly. 
antequam,  see  ante, 
antestor,  -atus,  -an,  [amb(?> 
testor],  1.  v.  dep.,  call  to  witness,  ap- 
peal to. 


anteverto,  -verti,  -versus,  -ver- 
tere,  [ante-verto] , 3.  v.  a.,  turn  in 
front  (cf.  antepono),  prefer.  — 
Also,  anticipate,  get  in  advance  of. 

Antiochia  (-ea),  -ae,  [’Am  ox««], 
f.  The  name  of  several  ancient 
cities  of  the  East.  — Esp.,  a city  of 
Syria  founded  by  the  son  of  Antio- 
chus. 

Antiochus,  -i,  [’A vrioxos'],  M. 
The  name  of  several  Eastern  poten- 
tates.— Esp.,  Antiochus  the  Great, 
king  of  Syria,  who  had  a long  con- 
test with  the  Romans  and  their  al- 
lies for  supremacy  in  the  East,  but 
was  conquered  in  B.C.  190  by  the 
Scipios. 

antiquitas,  -tatis,[antiquo+tas] , 

F.,  antiquity,  ancient  times. 

antlquus,  -a,  -um,  [fanti-  (cf. 
ante)  + cus  (cf.  posticus)],  adj., 
old  (existing  from  early  times,  not  so 
much  in  reference  to  present  age  as 
to  former  origin,  cf.  vetus),  ancient. 
— Less  exactly,  former  : status  (of 
a state  that  had  existed  only  three 
years  before,  but  was  of  great  an- 
tiquity previous  to  that);  ilia  anti- 
qua  {those  ancient  examples) ; anti- 
qui  {the  ancients).  — Hence,  of  the 
old  stamp,  old-fashioned:  homines 
(of  men  still  living). 

Antonius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp.:  1.  Marcus 

(Mark  Antony),  the  famous  trium- 
vir; also,  2.  his  brother,  Lucius, 
cons.  B.C.  41. 

anulus  (ann-),  -i,  [ano  + Ins], 

M.,  a ring. 

Ap.,  Appius  (wh.  see). 
Apenninus,  -i,  [Celtic],  M.,  the 
Apennines,  the  great  range  of  moun- 
tains which  forms  the  backbone  of 
Italy. 

aperio,  -perui,  -pertus,  -penre, 


Vocabulary 0 


19 


[ab-pario  {get  off),  cf.  operio, 

cover],  4.  v.  a.,  uncover,  open. — 
Fig.,  disclose,  open,  lay  bare,  lay 
open.  — apertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  open,  exposed,  uncovered,  unob- 
structed, unprotected,  without  con- 
ceal me?it. 

aperte  [old  abl.  of  apertus], 
adv.,  openly,  unreservedly , without 
concealment,  plainly,  clearly . 

Apinius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  P.  Apinius,  a 
young  man  robbed  by  Clodius. 

Apollo,  -inis,  [?],  m.,  the  son  of 
Jupiter  and  Latona,  and  twin  brother 
of  Diana,  god  of  the  sun,  of  divina- 
tion, of  poetry  and  music,  and  presi- 
dent of  the  Muses.  He  was  also  god 
of  archery,  of  pestilence,  and,  on  the 
other  hand,  of  healing.  He  is  iden- 
tified by  Caesar  with  some  Celtic  di- 
vinity. 

apparatus,  see  adparatus. 
appareo,  see  adpareo. 
apparo,  see  adparo. 
appelld,  see  adpello. 
appendo,  see  adpendo. 
appetd,  see  adpeto. 

Appius,  -a,  -um,  [Appius  decl. 
as  adj.],  adj.,  Appian,  of  Appius. — 
Esp.,  referring  to  Appius  Claudius 
Caucus:  via  (the  road  from  Rome 
to  Capua  made  by  him) ; Appia 
(without  via  in  same  sense). 

Appius,  -I,  [?,  prop,  adj.],  m.,  a 
Roman  first  name.  — Esp.:  1.  Ap- 
pius Claudius,  cons.  B.c.  54;  2.  Ap- 
pius Claudius , nephew  of  R Clodius, 
and  one  of  Milo’s  accusers ; 3.  A 
brother  of  Clodius. 
applied,  see  adplico. 
appond,  see  adpono. 
apportd,  see  adporto. 
approbo,  see  adprobo. 
appromitto,  see  adpromitto. 


appropero,  see  adpropero. 
appropinquo,  see  adpropin- 
quo. 

aptus, -a, -um,  [y'AP  (in  apiscor) 
+ tus] , adj .,  {fitted  to) , suited,  adapt- 
ed, fit,  apt. 

apud  [akin  to  ab  and  Gr.  anrl], 
prep.,  at,  among,  with,  before , on 
one  s part,  in  relation  to  (a  person), 
in  one's  house  {company,  possession, 
among)  : apud  Tenedum;  adversa- 
ries (i.e.,  in  their  ranks) ; inlustre 
apud  omnes  nomen  {with,  among)  ; 
apud  vos  in  honore  {with,  among) ; 
populum  Romanum  et  exteras  na- 
tiones;  apud  Laecam  {at  the  house 
of). 

Apulejus,  -i,  [Apulo  + eius?], 
M.,  a Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp., 
Apuleius,  a tribune  of  the  people 
who  supported  the  cause  of  the  sen- 
ate against  Antony. 

Apulia,  -ae,  [Apulo  + ia,  f.  of 
F.,  that  part  of  Italy  east  of 
Campania  and  Samnium  and  north 
of  Lucania,  famous  chiefly  for  its 
pastures. 

aqua,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  water,  a water- 
course : aqua  atque  igni  interdi- 
cere  (a  form  of  banishment  among 
the  Romans). 

aquila,  -ae,  [f.  of  aquilus,  dark 
gray,  perh.  remotely  akin  to  aqua], 
F.,  an  eagle.  — Esp.,  the  standard  of 
the  Roman  legion,  consisting  of  an 
eagle  on  a staff, 
ara,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  an  altar . 
arator,  -toris,  [ara  + tor],  m.,  a 
ploughman.  — Also,  a landholder  (a 
person  who  cultivated  the  public 
lands,  paying  tithes  for  the  privilege). 

arbiter,  -tri,  [ad-f biter  (Vbi,  in 
bito,  -f  trus,  cf.  -trum)],  m.,  a wit- 
ness ^ — Less  exactly,  a referee,  an 
arbitrator , 


20 


Vocabulary . 


arbitrates,  -tus,  [arbitral- fcus], 

M.,  a decision:  arbitratu  ejus  {at 

his  bidding ). 

arbitrium,  -I,  [arbitro  + ium 
(cf.  judicium)],  N . , judgment,  will , 
bidding , pleasure  (what  one  sees  fit 
to  do  or  have  done). 

arbitror,  -atus,  -ari,  [arbitro-], 

I.  v.  dep.,  judge,  think , suppose 
(judge). 

arbor,  -oris,  [?],  F.,  a tree . 
area,  -ae,  [arc-  (in  arceo)  + a], 

F.,  a chest , a box , # 

arcus,  -us,  [?],  M.,  a bow. 
arceo,  arcui,  arctus,  arcere,  [farco- 
(stem  akin  to  area)],  2.  v.  a.,  con- 
fine. — Hence,  by  a change  of  the 
point  of  view,  keep  off,  prevent,  drive 
away:  a templis  homines  {defend 
front) . 

arcesso,  -slvi,  -situs,  -sere,  [akin 
to  accedo,  but  the  exact  relation  un- 
certain], 3.  v.  a.,  summon , invite, 
send  for  (persons),  call  in. 

Archias,  -ae,  [’Apx^]*  M.,  a poet 
of  Greek  extraction,  whose  claim  to 
citizenship  Cicero  defended  in  a fa- 
mous oration. 

Archimedes,  -is,  [’A px^vs'], 
M.,  the  famous  mathematician  of 
Syracuse,  by  whose  assistance  that 
city  was  long  defended  against  the 
Romans. 

architects,  -I,  [prob.  corruption 
* of  apxtreKTwt'],  M.,  ctn  architect , a 
builder. 

ardeo,  arsi,  arsus,  ardere,  [prob. 
arido-,  cf.  ardifer],  2.  v.  n.,  be  hot, 
be  in  a blaze,  be  on  fire. -Tig-,  be 
excited,  be  in  a blaze,  burn,  flash  fire 
(of  the  eyes).  — ardens,  -ntis,  p., 
red  hot,  blazing,  flashing. 

ardor,  -5ris,  [VARD  (in  ardeo) 
-f  or],  M.,  a blaze,  heat,  fire  : caeli 

{a  blazing  sky).— Fig.,  fire,  fury  : 


animorum  et  armorum  {fire . 0/ 
passion  and  fury  of  arms );  animi 
{excitement) . 

argentarius,  -a,  -um,  [argento 
+ arius],  adj.,  F.  (sc.  res),  money  y 
business,  banking  business.  Masc., 
a banker , a money-changer. 

argenteus,  -a,  -um,  [argento  + 
eus],  adj.  of  silver,  silver  (as  adj.). 

argentum,  -i,  [akin  to  arguo, 
the  shining  metal],  N.,  silver  (the 
metal).— Also,  of  things  made  of 
the  metal,  silverware,  silver. 

argumentor,  -atus,  -ari,  [argu- 
ments-], I.  v.  dep.,  argue,  reason. 

argumentum,  -i,  [argu-  (as  if 
stem  of  arguo)  + mentum],  N.,  an 
argument,  a proof  (drawn  from  rea- 
soning, as  opposed  to  witnesses),  an 
inference , a subject  (in  art). 

arguo,  argui,  argutus,  arguere, 
[prob.  t argu-  (stem  akin  to  Argus 
and  argentum)  + io  (?)]>  3-  v-  a-> 
make  clear,  prove.  — Esp.,  accuse 
(prove  guilty),  charge. 

Arlcia,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a town  of 
Latium  on  the  Appian  Way,  at  the 
foot  of  the  Alban  Mount  (now  Ric- 
cia ).  Near  by  was  a famous  temple 
of  Diana. 

aridus,  -a,  -um,  [faro-  (cf.  areo) 
+ dus],  adj.,  dry. — Less  exactly, 
meagre:  victus. 

Ariobarzanes,  -is,  [Persian],  M., 
a name  of  several  Persian  monarchs. 
Esp.,  a king  of  Cappadocia,  estab- 
lished on  his  throne  by  the  Romans, 
several  times  driven  out  by  Mith- 
ridates  and  Tigranes,  and  finally  re- 
stored by  Pompey,  B.C.  65. 

Aristaeus, -i,  [' Apurratos],  M.,  an 
old  divinity  of  Greece,  patron  of  pas- 
turage, bee-keeping,  and  oil-culture; 
cf.  Virg.  Georg.  IV.  3lS  et  se<l * 

arma,  -orum,  [VAR  (/*>  cf<  ar' 


Vocabulary . 


21 


mus,  the  shoulder  -joint)  + mus],  n. 
plur.,  tools , (esp.)  arms,  equipment . 
— Fig.,  arms  (as  symbol  of  war), 
war,  conflict,  forces  : isdem  in  armis 
fui  (on  the  same  side , in  a civil  war) ; 
tua  quid  arma  voluerunt  (your 
armed  campaign ). 

armatus,  -a,  •tun,  p.p.  of  anno. 

Armenius,  -a,  -um,  [’A  previa 
treated  as  adj.],  adj.,  of  Armenia 
(the  whole  country  south  of  Pontus 
and  Colchis,  west  of  the  Araxes  and 
the  Caspian  mts.,  east  of  Cappadocia, 
north  of  the  Niphates  mts.).— Also, 
used  of  Lesser  Armenia,  the  part 
west  of  the  Euphrates.  — Masc.  plur., 
the  inhabitants  of  the  country. 

armo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [armo- 
(stem  of  arma)],  i.  v.  a.,  equip , 
arm.  — Pass.,  in  middle  sense,  arm 
(one’s  self). — armatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  armed,  in  arms,  equipped. 
arripio,  see  adripio. 

Arrius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman  gen- 
tile name.  — Esp.,  Q.  Arrius,  a friend 
of  Cicero. 

arroganter,  see  adroganter. 

arrogo,  see  adrogo. 

ars,  artis,  [-y/AR  + tis  (reduced)], 

F skill,  art.  — Also,  a quality  (espe- 
cially a good  one).  — Plur.,  the  arts, 
the  useful  arts,  branches  of  learning, 
branches  (of  learning,  implied). 

artifex,  -icis,  [arti-ffex  (fac  as 
stem)],  m.  and  F.,  an  artist. 

artificium,  -i,  [artific-  (stem  of 
artifex)  -f  ium],  N.,  workmanship , 
skill  (of  an  artist),  a skilful  contriv- 
ance, an  artifice , a trick Also,  a 

trade  (opposed  to  ars,  a higher  art). 
— Concretely,  a work  of  art : opera 
atque  artificia. 

arx,  arcis,  [ y'ARC  (in  areeo, 
area)  + is  (reduced)],  f.,  a strong- 
hold, a fortress , a citadel. 


ascendo,  see  adscendo. 
ascensus,  see  adscensus. 
ascrlbd,  see  adscribo. 

Asia,  -ae,  [’Acr/a],  F.,  the  country 
now  called  Asia  Minor.  — - Esp.,  the 
Roman  province  of  Asia,  embracing 
Phrygia,  Caria,  Mysia,  and  Lydia. 

Asiaticus,  -a,  -um,  [Asia+ticus], 
adj.,  of  Asia,  Asiatic  : pecuniae  (in 
Asia,  invested  there), 
aspectus,  see  adspectus. 
aspere  [old  abl.  of  asper],  adv., 
roughly. 

aspernor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fasperno- 
(stem  akin  to  ab-sperno)],  j.v.  dep., 
spurn. 

aspicio,  see  adspicio. 
asporto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [abs- 
porto],  i.  v.  a.,  carry  off,  carry 
away. 

assidue,  see  adsidue. 
assiduitas,  see  adsiduitas. 
assiduus,  see  adsiduus. 
assuefacio,  see  adsuefacio. 
astutus,  -a,  -um,  [astu  + tus,  cf. 
barbatus],  adj.,  cunning,  crafty, 
astute. 

at  [prob.  form  of  ad],  conj.,  but, 
at  least.  — See  also  enim  and  vero. 

Athenae,  -arum,  [5A drjvcu'],  f.  pi., 
Athens. 

Atheniensis,  -e,  [Athena  + en- 

sis],  adj.,  of  Athens,  Athenian.  — 
Plur.,  the  Athenians. 

Atilius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman  gen- 
tile name.  — Esp. : i.  M.  Atilius,  a 
Roman  who,  as  judex,  was  found 
guilty  of  receiving  bribes;  2.  Atilius 
Gavianus,  a tribune  of  the  people 
at  the  time  of  Cicero’s  recall. 

atque  (ac),  [ad-que],  conj.,  and 
(generally  introducing  some  more 
important  idea),  and  even,  and  espe- 
cially, and  further,  and  moreover , 
and  now. — Also,  as,  than  : par  atque 


I 


Vocabulary . 


i 


( the  same  as);  simul  atque  (as  soon  | 
as) ; similis  atque  (just  like) ; 
aliter  ac  (otherwise  than , different 
from  what , etc.);  contra  atque 
(different  from , etc.);  atque  adeo 
(« tz;/  in  fact , or  rather) ; 

pro  eo  ac  (according  as);  perinde 
ac  (just  as) . 

atqui  [at-qui  (old  abl.  or  instr.)], 
conj.,  (but  somchozv  ?),  but  yet , but, 
still,  now. 

atrium,  -i,  [?,  atro  + ium],  N., 
the  atrium  (the  hall  of  a Roman 
house).  — Also,  * hall  (of  a temple, 
prob.  made  in  the  fashion  of  a house). 

atrocitas,  -tatis,  [atroci-  (as  if 
stem  of  atrox)  + tas],  F.,  cruelty  : 
animi  (savage  disposition).  Also, 
of  things,  atrocity , enormity. 

atrociter  [atroci  + ter],  adv., 
savagely , cruelly  : aliquid  atrociter 
fieri  (some  atrocious  cruelty)  ; nimis 
atrociter  minitans  (too  violently)  ; 
atrociter  ferre  (pass  a cruel  law). 

atrox,  -ocis,  [stem  akin  to  ater + 
cus  (cf.  colonus,  aegrotus,  and 
verax)],  adj.,  savage,  cruel,  — Also, 
of  things,  atrocious , cruel , inhuman, 
monstrous. 

attends  (adt-),  -tend!,  -tentus, 
-tendere,  [ad-tendo],  3- a.  and  n., 
(stretch  towards).  — Esp.,  with  ani- 
inum,  turn  the  attention  to,  attend 
to,  attend.  — Also,  without  animum, 
attend,  notice  : ecquid  attendis  (are 
you  paying  any  attention);  me  tarn 
diligenter  (listen  to);  parum  at- 
tenditis  (you  are  too  careless) . — at- 
tentus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  as^adj .,  attentive. 

attenuo  (adt-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ad-tenuo],  i.  v.  a .,thin  out.  Fig., 

lessen,  diminish,  reduce. 

attined  (adt-),  -tinui,  -tentus, 
-tinere,  [ad-teneo],  2.  v.  a.  and  n., 
hold  out  towards . — Esp.,  reach , touch, 


difference , 


K 


have  to  do  with , make 
he  of  importance. 

attingo  (adt-),-tigi,  -tactus,  -tin- 
gere,  [ad-tango],  3*  v*  a*  an(^  n*’ 
touch,  reach,  set  foot  on,  have  to  do 
with,  come  in  contact  with  : auctori- 
tatem  (aspire  to) ; Cimbricas  res 
(touch  upon  in  literary  composition). 

Attius,  -i,  [Atto  + ius],  M.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp .,P.  Al- 
dus Varus,  praetor  in  Africa  in  the 
war  between  Caesar  and  Pompey. 

attribuo  (adt-),  -bui,  -butus,  -bu- 
ere,  [ad-tribuo],  3.  v.  a.,  assign,  ap- 
propriate. 

attuli,  see  adfero. 

auctio,  -onis,  [aug  (as  root)+tio], 

F.,  an  increase.  — Hence,  (a  raising 
of  bids),  an  auction. 

auctionarius,  -a,  -urn,  [auction 
+ arius],  adj.,  of  an  auction,  by  auc- 
tion: tabulae  novae  (liquidation 
by  forced  sale). 

auctor,  -oris,  [VAUG  (in  auSeo) 

+ tor],  M .,  a voucher  (for  any  act 
or  statement),  an  authority , an  ad- 
viser: sceleris  (leader);  auctor 
esse  (approve,  advise) ; auctore 
populo  (with  the  approval  of,  sup- 
ported by);  pacis  (counsellors). 

auctoritas,  -tatis,  [auctor-  (as  if 
i-stem)  + tas],F.,  influence, prestige, 
authority  (not  political  nor  military, 
cf.  imperium  and  potestas,  but 
proceeding  from  official  character). 
Concretely,  an  expression  of  opin- 
ion (as  an  authority)  : cum  publicis 
auctoritatibus  (with  official  expres- 
sions of  opinion,  on  the  authority  of 
the  state  or  city)  ; summa  cum  auc- 
toritate  (with  the  greatest  effect); 
circumstant  te  summae  auctonta- 
tes  (the  strongest  influences) ; auc- 
toritates  contrarias  (weighty  opin- 
ions, etc.);  auctoritas  et  gratia 


Vocabulary . 


23 


(. prestige  from  official  character,  and 
influence  from  private  friendship  and 
the  like).  — In  technical  phrase  sen- 
atus  ( the  expressed  opinion , having 
no  legal  binding  force,  but  carrying 
weight  from  its  official  character). 

aucupor,  -atus,  -ari,  [aucup-], 
i v.  dep.,  hunt  birds.  — Fig.,  search 
out , hunt  for , watch  for. 

audacia,  -ae,  [audac  -f  ia],  f., 
daring,  boldness,  effrontery,  reckless- 
ness, reckless  daring,  deeds  of  daring, 
desperate  undertaking. 

audax,  -acis,  [auda-  (as  if  stem 
of  audeo)  + cus  (reduced)],  adj., 
daring  (in  a bad  sense),  reckless, 
bold,  desperate. 

audeo,  ausus,  audere,  [prob. 
avido-  (stem  of  avidus)],  2.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  dare,  venture,  risk , dare  to 
try  (or  do'). — ausus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p. 
in  pres,  sense,  daring. 

audid,  -divi,  -dltus,  -dire,  [prob. 
akin  to  auris],  4.  v.  a.,  hear,  hear 
of,  listen  to:  audita  dico  (what  I 
have  heard );  multis  audientibus 
(in  the  hearing  of,  etc.). 

aufero,  abstull,  ablatus,  auferre, 
[ab-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  off,  carry 
away , re?nove,  take  away. 

auged,  auxi,  auctus,  augere, 
[\/aug  (causative  or  fr.  unc.  noun- 
stem)], 2.  v.  a.,  increase , magnify, 
enhance , add  to  (something). — Pass., 
be  increased,  increase. 

augur,  -uris,  [?,  avi+  unc.  term.], 
M.,  an  augur  (one  of  the  official 
soothsayers  of  the  Roman  state. 
They  formed  a college  which  decided 
all  matters  connected  with  the  pub- 
lic auspices,  and  these  auspices  were 
very  closely  connected  with  the  Ro- 
man polity;  in  fact,  no  important 
matter  was  ever  begun  without  first 
consulting  them). 


augustus,  -a,-um,  [?,  perh.  faug- 
or-  ( aug  + or)  + tus,  but  the 
meaning  is  somewhat  inconsistent 
with  this  etym.],  adj.,  consecrated 
(either  by  augury  or  perhaps  with 
the  same  sense  that  lies  in  auctor, 
auctoritas),  venerable,  august . 

Aulus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman  prae- 
nomen. 

Aurelius,  -I,  [for  Auselius,  akin 
to  aurum,  Aurora,  and  uro],  M., 
a Roman  gentile  name. 

Aurelius,  -a,  -um,  [same  word  as 
preceding,  declined  as  adj.],  adj.,  of 
Aurelius,  Aurelian  : Forum  Aure- 
lium  (a  market  town  on  the  Aure- 
lian Way  in  Etruria,  about  50  miles 
from  Rome) ; via  (the  old  Aurelian 
W ay,  the  great  military  road  leading 
from  Rome  along  the  coast  of  Etru- 
ria); tribunal  (a  raised  judgment- 
seat  near  the  east  end  of  the  Forum). 

aureus,  -a,  -um,  [auro  + eus], 
adj.,  of  gold,  golden,  gold : nomen 
(gilded,  the  name  Chrysogonus,  gold- 
born)  . 

auris,  -is,  [akin  to  ear,  stem  f auri- 
(cf.  audio)],  f.,  an  ear:  adhibere 
(listening  ears,  attention ). 
aurum,  -I,  [akin  to  uro],N .,  gold. 
auspicium,  -I,  [auspic-ium],  n., 
an  augury  (an  observation  of  the 
omens),  auspices  (in  the  plural). 

aut  [?,  but  cf.  autem],  conj.,  or 
(regularly  exclusive,  cf.  vel).  — Re- 
peated, either  . . . or. 

autem  [?,  akin  to  aut],  conj., 
but  (the  weakest  degree  of  opposi- 
tion, cf.  sed),  on  the  other  hand, 
however,  then  again,  now  (explana- 
tory),  again,  whereas  (in  slight  op- 
position to  something  preceding), 
and  even  (where  not  only  has  been 
implied  before). 

auxilium,  -i,  [fauxili-  (akin  to 


24 


Vocabulary. 


augeo,  cf.  fusilis)  + ium],  N.,  as- 
sistance, aid,  remedy,  relief,  help : 
ferre  (to  assist,  to  aid,  to  render 
assistance ) ; adventicia  auxilia  (re- 
inforcements, etc.);  omnium  aux- 
ilia (the  aid  of  all ) ; summum  om- 
nium gentium  (source  of  help')-, 
auxilia  sociorum  (auxiliaries,  re- 
inforcements, as  opposed  to  the  regu- 
lar troops  of  the  Romans). 

avaritia,  -ae,  [avarS  + tia],  F., 
greed,  avarice,  love  of  money,  greed 
of  gain. 

avarus,  -a,  -um,  [fava-  (stem 
akin  to  aveo)  + rus  (cf.  gnarus)], 
adj.,  greedy  of  gain , miserly , avari- 
cious: homo  avarissimus  (a  man 
of  the  greatest  greedy  of  the  greatest 
avarice'). 

aveo,  -ere,  no  perf.,  no  p.p., 
[prob.  tav®-  (VAV  + us)3’  2*  Vt  a,> 
desire , he  eager. 

aversus,  -a,  -um,  see  averto. 
averto,  -vertl,  -versus,  -vertere, 
[ah-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  turn  aside,  di- 
vert, turn  away,  avert:  mentem 
alicujus  (deter) . — aversus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  averse  to , indisposed  to. 

avide  [old  abl.  of  avidus],  adv., 
greedily , eagerly , with  eagerness , with 
avidity. 

avidus,  -a,  -um,  [favo-  (cf.  aveo 
and  avarus)  + dus],  adj.,  eager , 
desirous. 

avitus,  -a,  -um,  [avo-  (as  if  avi-) 

4.  tus],  adj.,  of  one's  grandfather,  of 
one's  ancestors,  ancestral ■ 

avoco,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ab-voco], 
1.  v.  a.,  call  away,  call  off. 

avunculus,  -I,  [avo-  (as  if  avon-, 
or  perh.  through  it  as  intermediate 
stem)  -f  cuius],  M.,  an  uncle  (on 
the  mother’s  side,  cf.  patruus). 

avus,  -i,  [perh.  akin  to  aveo], 
M.,  a grandfather . 


B. 

bacchor,  -atus,  -ari,  [Baccha-], 

I.  v.  dep .yjoin  in  a bacchanal  orgy. 

— Less  exactly,  rave,  run  riot , revel. 

Baliaricus  (Bale-),  -a,  -um, 
[Balearic  cus],  adj.,  of  the  Bale- 
aric isles.  — Esp.,  Baliaricus , as  a 
Roman  surname  applied  to  Csecilius 
Metellus,  who  conquered  these  is- 
lands (cf.  Africanus). 

balneum,  -i,  (phir.,  -ae  or  -a), 
[corruption  of  fid\av€?ov~\,  N.  and  F. 
a bath Plur .,  public  baths. ^ 

barbaria,  -ae,  [barbaro  + ia], 

F.,  savageness.  — Also,  a barbarous 
nation  (cf.  heathendom). 

barbarus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  from 
the  inarticulate  sound  of  foreign 
speech],  adj.,  strange,  foreign,  out- 
landish. — Also,  savage,  uncivilized, 
rude,  barbarous,  cruel.  — Plur.,  bar- 
barians, barbarous  people. 

barbatus,  -a,  -um,  [barba  + tus, 
as  if  p.p*  of  denom.  verb  fbarbo,  cf. 
bearded ],  adj.,  bearded.  — Esp.,  as 
an  attribute  of  the  old  Romans,  long- 
bearded  ancients,  unshaven  old  wor- 
thies. 

| basis,  -is,  (-eos),  [Ba<ns],  F.,  a 
pedestal. 

beatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  beo], 
adj.,  blessed,  happy , fortunate.  — Esp. 
(in  wealth),  rich,  well-to-do.  . ^ 
bellicosus,  -a,  -um,  [bellico  + 
osus],  adj.,  7 varlike. 

bellicus,  -a,  -um,  [bell5  + cus], 
adj.,  of  war,  in  war. 

bello,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [bello-J, 
1.  v.  w.,  fight,  make  war:  bellandi 
virtus  (1 excellence  in  war). 

bellum,  -1,  [old  duellum,  from 
duo,  a strife  between  two ],  N.,  war , 
a war  : bellum  inferre  {make  war, 
offensive);  parare  bellum  (make 
warlike  preparations). 


/ 


Vocabulary. 


2$ 


belua,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a wild  beast . 
— Fig.,  a brute , a monster,  a wild 
beast. 

bene  [abl.  of  bonus],  adv.,  well: 
bene  gerere  rem  (be  successful  in , 
etc.,  see  gero) ; ad  res  bene  geren- 
das  (for  success  in  great  exploits ) ; 
bene  sanum  (thoroughly  sound) ; 
bene  sperare  (have  good  hope). 

beneficium,  -I,  [beneficd-  (re- 
duced) + ium  (but  perh.  bene-ffici- 
um,  cf.  officium)],  n.,  well-doing , 
a service , a favor , often  rendered  by 
Eng.  plur.,  services , favors  shown , 
services  rendered:  meo  beneficio 
(thanks  to  me) ; in  beneficiis  (among 
the  beneficiaries ).  — Esp.,  of  the  fa- 
vors of  the  people  as  shown  by  elec- 
tion to  office:  vestrum  jus  benefi- 
ciumque  (your  rights  and  favors 
conferred) ; hoc  beneficium  populi 
Romani  (this  favor  shown  me  by  the 
Roman  people ). 

beneficus,  -a,  -um,  [bene  + ficus 
( -y/FAC  + us)],  adj.,  beneficent. 

benevolentia,  -ae,  [benevolent 
+ ia],  F.,  good-will,  kindness. 

benevolus,  -a,  -um,  [bene-f  volus 
( -y/voL  -f  us)],  adj.,  well-wishing, 
kindly. 

benignitas,  -tatis,  [benigno  -f 
tas],  F.,  kindness,  favor. 

bestia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a brute  (as 
opposed  to  man,  cf.  belua,  a mon- 
ster or  ferocious  beast),  a beast. 

bibo,  bibi,  bibitus,  bibere,  [ ?,  ^/pa 
reduplicated],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  drink . 

biduum,  -i,  [fdvi-duum  (akin 
to  dies)],  N.,  two  days * time,  two 
days. 

bini,  -ae,  -a,  [fdvi  + nus],  adj. 
plur.,  two  each,  two  sets  of,  two  (of 
things  in  pairs  or  sets). 

biparti  to  [abl.  of  bipartitus], 

adv.,  in  two  divisions. 


bis  [for  dvis,  unc.  case-form  of 
duo  (cf.  cis,  uls)],  adv.,  twice. 

Bithynia,  -ae,  [B iduvld],  F.,  part 
of  Asia  Minor  on  the  Propontis. 

blandus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  coax- 
ing, persuasive , fascinating. 

bonitas,  -tatis,  [fbono  + tas], 
F.,  goodness,  kuidness : praediorum 
(fertility). 

bonus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  good: 
bona  ratio  cum  perdita  (sound  rea- 
son with  desperate  counsels) ; bono 
animo  esse  (to  be  well  disposed ); 
optimum  est  (it  is  best) ; optimum 
judicium  facere  (express  so  high  an 
opinion)  ; Bona  Dea  (a  goddess  of 
Rome  worshipped  by  women  in  se- 
cret).— Neut.  as  subst.,£w</,  advan- 
tage : tantum  boni  (such  an  advan- 
tage). — Plur.,  goods,  property , estate. 

— Masc.  plur .,good  men  (esp.  of  the 
better  class  of  citizens),  honest  men , 
good  citizens. 

Bosporanus,  -a,  -um,  [Bosporo 
+ anus],  adj.,  of  the  Bosphorus. — 
Plur.,  the  people  living  on  it. 

brevis,  -e,  [for  fbregus,  ^/bragh 
+ us],  adj.,  short  (of  space  or  time), 
brief. 

brevitas,  -tatis,  [fbrevi  + tas], 

F.,  shortness. 

breviter  [fbrevi  + ter],  adv., 
briefly. 

Brocchus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
name.  — Titus  Brocchus , an  uncle 
of  Milo. 

Brunduslnus,  -a,  -um,  [Brun- 
dusio  + inus],  adj.,  of  Brundusium. 

— Plur.,  the  people  of  Brundusium. 

Brundusium  (Brundis-),  -i,  [ ?], 

N.,  a town  of  Apulia,  the  port  of  de- 
parture for  Greece. 

Brutus,  -i,  [brutus,  heavy],  M.,  a 
family  name  at  Rome.  — Esp. : 1 . 
Decimus  Junius  Brutus  Albinus , a 


26 


Vocabulary . 


iegatus  of  Caesar.  He  distinguished 
himself  in  command  of  Caesar’s  fleet 
off  the  coast  of  Gaul,  and  afterwards 
in  the  civil  war  on  the  side  of  Caesar. 
But  he  joined  the  conspiracy  against 
Caesar  with  Marcus  Brutus,  and  was 
one  of  Caesar’s  assassins.  He  was 
afterwards  killed  in  Gaul  by  order  of 
Antony.  2.  Decimus  Junius  Brutus , 
cons.  B.c.  138,  conqueror  of  Lusitania. 

bucula,  -ae,  [bovi  + cula],  f.,  a 
heifer . 

bulla,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a bubble. — 
Also,  a knob , a boss. 

\ bustum,  -I,  [?,  perh.  n.  p.p.  of 
buro  (cf.  comburo)],  N.,  a tomb. 

C. 

C,  numeral  for  100. 

C.,  abbreviation  for  Gajus,  usu- 
ally called  in  English  Caius. 

cadaver,  -eris,  [ ?,  unc.  form  akin 
to  cado], N.,  a corpse , a body  (dead). 

cado,  cecidl,  casurus,  cadere, 
[^/cad],  3.  v.  n.,  fall , be  killed. — 
Fig.,  happen , turn  out , come  to  be. 
— Also,/zz7,  cease , come  to  nought. 

Caecilia,  -ae,  [f.  of  following 
word],  F.,the  name  of  several  women 
of  the  gens  Ccecilia  (see  following 
word).  — Esp. : I.  Ccecilia  Metella , 
a daughter  of  Q.  Ccecilius  Metellus 
Baliaricus , and  wife  of  Appius  Clau- 
dius Pulcher. 

Caecilius,  -i,  [?,  caeculo+ ius], 
M.,  a Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp. : 
1.  L.  Ccecilius  Rufus,  praetor  B.c.  57, 
who  was  instrumental  in  procuring 
the  return  of  Cicero. 

caecus,  -a,  -urn,  [?],  adj.,  blind 
(also  fig-)*  — Also,  dark.  Esp., 
Ccecus  as  a Roman  name,  see  Clau- 
dius. 

caedes,  -is,  [fcaed  (as  root  of 


caedo)  + is],  F.,  murder , massacre, 
slaughter , assassination,  butchery , a 
deadly  affray : maximam  facere 
( commit  wholesale  murder). 

caedo,  cecldi,  caesus,  caedere, 
[prob.  causative  of  cado,  cf.  fall, 
fell],  3.  v.  a.,  strike , strike  down , 
beat  (as  with  rods),  beat  (as  of  an 
army),/*?//  (of  trees),  cut  down , slay. 

Caelius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.— -Esp.  : 1.  M.  Ccelius, 
a tribune  of  the  people  B.C.  52,  and 
a protege  of  Cicero,  who  exerted 
himself  in  behalf  of  Milo;  2.  Q.  Cce- 
lius Latiniensis , a tribune  of  the 
people;  3.  T.  Ccelius,  a gentleman 
of  Terracina,  mysteriously  assassi- 
nated. 

caelum,  -i,  [?],  N.,  the  sky,  the 
atmosphere,  the  air,  the  heavens, 
heaven  (as  the  abode  of  the  gods)  : 
in  caelum  tollere  ( extol  to  the  skies) . 

caementum,  -i,  [caed-  (as  root 
of  caedo)  + mentum],  N.,  loose 
stones , rubble . 

caenum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  mud.  — Ap- 
plied to  persons,  man  of  filth. 

caerimbnia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a cere- 
mony, a rite. 

Caesar,  -aris,  [?],  M.,  a family 
name  in  the  gens  Julia.  — Esp.:  1. 
C.  Julius  C cesar,  the  conqueror  of 
Gaul;  2.  L.  Julius  Ccesar,  a kins- 
man of  the  former,  acting  as  his 
Iegatus  in  Gaul;  3*  Ccesar,  a 
name  given  to  Octavius  (Augustus) 
as  adopted  son  of  No.  1. 

Caesonius,  -i,  [?,  cf.  Caesar], 
M.,  a gentile  name.  — Esp.,  M.  Cceso- 
nius,  a colleague  of  Cicero  in  the 
sedileship,  and  one  of  the  judices  in 
the  case  of  Verres. 

Cajeta,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a port  on  the 
coast  of  Italy  (now  Ga'eta). 

Cajus,  see  Gajus. 


Vocabulary . 


27 


Cal.,  see  Calendae. 
calamistratus,  -a,  -um,  [cala- 
mistro-  (as  if  verb  stem  in  -a,  cf. 
barbatus)  -f-  tus],  adj ,,with  curled 
hair , crimped. 

calamitas,  -tatis,  [?],f.,  disaster 
(orig.  to  crops?),  defeat , misfortune 
(also  euphemistically  for  death),  ruin. 

calamitosus,  -a,  -um,  [calamita- 
(ti?)  -}-  osus],  adj.,  unfortunate: 
res  calamitosa  est  ( a matter  of 
misfortune ) . 

calceus,  -I,  [calc  + eus],  m.,  a 

shoe. 

Calendae,  see  Kalendae. 
Calidius,  -I,  [?,  calidd  -j-  ius], 
M.,  a Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp., 
Q.  Calidius , a Roman  ex-prsetor, 
condemned  for  extortion. 

callidus,  -a,  -um,  [fcallo-  (cf. 
caUum)  + dus],  adj.,  (fought') , 
shrewd \ cunning,  skilful. 

calor, -oris,  [cal-(asrootof  caleo) 
+ or],  m.,  heat. 

calumnia,  -ae,  [ ?,  f calumno- 
(cf.  alumnus)  + ia],  f.,  trickery 
(orig.  in  an  accusation) , falsity. 

calx,  -cis,  [?,  cf.  calculus],  F., 
(m.?),  a stone. — Esp.,  lime. 

campus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a plain.— 
Esp.,  the  Campus  Martius  (the 
meeting-place  of  the  Roman  comitia, 
just  outside  the  city  proper,  in  the 
region  now  occupied  by  modern 
Rome). — Fig.,  a field  (of  activity). 

candidates,  -a,  -um,  [candido- 
(as  if  verb  stem  in  -a)  + tus  (cf. 
barbatus)],  adj.,  clad  in  white. — 
Hence,  a candidate  (because  these 
appeared  in  newly-whitened  togas). 

canis,  canis,  [?],  m.  and  f.,  a 
dog,  a hound. 

cano,  cecinl,  cantus,  canere, 
[^/CAN],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  sing,  sound 
(with  voice  or  instrument).  — Hence  | 


(because  oracles  and  prophecies  were 
in  vers €),  prophesy,  foretell,  predict , 
give  warning  beforehand. 

canto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [canto-], 
1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  sing,  play  (on  an 
instrument) . 

cantus,  -tus,  [^/can+  tus],  m., 

a song,  a tune,  singing,  playing, 
music. 

capessd,  -slvi,  -situs,  -sere,  [akin 
to  capio  with  unc.  form],  3.  v.  a., 
seize,  take  hold  of:  rem  publicam 
{engage  in  politics ). 

capillus,  -i,  [adj.  form  akin  to 
caput],  M.,  the  hair  (collective). 

capio,  cepi,  captus,  capere, 

[ \/CAp] , 3.  v.  a.,  take,  capture,  take 
possession  of,  get,  acquire,  seize  : 
arma  ( take  up) ; urbes,  legatos 
(take  captive)-,  consilium  (adopt)  ; 
magistratum  (enter  upon)',  vim 
(take  up,  adopt)',  fructus  (reap); 
somnum  (take,  enjoy);  mens  ali- 
quid  (conceive) ; career  aliquos 
(hold,  contain) ; amentiam  civitas 
(endure) ; vos  oblivio  (possess) ; 
captus  equester  ordo  (taken  cap- 
tive); mente  captus  (stricken  in 
mind,  insane). 

capitalis,  -e,  [capit  + alis],  adj., 

(relating  to  the  head),  chief,  prin- 
cipal: hostis  (deadly,  cf.  “ arch 
enemy  ”). 

Capitd,  -onis,  [capit  + o],  m.,  a 
Roman  name  (cf.  Naso,  Cicero). 
— Esp.,  T.  Roscius  Capito,  an  enemy 
of  Sex.  Roscius. 

Capitolinus,  -a,  -um,  [Capitolio 
-f  inus],  adj.,  of  the  Capitol:  clivus 
(the  hill  of  the  Capitol,  the  road  lead- 
ing up  from  the  Forum  to  the  top  of 
the  Capitoline  Hill)  : cohortes  (the 
guards  of  the  Capitol). 

Capitolium,  -i,  [capit-  (with 
unc.  terminations  and  connection)], 


28 


Vocabulary . 


N.,  the  Capitoline  Hill . — Also,  the 
Capitol , the  temple  of  Jupiter  on 

this  hill.  , 

Cappadocia,  -ae,  [KaTnraSoKio], 

F.,  one  of  the  districts  of  Asia  Minor, 
south  of  Pontus,  west  of  the  Eu- 
phrates, north  of  the  Taurus  range, 
and  east  of  Phrygia. 

Capua,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  the  chief  city 
of  Campania,  famed  for  its  wealth 
and  luxury. 

caput,  capitis,  [?],  N.,  the  head. 

— Hence,  life , existence  (as  a citi- 
zen),  civil  rights  : judicium  de  ca- 
pite  ( capital  trial).  — Also,  chief 
point,  source,  highest  point,  climax  : 
caput  urbis  ( centre , the  senate- 
house). 

Carbo,  -onis,  [?],  M.,  ( coal ). 

Also,  as  a Roman  family  name. 

Esp. : I.  C.  Papirius  Carbo , cons. 
b.c.  82,  the  last  leader  of  the  Marian 
faction;  2.  C.  Papirius  Carbo , trib- 
une of  the  people  B.c.  89,  one  of 
the  proposers  of  the  Lex  Plautia  Pa- 
piria  in  regard  to  Roman  citizen- 
ship; 3.  C.  Papirius  Carbo , tribune, 
B.C.  128,  father  of  2.  and  uncle  of  1., 
a demagogue  attached  to  the  party 
of  the  Gracchi,  but  afterwards  op- 
posed to  them. 

career,  -eris,  [prob.  borr.  fr.  Gr. 
K&pKapov^\,  M.,  a prison,  a gaol. 

cared,  -ui,  -iturus,  -ere,  [ ?]>  2.v.n., 
be  without , go  without , be  deprived 
of  lose , deprive  one's  self  of : aegrius 
( suffer  from  the  want  of );  foro 
( stay  away  from). 

caritas,  -tatis,  [caro  + tas],  f 
dearness , preciousness , high  price. 
Also,  with  change  of  point  of  view, 
affection , fondness. 

carmen,  -inis  [?,  akin  to  cano], 
N.,  a song , a verse  (of  poetry), 
poetry. 


[?],  adj.,  dear , 


carus,  -a,  -um, 

precious , valuable . 

Cassianus,  -a,  -um,  [fCassio- 
(reduced)  + anus  (cf.  Romanus)], 
adj.,  of  Cassius:  illud  Cassianum 
( that  saying  of  Cassius). 

Cassius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.:  1.  L.  Cassius 
Longinus  Ravilla , consul  B.c.  127 
(see  Cassianus);  2.  L.  Cassius 
Longinus , one  of  the  jurors  in  the 
case  of  Verres;  3.  C.  Cassius  Longi- 
nus, another  of  the  same  family,  who 
voted  in  favor  of  the  Manilian  law; 

4.  L.  Cassius , one  of  the  associates 
of  Catiline. 

caste  [old  abl.  of  castus],  adv., 
with  purity , purely , virtuously. 

Castor,  -oris,  [Katrr cop],  M.,  the 
brother  of  Pollux,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Leda,  worshipped  by  the  Greeks  and 
Romans,  with  his  brother,  as  a di- 
vinity. Their  temple  was  in  the 
forum:  ad  Castoris  (to  the  temple 
of  Castor). 

castrensis,  -e,  [castro  + ensis] , 
adj.,  of  the  camp  : latrocinium 

(armed,  open , as  by  a pitched  camp 
instead  of  hidden  crime). 

I castrum,  -i,  [ Vskad?  (cover)  + 
tram],  N.,  a fortress.  — Plur.,  a camp 
(fortified,  as  was  the  manner  of  the 
Romans)  : armis  et  castris  dissi- 
debamus  (we  were  at  variance  in 
arms  and  in  pitched  battle ). 

casus,  -us,  [ffCAD  + tus],  M., 
(what  befalls),  an  accident,  a chance 
(good  or  bad),  d mischance,  a mis- 
fortune : casus  temporum  (the  exi- 
gencies of  the  times)  ; casus  humani 
(vicissitudes) ; casu  (by  chance,  by  ac- 
cident, accidentally,  as  it  happened). 

Catilina,  -ae,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp.,  L.  Sergius  Cati - 
Una,  who  was  charged  by  Cicero  with 


Vocabulary. 


29 


ati  attempt  to  burn  the  city  and  over- 
throw the  government  (see  Orations 
against  Catiline). 

Catilmarius,  -a,  -um,  [Catilina 
+ arius],  adj.,  of  Catiline. 

Cato,  -onis,  [prob.  cato-  (stem 
of  catus,  cf.  Catulus)  + o],  M.,  a 
Roman  family  name.  — Esp. : I.  M. 
Porcius  Cato , called  the  Censor  (also 
Sapiens , Mayor,  and  Orator ),  of 
plebeian  origin  and  a “novus  homo,” 
but  a violent  supporter  of  the  old 
Roman  aristocracy.  He  began  his 
military  service  as  early  as  217  B.C., 
and  only  ended  his  political  career  at 
his  death  in  B.c.  149,  having  been  one 
of  the  most  prominent  men  in  the 
state  during  the  whole  of  that  interval. 
2.  M.  Porcius  Cato , grandson  of  the 
preceding,  a friend  of  Sulla,  and 
father  of  Cato  Uticensis.  3.  M.  Por- 
cius Cato  Uticensis,  son  of  the  pre- 
ceding, and  nephew  of  M.  Livius 
Drusus,  famous  for  the  constancy 
(perhaps  obstinacy)  of  his  character 
and  for  his  death  at  Utica,  which  he 
sought  with  his  own  hands  rather 
than  submit  to  Caesar.  He  was 
one  of  the  judices  in  the  case  of 
Milo. 

Catulus,  -I,  [cat5  + lus,  little 
hound  (?),  cf.  Cato],  M.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp.:  1.  Q.  Lutatius 
Catulus,  consul  B.c.  78,  one  of  the 
best  and  most  eminent  men  of  the 
aristocracy  in  the  times  following 
the  retirement  of  Sulla.  He  was 
one  of  the  opposers  of  the  Manilian 
law.  2.  Q.  Lutatius  Catulus,  father 
of  the  preceding,  consul  B.C.  102 
with  Marius. 

causa,  -ae,  [prob.  akin  to  caveo], 
F.,  a case  (at  law),  a cause.  — Hence, 
a side  (in  a dispute),  a party , a case , 
a situation,  a claim , a reason , a mo- 


tive, a purpose.  — Esp.,  abl.  causa, 
following  a noun ,for  the  sake  of  for  : 
sua  causa  (for  his  sake);  monu- 
menti  causa  ( for  a monument). 

Causinius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
name.  — Esp.,  C.  Causinius  Schola , 
a man  of  Interamna,  a witness  in 
the  case  of  Milo. 

caute  [old  abl.  of  cautus],  adv., 
cautiously,  with  caution,  carefully. 

cautio,  -onis  [cavi-  (as  if  stem 
of  caveo)  + tio],  F.,  taking  care , 
caution,  a security  (a  means  of  tak- 
ing care). 

cautor,  -toris,  [cavi  + tor],  m., 

one  who  takes  care , one  who  guards 
against,  a security  (a  person  acting 
as  such). 

caveo,  cavi,  cautus,  cavere,  [?], 

2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  take  security  (perh. 
orig.  a legal  word),  be  on  one’s 
guard,  guard  against,  take  care,  be- 
zvare,  look  out  for  (something  so  as  to 
prevent  it).  — Esp.,  cave  with  subj. 
in  prohibitions  with  or  without  ne, 
do  not,  take  care  not  to,  see  that  you 
do  not . — cautus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  cautious,  on  one's  guard. 

cedb,  cessi,  cessurus,  cedere,  [?], 

3.  v.  n.,  make  zvay  (giving  place). — 
Esp.,  give  way,  retreat,  retire  : pos- 
sessione  (yield  the  possession) . — 
Fig.,  yield,  give  way,  retire,  allow, 
permit : temporibus  rei  publicae. 

celeber,  -bris,  -bre,  [?],  adj., 
crowded ’ frequent,  much  frequented : 
locus  (public);  urbs  (populous); 
gratulatio  (very  general). — Hence, 
famous. 

celebritas,  -tatis,  [celebri-f  tas], 

F.,  numbers,  frequency,  a crowd ’ 
populousness , publicity. — Hence  (cf. 
celeber),  celebrity : famae  (widely- 
extended fame) ; supremi  diei  (pub- 
lic ceremonies , etc.). 


30 


Vocabulary . 


celebro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [cele- 
bri-],  i.  v.  a.,  crowd , throng,  fre- 
quent. — Hence,  celebrate , talk  of 
spread  abroad , a#;;*  abroad ',  extol , 
praise:  festos  dies;  adventus; 
gloriam. 

celer,  -eris,  -ere,  [ ^cel  (in  cello) 

-f  ris],  adj.,  swift,  quick,  speedy,  fast. 

celeritas,  -tatis,  [ f celer  i + tas], 
f.,  swiftness,  activity,  speed,  prompt- 
ness : quae  celeritas  reditus  ( how 
speedy  a return). 

celeriter  [celeri  + ter],  adv., 
quickly , speedily , rapidly , in  haste , 
very  soon , soon. 

celo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?,  akin  to 
clam  and  caligo],  I.  v.  a .,  conceal, 
hide.  — Pass.,  pass  unnoticed. 

cena  (coe-),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a din- 
ner (the  principal  meal  of  the  day, 
eaten  at  various  times  in  the  after- 
noon). 

ceno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [cena-], 
i.  v.  n.,  dine.  — cenatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  in  active  sense,  having  dined, 
after  dinner. 

censed,  censui,  census,  censere, 
[?],  2.  v.  a.,  (perh .fine),  review  (of 
the  censor),  assess,  enrol  (as  a citi- 
zen), reckon,  estimate.  — Less  ex- 
actly,  give  one's  opinion , advise,  de- 
cree (of  the  Senate),  determine, 
think : censendi  causa  ( for  the  cen- 
sus, to  be  reviewed  by  the  censor). 

censor,  -oris,  [cen-  or  cent-  (as 
root  of  censeo)  + tor],  M.,  the  cen- 
sor (the  officer  at  Rome  who  en- 
rolled and  taxed  the  citizens)  : prox- 
imis  censoribus  (at  the  last  cen- 
sus). 

census,  -us,  [akin  to  censeo], 
M.,  a numbering,  a census , an  enrol- 
ment  (of  citizens  by  the  censor). 

centesimus,  -a,  -um,  [cento  + 
esimus],  adj.,  the  hundredth. 


centum,  [?],  indecl.  num.  adj., 

one  hundred. 

centuria,  -ae,  [cento-  (or  centu-) 

-f  unc.  term.],  F.,  a hundred.  — Esp., 
a century  (a  division  of  the  Roman 
people  in  their  elective  capacity  as 
originally  organized  in  an  army,  in 
which  a century  was  half  of  a mani- 

ple>-  _ _ . , 

centuriatus,  -tus,  [centuria  + 

tus],  M.,  office  of  centurion,  a centu- 

r ions  hip. 

centurid,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [cen- 
turia-], i.v.  a.,  divide  into  centuries. 
— centuriatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
divided  into  centuries.  — Esp.,  of  the 
people:  comitia  centuriata  (the 
chief  election  of  the  Roman  people), 
see  comitia. 

centurio,  -onis,  [centuria-  (or 
kindred  stem)  + o],  M.,  a centurion 
(a  commander  of  one-half  a maniple, 
answering  nearly  to  a modern  ser* 
geant). 

Ceparius  (Cae-),  -i,  [cepa  -f 
arius,  onion-seller^ , M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  M.  Ceparius , 
one  of  the  Catilinarian  conspirators. 

Ceres,  -eris,  [?,  unc.  root  + cs, 
the  beneficent ?],  F.,  the  goddess  o( 
grain  among  the  Romans. 

cerno,  crevi,  cretus,  cernere, 
[^/cer],  3.  v.  a.,  separate.  — Hence, 
distinguish,  see,  behold,  descry , per' 
ceive,  discern.  — See  also  certus. 

certamen,  -inis,  [fcerta-  (in 
certo)  + men],  n.,  a struggle,  a 
contest,  rivalry. 

certatim  [certa  + tim  (as  if  acc. 
of  fcertatis,  cf.  partim)],  adv.,  (in 
a rivalry),  eagerly. 

certe  [old  abl.  of  certus],  adv., 
certainly,  surely,  no  doubt , at  least 
(surely  what  is  mentioned,  if  nothing 
more). 


Vocabulary. 


31 


certo  [abl.  of  certus],  adv.,  with 
certainty : certo  scio  (I  am  per- 
fectly sure , I a?n  convinced , I ai?i 
certain , I am  well  aware ). 

certo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [certo-], 
I.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  contend , struggle , 
vie  (with  one  in  doing  anything). 

certus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  cerno  as 
adj.,  determined \ fixed , certain  (of 
the  thing  as  well  as  the  person), 
sure,  established , triedf  trustworthy , 
trusty , certain  (in  its  indefinite  use 
as  a pronoun),  soine , a particular , a 
special ’ a certain:  ratio  (sound') ; 
mihi  certum  est  (lam  determined). 

cervix,  -Icis,  [prob.  akin  to  cere- 
brum, cornu,  cervus],  f.,  the  back 
of  the  neck , the  neck , the  shoulders 
(the  back  just  below  the  neck,  esp. 
in  plur)  : molem  a cervicibus  de- 
pellere  (throw  off  a weight  from  the 
shoulders)  ; cervices  dare  (offer  one's 
throat  to  be  cut , properly,  lean  for- 
ward to  have  one’s  head  struck  off, 
esp.  in  fig.  sense);  furores  a cer- 
vicibus repellere  (repel  a mad  at- 
tack from  one's  throat). 

(ceterus),  -ra,  -rum,  [y'CE  (in 
ecce,  hie)  + terus  (cf.  alter)],  adj., 
the  other , the  rest  of  (cf.  alius,  other , 
not  including  all) . — Plur.,  the  rest, 
the  remaining , the  others , every  one 
else , everything  else , others  (meaning 
all  others)  : ad  ceteras  res  (in 
every  other  respect) ; ceteris  (the 
rest)  opitulari  et  alios  ( others , not 
all)  servare;  cetera  tua  (your 
other  deeds). 

Cethegus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp.,  C.  Cethegus , 
one  of  the  Catilinarian  conspirators. 

Chilo,  -onis,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
.family  name.  — Esp.,  Q.  Annius 
Chilo , one  of  the  Catilinarian  con- 
spirators. 


Chius,  -a,  -um,  [X?os],  adj .,of  Chios 
(an  island  in  the  Aigean) . — Plur., 
the  Chians  (the  people  of  the  isle). 

Chrysogonus,  -i,  [Xpvaoyovos'], 
M.,  (gold-born) , a favorite  of  Sulla, 
who  enriched  himself  from  the  prop- 
erty of  the  proscribed. 

cibus,  -I,  [?],  M.,  food. 

Cicerb,  -onis,  [cicer  + o,  orig.  a 
nickname,  possibly  from  excrescences 
on  the  nose],  M.,  a name  of  a%Ro- 
man  family  from  Arpinum.  — Esp.: 

1.  Marcus  Tullius , the  great  orator; 

2.  Quintus  (Tullius),  his  brother. 

Cilices,  -cum,  [KtAi/ces],  M.  plur., 

the  people  of  Cilicia. 

Cilicia,  -ae,  [K i\iidd],  F.,  the 
country  of  Asia  Minor  south  of  the 
Taurus,  a favorite  place  of  refuge  for 
pirates. 

Cimber,  -bri,  [?],  m.,  used  in  the 
plural  of  the  Cimbri , a German  tribe 
of  Jutland,  conquered  at  Vercelke 
by  Marius  and  Catulus.  — Also  used 
as  a Roman  name,  esp.  Gabinius 
Cimber , one  of  the  conspirators  with 
Catiline. 

Cimbricus,  -a,  -um,  [Cimbro  + 
cus],  adj.,  of  the  Cimbri:  res  (the 
story  of  the  Cimbri,  the  history  of 
their  invasion  and  defeat). 

cingo,  cinxi,  cinctus,  cingere,  [?], 

3.  v.  a.,  surround,  encircle. 

cinis,  cineris,  [?],  m.  and  F., 
ashes. 

Cinna,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp.,  L.  Cornelius 
Cinna , a colleague  of  Marius,  and 
one  of  his  adherents  in  the  civil  war 
with  Sulla. 

Cinnanus,  -a,  -um,  [Cinna  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  Cinna : dies  (the 
day  when  Cinna  slaughtered  the  ad- 
herents of  the  consul  Octavius  and 
re-established  the  party  of  Marius). 


32 


Vocabulary . 


circum  [acc.  of  circus,  cf.  cir- 
ca], adv.  and  prep.,  around,  about : 
tribus  ( ' around, jimong ). 

circumcludo,  -clusi,  -clusus, 
-cludere,  [ circum- claudo] , 3.  v.  a., 
enclose  around,  encircle,  place  a 
band  around,  shut  in,  hem  in. 

circumdo,  -dedi,  -datus,  -dare, 
[circum-  2.  do],  i.v.a ., put  around : 
ignes  {set  around ) ; custodias  {set). 

jjy  a confusion  of  ideas , surround, 

encircle. 

circumfundo,  -fudi,  -fusus,  -fun- 
der e,  [circum-fundo] , 3.  v.  a .,pour 
around.  — Pass,  (as  reflexive), pour 
in,  rush  around,  rush  in  on  all 
sides.  — Also  (cf.  circumdo),  sur- 
round: copiis  circumfusus. 

circumscrlbo,  -scrips!,  -scriptus, 
-scribere,  [circum-scribo],  3.  v.  a., 
write  around,  draw  around. 
Hence,  hold  in  check,  limit,  confine, 
cheat,  defraud. 

circumscriptor,  -toris,  [circum- 
scriptor],  M .,  a cheat. 

circumsedeb,  -sedl,  -sessus,  -se- 
dere,  [cireum-sedeo],  2.  v.  a.,  sit 
around,  surround.  — Hence,  block- 
ade, besiege. 

circumspicio,  -spexi,  -spectus, 
-spicere,  [circum-specio],  3.  v.  a., 
look  about  for.  — Fig.,  think  over, 
consider,  cast  about  for,  survey. 

circumsto,  -stetl,  no  p.p.,  -stare, 
[circum-sto],  1.  v.  a.,  surround. 

circus,  -I,  [prob.  for  fcicrus(unc. 
root  + rus)  cf.  ku/cAos],  m.,  ( round ?), 
a circus  (a  building  orig.  oval,  for 
races,  etc.)  : Flaminius  {the  Flamin- 
ian  circus,  one  of  the  most  famous 
of  these  buildings,  situated  by  the 
Campus  Martius,  near  the  Capitoline 
and  the  river;  used  for  meetings  of 
the  people);  maximus  {the  Circus 
Maximus,  the  largest  and  most  im- 


portant of  these  buildings,  between 
the  Palatine  and  the  river). 

cisium,  -I,  [?,  prob.  a foreign 
word],  N.,  a chaise  (a  light  two- 
wheeled vehicle,  something  like  a 
chaise  without  a top). 

Cispius,  -!,[?],  M.,  a Roman  gen- 
tile name.  — Esp.,  M.  Cispius,  a 
tribune  of  the  people  at  the  time  of 
Cicero’s  return  from  exile. 

cito  [abl.  of  citus,  p.p.  of  cieo], 
adv.,  quickly—  citius,  comp.,  sooner , 
rather. 

cito, -avi,-atus,  -are,  [cito-],  i.v.a., 
urge  on,  hurry,  set  in  motion. 

Also,  summon,  cite. 

citro  [dat.  of  citer  (ci  + ter)], 
adv.,  {to  this  side) : ultro  citro- 
que  {this  way  and  that,  back  and 
forth) . 

civilis,  -e,  [civi  + lis],  adj.,  of  a 
citizen  (or  citizens),  civil,  internal 
(in  reference  to  the  state),  intestine: 
bellum  {civil)\  causa  {political)-, 
odium  ( partisan , political) ; jus 
{civil,  as  opposed  to  natural). 

civis,  -is,  [ fci  (in  quies)  + vis 
(weakening  of  -vus)],  C.,  a citizen, 
a fellow-citizen. 

ci  vitas,  -tatis,  [civi  + tas],  f., 
the  state  of  being  a citizen,  citizen- 
ship.— Esp.,  Roman  citizenship,  the 
Roman  franchise.  — Less  exactly,  a 
body  of  fellow-citizens,  the  citizens  (as 
a body),  one's  fellow- citizens,  a state 
(composed  of  citizens),  a city  (ab- 
stractly, cf.  urbs,  a city,  locally),  a 
nation,  a tribe  (politically)  : nomen 
civitatis  {the  name  of  citizen) ; for- 
tunam  hujus  civitatis  {of  citizen- 
ship in  this  city). 

clades,  -is,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  *Aaa>], 
F.,  a damage,  a disaster,  loss,  destruc- 
tion, ruin.  — Esp.,  in  war,  defeat, 
disaster , 


Vocabulary. 


33 


clam  [case  of  stem  akin  to  cali- 
go,  etc.],  adv.  and  prep.,  secretly. 

clamito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [freq.  of 
clamo,  perh.  fclamita-(cf.  nauta)], 

i.  v.  a.,  keep  crying  out , vociferate , 
cry  out. 

clamo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [stem  akin 
to  /caAea>,  perh.  fclama-  (cf.  fama)], 
i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  cry  out , exclaim . 

clamor,  -oris,  [clam  (as  if  root 
of  clamo)  + or],  m.,  a shouting , a 
shout , a cry , an  outcry , clamor, 
shouts  (as  if  plur.). 

clarus,  -a,  -um,  [ -y/CLA  (in  clamo) 
+ rus],  adj.,  loud,  distinct , bright , 
clear . — ¥\g.,  famous,  distinguished , 
eniinent,  glorious. 

classis,  -is,  [^/cla  (in  clamo) 
+ tis],  F.,  (a  summoning').  — Less 
exactly,  the  army  (called  out,  cf. 
legio,  a levy).  — Esp.,  an  an?iy 
(called  out  for  duty  at  sea),  a fleet 
(the  most  common  later  meaning), 
naval  forces. 

Claudius,  -i,  [claudo+ius  (prop, 
adj.)],  M.,  a Roman  gentile  name. 

— Esp.:  i . Appius  Claudius  Caecus, 
consul  in  B.C.  54;  2.  C.  Claudius , 
aedile  B.C.  99. 

claudd,  clausi,  clausus,  claudere, 
[of  unc.  form,  akin  to  clavis], 
3.  v.  a.,  close,  shut , fasten , shut  up 
(of  a prisoner),  confine. 

clavus,  -i,  [prob.  ^/klu  (in  clau- 
do,  increased)  + us],  M.,  a nail.  — 
Also  (cf.  clava),  a tiller , a rudder, 
the  helm. 

clemens,  -entis,  [perh.  ^/cla  (in 
clarus)  + mens  (cf.  vehemens)], 
adj.,  (bright?),  gentle  (of  weather). 

— Fig.,  gentle,  kind,  merciful,  hu- 
mane, gracious,  kindly,  clement . 

clementer  [element-!- ter],  adv., 
mercifully,  graciously. 

dementia,  -ae,  [clement -f  ia], 


F.,  kindness,  gentleness,  humanity, 
clemency. 

cliens,  -entis,  [pres.  p.  of  clueo], 

C.,  (a  hearer),  a dependent,  a vas- 
sal, a retainer.  (It  was  the  custom 
at  Rome  for  persons  of  humble  ori- 
gin to  attach  themselves  to  some 
prominent  Roman  in  a kind  of  vas- 
salage. ) 

clientela,  -ae,  [client  -f  ela  (imi- 
tating suadela,  etc.)],  f .,  vassalage 
(as  condition  of  a cliens).  — Also, 
a relation  of  clientage , a connection 
with  a client:  pro  clientelis  (in 
place  of  clients). 

clivus,  -i,  (in  clino)  -f 

vus],  M.,  a slope,  a declivity,  an  ac- 
clivity : Capitolinus  (the  road  to  the 
Capitol,  the  street  in  Rome  which 
ascended  from  the  Forum  to  the 
Capitol). 

cloaca,  -ae,  [akin  to  cluo,  cleanse'] , 
F.,  a sewer. 

Clodianus,  -a,  -um,  [Clodio  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  Clodius:  crimen  (made 
by  him);  leges  (passed  by  him). 

Clodius,  -i,  [the  popular  form  of 
Claudius],  m.,  a Roman  gentile 
name,  belonging  to  the  plebeian 
branch  of  the  gens  Claudia. — Esp., 
1.  P.  Clodius,  a most  bitter  enemy  of 
Cicero.  He  was  killed  in  a fray  by 
T.  Annius  Milo.  2.  C.  Clodius,  an- 
other of  the  same  family. 

Cn.,  abbreviation  for  Gnaeus  (cf. 
C.  and  Cajus). 

Cnaeus,  see  Gnaeus. 

Cnidius  (Gn-), -a,-um,  [K^i5(os], 
adj.,  of  Cnidus. — Masc.  plur.,  the 
people  of  Cnidus. 

Cnidus  (Gni-),  -i,  [K^tSos],  f.,  a 
city  of  Caria,  famous  for  a statue  of 
Venus. 

coactus,  -a,  -um,  see  cogo. 

coaedificd,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 


34 


Vocabulary . 


aedifico],  lv.  a.,  build  together,  join 
(in  building),  build  and  join. 

coarguo,  -ui,  -utus,  -uere,  [con- 
arguo],  3.  v.  a.,  prove , prove  guilty , 
accuse . 

coemo,  -emi,  -emptus,  -emere, 
[con-emo],  3.  v.  a., 
coeo,  -Ivi,  no  p.p.,  -ire,  [con-eo], 
irr.  v.  n.,  come  together , form 

(by  uniting). 

coepi,  -isse,  [con-fapi  (perf.  of 
fapo,  cf.  apiscor)],  def.  v.  a.,  {have 
taken  hold  of ),  began , tmdertook , 
started:  perge  quo  coepisti  (>&#^ 
started).  — coeptus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p., 
used  in  same  sense  as  active  with 
passive  infinitives. 

coerceo,  -ercui,  -ercitus,  -erc^re, 
[con-arceo],  2.  v.  a.,  confine,  keep 
in  check,  put  down,  crush,  coerce,  re- 
press. 

coetus,  -tus,  [con-itus],  m.,  a 

meeting,  an  assembly  (not  regularly 
convened,  cf.  contio),  an  assemblage, 
a concourse. 

cogitate  [old  abl.  of  cogitatus], 
adv.,  thoughtfully,  purposely,  design- 
edly. 

cogitatio,  -onis,  [cogita  + tio], 

F.,  thought , a design,  a plan , an  ex- 
pectation, imagination,  an  idea. 

cogito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
agito  (in  sense  of  revolve,  discuss)'], 
1.  v.  a.,  consider,  think  over , think 
of. — Esp.  (as  to  some  plan  of  ac- 
tion), think  about,  discuss  (what  to 
do),  have  an  idea  of,  intend,  consider 
(that  something  may  happen),  ex- 
pect (contemplate  the  possibility)  : 
cogitare  ne  {see  that  not,  think  how 
not,  plan  to  prevent)  ; nihil  cogitare 
{have  no  thought,  think  of  nothing) ; 
nihil  cogitass  e (never  had  a thought)', 
hoc  cogitat  {has  this  idea) ; mag- 
num aut  amplum  cogitare  {have 


any  great  or  noble,  idea) ; nihil  cogi- 
tas  {meditate  nothing) ; cogitare 
de  {think  of,  meditate,  plan)',  ut 
exsilium  cogites  {dream  of  any 
exile) ; nihil  esse  a me  nisi  optime 
cogitatum  {that  I had  had  none  but 
the  best  designs );  cogitati  furores 
{meditated,  intended)',  cogitatum 
facinus  {premeditated ) . 

cognatiS,  -onis,  [con-(g)natio], 

F.,  connection  by  birth , kinship,  kin- 
dred, relationship  : non  gratia  non 
cognatione  {not  by  influence  of  per- 
sonal friends  or  powerful  relations) . 

cognitio, -onis,  [con-(g)notio,  cf. 
cognosco],  F.,  learning,  study,  be- 
coming acquainted  with,  examina- 
tion, acquaintance. 

cognitor,  -toris,  [con-f(g)notor, 
cf.  cognosco],  M.,  {one  who  investi- 
gates?),  an  attorney.  — Less  exactly, 
a defender,  a supporter , an  advo- 
cate . — Also,  one  who  is  acquainted 
with  (a  person),  a voucher. 

cognomen,  -minis,  [con-(g)no- 
men],  N.,  a name.  — Esp.,  the  per- 
sonal or  family  last  name,  a sobriquet, 
a nickname. 

cognoscS,  -gnovi,  -gnitus,  -gnos- 
cere,  [con(g)nosco],  3.  v.  a.,  learn, 
find  out,  find,  become  aware,  become 
acquainted  with,  recognize , hear  (a 
thing  read).  — Esp.,  investigate,  in- 
quire into,  learn  about,  study,  con- 
sider.— In  perfect  tenses  (cf.  nos- 
co),  know,  be  aware,  be  acquainted 
with  : cognitum  est  {was  known)  ; 
causa  cognita  {upon  a full  investi- 
gation, after  trial) ; spectatus  et 
cognitus  {tried  and  proved) ; cog- 
noscendi  consuetudo  {of  investiga- 
tion) . 

cogo,  coegl,  coactus,  cogere,  [con- 
ago],  3.  v.  a.,  bring  together , collect, 
assemble,  get  together . — Esp.,  of 


money,  collect , exact.  — Hence,  force , 
compel , oblige  : senatum  ( assemble , 
of  the  consul,  who  could  enforce  at- 
tendance). 

cohaereo,  -haesi,  -haesurus,  -hae- 
rere,  [con-haereo],  2.  v.  n.,  cling 
together , cohere , be  closely  connected. 

cohibeo,  -hibui,  -hibitus,  -hibere, 
[con-habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  together , 
hold  in  check , restrain , (from 

anything),  control. 

cohors,  -hortis,  [con-fhortis  (re- 
duced), akin  to  hortus],  F.,  an  en- 
closure. — Hence,  <2  body  of  troops , a 
cohort  (the  tenth  part  of  a legion, 
corresponding  as  a unit  of  formation 
to  the  company  of  modern  tactics, 
and  containing  from  300  to  600  men) . 
— Loosely,  soldiers , infantry , armed 
men.  — Also,  any  body  of  infantry 
or  persons  conceived  as  such,  a troop , 
a company , a band:  praetoria  ( a 
body-guard ',  attending  the  com- 
mander, originally  praetor). 

cohortatio,  -onis,  [con-hortatio 
(cf.  cohortor)],  F.,  an  exhortation , 
an  encouraging , encouragement.  — 
Esp.  (to  soldiers) , an  address  (almost 
invariably  a preliminary  to  an  engage- 
ment). 

cohortor,  -atus,  -ari,  [con-hor- 
ror], 1.  v.  dep.,  encourage , rally , ex- 
port, address  (esp.  of  a commander), 
collaudo,  see  conlaudo. 
collectio,  see  conlectio. 
collega,  see  conlega. 
collegium,  see  conlegium. 
colligo,  see  conligo. 
collinus,  -a,  -um,  [colli  + nus], 
adj.,  of  the  hill.  — Esp.,  of  the  tribe 
of  that  name,  the  Collina  (a  name 
of  great  antiquity  and  unc.  meaning), 
collocb,  see  conloco. 
colloquor,  see  conloquor. 
colluvio,  see  conluvio. 


colo,  colui,  cultus,  colere,  [ ^/col, 
cf.  inquilinus],  3.  v.  a.,  till,  culti- 
vate : agrum;  studia. — Also,  wor- 
ship, reverence,  court , show  respect 
to,  observe : delubra  ( worship  at). 

colonia,  -ae,  [colono  + ia],  F., 
(state  of  a colonist ).  — Concretely, 
a colony  (both  of  the  establishment 
and  the  persons  sent).  The  Roman 
colonists  were  and  continued  to  be 
Roman  citizens,  and  served  as  armed 
occupants  of  the  soil  where  they  were 
sent  in  the  interests  of  the  mother 
country  (cf.  municipium,  a con- 
quered city,  partially  incorporated 
into  the  Roman  state). 

colonus,  -i,  [verb  stem  akin  to 
colo  + nus,  cf.  patronus,  aegro- 
tus],  M.,  a farmer.  — Esp.,  a colo- 
nist (a  Roman  citizen  to  whom  lands 
were  granted  away  from  the  city),  a 
citizen  of  a colony. 

Colophon,  -onis,  [KoAo^wj/],  M., 
a town  of  Lydia,  one  of  the  seven 
that  claimed  Homer  as  their  citizen. 

Colophonius,  -a,  -um,  [Colophon 
-fius],  adj.,  of  Colophon.  — Plur., 
the  people  of  Colophon. 

color,  -oris,  [prob.  akin  to  ca- 
ligo,  as  opposed  to  white\  M.,  color, 
complexion. 

columen,  -inis,  [stem  akin  to  co- 
lumna,  incolumis  (?),  cello  (?, 
cf.  excelsus)  + men  (cf.  crimen)], 
N.,  a pillar , a prop , a stay  : reipub- 
licae  (as  in  English). 

columna,  -ae,  [stem  akin  to  col- 
umen + mna  (cf.  alumnus)],  F.,  a 
column , a pillar.  — Esp.,  the  Col- 
umn (moenia,  a pillar  in  the  Forum 
on  which  notices  of  insolvency  were 
posted). 

coma,  -ae,  [/cJ/xt/],  F.,  hair  (on 
the  head),  locks  (hair  arranged  or 
ornamented). 


36 


Vocabulary. 


combnro,  -ussi,  -ustus,  -uiere,  | 
[con-tburo(?),  relation  to  uro  very 
uncertain,  cf.  bustum],  3.  v.  a.,  burn 
up , consume. 

comes,  -itis,  [con-fmitis  (-^/ma 
(in  meo)  + tis,  cf.  semita)],  c.,  a 
companion  (esp.  an  inferior  as  at- 
tendant or  follower),  a follower , an 
adherent , an  associate , an  attendant. 

cdmissatio,  -onis,  [comissa  + 
tio],  F.,  a revel  (in  the  streets  after 
a debauch). 

comitatus,  -tus,  [comita  + tus], 

M.,  an  accompanying , a company , a 
train , a following , followers , an  es- 
cort. 

comitium,  -i,  [?,  perh.  comit- 
(see  comes)  + ium,  the  assemblage 
of  followers  (cf.  servitium)],  N.,  a 
part  of  the  Forum  at  Rome.  — Plur., 
the  assembly  (of  the  people  for  vot- 
ing), an  election. 

comitor,  -atus,  -ari,  [comit-], 

1 . v.  dep.,  accompany . — comitatus, 
-a,  -urn,  p.p.  in  pres,  sense,  accom- 
panying.— Also,  in  pass,  sense,  ac- 
companied. 

commeatus,  -tus,  [con-meatus, 
cf.  commeo],  m.,  a going  to  and 
fro , an  expedition  (back  and  forth), 
a trip,  — Hence,  communications 
(of  an  army).  — So  also,  supplies  (of 
an  army  ),  provisions. 

commemorabilis,  -e,  [con- 
memorabilis  (cf.  commemoro)], 
adj.,  noteworthy , notable , praisewor- 
thy, remarkable. 

commemoratio,  -5nis,  [con- 
memoratio  (cf.  commemoro)],  f., 

a calling  to  mind , mention , com- 
memoration (calling  to  mind  with 
respect),  a reminder , remembrance 
(putting  in  Eng.  the  result  for  the 
process). 

commemoro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 


[con-memoro],  I.  v.  a.,  remind  one 
of  — Hence,  speak  of  mention , state 
(in  a narrative)  : judicia  commemo- 
randa  {noteworthy) . 

commendatio,  -onis,  [con-fman- 
datio(cf.  commendo)],  F.,  a recom- 
mendation. 

commendo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
mando],  i.v.  a.,  intrust , recommend , 
surrender , commend  (for  help  or 
protection) . 

commeo,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [con- 
meo],  I.  v.  n.,  go  back  and  forth. — 
With  ad,  visit,  resort  to. 

commercium,  -i,  [fcommerc  + 
ium  (cf.  commercor)],  N.,  com- 
mercial intercourse , trade , commerce , 
dealings  (in  the  waj  of  trade). 

commisced,  -scui,  -xtus  (-stus), 
-scere,  [con-misceo],  2. v. a.,  mingle , 
mix. 

committo,  -misi,  -missus,  -mit- 
tere,  [con-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  {let  go 
(send)  together  or  altogether).  — 
Hence,  join,  unite,  attach : proelium 
{engage,  begin  the  engagement).— 
Also,  entrust,  trust:  tabulas  com- 
mittere  {put  into  the  hands  of,  etc.) ; 
nihil  his  committere  {place  no  con- 
fidence in,  etc.).  — Also,  admit , al- 
low (to  happen),  commit  (suffer  to 
be  done,  cf.  admitto),  perpetrate, 
do  : committere  ut  posset  {leave  it 
possible) ; nihil  committere  {do 
nothing  wrong) . 

commodo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
modo-],  i.v.  a.,  adapt.  — Also  (cf. 
commodus) , loan,  lend. 

commodum,  see  commodus. 

commodus,  -a,  -um,  [con-mo- 
dus, see  A.  & G.,  168^],  adj.,  {hav- 
ing the  same  measure  with) , fitting, 
suitable,  convenient,  advantageous : 
commodissimum  est  {it  is  the  best 
thing,  most  advantageous).  — N eut. 


Vocabulary. 


37 


as  subst.,  convenience , comfort,  ad- 
vantage, interest : commodo  nostro 
(at  our  convenience) ; commoda 
quibus  utimur  (blessings). 

commoneo,  -monui,  -monitus, 
-monere,  [con-moneo] , 2.  v.  a.,  re- 
mind. 

commoror,  -atus,  -ari,  [con-mo- 
ror],  1.  v.  dep.,  delay , stay,  wait. 

commoveo,  -movi,  -motus,  -mo- 
vere,  [con-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  move , 
stir,  agitate.  — With  reflex.,  or  in 
pass.,  be  moved,  move  (intrans.),  stir. 
— Fig.,  disturb , agitate , affect,  alarm, 
influence  (with  idea  of  violent  feel- 
ing), move,  trouble. 

communico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[f  communico-  (communi  + cus)], 
I.  v.  a.,  (make  common),  share,  com- 
municate, consult  (with  a person 
about  a thing,  and  so  make  it  com- 
mon), add  (a  thing  to  another),/**/ 
in  along  with  (something  else)  : 
causam  (confound  with  that  of  an- 
other); ratio  cum  illo  communi- 
catur  (shared  by  him) . 

communio,  -onis,  [communi+o 
(cf.  legio)],  F.,  participation  (in 
common),  sharing:  sanguinis  (the 
ties  of  blood). 

communis,-  -e,  [con  + munis  (cf. 

munia,  dutiesj],  adj.,  (having  shares 
together),  common,  general,  in  com- 
mon : ex  communi  consensu  (by 
general  agreement)',  consilium  (gen- 
eral plan , concerted  action) ; jura 
(universal,  natural) ; quid  tarn 
commune  (universal).  — Neut.  as 
subst.,  a community,  an  association  : 
a Cretensium  communi  (from  the 
Cretans  in  common). 

communiter  [communi  -f  ter], 
adv.,  in  common,  in  general. 

commutabilis,  -e,  [commuta  + 
bilis],  adj.,  changeable. 


commutatio,  -onis,  [con-muta-f- 
tio  (cf.  commuto)],  f.,  change. 

commuto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
muto],  1.  v.  a .^change,  exchange. 

comparatio,  -onis,  [con-paratio 
(cf.  comparo)],  f.,  a comparison , 
a preparation. 

comparo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
paro],  1.  v.  a.,  get  ready,  prepare , 
win,  secure,  procure,  gain,  get  to- 
gether, prepare  for  (with  a different 
view  of  the  object  in  English),  ar- 
range, establish,  ordain  (of  institu- 
tions) : insidias  (lay) ; uxor  se  (get 
ready).  — Also  (cf.  confero),  com- 
pare (possibly  a different  word). 

compellb,  -puli,  -pulsus,  -pellere, 
[con-pello],  3*  v.  a.,  drive  together 
(or  altogether),  drive  in,  force,  drive. 

comperendino,  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[conperendino-],  1.  v.  a.  and  n., 
adjourn  (of  a court).  — Also,  of  one 
of  the  parties,  close  the  case  (so  as  to 
be  ready  for  adjournment). 

comperid,  -peri,  -pertus,  -perire, 
[con-pario],  4.  v.  a.,  (get  together), 
find  out  (by  inquiry),  discover. 

competitor,  -toris,  [con-petit  or], 
M.,  a competitor,  a rival. 

complector,  -plexus,  -plecti,[con- 
plector],  3.v.dep.,  embrace,  include, 
enclose.  — Less  exactly,  love,  cherish  : 
sententia  (express  concisely). 

compleo,  -plevi,  -pletus,  -plere, 
[con-pleo],  2.  v.  a.,  fill  up,  fill.  — 
With  a different  conception  of  the 
action  from  Eng.,  cover,  man  (of 
walls) . 

complexus,  -us,  [con-fplexus 
(cf.  complector)],  m.,  an  embrace. 

complures,  -plura  (-ia),  [con- 
plus],  adj.  plur.,  very  many,  a great 
many,  a great  number  of. 

compono,  -posui,  -positus,  -po- 
nere,  [con-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  put  to - 


38 


Vocabulary. 


gether.  — Also,  settle , make  a settle- 
ment.— compositus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  settled , composed. 

comporto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
porto],  I.  v.  a.,  bring  together. 

compos, -otis,  [con-pOtis],adj.,  in 
possession  of:  hujus  urbis(«  citizen). 

comprehendo,  -hendi,  -hensus, 
-hendere,  [con-prehendo],  3.  v.  a., 
seize , catch,  take  into  custody , arrest , 
capture , grasp  (one  by  the  hand  or 
clothing).  — Fig.,  take,  catch  (of 
fire) , firmly  grasp  (of  facts) . 

comprimo,  -pressi,  -pressus,  -pri- 
mere,  [con-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  press 
closely , crush,  repress,  foil,  put  down. 

comprobo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
probo],  1.  v.  a.,  approve,  sanction, 
prove. 

conatus,  -tus,  [cona-  (stem  of 
Conor)  +tus],  M.,  an  attempt , an 
effort,  an  undertaking. 

concedd,  -cessi,  -cessus,  -cedere, 
[con-cedo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  retire, 
go  out  of  the  way.  — Also,  give  up  (a 
thing  to  one),  allow,  grant,  assign 
(leave,  where  the  rest  is  taken 
away) , permit,  yield  the  palm  (to  a 
superior),  yield,  admit , concede. 

concelebro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
celebro],  1.  v.  a.,  celebrate,  attend  in 
throngs. 

concertatio,  -onis,  [con-certa  + 
tio],  F.,  rivalry,  contention. 

concerto,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [con- 
certo], 1.  v.  n.,  contend. 

concido,  -cidi,  -casurus,  -cideie, 
[con-cado],  3.  v.  n .,fall  downfall. 

Fi g.,fail,  be  impaired,  collapse. 

concido,  -cidi,  -cisus,  -cidere, 
[con-caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  to  pieces, 
cut  down  (kill),  cut  up,  mangle. 

conciliatricula,  -ae,  [concilia- 
tric  -f  ula],  F.,  a little  conciliator 
(female  or  conceived  as  such),  an 


insinuating  charmer,  a flattering 
commendation. 

concilio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
cilio-  (stem  of  concilium)],  i.v.  a., 
bring  together  (cf.  concilium). — 
Hence,  win  over  (originally  by  per- 
suasion in  council?),  secure  (even  by 
force),  win,  gain  : feras  inter  sese 
( attach  to  each  other). 

concilium,  -i,  [con-fcilium 
( -y/CAL  -f-  ium,  cf.  Calendae)],  N., 
a meeting. — Esp.,  an  assembly  (of 
war  or  state),  a council,  a confer- 
ence, a united  body  (of  merchants, 
farmers,  or  the  like),  the  people  (as- 
sembled in  the  comitia  tributa). — 
Cf.  consilium,  which  is  often  equiv- 
alent, but  refers  rather  to  the  action 
or  function  than  the  body. 

concipio,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  -cipere, 
[con-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take  up,  take 
on,  take  in,  get  (maculam),  incur 
(infamiam).  — Of  the  mind,  con- 
ceive, plan , devise. 

concitatio,  -onis,  [con-citatio 
(cf.  concito)],  ¥.,  excitement. 

concito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
cito], I.  v.  a.,  arouse,  stir  up,  call 
out  (and  so  set  in  motion),  excite , 
agitate  : mala  {set  on  foot) . 

conclave,  -is,  [con-clavis] , N.,  a 
chamber  (originally  locked). 

concludo,  -clusi,  -clusus,  -cludere, 
[con-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  up,  en- 
close.— Also,  conclude,  finish. 

concordia,  -ae,  [concord  + ia] , 
F.,  harmony,  concord,  unanimity . - 

Esp.,  Concord  (worshipped  as  a god- 
dess by  the  Romans,  like  many  other 
qualities,  and  having  a famous  tem- 
ple on  the  slope  of  the  Capitoline 
looking  towards  the  Forum). 

concors,  -ordis,  [con-cor],  adj., 
harmonious:  fratres  {mutually  af- 
fectionate). 


Vocabulary. 


39 


concupisco,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  -Iscere, 
[con-fcupisco],  3.  v.  a.,  covet , desire 
earnestly , long  for. 

concurro,  -currl  (-cucurri),  -cur- 
surus,  -currere,  [con-curro],  3.  v.  n., 
run  together , rush  tip,  rush  in,  rush 
( advance),  yfoci  to,  hasten  in  : con- 
cursum  est  ( there  was  a rush). 

concurso,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [con- 
curso],  I.  v.  n.,  rush  to  and  fro,  run 
about. 

coneursus,  -sus,  [con-cursus  (cf. 
concurro)],  M.,  a rushing  to  and 
fro,  a dashing  together  (collision).  — 
Esp.,  a charge , onset,  a crowd  run- 
ning, a crowd,  a crowding  together, 
a concourse , an  assembling  (in  a 
tumultuous  manner),  an  assembly. 

condemno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
damno],  1.  v.  a.,  condemn , find 
guilty. — Less  exactly , condemn  (not 
in  a court). 

condicio,  -onis,  [con-dicio  (cf. 
condico)] , F.,  terms , condition,  terms 
of  agreement,  terms  (of  fighting), 
state  (of  slavery),  lot,  situation,  a 
bargain,  position. 

conditio,  see  condicio. 
condo,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere, [con-do], 
3.  v.  a.,  put  together,  found,  build.  — 
Also,  lay  up,  preserve  (cf.  condio). 

condonatio,  -onis,  [con-donatio 
(cf.  condono)],  f.,  a giving  up,  a 
donation. 

condono,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
dono], i.\.2i.,give  up,  pardon  for 
the  sake  of. 

conduco,  -duxi,  -ductus,  -ducere, 
[con-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  bring  together, 
bring  up  (soldiers) . — Also,  hire. 

confectio,  -onis,  [con-factio  (cf. 
conficio)],  F.,  a finishing. 

confercio,  -fersi,  -fertus,  -fercire, 
[con-farcio],  4.  v.  a.,  crowd  together. 
— confertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj. 


(both  of  the  thing  crowded  and  the 
place),  close,  crowded,  dense,  closely 
crowded,  in  close  order,  in  a solid 
body : confertus  cibo  ( crammed 
with  food). 

confero,  -tuli,  -latus,  -ferre,  [con- 
fer o],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  together,  get 
together,  bring  in,  gather,  collect.  — 
With  or  without  culpam,  lay  the 
blame  on,  charge,  ascribe.  — With  re- 
flexive, betake  one's  self,  remove,  take 
refuge,  devote.  — So  with  other  words, 
remove,  establish.  — Also,  postpone, 
delay,  devote,  confer,  contribute,  set, 
appoint,  compare. — Esp. : signa  (join 
battle  in  a regular  engagement)  ; pes- 
tem  ( bring  upon,  visit  upon)  ; spem 
( set  upon  something);  orationem 
( direct  towards). 

confertus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
fercio. 

confessio,  -onis,  [con-f  fassio  (cf. 
confiteor)],  F.,  a confession. 

confestim  [acc.  of  fcon-festis 
(cf.  festino)],  adv.,  in  haste,  imme- 
diately, at  once. 

conficio,  -feci,  -fectus,  -ficere, 
[con-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  (do  up),  ac- 
complish, complete,  finish  up,  carry 
out,  finish,  perform.  — Also,  make 
up,  write  up  (of  a document),  work 
up  (of  skins  tanned). — Also  (cf. 
Eng.  “ done  up  ") , finish  up,  exhaust, 
wear  out,  kill. 

confictio,  -onis,  [con-fictio  (cf. 
confingo)],  F.,  a making  up,  an 
invention. 

confido,  -fisus  sum,  -fidere,  [con- 
fido],  3.  v.  n.,  be  confident,  trust, 
trust  to,  have  confidence  in,  rely  on, 
feel  assured.  — confisus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  in  active  sense,  trusting  in. 

confingo,  -finxi,  -fictus,  -fingere, 
[con-fingo],  3.  v.  a.,  make  up,  manu- 
facture, invent,  imagine . 


40 


Vocabulary . 


confirmo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
firmo],  I.  v.  a.,  strengthen.  — Fig., 
strengthen , establish , encourage , 
jirtn , re-establish , reassure.  — Hence 
(of  things  and  statements),  confirm , 
declare , assert,  assure  (one  of  a 
thing) , prove , support  (a  statement)  : 
Galliam  praesidiis;  causam  auc- 
toritatibus;  audaciam;  conjuncti- 
onem;  imbecillitatem ( £7^ strength 
to). 

confiteor,  -fessus,  -fiteri,  [con- 
fateor],  2.  v.  dep.,  confess,  acknowl- 
edge, admit,  make  confession. 

conflagro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
flagro], 1.  v.  n.,  be  on  fire,  burn,  be 

burned. Fig. : invidia  {be consumed 

by  a fire  of  indignation). 

confligo,  -flixi,  -flictus,  -fligere, 
[con-fligo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  dash 
against,  contend,  fight. 

conflo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con-flo] , 

1.  v.  a.,  blow  up  (of  a fire).  Fig., 
excite,  kindle.  — Also,  fuse,  melt.  — 
Hence  (fig.),  get  together,  gather, 
fuse:  injuria  novo  scelere  con- 
flata  (got  up,  devised). 

confluo,  -fluxi,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [con- 
fluo],  3.  V.  n .,flow  together.  Less 
exactly  (of  persons ),  flock  together  : 
portus  ( unite  their  waters). 

conformatio,  -onis,  [con-forma- 
tio  (cf.  conformo)],  F.  (concretely), 
form,  conformation,  structure,  form- 
ing, training. 

conformo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
formo], I.  v.  a.,  form,  mould,  train. 

confringo,  -fregi,  -fractus,  -frin- 
gere  [con-frango],  3.  v.  a.,  break 
up,  shatter. 

confugio,  -fugi,  no  p.p.,  -fugere, 
[con-fugio] , 3.  v.  n.,  flee,  take  refuge. 

congero,  -gessi,  -gestus,  -geiere, 
[con-gero],  3-  v-  a->  bring  together, 
heap  together,  mass  together , heap  upon. 


congredior,  -gressus,  -gredi,  [con* 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  come  together. 

— In  peace,  unite  with.  — Esp.,  in 
war,  come  in  contact  with,  engage, 
fight. 

congrego,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
fgrego  (cf.  aggrego)],  1.  v.  a., 
bring  together,  gather  together,  col- 
led.  — With  reflex,  or  in  pass.,  as- 
semble, gather . 

congruo,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -uere,  [?, 
congruo-(con-grus,  cf.  flock  together, 
herd  together,  dog  one's  footsteps,  crane 
the  neck )],  3.  v.  n .,  flock  together  (cf. 
example  below).  — Hence,  harmo- 
nize, agree : multae  causae  conve- 
nisse  unum  in  locum  atque  inter 
se  congruere  (combine). ~ 

conicio  (-jicio),  -jeci,  -jectus, 
-icere  [con-iacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw 
together,  hurl,  cast,  discharge,  aim  : 
se  conciere  (rush) ; sortem  (cast, 
draw).— Less  exactly, esp. in  a military 
sense),  throw  (into  prison) , put, place, 
station  (cf.  military  throw  troops  into, 
etc.) , force.  — Fig.,  put  together  (of 
ideas),  conjecture,  guess  : in  noctem 
se  conicere  (rush  out  into  the  dark- 
ness, rush  out  at  night). 

coniveo  (conn-),  -nivi  (-nixi), 
-nivere,  no  p.p.»  [con-niveo],  2.  v. n., 
wink,  (also  fig.  as  in  Eng.)  shut  the 
eyes,  connive. 

conjectura,  -ae,  [con-iactura, 
cf.  conicio],  F.,  a guess  (“putting 
two  and  two  together  ”),  a conjecture , 
an  inference. 

conjicio,  see  conicio. 
conjunctio,  -onis,  [con-junctio 
(cf.  conjungo)],  F.,  a uniting,  a 
union , a connection. 

conjungo,  -junxi,  -junctus,  -jun- 
gere,  [con-jungo],  3.  v.  a.,  unite, 
connect,  fasten  together.  In  pass., 
or  with  reflexive,  unite  (neuter),  row- 


Vocabulary. 


41 


nect  one’s  self  join.  — conjunctus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  united ’ closely 
connected , in  conjunction  with  : cum 
his  (ludis)  plebeios  esse  conjunc- 
tos  ( follow  immediately ) ; quod 
(bellum)  reges  ( unite  to  wage). 

conjunx,  -jugis,  [con-fjux(  y/jUG, 
as  stem,  with  intrusive  n from  j un- 
go)],  C.,  a spouse.  — Esp.,  F.,  a wife. 

conjuratio,  -onis,  [con-juratio, 
(cf.  conjuro)],  F.,  a conspiracy , a 
confederacy. 

conjuratus,  see  conjuro. 
conjuro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 

iuro],  1.  v.  n.,  swear  together , take 
an  oath  (together),  swear  mutual 
oaths.  — Hence,  conspire.  — conju- 
ratus, p.p.  as  subst.,  a conspirator. 

conlatus  (coll-),  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of 
confero. 

conlaudo  (coll-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[con-laudo],  1.  v.  a upraise  (in  set 
terms). 

conlectio  (coll-),  -onis,  [con- 
lectio],  F.,  a collecting , a gathering. 

conlega  (coll-),  -ae,  [con-flega 
(y/LEG  + a)],  M.,  a colleague  (one 
of  two  or  more  persons  holding  an 
office  with  equal  powers). 

conlegium  (coll-),  -i,  [con-le- 
gium  (?),  or  conlega  + ium],  n.,  a 
body  of  colleagues , a body  (composed 
of  such  persons) . — Also,  a corpora- 
tion, an  organized  body , a club , a 
guild. 

conligb  (coll-),  -legi,  -lectus, 
-ligere,  [con-lego],  3.  v.  a.,  gather , 
collect ',  acquire  (by  accumulation). 

— With  reflexive,  collect  one’s  self 
recover,  gather  : naufragi  conlecti 
( picked  up). 

conloco  (coll-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[con-loco],  1.  v.  a.,  place , set , station 
(of  troops,  etc.),  set  up,  lay  : insidias. 

— Esp.  (with  or  without  nuptum), 


give  in  marriage , marry  (of  a father 
or  guardian) . — Fig.,  settle , place 
(spem),  invest  (pecunias),  locate 
(sedem). 

conloquor  (coll-),  -locutus,  -lo- 
qui,  [con-loquor],  3.V.  dep.,  confer , 
hold  an  interview  (or  parley),  par- 
ley, converse. 

conluvio,  -onis,  [con-fluvio  (akin 
to  luo)],  F.,  wash,  dregs. 

connlveo,  see  coniveo. 

Conor,  -atus,  -ari,  [?,  con-  stem 
akin  to  onus],  1 . v.  dep., attempt,  try, 
endeavor  : conatum  (an  attempt) . 

conqueror,  -questus,-queri,  [con- 
queror], 3.  v.  dep.,  complain,  7nake 
complaint. 

conquiesco,  -quievi,  -quieturus, 
-quiescere,  [con-quiesco],  3.  v.  n., 
rest,  repose,  find  rest,  be  quiet,  be  idle . 

conquisitor,  -toris,  [con-quaesi* 
tor],  M.,  an  investigator,  a searcher, 
a detective. 

Consanus,  (Comps-),  -a,  -um, 
[Consa  + anus],  adj.,  of  Consa  (a 
city  of  the  Hirpini).  — Plur.,  the 
people  of  Consa. 

consceleratus,  -a,  -um,  [con- 
sceleratus],  adj.,  accused,  criminal. 

conscientia,  -ae,  [con-scientia, 
cf.  consciens],  F.,  consciousness, 
privity,  conscience,  consciousness  of 
guilt. 

conscius,  -a,  -um,  [con-fscius, 
Vsci  (in  scio)  + us],  adj.,  knozving 
(with  one’s  self  or  another),  con- 
scious, privy,  a witness , a confidant. 

conscrlbo,  -scripsi,  -scriptus,  -scri- 
bere,  [con-scribo],  3.  v.  a.,  write 
down.  — Esp.,  enrol,  conscribe,  levy . 

— Esp.:  Patres  conscripti  (sena- 
tors, the  senate ). 

consecro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
sacro],  1.  v.  a.,  hallow,  consecrate. 

— consecratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 


42 


Vocabulary . 


adj.,  consecrated)  sacred \ hallowed: 
Aristaeus  in  templo  ( worshipped ) ; 
viri  ad.  immortalitatis  et  religio- 
nem  et  memoriam  consecrantur 
( are  held  in  reverence). 

consensio,  -onis,  [con-fsensio, 
cf.  consentio],  F.,  agreement, , una- 
nimity. 

consensus,  -sus,  [con-sensus,  cf. 
consentio],  M.,  agreement , consent , 
harmonious  (or  concerted)  actionf 
unanimous  action . 

consentio,  -sens!,  -sensurus,  -sen- 
tire,  [con-sentio],  4-  v-  n->  a£ree> 
conspire , make  common  cause , act 
with  (some  one). 

consequor,  -secutus,  -sequi,  [con- 
sequor],  3.  v.  dep.,  follow  (and  stay 
with),  overtake . — Hence,  obtain , se- 
cure, attain , succeed  in  (some  pur- 
pose), arrive  at.  — Also,  follow  close 
upon , succeed)  ensue , result:  quaes- 

tum  OO ; fructum  (w». 

conservatio,  -onis,  [con-serva- 
tio  (cf.  conservo)],  ¥. preservation. 

conservator,  -toris,  [con-serva- 
tor  (cf.  conservo)],  M.,  a preserver , 
a saviour. 

conservo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
servo], I.  v.  a.,  save,  preserve)  spare) 
keep. — Also,  observe  (law,  right), 
regard. 

consessus,  -sus,  [con-sessus  (cf. 
consedeo)],  M.,  a sitting  together , a 
session , a body  (sitting  together), 
bench  (of  judges) . 

considero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?, 
poss.  fconsidero-  (from  adj.  stem  of 
which  sidus  is  neut.,  cf.  deside- 
rium)],  1.  v.  a.,  dwell  upon,  con- 
sider) contemplate. 

Considius,  -i,  [con-fsidius  (akin 
to  sedeo)],  M.,  a Roman  name.— 
Esp.,  C.  Considius  Longus  in  Africa 
as  propraetor  B.C.  50. 


consido,  -sedi,  -sessurus,  -sidere, 
[con-sido],  3.  v.  n.,  sit  down  (in  a 
place).  — Less  exactly,  take  a posi- 
tion) halt)  encamp)  settle. 

consilium,  -i,  [con-fsilium  (cf. 
consul,  akin  to  salio,  in  some  ear- 
lier unc.  meaning)],  N.,  deliberation. 

— Esp.,  wise  counsel)  advice , wis- 
dom, prudence , discretion.  — Hence, 
a plan,  a counsel , design)  purposey 
course  (as  design  carried  out),  meas- 
ure, conduct,  a policy , a stratagem. 

Esp.,  a deliberative  body  (more 

abstract  and  with  more  reference  to 
the  act  or  function  of  deliberating 
than  concilium, which  see),  a coun- 
cila body  of  counsellors , a bench  (of 
judges),  a panel  (of  a jury),  a court 
(consisting  of  a body  of  judices)  : 
casus  ad  consilium  admittitur 
(, chance  is  not  admitted  to  council) ; 
privato  consilio  non  publico  {as  a 
private  not  a public  measure , by  pri- 
vate and  not  by  official  action)  5 par- 
tim  consiliis  partim  studiis  {partly 
with  policy partly  with  political  feel- 
ing) ; publico  consilio  factum  {as 
a state  measure) ; uno  consilio  {with 
one  continuous  purpose  or  policy) ; 
consilium  publicum  {council  of 
state , of  the  senate) ; ad  consilium 
publicum  rem  deferre  {the  estab- 
lished council  of  state)  ; non  deest 
rei  publicae  consilium  {a  plan  of 
action  settled  by  the  council  of  state) ; 
erat  ei  consilium  ad  facinus  ap- 
tum  {power  of  planning) ; consilio 
malitiae  occurrere  {with  wise  meas- 
ures);  aliquod  commune  consilium 
{any  consulting  body). 

consisto,  -stiti,  no  p.p.,  -sistere, 
[con-sisto],  3.  v.  n.,  take  a stand, 
take  a position , stand , keep  one's  posi- 
tion, form  (of  troops).  — In  perf. 
tenses,  have  a position , stand. 


Vocabulary. 


43 


Hence,  stand  stilly  stop , halt , make 
a stand \ hold  one's  ground,  run 
aground  (of  ships),  remain , stay. — 
With  in,  occupy , rest  on.  — Fig.,  de- 
pend on,  rest  on. 

consobrinus, -i,  [con-sobrinus] , 
M.,  first  cousin  (on  the  mother’s 
side).  — Less  exactly,  (any)  cousin 
german. 

consolatio,  -onis,  [con-solatio 
(cf.  consolor)],  f.,  consolation, 
solace. — Also,  as  in  Eng.,  a means 
of  consolation. 

consolor,  -atus,  -ari,  [con-solor], 
i.  v.  dep.,  console.  — consblatus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  pres.,  consoling. 

consors,  -sortis,  [con-sors],  adj., 
associating,  sharing,  a sharer. 

conspectus,  -tus,  [con-spectus, 
cf.  conspicio],  m.,  sight,  a viezv. 

conspicio,-spexi,-spectus,-spicere, 
[con-fspecio],  3.  v.  a.,  look  upon,  see. 

conspiratio,  -onis,  [con-spiratio 
(cf.  conspiro)],  F.,  a conspiracy,  a 
combination  (not  in  a bad  sense). 

conspiro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
spiro], 1.  vc  n.,  sound  together. — 
Fig.,  harmonize.  — Also,  conspire , 
league  together:  consensus  conspi- 
rans  ( a blended  harmony). 

constans,  -ntis,  p.  of  consto, 
which  see. 

constanter  [constant  + ter], 

adv.,  consistently , uniformly,  stead- 
ily, with  constancy , firmly . 

constantia,  -ae,  [constant  + ia], 
F.,  firmness,  constancy,  undaunted 
courage , strength  of  character. 

constituo,  -stitui,  -stitutus,  -stitu- 
ere,  [con-statuo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
erect,  set  up,  raise,  put  together , make 
up.  — Hence,  establish , station,  ar- 
range, form,  draw  up.  — Fig.,  deter- 
mine, apponit,  agree  upon , determine 
upon,  ordain,  fix,  decide  upon,  estab- 


lish a principle  that,  etc. : Jupiter 
constitutus  ( consecrated ) ; colonias 
{plant);  rationem  salutis  {base, 
found) ; spem  {repose)  ; suspicio- 
nem  {make  out);  supplicium  {de- 
cide upon,  inflict) ; imperatorem 
{create,  appoint)  ; exercitum  {set 
on  foot);  consulares  ad  caedem 
{destine,  mark  out). 

consto,  -stiti,  -staturus,  -stare, 
[con-sto],  1.  v.  n.,  stand  together. — 
Fig-,  agree,  be  consistent  (esp.  of  ac- 
counts).— Hence,  be  established,  ap- 
pear, be  agreed  upon,  be  evident.  — 
Also  (from  accounts),  cost.  — Also, 
depend  upon,  consist,  be  composed. — 
constans,  -ntis,  p.  as  adj.,  consiste?it, 
steady,  fir jn,  steadfast. 

constringo,  -strinxi,  -strictus, 
-stringere,  [con-stringo],  3.  v.  a., 
bind  fast,  hold  fast  bound,  bind  hand 
and  foot,  hold  in  check,  restrain.  — 
In  many  fig.  uses,  the  figure  is  re- 
tained in  Latin  where  it  can  hardly 
be  kept  in  English. 

consuesco,  -suevi,  -suetus,  -sues- 
cere,  [con-suesco],  3.  v.  n.,  becoi?ie 
accustomed.  — In  perf.  tenses,  be  ac- 
customed, be  wont.  — consuetus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.,  accustomed,  wont,  used. 

cbnsuetndo,-inis,  [con-fsuetudo 
(prob.  fsuetu  + do,  as  in  gravedo, 
libido),  cf.  consuesco],  F.,  habit, 
custom,  habits  (collectively),  man- 
ners, customs,  precedent,  ordinary 
method,  habitual  intercourse,  inter- 
course: victus  {customary  mode  of 
living) ; incommodorum  {the  habit 
of  enduring,  etc.). 

consul,  -ulis,  [con-sul  (cf.  prae- 
sul,  exsul),  root  of  salio  in  some 
earlier  unc.  meaning],  M.,  a consul 
(the  title  of  the  chief  magistrate  of 
Rome,  cf.  consilium). — With  proper 
names  in  abl.,  the  usual  way  of  indi- 


44 


Vocabulary . 


eating  dates:  M.  Messala  et  M. 
Pisone  consulibus  (in  the  consul- 
ship of  etc.);  se  consule  (in  his 
consulship , as  a date  or  occasion)  ; 
pro  consule  (see  proconsul). 

cbnsularis,  -e,  [consul  + aris], 
adj.,  of  a consul , of  the  consuls , con- 
sular.—with  homo,  etc.,  or 
as  subst.,  an  ex-consul . 

consulates,  -tus,  [fconsula-  (cf. 
exsulo)  + tus],  M.,  consulship  (cf. 
consul),  the  office  of  consul. 

consulo,  -sului,  -sultus,  -sulere, 
[prob.  consul,  though  poss.  a kin- 
dred or  independent  verb],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  deliberate , consult , take  coun- 
sel, decide.  — With  acc.,  consult , take 
one's  advice , ask  the  advice  of 
With  dat.,  take  counsel  for , consult 
the  interests  of  consult  for  the  wel- 
fare of  look  out  for , do  a service  to. 
— See  also  consulto  and  other  par- 
ticipial forms. 

consulto  [prob.  like  abl.  absolute 
p.p.  used  impersonally,  cf.  auspi- 
cato],  adv.,  with  deliberation,  pur- 
posely',  designedly. 

consultum,  -!,  [n.  p p.  of  con- 
sulo],  N.,  a decision , an  order , a 
decree.  — Esp.,  senatus  consultum 
(an  order  of  the  senate ). 

consumo,  -sumps!,  -sumptus,  -su- 
mere,  [con-sumo],  3.  v.  a.,  (take  out 
cf  the  general  store ) . — Hence,  waste , 
consume , destroy , spend,  exhaust,  use 
up. 

contamino,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
tamin-  (stem  of  con-ftamen,  i.e.  tag 
+ men)],  1.  v.  a.,  bring  into  contact , 
unite.  — Esp.  with  notion  of  conta- 
gion (cf.  contaglo),  contaminate. 
— Hence,  defile , dishonor , disgrace. 

contego,  -texi,  -tectus,  -tegere, 
[con-tego],  3.  v.  a.,  cover  up,  cover, 
bury. 


contemno,  -temps!,  -temptus, 
-temnere,  [con-temno],  3.  v.  a.,  de- 
spise, disregard,  hold  in  contempt.  — 
contemptus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  as  adj., 
despicable,  contemptible. 

contendo,  -tend!,  -tentus,  -ten- 
dere,  [con-tendo],  3.  v.  n.,  strain, 
struggle,  strive,  try,  endeavor,  exerl 
o&e's  self,  attempt,  be  zealous.  — Esp., 
with  verbs  of  motion,  press  on,  has- 
ten%  — A1so,^M  contend,  wage  war. 

With  ad  and  in  like  constructions, 

press  towards,  hasten,  march,  start  to 
go  (in  haste).— With  ab,  urge  upon 
one,  persuade,  induce.  — Also,  com- 
pare, contrast.  — Absolutely,  main- 
tain (that,  etc.),  contend  (in  same 
sense). 

contentio,  -onis,  [con-ftentio, 
cf.  contendo],  F.,  a strain,  struggle, 
efforts.  — Esp.,  contest,  fighting. 
Also,  comparison  (cf.  contendo). 

contentus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  con- 
tendo and  contineo. 

conticesco,  -ticui,  no  p.p.,  -tices- 
cere  [con-ftacesco],  3.  v.  n.,  become 
silent,  cease  to  speak,  be  hushed . 

continens,  -entis,  pres.  p.  of  con- 
tineo, which  see. 

continenter  [continent  + ter] , 
adv.,  continually , without  stopping, 
continuously. 

continentia,  -ae,  [continent  + 

ia],  F.,  self-restraint. 

contineo,  -tinui,  -tentus,  -tinere, 
[con-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  together, 
connect,  contain,  hold  in.  Hence, 
in  many  fig.  meanings,  restrain,  hold 
in  check,  keep  (within  bounds),  hem 
in,  retain  (in  something).  — Pass, 
or  with  reflex.,  keep  within,  remain, 
be  included  in,  be  bounded,  consist 
in  (be  contained  in),  depend  upon. 
— continens,  -entis, p.  as  adj.,  (hold- 
ing together ),  continual,  contiguous, 


Vocabulary . 


45 


» 


continuous.  — As  subst.,  the  continu- 
ous land ' the  continent.  — Also,  re- 
straining one's  self  continent.  — 
contentus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
contented ’ content , satisfied. 

contingo,  -tigi,  -tactus,  -tingere, 
[con-tango],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  touch , 
reach,  join.  — With  dat.  (expressed 
or  implied),  happen , have  the  good 
fortune  (of  the  person).  — Rarely 
in  a general  sense,  occur , be  the 
case. 

continuo  [abl.  of  continuus], 

adv.,  immediately , straightway , forth- 
with. 

continuus,  -a,  -um,  [con-ftenuus 
( -y/TEN  in  teneo-f  uus)],  adj.,  con- 
tinuous, successive , zVz  succession. 

contio,  -onis,  [prob.  for  conven- 
tio],  F.,  assembly.  — Esp., 
assembly  of  the  people  convened  by 
a magistrate  for  discussing  any  pub- 
lic matter,  but  not  for  voting  (cf. 
comitia),  or  a like  assembly  of  sol- 
diers before  their  commander. — Less 
exactly,  a harangue  (on  such  an 
occasion),  an  address:  comes  ad 
contionem  (an  associate  to  address 
the  people );  in  contione  (in  ha- 
rangues'). 

contionator,  -toris,  [contiona  + 
tor],  M.,  a haranguer , a demagogue. 

contionor, -atus,  -ari,  [contion-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  harangue , address  (an 
assembly  or  an  army). 

contra  [unc.  case-form  (instr.?) 
of  fconterus  (con  + terus),  cf. 
superus,  supra],  adv.  and  prep., 
opposite , contrary  to,  against,  in  op- 
position, on  the  other  hand,  on  the 
other  side,  to  the  contrary : contra 
atque  (different  from  what,  etc., 
contrary  to  what,  etc.). 

contractio,  -onis,  [con-tractio 
(cf.  contraho)],  F.,  a drawing  to- 


gether, a contraction : frontis  (a 
frown) . 

contraho,  -traxi,  -tractus,  -trahere, 
[con-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  draw  together, 
draw  in,  bring  tagether,  gather  to- 
gether, contract,  narrow,  make  small- 
er, bring  into  smaller  compass  : aes 
alienum  (contract) ; amplius  ne- 
goti  (get  one's  self  into). 

contrarius,  -a,  -um,  [fcontero- 
(see  contra)  + arius],  adj.,  oppo- 
site (lit.  and  fig.),  contrary,  contra- 
dictory. 

contremisco,  -tremui,  no  p.p., 
-tremiscere  [con-tremisco],  3.  v.  n., 
begin  to  tremble : fides  virtusque 

(waver) . 

controversia,  -ae,  [contro- verso 
+ ia],  F.,  a turning  against. — 
Hence,  a controversy,  a dispute: 
sine  controversia  (without  ques- 
tion). 

contrucldo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
trucido],  1.  v.  a.,  cut  to  pieces, 
slaughter,  massacre.  — Less  exactly, 
tear  in  pieces  (rem  publicam). 

contubernalis,  -is,  [con-taberna 
+ alis],  M.  and  F.,  (prop,  adj.),  a tent 
companion,  a messmate. 

contumelia,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  tumeo], 
F.,  an  insult,  an  affront,  an  outrage. 

convalesco,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere, 
[con-valesco],  3.  v.  n.,  get  better. 

conveho,  -vexl,  -vectus,  -vehere, 
[con-veho],  3.  v.  a.,  bring  together. 

convenio,  -veni,  -ventus,  -venire, 
[con-venio],  4.  v.  a.  and  n.,  come 
together,  meet,  assemble,  come  in,  ar- 
rive, agree  upon,  agree.  — With  acc., 
meet,  come  to.  — Also,  of  things,  be 
agreed  upon,  be  fitting,  be  necessary 
(in  a loose  sense  in  Eng.). — Esp. 
impers.,  it  is  fitting,  ought : qui  con- 
venit  (how  is  it  likely,  how  can  it 
be)  ; tibi  cum  sceleratis  convenire 


46 


Vocabulary . 


( you  be  on  good  terms  with , etc.) 
in  aliquem  suspitio  {can  fall). 

conventiculum,  -i,  [convent5 
+ culum],  N.,  a little  group. 

conventus,  -tus,  [con-fventus 
(cf.  convenio  and  adventus)],  M., 
an  assembly , a meeting.  Esp.,  an 
assize  (the  regular  assembly  of  Ro- 
man citizens  in  a provincial  town  on 
stated  occasions,  at  which  justice  was 
dispensed),  an  association  of  mer- 
chants (in  a province,  who  were 
united  into  a sort  of  guild). 

conversus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  con- 
vert*). 

converto,  -verti,  -versus,  -vertere, 
[con-verto],  3*  v*  a,>  turn  about , 
turn.  — Fig.,  divert , change , convex  t, 
appropriate : se  convertere  {turn). 

convicium  (convit-),  -i,  [fcon- 
vic-  (con-vox)  + ium],  N.,  a wran- 
gle, wrangling. 

convinco,  -vici,  -victus,  -vincere, 
[con-vinco],  3.  v.  a.,  prove , make 
good  (a  charge,  etc.)  : avaritia 

convicta  {found  guilty  of  avarice , 
changing  the  point  of  view  for  the 
Eng.  idiom). — Also  (as  in  Eng.), 
of  the  person,  convict,  prove  guilty. 

convivium,  -i,  [conviva  + ium 
(cf.  collegium)],  N.,  a living  to- 
gether, a banquet,  a carousal. 

convoco,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
voco],  I.  v.  a.,  call  together , summon , 
call  (a  council  or  the  like). 

copia,  -ae,  [fcopi-  (con-ops)  + 
ia,  cf.  inopia,  inops],  F.,  abun- 
dance, plenty, supply  (both  great  and 
small),  quantity,  number.  — Esp., 
luxury  (abundance  of  everything). 
— plur.  (esp.  of  forces),  forces,  re- 
sources, supplies,  armed  forces,  capi- 
tal : dicendi  { fluency) ; in  dicendo 
{fulness  of  matter) . 

copiose  [old  abl.],  ad v.,  fully. 


copiosus,  -a,  -um,  [copia  (re- 
duced) + osus],  adj.,  well  supplied, 
wealthy,  full  of  resources,  well  to  do. 

coram  [unc.  case,  formed  from 
con  and  os],  adv.  and  prep.,  face 
to  face , personally,  present,  in  per- 
son. 

Corduba,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a city  in 
Spain  {Cordova). 

Corfidius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  L.  Corfidius, 
a friend  of  Ligarius. 

Corinthius,  -a,  -um,  [KoptvOios], 
adj .,of  Corinth,  Corinthian.  — Masc. 
plur.,  the  Corinthians. 

Corinthus,  -l,  [K opivOos],  F.,  Cor- 
inth (the  famous  city  on  the  isthmus 
between  Greece  and  the  Peloponne- 
sus, destroyed  by  Mummius,  B.c.  146). 

Cornelius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a famous 
Roman  gentile  name. — Esp.:  1.  Cor- 
nelius Cinna  (see  Cinna) ; 2.  L. 
Cornelius  Sulla  (see  Sulla) ; 3* 
Cornelius  Lentulus  (see  Lentulus). 

Cornelius,  -a,  -um,  [same  word 
as  preceding],  adj.,  of  Cornelius. 
Esp.,  Cornelian  (of  the  laws  passed 
by  Sulla). 

Cornificius,  -i,  [tcornifico  + 
ills],  M.,  a Roman  gentile  name.— 
Esp.,  Q.  Cornificius,  one  of  the 
judices  in  the  case  against  Verres. 

Cornutus,  -l,  [cornu  + tus  (cf. 
barbatus)],  M.,  a Roman  family 
name.  — Esp.,  M.  Cornutus , praetor 
in  B.C.  43. 

corona,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a garland. 
— Fig.,  a circle  {line,  of  soldiers), 
a circle  of  spectators. 

corpus,  -oris,  [unc.  root  + us], 
N.,  the  body,  the  person,  the  frame  : 
petitionis  corpore  effugere  {by 
dodging,  a gladiator’s  term). 

corrigo  (conr-),  -rexl,  -rectus, 
-rigere,  [con-rego],  3-v.a.,  {straight- 


Vocabulary. 


47 


en ),  correct, reform,  amend : te  cor- 
rigas  (amend,  as  if  intrans.). 

corripio,  -ripui,  -reptus,  -ripere, 
[con-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  seize , upon , 
plunder. 

corroboro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [con- 
froboro  (robur)],  i.v.a.,  strength- 
en, confirm. 

corrumpo,  -rupi,  -ruptus,  -rum- 
pere,  [con-rumpo] , 3.  v.  a.,  spoil, 
ruin,  tamper  with  (of  documents  or 
of  a court),  bribe  (of  a court,  etc.). 
— corruptus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  as  adj., 
corrupt,  profligate. 

corruo,  -rul,  no  p.p.,  -ruere,  [con- 
ruo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n .,fall  in  ruins, 
fall.  — Also,  overthrow . 

corruptela,  -ae,  [prob.  corrupto 
+ ela  (cf.  querela)],  f.,  means  of 
seduction , an  enticement,  an  allure- 
ment. 

corruptor,  -toris,  [con-ruptor 
(cf.  corrumpo)],  M.,  a corruptor, 
a seducer. 

cotidianus  (quot-),  -a,  -um, 
[cotidie  + anus],  adj.,  daily. 

cotidie  (quot-),  [quot-die,  loc. 
of  dies],  adv.,  daily,  every  day. 

Cotta, -ae,[?],  m.,  a Roman  family 
name. — Esp.,Z.  Aurelius  Cotta , con- 
sul B.C.  65,  and  later  “ Princeps  Sena- 
tus.” 

Cottius,  -I,  [?],  M.,  the  name  of 
two  Romans  from  Tauromenium, 
who  were  witnesses  against  Verres. 

Cous,  -a,  -um,  [Kwos],  adj.,  of 
Cos  (the  island  in  the  ^Egean). — 
Plur.  M.,  the  Coans. 

eras,  [?],  adv.,  to-morrow . 

Crassus,  -i,  [crassus,^/],  m.,  a 
Roman  family  name. — Esp. : 1.  Mar- 
cus (. Licinius ) Crassus , consul  with 
Pompey  B.C.  55;  one  (with  Caesar 
and  Pompey)  of  the  combination 
called  the  Triumvirate.  2.  L.  Li- 


cinius Crassus , the  great  orator, 
censor  B.C.  103.  3.  P.  Licinius 

Crassus,  censor  B.C.  89. 

cratera,  -ae,  [prob.  from  acc.  of 
Kpar^p],  F.,  a vase  (for  mixing  wine, 
corresponding  to  “ punch-bowl  ”),  a 
jar . 

creber,  -bra,  -brum,  [ere-  (in 
creo)  + ber  (cf.  saluber)],  adj., 
thick,  close,  numerous,  frequent : 
sermo  (general). 

crebro  [prob.  abl.  of  creber], 
ad v.,  frequently,  constantly , in  rapid 
succession,  at  short  intervals. 

credibilis,  -e,  [credi-  (as  stem 
of  credo)  + bilis],  adj.,  to  be  be- 
lieved, credible  : non  credibilis  (im- 
possible to  believe ). 

credo,  credidi,  creditus,  credere, 
[fered  (faith,  of  unc.  formation)  -f 
do  (place)'],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  trust, 
entrust,  believe,  suppose,  believe  in. 
— Esp.  parenthetically,  credo  (/ 
suppose,  ironical)  : mihi  crede  (take 
my  word  for  it,  take  my  advice) . 

cremo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ ?],  1 . v.  a., 
burn,  consume  (esp.  of  the  dead, 
perh.  orig.  only  of  flesh,  cf.  cremor). 

creo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [unc.  form., 
akin  to  cresco],  1.  v.  a.,  ( cause  to 
grow),  create, generate.  — Esp.,  elect, 
choose. 

Creperejus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
gentile  name. — Esp .,M.  Crepereius, 
a Roman  knight,  a judex  in  the  case 
of  Verres. 

crepitus,  -tus,  [crepi-  (as  stem 
of  crepo)  + tus],  M.,  a noise,  a rat- 
tling, a sound. 

Cres,Cretis,[Gr.Kp7?s],M.,  a Cretan. 
cresco,  crevi,  cretus,  crescere, 
[stem  ere  (also  in  creo)  with  -sco], 
3.  v.  n.,  grow , increase,  swell  (of  a 
river),  be  swelled,  increase  in  influ- 
ence (of  a man),  be  increased. 


# 


48 


Vocabulary . 


Cretensis,  -e,  [Creta  + ensis], 
adj .,  of  Crete,  Cretan.  — Masc.plur., 
the  Cretans . 

crimen,  -minis,  [cri-  (stem  akm 
to  cerno)  -fmen],  N.,  {a  decision). 

— Less  exactly,  a charge , a fault, , a 
crime.  _ _ . 

crlminor,  -atus,  -ari,  [crimm-], 
i.  v.  dep.,  accuse,  bring  an  accusa- 
tion, charge,  find  fault  with. 

crlminose  [old  abl.  of  crimino- 
sus],  adv.,  in  the  spirit  of  an  accuser, 
criminosus,  -a,  -urn,  [crimin  + 
osus] , adj.,  criminal,  ground  for  an 
accusation. 

cruciatus,  -tus,  [crucia-  (stem 
of  crucio)  + tus],  M.,  crucifying. 

Hence,  torture.  — With  a change 

of  relation,  suffering  (of  the  person 
tortured) . 

crucio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [cruc-  (as 
if  crucio-)],  i.  v.  a.,  crucify , torture. 

crudelis,  -e,  [fcrude-  (in  cru- 
desco,  akin  to  crudus)  + lis,  cf. 
Aprllis,  edulis,  animalis],  adj., 

( bloody  ?),  cruel  (also  of  things  suf- 
fered, as  in  Eng.). 

crudelitas,  -tatis,  [crudeli+tas], 
F.,  cruelty. 

crudeliter  [crudeli+ ter],  adv., 

cruelly,  with  cruelty , harshly. 

cruento,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [cruen- 
to-],  i.  v.  a.,  stain  with  blood. 

cruentus,  -a,  -urn,  [cru-  (in 
cruor,  crudus)  + entus  (cf.  tan- 
tus)],  adj.,  bloody , blood-stained. 

cruor,  -oris,  [cru-  (in  crudus)  + 
or],  M.,  blood  (out  of  the  body),*wr*. 

crux,  crucis,  [?],  F.,  a cross  (the 
usual  instrument  for  the  punishment 
of  slaves),  death  on  the  cross. 

cubile,  -is,  [fcubl-  (stem  akin  to 
cumbo)  + lis  (cf.  crudelis),  N.  of 
adj.],  N.,  a couch, , a resting-place , a 
bed>  a lair. 


cubo,  -ui,  -itum,  -are,  [y'cuB], 

I.  v.  n.,  lie  down,  lie,  lie  asleep . 
cubitum  ire  (go  to  bed). 

culeus  (cull-),  -i,  [/coAeos],  M., 

a sack. 

culpa,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a fault,  blame, 
guilt. 

cultura,  -ae,  [cultu  + ra  (f.  of 
-rus,  cf.  figura)],  F.,  cultivation, 
culture : agri  cultura  or  agricul- 
tura  ( the  cultivation  of  the  soil) . 

cum  [?,  another  form  of  con-J 
prep.,  with,  along  with,  in  company 
with,  armed  with. 

cum  (quom),  [case-form  (prob. 
acc.)  of  qui],  conj.,  when,  while, 
whenever . — Often  rendered  by  a 
different  construction  in  Eng. : cum 
mulier  esset  ( being  a woman).-— 
Of  logical  relations  (usually  with 
subj.),  when,  while,  since , inasmuch 
as,  though,  although.  — cum  . . . turn 
while  . . . so  also , not  only  . . . but 
especially,  while  . . . besides,  not  only 
but  also,  not  only  . . . but  as  well, 
while  ...  as  well,  while  . . . so  (in 
particular),  both  . . . and,  as  well . . . 
as;  cum  primum  (as  soon  as,  the 
first  time) . 

cumulate  [old  abl.  of  cumula- 
tus],  adv.,  in  full  measure,  fully. 

cumulo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [cumu- 
16-],  I.  v.  a.,  heap  up,  fill  full,  add 
to : alio  scelere  hoc  scelus  (add  to 
this,  etc.,  another,  etc.);  ea  quae 
promisimus  studiose  cumulata 
reddemus  (in  the  fullest  measure). 

cumulus,  -i,  [fcumo-  (akin  to 
Kdfia)  + lus],  M.,  (the  swelling  heap), 
a heap.  — Hence,  the  last  stroke,  the 
last  touch  (added  to  something  al- 
ready complete),  an  extra  weight, 
an  increase. 

ounctus,  -a,  -urn,  [for  coniirac- 
tus?],  adj.,  all  (together,  in  a mass)  : 


Vocabulary . 


49 


Italia  (the  whole  of,  etc.);  urbs 
(the  entire ). 

cupide  [old  abl.  of  cupidus], 
adv.,  eagerly,  zealously,  earnestly . 

cupiditas,  -tatis,  [cupido  + tas], 
F.,  desire,  eagerness , greed,  cupidity, 
greed  of  gain,  selfish  desire. 

cupido,  -inis,  [unc.  form  akin  to 
cupio],  F.,  desire. — Masc.  (personi- 
fied), Cupid  (the  god  of  desire). 

cupidus,  -a,  -um,  [noun  stem 
akin  to  cupio  + dus],  adj.,  eager, 
desirous,  longing  (for),  fond  of,  am- 
bitious (for),  with  a passion  (for), 
overzealous,  greedy. 

cupio,  -plvi,  -pitus,  -pere,  [partly 
root  verb,  partly  from  fcupi-  (cf. 
cupidus)],  3.  (and  4)  v.  a.  and  n., 
be  eager  (for),  be  anxious,  desire 
(stronger  than  volo).  — With  dat., 
wish  well  to,  be  zealous  for : quid 
cupiebas,  quid  opt  abas  (desire,  as 
a passive  longing,  wish  for,  as  an 
active  prayer  or  wish). 

cur  (quor),  [perh.  for  qua  re], 
adv.,  why  (rel.  and  interr.). 

cura,  -ae,  [for  fcavira,  akin  to 
caveo],  F.,  care,  anxiety,  attention. 

curia,  -ae,  [prob.akin  to  Quiris], 
F.,  the  meeting-place  of  the  old  aris- 
tocracy of  Rome.  — Hence,  a senate- 
house.  — Esp.,  the  curia  Hostilia  on 
the  Forum. 

Curio,  -onis,  [curia  + o (priest 
of  a curia)~\,  M.,  a Roman  family 
name.  — Esp.,  C.  Scribonius  Curio, 
a friend  of  Cicero  and  a supporter 
of  the  Manilian  law. 

curiosus,  -a,  -um,  [f  curia  (cf.  in- 
curia)+osus],  adj.,  curious,  prying. 

euro,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [cura], 

I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  take  care,  treat  (medi- 
cally).— With  gerundive,  cause  (to 
be  done),  have  (done) : curare  ut 
(see  that,  take  care  that) . 


curriculum,  -T,  [from  unc.  stem 
akin  to  curro  and  currus,  cf.  ve- 
hiculum],  N.,  a course,  a running. 

curro,  cucurri,  cursurus,  currere, 
[?  for  feurso],  3.  v.  n.,  run. 

currus,  -us,  [V cur  (?)  + us,  cf. 
curro],  M.,  a chariot.  — Esp.,  a tri- 
umphal chariot. 

curso,  -avl,  no  p.p.,  -are,  [curso-], 
I.  v.  n.,  run,  rush,  hurry. 

cursus,  -sus,  [ ^cur  ( ?)  + tus, 
cf.  curro],  M.,  a running,  running, 
speed,  a run  (in  concrete  sense),  a 
course  (space  or  direction  run),  a 
voyage,  a career : celeritas  et  cur- 
sus (activity,  as  a quality,  speedy 
passage,  as  the  result  accomplished) ; 
cursus  sceleris  (fig.  as  in  Eng- 
lish) ; quemeunque  fortuna  dede- 
rit  ( whatever  wanderings) ; oratio- 
nis  (flow). 

curulis,  -e,  [prob.  curru  + lis], 
adj.,  (of  a chariot}). — Esp.,  sella 
curulis  (the  ivory  chair  of  magis- 
trates at  Rome). 

custodia,  -ae,  [custod  -f  ia],  f., 

custody,  guard  (state  of  being  guard- 
ed). — Plur.  (concretely),  guards, 
keepers. 

custodio,  -ivi,  (-ii,)-itus,  -ire,  [cus- 
tod- (as  if  custodi-)],  4.  v.  a.  and 
abs.  (as  if  n.),  guard,  do  guard  duty . 

custos,  -todis,  [unc.  stem  -f-  dis 
(cf.  merces,  palus)],  c.,  a guard, 
a watchman,  a keeper,  a guardian. 

Cyrus,  -i,  [KGpos],  M.,  a common 
name  among  the  Greeks.  — Esp.,  an 
architect  or  builder  employed  by 
Clodius. 

Cyzicenus,  -a,  -um,  [K0()/a}j/os], 
adj.,  of  Cyzicum  (a  city  of  Mysia,  on 
the  Propontis).  — Plur.,  the  people 
of  the  city. 


50 


Vocabulary . 


D. 


d.,  see  a.  d. 

D [half  of  <F,  CID  = M],  500. 

X).,  abbrev.  for  Decimus. 
damnatio,  -onis,  [damna+tio], 

F.,  a finding  guilty,  a conviction.  ^ 
damno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [damno-], 

1.  v.  a.,  (fine') , find  guilty , condemn, 
convict. 

de  [unc.  case-form  of  pron.  stem 
da  (in  idem,  dum)],  prep  with 
abl.,  {down,  only  in  comp,  as  adv.), 
down  from,  off  from,  from,  away 
from.  — Hence,  qua  de  causa  {for 
which  reason)-,  de  aliquo  mereor 
(deserve  well  or  ill  of,  properly  win 
from)-,  de  consilio  (by,  cf.  ex); 
multa  de  nocte  (late  at  night).— 
Esp.  in  partitive  sense,  out  of,  of: 
pauci  de  nostris.  — Also  (cf.  Eng. 
of),  about,  of  ( about),  in  regard  to, 
concerning,  for : de  regno  despe- 
rare;  nihil  de  hello  timere  (have 

no  fear  of  war)-,  contendere,  dimi- 
care  (about, for)-,  triumphare  (tri- 
umph over,  triumph  for  a victory 
over)-,  quid  de  te  futurum  est 
(what  will  become  of  you);  de 
majestate  (for);  de  improviso  (of 
a sudden);  de  industria  (on  pur- 
pose).— In  comp.,  down,  off,  away, 
through  (and  be  done  with). 

dea,  -ae,  [f.  of  deus],  f.,  a god- 
dess.—’Esp.,  Bona  dea  (see  bona). 

debeo,  -bui,  -bitus,  -bere,  [de- 
habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  (have  off  of  one's 
possessions),  owe,  be  bound,  ought, 
cannot  help,  should,  be  under  obliga- 
tion.  _ Pass.,  be  due,  be  owing  : non 
debeo  (have  no  right) ; omnia  de- 
bere  (be  bound  to  do  everything).— 
debitus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  as  adj.,  due, 
deserved. 

debilis,  -e,  [de-habilis] , acj., 
weak,  feeble,  helpless,  enfeebled. 


debilito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
bili-  (through  intermediate  stem)], 

I.  v.  a.,  cripple , weaken,  enfeeble , 
break  down  (in  health,  etc.).  Fig., 
overcome,  paralyze. 

decedo,  -cessi,  -cessurus,  -cedere, 
[de-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  (make  way  off, 
cf.  cedo),  retire,  withdraw,  with- 
draw from,  shun.  — Esp.  (from  life), 
die : de  officio  (sacrifice,  abandon) ; 
de  jure  (yield, give  up). 

decern  [?],  indecl.  adj.,  ten. 
December,  -bris,  -bre,  [decern 
4.  unc.  term,  cf.  saluber],  adj., 
(tenth?).  — Esp.,  of  December. 

decempeda,  -ae,  [decem-fpeda 
(F.  of  fpedus?)],  F.,  a ten-foot  pole , 
a measure  (of  ten  feet). 

decerno,  -crevl,  -cretus,  -ceinere, 
[de-cerno],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  (decide 
off,  so  as  to  clear  away),  decide,  de- 
termine, decree,  order  (as  a result 
of  determination),  vote  (of  a consult- 
ing body,  or  of  a single  member 
of  it). 

decerpo,  -cerpsi,  -cerptus,  -cer- 
pere,  [de-carpo],  3-  v-  »■>  Pluck  °ff- 

Fig.,  detract,  take  away.~ 

decerto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
certo],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  contend  (so 
as  to  close  the  contest),  decide  the 
issue,  try  the  issue  (of  war),  carry 
on  war,  fight  (a  general  engage- 
ment) : de  fortunis  decertan  (one  s 
fortunes  are  at  stake). 

decessus,  -sus,  [de-fcessus,  cf. 
decedo  and  incessus],  M.,  with- 
drawal, departure. 

decet,  -uit,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [?,  cf. 
decus],  2.  v.  impers.,  it  is  fitting,  it 
is  becoming,  it  becomes. 

decimus  (decu-),  -a,  -urn,  [stem 
of  decern  + mus],  adj.,  the  tenth.— 
Esp.,  Decimus , as  a Roman  prseno- 
men.’— Fem.,  decuma  (sc.  pars), 


Vocabulary . 


a tithe  (oi  the  produce  of  land  let 
by  the  state  on  shares). 

declard,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
claro],  i.  v.  a.,  ( clear  off ),  make 
plain , declare,  show. 

decllnatio,  -onis,  [declina+tio], 
F.,  a leaning , a side  movement. 

decllno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
clino],  i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  move  aside , 
avoid  (as  if  by  a deviation  of  the 
body),  elude,  flinch. 

decoctor,  -toris,  [de-coctor  (cf. 
decoquo)],  M.,  {one  who  boils  down), 
a spendthrift. 

decoro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [decor-], 
i.  v.  a.,  adorn,  embellish.  — Fig., 
honor,  praise. 

decretum,  -i,  [prop.  n.  of  de- 
cretus],  N.,  a decree,  a decision, 
resolution. 

decuma,  see  decimus. 
decuria,  -ae,  [decern  + unc. 
term.  (cf.  centuria)],  f.,  a decury 
(a  division  of  ten  men  of  the  origi- 
nal Roman  heads  of  families,  also 
more  generally  of  cavalry  and  other 
bodies). 

decurid,  -onis,  [decuria-fo],  m., 
a president  of  a decury,  a decurion. 
— Also,  a member  of  the  senate  in 
a provincial  town,  a provincial  sen- 
ator. 

decurid,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [decu- 
ria-],  i.  v.  a.,  divide  into  decuries. 

decus,  -oris,  [dec-  (as  root  of 
decet)  + us],  n.,  an  ornament,  an 
embellishment.  — Fig.,  an  honor. 

dedecus,  -oris,  [de-decus],  n., 
a disgrace,  dishonor,  a stain. 

dedico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
dico],  i.  v.  a.,  dedicate , devote. 

deditio,  -onis,  [de-datio,  cf. 
dedo],  f.,  surrender : spes  dedi- 
tionis  {hope  that  one’s  surrender 
would  be  received) . | 


dedo,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere,  [de-do], 
3.  v.  a.,  give  over,  surrender , give 
up.  — In  pass,  or  with  reflex.,  sur- 
render one’s  self,  submit : aures  {lis- 
ten to). 

deduco,  -duxi,  -ductus,  -ducere, 
[de-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  down  or  off, 
lead  away,  withdraw,  draw  off  (prae- 
sidia),  take  away  (of  men),  bring 
away,  lead  (from  one  place  to  an- 
other), bring  (into  a situation). — 
Fig.,  induce,  bring,  lead.  — Esp.  of 
ships,  launch  (draw  down);  of 
women,  marry  (used  of  the  man)  ; 
of  things,  bring,  draw,  turn . So, 
raise  (a  man  to  fortune)  : rem  hue 
{bring) ; de  fide  {seduce) ; de  sen- 
tentia  {dissuade) ; de  lenitate 
{drive) ; coloniam  {plant) ; servos 
ex  Apennino  {bring  down). 
defatlgatid,  see  defetigatio. 
defatlgo,  see  defetigo. 
defendo,  -fendi,  -fensus,  -fendere, 
[de-fendo],  3.  v.  a.,  ward  off,  de- 
fend one’s  self  against.  — Also,  with 
changed  relation,  defend,  protect , 
maintain  (a  cause),  fight  for. 

defensio,  -dnis,  [de-ffensio,  cf. 
defendo],  f.,  a defence. 

defensor,  -oris,  [de-ffensor,  cf. 
defendo],  m.,  a defender  : necis  {a 
preventer) . 

defero,  -tuli,  -15tus,  -ferre,  [de- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  down,  carry 
away,  bring,  land  (of  ships).  — 
Pass.,  be  borne  doivn  or  on,  drift  (of 
ships),  turn  aside  : delati  in  scro- 
bes  {falling) . — Fig.,  confer  upon, 
put  in  one’s  hands,  report,  lay  be- 
fore, devote:  nomen  alicujus  {ac- 
cuse one) ; studium  {tender). 

defessus,  -a,  -urn,  p.p.  of  de- 
fetiscor. 

defetigatio  (defat-),  -dnis,  [de- 
fatigatio],  f.,  exhaustion. 


52 


Vocabulary . 


defetigatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  de- 
fetigo. 

defetigo  (defat-),  -avi,  -atus, 
-are,  [de-fatigo],  I.  v.  a.,  wear  out , 
exhaust , worry , tire  out. 

defetiscor,  -fessus,  -fetiscl,  [de- 
fatiscor],  3.  v.  dep.,  crack  open. 

Fig.,  become  exhausted.  — defes- 

sus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  exhausted , 
worn  out,  wearied:  accusatio (grown 
stale') . 

deficio,  -feci,  -fectus,  -ficere,  [de- 
facio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., fail,  fall  away , 
revolt ',  fall  off,  abandon  (with  ab). 

defigo,  -fixi,  -fixus,  -figere,  [de- 
figo],  3.  v.a ,,fix  (in  or  down), 
set,  fasten , drive  down  : in  oculis 
flagitia  ( set  before) ; curas  {devote). 

definio,  -ivi,  -Itus,-ire,  [de-finio], 

4.  v.  a.,  set  limits  to,  fix,  appoint, 
limit,  bring  to  a close,  mark  out. 

deflagro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
flagro],  1.  v.  n.,  burn  up,  be  con- 
sumed : imperium  deflagratum 

( burned  to  the  ground). 

defluo,  -fluxi,  -fluxurus,  -fluere, 

[de-fluo],  3-  v-  n->  fiow  down'  fiow 
apart,  divide  (of  a river),  fall  away. 
defore,  see  desum. 
deformo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
formo],  1.  v.  a.,  deform,  disfigure . 

defungor,  -functus,  -fungi,  [de- 
fungor],  3*  v.  dep .,  perform,  finish, 
be  done  with,  get  rid  of. 

dego,  degi,  no  p.p.,  degere,  [de- 
ago],  3.  v.  a .,  pass,jpend. 

deicio  (dejicio),  -jeci,  -jectus, 
-icere,  [de-jacio],  3-  v*  a->  throw 
down , keep  off,  ward  off,  deprive, 
keep  out  (one  from  a thing),  repel, 
eject. 

dein  [de-in  (cf.  deinde)],  adv., 
then , next. 

deinde  [de-inde],  adv.,  from 
thence,  then,  after  that,  then  again. 


dejicio,  see  deicio. 
delabor,  -lapsus,  -labi,  [de-labor], 

3.  v.  dep.,  slip  down,  slip  away  : de 
caelo  {fall,  descend ). 

delectatio,  -onis,  [delecta-ftio], 

F.,  delight,  pleasure,  enjoyment. 

delectS,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
flecto,  cf.  delicio  and  allecto], 

I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  {allure),  delight, 
please,  give  pleasure  to.  — Pass.,  take 
delight,  delight  (in  a thing)  : Grae- 
cos  delectat  {the  Greeks  take  pleas- 
ure). 

delectus (di  ),  -tus,  [de-lectns  (cf. 
deligo)  ] , M.,  a choosing,  an  enrol- 
ment, a levy,  a conscription. 

delenio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  -ire,  [de- 
lenio],  4.  v.  a.,  soothe,  soften,  pacify. 

deleo,  -levi,  -letus,  -lere,  [de-fleo 
(akin  to  lino)],  2. v.a.,  {smear  out), 
blot  out,  wipe  out  (of  a disgrace).— 
Fig.,  annihilate,  destroy. 

deliberatio,  -onis,  [delibera  + 
tio],  F.,  a deliberation , a discussion, 
a decision  (through  deliberation)^. 

deliberator,  -toris,  [delibera  + 
tor],  M.,  a deliberator.  — Used  sar- 
castically of  one  who  reserves  his  de- 
cision in  order  to  be  bribed^ 

delibero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
liber  o],  1.  v.a.  and  n.,  {disentangle!), 
decide.  — Also,  discuss,  deliberate, 
weigh. 

delicatus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  perh.  p.p. 
of  fdelico,  wean,  (or  abandon),  cf. 
delicus,  deliculus],  adj.,  {“  cos- 
seited”  ?), pampered,  luxurious. 

deliciae,  -arum,  [delico-  (cf.  de- 
liculus) 4-  ia],  F.,  plur.,  {cosset- 
ting!),  delights,  allurements,  luxuri- 
ous pleasures. 

delictum,  -i,  [N.  p.p.  of  delln- 
quo],  N.,  ( something  left  undone'),  a 
failure,  a fault,  a wrong-doing,  an 
offence. 


Vocabulary , 


53 


deligo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de-ligo] , 
I.  v.  a.,  bind  down,  fasten,  bind,  tie 
up  (to  a stake). 

deligd,  -legi,  -lectus,  -ligere,  [de- 
lego],  3.  v.  a.,  select , pick  out,  choose. 

delinquo,  -liqui,  -lictus,  -linquere, 
[de-linquo],  3.  v.  n.,  fail  (in  one’s 
duty  f do  wrong:  quid  de\iqu.i{what 
zurong  have  I done,  cognate  acc.). 

Delos,  -I,  [A7)Aos],  F.,  an  island 
in  the  Higean. 

Delphicus,  -a,  -um,  [AeA<^/cos], 
adj.,  of  Delphi  (the  seat  of  the  most 
famous  worship  of  Apollo),  Delphic  : 
mensa  (a  table  made  in  the  form  of 
a tripod). 

delubrum,  -i,  [de-flubrum  ( y'LU 
-f-  brum)],  N.,  an  expiatory  shrine,  a 
shrine  (cf.  aedes,  a temple  gener- 
ally; templum,  a place  consecrated 
by  augury;  fanum,  an  oracular  (?) 
shrine). 

deludo,  -lusi,  -lusus,  -ludere,  [de- 
ludo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  deceive,  pre- 
varicate. 

demens,  -entis,  [de-mens  (cf. 
araens)],  adj.,  mad,  crazy,  insane : 
scelere  demens  {maddened,  etc.). 

demen  ter  [dement  + ter],  adv., 
madly,  crazily , senselessly. 

dementia,  -ae,  [dement-}- ia],  f., 
madness,  idiocy,  utter  folly. 

demerge,  -mersl,  -mersus,  -mer- 
gere,  [de-mergo],  3.  v.  a.,  sink , 
drown,  submerge,  plunge. 

demigrd,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [de- 
migro],  1.  v.  n.,  move  away  (change 
residence),  move  one's  effects,  7nove 
over. 

deminud,  -ui,  -utus,  -uere,  [de- 
minuo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  diminish, 
curtail,  lessen,  detract  from  : ne  quid 
de  summa  republica  deminueretur 

( that  the  supreme  poiver  ui  the  state 
should  suffer  no  diminution) . 


demin iltio,  -onis,  [de-fminutio, 
cf.  demin uo],  f.,  a diminution,  a 
loss,  a sacrifice  (of  lives,  etc.). 

demitto,  -misi,  -missus,  -mittere, 
[de-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  down  (cf. 
mitto),  let  down,  stick  down.  — In 
pass,  or  with  reflex.,  let  one's  self 
down,  descend,  set  one's  self  down. 
— Fig.,  despond  (se  animo),  be  dis- 
couraged. — demissus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  low-hanging  { bozved , of  the 
head),  downcast  (of  a person). 

demons tratib,  -onis,  [demon- 
stra  + tio],  F.,  a pointing  out,  a 
showing , a ?nanner  of  showing. 

demonstrd,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
monstro],  1.  v.  &.,  point  out,  show, 
state,  indicate,  mention. 

demoveo,  -movi,  -motus,  -movere, 
[de-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  re?nove , dis- 
lodge: de  sententia  {shake  one  in, 
etc.). 

demum  [acc.  of  fdemus  (superl. 
of  de),  nethermost,  last~\,  adv.,  at 
last,  at  length  (not  before).  — Hence, 
only  (not  till  a certain  point  is 
reached,  not  until). 

denego,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
nego],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  deny,  refuse, 
say  not, 

deni,  -ae,  -a,  [for  decni,  decern 
reduced  + nus],  adj.  plur.,  ten  each, 
ten  (on  each  side),  ten  (in  sets  of 
ten). 

denique  [fdeno-  (de  + nus,  cf. 
demum)  que],  adv.,  at  last.  — Of 
order,  finally.  — Of  preference,  at 
any  rate  (if  no  better,  etc.)  : turn 
denique  {not  till  then,  then  and 
then  only);  hora  decima  denique 
{not  until,  etc.). 

denoto,-avi,  -atus, -are,  [de-noto], 
I.  v.  a.,  mark  out,  mark,  appoint. 

denuntio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
inuntio],  1.  v.  a.,  aitnomice  (with 


54 


Vocabulary. 


notion  of  threat),  declare,  warn , or-  i 
der , command,  give  to  understand, 
threaten  one  with. 

depeculator,  -toris,  [depecula- 
tor, cf.  depeculor],  M.,  an  embez- 
zler, a plunderer. 

depeculor,  -atus,  -ari,  [de-pecu- 
lor],  I.  v.  dep.,  embezzle,  plunder, 
pillage,  rifle. 

depello,  -puli,  -pulsus,  -pellere, 
[de-pello],  3.  v.  a.,  drive  off,  drive 
out,  drive  (away),  dislodge,  avert, 
repel,  remove,  ward  off,  save  ones 
self  from  : molem  ( throw  off)  ; ali- 
quem  de  spe  ( force );  simulacra 
( throw  down). 

dependo,  -pendi,  -pensus,  -pen- 
dere,  [de-pendo],  3*  v*  a*  anc^  n*> 
weigh  out.  — Hence,  pay. 

depingo,  -pinxi,  -pictus,  -pingere, 
[de-pingo],  3.  v.  a.,. paint  (so  as  to 
make  something),  depict,  represent . 

deploro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
ploro],  I.  v.  a.,  lament,  bewail  the 
loss  of,  mourn  for. 

depono,  -posui,  -positus,  -ponere, 
[de-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  lay  down , lay 
aside,  deposit.—  Fig.,  lose,  abandon 
(hope),  blot  out~ (memory),  resign. 

depopulatio,  -onis,  [de-popula- 
tio,  cf.  depopulor],  F.,  a ravaging, 
a plundering. 

depopulor,  -atus,  -ari,  [de-popu- 
lor],  I.  v.  dep.,  ravage,  lay  waste, 
plunder. 

deporto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
porto],  i.v.a.,  carry  off,  carry  away, 
remove , bring  off,  bring  home. 

deposco,  -poposci,  no  p.p.,  -pos- 
cere,  [de-posco],  3.  v.  a.,  demand, 
call  for,  claim,  ask  for. 

depravo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
pravo],  1.  v.  a.,  distort.  — kig.,  cor- 
rupt, lead  astray,  pervert,  tamper 
with. 


deprecator,  -toris,  [de-precator, 
cf.  deprecor],  m.,  a mediator  (to 
beg  off  something  for  somebody). 

deprecor,  -atus, -ari,  [de-precor], 

1.  v.  dep.,  pray  to  avert  something, 
pray  (with  accessory  notion  of  re- 
lief), beg,  beg  off,  pray  for  pardon, 
pray  to  be  spared,  resort  to  prayers, 
save  one's  self  from  by  prayers,  re- 
move by  prayers  : quo  deprecante 
{by  whose  mediation) ; ad  deprecan- 
dum  valebat  ( had  the  force  of  en- 
treaties) . 

deprehendo,  -hendi,  -hensus, 
-hendere,  [de-prehendo],  3.  v.  a., 
capture,  catch,  seize,  take  possession 
of  — As  in  Eng.,  catch,  ( come  upon), 
surprise,  find,  detect,  discover : fac- 
tum {find,  in  the  sense  of  catch  one 
at  something).  — Fig.,  grasp,  com- 
prehend, understand. 

deprimo,  -pressi,  -pressus,  -pri- 
mere,  [de-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  press 
down,  sink. 

depromo,  -prompsi,  -promptus, 
-promere,  [de-promo],  3.V.  a ,,draw 
out,  appropriate. 

depugno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
pugno],  i.v.n .,  fight  out  (decisively), 
resist  with  arms  (so  as  to  decide  the 
issue) . 

derelinquo,  -liqui,  -lictus,  -lin- 
quere,  [de-relinquo],  3.  v.  a.,  leave 
behind , abandon. 

derivo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [perh.  im- 
mediately fr.  de-rivus,  prob.  through 
adj.-stem],  I.  v.a.,  draw  off  (water), 
divert : crimen  {shift  upon  an- 
other) . 

derogo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de-rogo, 
in  its  political  sense],  1.  v.  a.,  take 
away,  withdraw. 

descendo,  -scendi,  -scensurus, 
-scendere,  [de-scando],  3-v.n.,  climb 
down,  descend.  — Fig.,  resort  to , have 


Vocabulary.  5 5 


recourse  to , adopt : ad  accusandum 
( resort  to  a prosecution).  — Esp., 
come  down  to  the  Forum  (from  the 
hills  on  which  the  Romans  lived,  cf. 
“ go  down  town.”). 

describo,  -scrips!,  -scriptus,  -scri- 
bere,  [de-scribo],  3.  v.  a.,  write 
down , set  down  (in  writing),  mark 
out , map  out , describe , draw  up  (jus), 
reduce  to  a system. 

desero,  -serai,  -sertus,  -serere, 
[de-sero],  3.  v.  a.,  disunite.  — Esp., 
abandon , forsake , desert , give  up , 
fa  lurch.  — desertus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  deserted \ solitary ; 
vadimonia  {forfeit). 

deslderium,  -i,  [?,  perh.  fdesi- 
dero  -f  ium  (cf.  desidero)],  n., 
longing  for , desire  (of  something 
lost),  grief  for  loss  (of  anything). 

desidero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ ?,  perh. 
desidero,  cf.  considero],  1.  v.  a., 
feel  the  want  of  desire , miss,  need \ 
regret  the  loss  of  lose  (of  soldiers). 
— Pass.,  be  missing  {lost) : desiderat 
neminem  {has  not  lost  a man). 

desidia,  -ae,  [desid-  (stem  of 
deses,  de--y/SED)  + ia],  f.,  idleness , 
sloth. 

deslgno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
signo],  1.  v.  a.,  mark  out,  indicate , 
mean,  designate.  — deslgnatus,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  elected,  elect  (of  officers  not 
yet  in  office). 

desilib,  -silui,  -sultus,  -silire,  [de- 
salio],  4.  v.  n.,  leap  down,  leap 
(down),  jump  overboard : de  rheda 
{jump  out,  spring  out). 

desinb,  -sivi  (-sii),  -situs,  -sinere, 
[de-sino],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  leave  off, 
desist , cease. 

desisto,  -stiti,  -stiturus,  -sistere, 
[de-sisto],  3.  v.  n.,  stand  off,  cease , 
stop , desist  from , abandon. 

desperatio,  -onis,  [de-fsperatio, 


cf.  despero],  F.,  despair,  despera- 
tion. 

desperb,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
spero], 1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  cease  to  hope, 
despair , despair  of.  — desperatus, 
-a,  -um,  as  passive,  despaired  of. — 
Also  as  adj.,  {hopeless},  perh.  orig. 
despaired  of),  hence  desperate.  — 
desperandus,  -a,  -um,  fut.  p.p.,  to 
be  despaired  of. 

despicio,  -spexi,  -spectus,  -spicere, 
[de-specio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look 
down,  look  down  upon,  look  away.  — 
Fig.  (cf.  Eng.  equivalent),  look  down 
upon,  despise,  express  one's  contempt 
for. 

despicor,  -atus,  -ari,  [despico-], 
1.  v.  dep.,  despise.  — despicatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  pass.,  despised,  despi- 
cable. 

destringo,  -strinxi,  -strictus, 
-stringere,  [de-stringo],  3.  v.  a.,  strip 
off.  — Also  (cf.  despolio),  strip , 
draw  (of  swords,  stripping  them  of 
their  scabbards). 

desum,  -fui,  -futurus,  -esse,  [de- 
sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  {be  away),  be  want- 
ing, be  lacking,  fail.  — Esp.,  fail  to 
do  one's  duty  by,  etc.  — Often,  lack 
(changing  relation  of  subj.  and  fol- 
lowing dat),  be  without,  not  have. 

deterreo,  -terrui,  -territus,  -ter- 
rere,  [de-terreo],  2.  v.  a.,  frighten 
off,  deter , prevent  (esp.  by  threats, 
but  also  generally). 

detestor,  -atus,  -ari,  [de-testor], 
I.  v.  a.,  {call  the  gods  to  witness  to 
prevent  something) , entreat  (from  a 
thing),  remove  by  protest  (call  the 
gods  to  witness  to  avoid). 

detracto  (-trecto),  -avi,  -atus, 
-are,  [de-tracto],  1.  v.  a.,  {hold  off 
from  one's  self),  avoid,  shun. 

detraho,  -traxi,  -tractus,  -trahere, 
[de-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag  off,  tear 


Vocabulary . 


56 

off,  snatch  (away).  — With  less  vio- 
lence, take  away , take  off,  withdraw 
(with  no  violence  at  all), 
detrecto,  see  detracto. 
detrimentum,  -i,  [de-ftrimen- 
tum  (tri-  in  tero  + mentum),  cf. 
detero],  N.,  {a  rubbing  off),  loss, 
harm , injury . — Esp.,  defeat,  dis- 
aster. 

deus,  -i,  [akin  to  divus,  Jovis, 
dies],  M.,  a god.  — Also,  in  accord- 
ance with  ancient  ideas,  of  a statue, 
in  adjurations : di  boni  {good  heav- 
ens)', per  deos  immortales  ( for 
heaven's  sake,  heaven  help  us). 

deveho,  -vexi,  -vectus,  -vehere, 

[de-veho],  3-  v-  a*>  carry  away' 
bring  (away,  e.g.  on  horseback), 
bring  down  (esp.  by  vessel). 

deverto,  -verti,  -versus,  -vertere, 
[de-verto],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  turn 
away,  turn  aside,  turn  off  (the  road 
to  stop  by  the  way),  stop  (turning 
aside  from  the  way). 

devincio,  -vinxi,  -vinctus,  -vin- 
cire,  [de-vincio],  4.  v.  a.,  bind  down , 
bind,  attach,  firmly  attach . 

devinco,  -vici,  -victus,  -vincere, 
[de-vinco],  3.  v.  a.,  conquer  (so  as 
to  prostrate),  subdue  (entirely).. 

devito, -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de-vito], 
1.  v.  a.,  avoid,  shun,  escape^ 

devoco,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
voco],  I.  v.  a.,  call  down  (or  away). 
— Esp.,  fig.,  invite,  bring.  _ 

devoro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [de- 
voro],  1.  v.  a.,  swallow  up,  devour, 
gulp  down:  verbum  ( eagerly  de- 
vour). 

devoveo,  -vovi,  -votus,  -vovere, 
[de-voveo],  2.  v.  a.,  vow  (away). 
Less  exactly,  devote,  consecrate. 

dexter,  -tera  (-tra),  -terum  (drum) 
Tunc,  stem  (perh.  akin  to  digitus?) 
+ terns],  adj.,  right  (on  the  right 


hand).  — dextra,  F.,  (sc.  manus), 
the  right  hand  (esp.  used  as  a pledge 
of  faith,  as  with  us). 

Diana,  -ae,  [prob.  F.  of  Janus 
(cf.  A kSkij)],  F.,  a divinity  of  the 
Romans  entirely  identified  with  the 
Greek  Artemis,  the  goddess  of  the 
chase  and  patroness  of  celibacy. 

dico,  dixi,  dictus,  dicere,  [y'Dic, 
in  dico  and  -dicus],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
{point  out?,  cf.  Gr.  beUvvfu),  say, 
tell,  speak,  name,  speak  of,  mention. 

— Esp.,  with  authority,  name,  ap- 
point, fix : jus  {administer,  cf. 
dico);  sententiam  {give,  express). 

— Special  uses:  dieunt  {they  say); 
causam  dicere  {plead  one's  cause, 
hence  be  tried,  be  brought  to  trial) ; 
facultas  dicendi  {power  of  oratory) ; 
dixi  (/  have  done);  incredibile 
dictu  {incredible);  quid  dicam? 
{what  shall  I call  it?  why  should  I 
speak?  what  shall  I say?);  ad  di- 
cendum  {for  addressing  the  people) ; 
diem  dicere  {bring  a charge,  before 
the  people). 

dictator,  -toris,  [dicta+tor],  m., 
a dictator  (a  Roman  magistrate  ap- 
pointed in  times  of  danger  by  the 
I highest  existing  officer,  and  possess- 
ing absolute  power). — Also,  a simi- 
lar officer  in  a municipal  town. 

dictatura,-ae,  [dicta  + tura  (i.e. 
fdictatu+ra,  cf.  figura)],  f.,  the 
office  of  dictator , a dictatorship. 

dictio,  -onis,  [die  (as  root  of 
dico)  + tio],  F.,  a speaking,  a plead- 
ing (cf.  dico)  : causae  {pleading 
one's  cause,  trial);  juris  ( adminis- 
tration).  __ 

dictito,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  -are,,  [akin 
to  dicto,  form  unc.,  perh.  tdictita- 
(dicto+ta)],  I-  v.  a.,  refeat,  keep 
saying. 

dictum,  -i,  [N.  p p.  of  dico  as 


subst.],  N.,  a saying , an  expression, 
words. 

dies,  -el,  [prob.  for  dives,  VDYU 
+ as],  M.  (rarely  F.  in  some  uses),  a 
day  (in  all  Eng.  senses).  — Also, 
time:  in  dies  (from  day  to  day , 
with  idea  of  increase,  or  diminution) ; 
illis  ipsis  diebus(dtf  that  very  time); 
noctes  diesque  ( night  and  day); 
diem  dicere  (see  dico) . 

differo,  distuli,  dilatus,  differre, 
[dis-fero],  irr.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hear 
apart , spread.  — Also,  postpone , de- 
fer, put  off,  differ. 

difficilis,  -e,  [dis-facilis],  adj., 
not  easy,  difficult. 

difficultas  -tatis,  [difficili-  (weak- 
ened) + tas],  F.,  difficulty,  trouble , 
difficult  circumstances . 

diffido,  -fisus  sum,  -fldere,  [dis- 
fido] , 3.  v.  n.,  distrust,  not  have  con- 
fidence (in). 

diflluo,  -fluxi,  no  p.p.,  -fluere, 
[dis-fluo],  3.  v.  n.,  flow  apart,  be- 
come loose,  become  lax. 

digitus,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a finger. 
dignitas,  -tatis,  [digno  + tas], 
F.,  worthiness , worth,  dignity,  pres- 
tige,  position  (superior),  claims 
(founded  on  worth),  advancement  (as 
the  consequence  of  worthiness),  self- 
respect,  the  dignity  of  one's  position. 

dlgnus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  perh.  root  of 
dico  + nus],  adj.,  worthy,  deserving. 

dijudico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [dis- 
judico],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  decide  (be- 
tween two). 

dijunctio,  -onis,  [dis-junctio  (cf. 
dijungo)],  F.,  a separation. 

dijungo  (disj-) , -junxi,  -junctus, 
-jungere,  [dis-jungo],  3.  v.  a.,  dis- 
join, separate,  divide. 

dilabor,  -lapsus,  -labi,  [dis-labor], 
3.  v.  dep.,  glide  apart,  slip  away , 
fall  away. 


dilacero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [di- 
lacero],  1.  v.  a.,  tear  asunder,  tear 
in  pieces. 

dllanio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [dis- 
lanio],  1.  v.  a.,  tear  in  pieces. 

dilatio,  -onis,  [dis-latio],  F.,  a 
postponement,  an  adjournment. 

dilectus  (del-),-tus,  [dis-flectus, 
cf.  diligo],  M.,  a choosing,  a levy,  a 
conscription. 

diligens,  -entis,  p.  of  diligo,  as 

adj.,  diligent,  painstaking,  careful. 

diligenter  [diligent  + ter] , adv., 
carefully,  with  care,  with  exactness , 
exactly , with  pains,  scrupulously. 

diligentia,  -ae,  [diligent-}-  ia], 
F.,  care,  pains,  painstaking,  dili- 
gence : remittere  (cease  to  take  pains, 
take  less  care). 

diligo,  -lexi,  -lectus,  -ligere,  [dis- 
lego],  3.  v.  a.,  (choose  out),  love,  be 
fond  of.  — See  also  diligens. 

dilucesco,  -luxi,  no  p.p.,  -luces- 
cere  [dis-lucesco],  3.  v.  n.,  grow 
light,  dawn.  — Usually  impersonal. 

diluculum,  -i,  [di-fluculum  (lu- 
cu  + lus)],  N.,  daybreak,  dawn. 

diluo,  -lui,  -lutus,  -luere,  [dis-luo] , 
3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  dissolve  away,  dis- 
solve. — Fig.,  refute. 

dimicatio,  -onis,  [dimica-f  tio] , 
¥.,  fighting,  a contest,  a struggle. 

dimico,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [dis- 
mico],  I.  v.  n.,  (brandish  swords  to 
decide  a contest ?),  fight  (a  decisive 
battle),  risk  an  engagement,  contend. 
diminuo,  see  deminuo. 
dimitto,  -misi,  -missus,  -mittere, 
[dis-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  away,  let 
slip,  let  pass,  let  go,  give  up,  relin- 
quish, abandon  : oppugnationem 
(raise);  victoriam  (let  go,  on  pur- 
pose).— Also,  send  in  different  di- 
rections, send  about,  despatch , detail, 
disband,  dismiss,  adjourn,  discharge. 


Ul  I 


58 


Vocabulary . 


dfreptio,  -onis,  [dis-fraptio,  cf. 
diripio],  F.,  plundering,  plunder . 

direptor,  -toris,  [dis-raptor,  cf. 
diripio],  M.,  a robbery  a plunderer. 

diripio,  -ripui,  -reptus,  -ripere, 
[dis-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  seize  (in  differ- 
ent directions),  plunder,  pillage . 

dis-,  di-  (dir-),  [akin  to  duo?], 
insep.  prep,  (adv.),  in  comp.,  asun- 
der, in  different  directions . Cf.  dis- 
cedo,  discerno,  dirimo,  diffundo. 

Dis,  DItis,  [akin  to  dives,  as  the 
earth  is  the  source  of  riches],  M., 
Pluto  (the  god  of  the  underworld, 
and  so  of  death). 

discedo,  -cessi,  -cessurus,  -cedere, 
[dis-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  withdraw , de- 
part, retire , leave  (with  ab),  go 
away . 

disceptatio,  -onis,  [discepta  + 
tio],  F.,  a contest , a contention , a 
discussion . 

disceptator,  -toris,  [discepta- 
(stem  of  discepto)  + tor],  M .,  a 
judge , an  arbiter . 

discepto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [dis- 
capto],  1.  v.  a.,  discuss , consider  and 
decide , decide. 

discerno,  -crevi,  -cretus,  -cernere, 
[dis-cerno],  3.  v.  a.,  separate , dfo- 
tinguish. 

discessio,  -onis,  [dis-cessio,  cf. 
discedo],  F.,  a departure , # with- 
drawal',  a division  (as  in  Parlia- 
ment), a vote:  contionis  (0  division 
of  opinion  in , etc.) ; discessionem 
faeere  {take  a vote). 

discessus,  -sus,  [dis-fcessus,  cf. 
discedo],  M.,  a departure , with- 

drawal. 

discidium,  -I,  [dis-fscidium 
(^/scid  -f  ium)],  N.,  # separation , 
# dissension. 

disciplina,  -ae,  [discipulo-  (re- 
duced) + ina,  cf.  rapina],  f.,  ( pu- 


pilage?),  discipline , instruction , 
training , system  (of  doctrine,  etc.), 

# course  of  instruction , education , <3 
(fig.  as  in  Eng.)  : pueritiae 
disciplinae  (^  studies  of  childhood  ) ; 
navalis  {skill,  as  the  result  of  dis- 
cipline); majorum  {strict  conduct). 

discipulus,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  disco], 
M.,  pupil. 

discludo,  -clusi,  -clusus,  -cludere, 
[dis-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  apart, 
keep  apart,  separate , divide . 

disco,  -didicl,  disciturus,  discere, 
[for  fdicsco  (Vdic+sco)],  3.V.  a. 
and  n.,  learn. 

discolor,  -oris,  [dis-color],  adj., 

particolored,  different-colored. 

discordia,  -ae,  [discord  + ia,  cf. 
concors],  F.,  dissension,  discord, 
disagreement. 

discrimen,  -inis,  [dis-crimen,  cf. 
discerno],  N.,  a separation , a de- 
cision. Hence,  a moment  of  deci- 
sion, a crisis,  critical  condition,  dan- 
ger, peril,  a critical  moment,  a 
turning-point  of  one's  fortunes. 

disjungo,  -junxi,  -junctus,  -jun- 
gere,  [dis-jungo],  3.  v.  a.,  disunite, 
separate  : disjunctissimus  {very  far 
distant,  very  widely  separated). 

dispergo,  -spersi,  -spersus,  -sper- 
gere,  [dis-spargo],  3.  v.  a.,  scatter , 
disperse,  separate. 

disperse  [old  abl.  of  dispersus], 
adv.,  in  different  places,  separately. 

dispertio,  -Ivi,  (-ii),  -it us,  -ire, 
also  dispertior,  as  dep.,  [dis-par- 
tio],  4.  v.  a.  and  dep.,  divide , dis- 
tribute. 

displiceo,  -ui,  -itus,  -ere,  [dis- 
placeo],  2.  v.  n.,  displease,  be  unsat- 
isfactory, be  disliked  by. 

disputo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [dis- 
puto],  1.  v.  n.  and  a.,  discuss  (cf. 
puto),  argue. 


Vocabulary. 


59 


dissemino,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [dis- 
semino],  I.  v.  a.,  scatter , sow  widely , 
spread , disseminate. 

dissensio,  -onis,  [dis-fsensio  (cf. 
dissentic^],  F.,  difference  of  opin- 
ion., disagreem ent,  dissension. 

dissentid,  -sens!,  -sensurus,  -sen- 
tire,  [dis-sentio],  4.  v.  n.,  differ  in 
opinion , dissent , differ , be  at  vari- 
ance. 

dissided,  -sedi,  no  p.p.,  -sidere, 
[dis-sedeo],  2.  v.  n.,  sit  apart.— 
Hence,  disagree , have  a dissension. 

dissimilis,  -e,  [dis-similis] , adj., 
unlike , different , various. 

dissimilitude,  -inis,  [dissimili-f- 
tudo],  F.,  unlikeness , unlike  nature , 
different  nature. 

dissimulo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [dis- 
simulo],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  {pretend 
something  is  not),  conceal  (what  is), 
dissemble , conceal  the  fact  that,  pre- 
tend not  to. 

dissipo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [dis- 
fsupo,  throw'],  1.  v.  a.,  scatter , dis- 
perse, strew , spread  abroad:  dissi- 
patos  congregarunt  (the  scattered 
people) . 

dissolutio,  -onis,  [dis-solutio,  cf. 
dissolvo],  F.,  a dissolving,  abolition. 

dissolvo,  -solvi,  -solutus,  -solvere, 
[dis-solvo],  3.  v.  a.,  unloose,  relax, 
separate.  — dissolutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  lax,  unrestrained,  arbitrary 
(as  unrestrained  by  considerations  of 
policy  or  mercy). 

distineo,  -tinui,  -tentus,  -tinere, 
[dis-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  keep  apart,  hold 
asunder,  keep  from  uniting,  cut  off 
(in  military  sense),  isolate,  distract. 

distrahd,  -traxi,  -tractus,  -tra- 
here  [dis-traho],  3-v.a.,  drag  asun- 
der, tear  asunder,  separate. — Hence, 
distract,  divide : distractae  senten- 
tiae  ( widely  divergent). 


distribuo,  -bui,  -butus,  -buere, 
[dis-tribuo] , 3.  v.  a.,  assign  (to  sev- 
eral), distribute , diviae. 

distringo,  -strinxi,  -strictus,  -strin- 
gere,  [dis-stringo] , 3.  v.  a.,  stretch 
apart,  distract,  engage,  occupy. 

disturbo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [dis- 
turbo],  1.  v.  a.,  drive  away  in  con- 
fusion : contionem  (break  up). 

ditissimus,  -a,  -um,  superb  of 
dives. 

diu,  [prob.  acc.  of  stem  akin  to 
dies],  ad v.,  for  a time,  a long  time, 
for  some  time,  long:  tam  diu  (so 
long) ; quam  diu  (how  long,  as 
long)  ; diutius  (any  longer) . 

diurnus,  -a,  -um,  [f  dius-  (akin  to 
diu  and  dies)  + nus],  adj.,  of  the 
day,  daily  (as  opposed  to  nightly)  : 
fur  (by  night). 

dius  [akin  to  divus],  M.,  only  in 
nom.  in  phrase  me  dius  fidius 

(Heaven  help  me,  as  sure  as  1 
live) . 

diuturnitas,  -tatis,  [diuturno  + 

tas] , F.,  length  of  time,  long  continu- 
ance, length  (in  time). 

diuturnus,  -a,  -um,  [diu-f  turnus, 
cf.  hesternus],  adj.,  long  continued, 
long  (in  time);  minus  diuturna  vita 
(shorter) . 

divelld,  -velli,  -vulsus,  -vellere, 
[dis-vello],  3.  v.  a.,  tear  apart,  rend 
asunder,  tear  (from). 

dl versus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  di- 
verto. 

diverto,  -verti,  -versus,  -vertere, 
[dis-verto],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  turn 
aside  (or  apart),  separate.  — dl  ver- 
sus, -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  sepa * 
rate , distant,  diverse,  different,  va- 
rious. 

dives,  -itis,  [?],  adj.,  rich. 
divido,  -visi,  -visus,  -videre,  [dis< 
fvido,  v/vidh(  ?),  cf.  viduus],  3-v.a., 


6o 


Vocabulary . 


W,  separate,  distribute.  — divi- 
sus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  divided. 

divinitus,  [divino  + tus,  cf.  cae- 
litus],  adv.,  from  heaven , divinely , 
providentially , the  gods. 

divino,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [divino-], 

I.  y.  a.,  prophesy,  conjecture , foresee , 
imagine  (as  likely  to  happen). 

divinus,  -a,  -um,  [divo-  (as  if 
divi)  + nils],  adj.,  0/  the  gods,  di- 
vine, providential,  superhuman, 
more  than  human,  transcendent , 
like : res  divinae  ( religious  insti- 
tutions'). 

divisor,  -soris,  [dis-fvisor,  cf. 
divido],  M.,  a distributer,  a dis- 
tributing agent,  an  agent  (for  bri- 
bery). _ . _ 

divitiae,  -arum,  [divit  + ia],  F. 
plur.,  wealth,  riches. 

1.  d§,  dedi,  datus,  dare,  [ VDA>  cf* 
m I.  V.  a., give,  bestow,  grant, 
furnish , vouchsafe,  present,  offer : 
excusationem  ( afford ) ; cognito- 
rem  ( furnish. , bring  forward) ; lite- 
ras  {write).  — See  also  opera. 

2.  do  [^/dha , place,  cf.  rfflij/u], 
confounded  with  I.  do,  but  appear- 
ing in  comp.,  place,  put. 

doceo,  docui,  doctus,  docere,  [unc. 
formation  akin  to  dico  and  disco], 
2.  v.  a.,  teach,  show,  inform,  repre- 
sent, state.  — doctus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  adj.,  learned , educated,  cultivated, 
skilful. 

docilitas,  -tatis,  [docili+tas],  F., 
teachableness,  aptness,  capability  (of 
learning).  . 

doctrina,  -ae,  [doctor  + ina  (cf. 
medicina)],  F.,  teaching,  systematic 
instruction , education , training, 
study  (changing  the  point  of  view), 
learning. 

documentum,  -i,  [docu-(?)  (as 
stem  of  doceo)  + mentum],  N.,  a 


means  of  teaching,  a proof,  a warn - 
ing,  an  example. 

Dolabella,  -ae,  [dolabra  + la, 

“ little  hatchet ”],  M.  (orig.  F.),  a 
Roman  family  name.  — Esp. : 1.  Cn. 
Dolabella,  in  command  of  Cilicia  in 
B.c.  80,  under  whom  Verres  was 
“ legatus  2.  P.  Cornelius  Dola- 
bella, Cicero’s  son-in-law,  who  was 
Antony’s  colleague  in  the  consulship, 

B.c.  44-  . _ , 

doleo,  dolui,  doliturus,  dolere, 

[perh.  dolo-  (stem  of  dolus)],  2.v.n., 
feel  pain,  suffer.—  Esp.  mentally,  be 
pained,  grieved. 

dolor,  -oris,  [dol-  (as  root  of 
doleo)  + or],  M.,  pain  (physical  or 
mental),  suffering,  distress,  indigna- 
tion, chagrin , vexation,  sense  of  in- 
jury : magno  dolore  ferre  {be  very 
indignant,  feel  much  chagrin) ; mag- 
no esse  dolori  (to  be  a great  annoy- 
ance or  sorrow)  ; dolor  et  crepitus 
plagarum  ( cries  of  pain,  etc.)j 
domesticus,  -a,  -um,  [domo-  (as 
if  domes-,  cf.  modestus)  + ticus], 
adj.,  (of  the  house),  of  one's  home, 
oneys  own,  at  home.  — Hence,  domes- 
tic, internal,  intestine,  within  the 
state  or  city,  private : dolor  (per- 
sonal). w 

domicilium,  -i,  [perh.  domo  + 
fcilium  (fr.  root  of  colo)],  N.,  an 
abode,  a house,  a dwelling-place , a 
house  (as  a permanent  home),  a resi- 
dence (in  a legal  sense):  imperi 
(seat). 

domina,  -ae,  [f.  of  dornmus], 

F.,  a mistress. 

dominatio,  -onis,  [domina+tio], 
F.,  mastery , control,  tyranny , power 
(illegal  or  abnormal). 

dominor,  -atus,  -an,  [domin5-J, 
1.  v.  dep.,  be  master , rule , lord  it 
over,  tyrannize , dominate . 


Vocabulary. 


dominus,  -i,  [fdomd-  ( ruling , cf. 
Gr.  -5 a/jLos)  + nus],  M.,  a master , an 
owner:  esse  {have  control}. 

Domitius,  -I,  [domito-  (reduced) 
+ ius],  M.,  a Roman  gentile  name. 
— Esp.,  Lucius  Do??iitius  Ahenobar- 
bus,  consul  in  B.C.  54. 

domitor,  -toris,  [domi-  (as  stem 
of  domo)  + tor],  m.,  a tamer , a 
queller . 

domo,  -ui,  -itus,  -are,  [fdomo- 
cf.  dominus)],  i.v. a.,  ta??ie , quell , 
subdue , master . 

domus,  -I  (-us),  [-y/DOM  ( buildl ) 
+ us  (-os  and  -us)],  F.,  a house , a 
home , a house  {a  family ) : domi  {at 
home);  domum  {home,  to  one's  home ) ; 
domo  {from  home);  domo  exire 
{go  away , emigrate). 

donatio,  -onis,  [dona  + tio],  F., 
a gift,  a donation,  a giving  away. 

dono,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [dono-], 
1.  v.  a., present,  give  (as  a gift). — 
Also,  honor  with  a gift,  present  (one 
with  a thing);  civitate  aliquem 
donare  {honor  one  with , etc.,  give 
one  the  rights  of  citizenship ). 

donum,  -i,  [^/DA+nus],  N.,  a 

gift- 

dormio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -Itum  (supine), 
[prob.  from  noun  stem],  4.  v.  n. 

sleep. 

Drasus,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
family  name. — Esp.,  M.  Livius  Dru- 
sus,  tribune  B.C.  91,  who  attempted 
some  reform  in  favor  of  the  Italians. 
He  was  assassinated  by  his  oppo- 
nents. 

dubitatio,  -onis,  [dubita-  (stem 
of  dubito)  + tio],  F.,  doubt,  hesita- 
tion, question. 

dubito,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [fdu- 
bito-  (partic.  of  lost  verb  dubo?,  cf. 
dubius)] , i.v. n.,  doubt , have  doubt , 
be  in  doubt,  feel  doubtful. — Also  (ab- 


solutely, or  with  inf.,  rarely  quin), 
hesitate,  feel  hesitation,  vacillate. 

dubius,  -a,  -um,  [fdubo-  (duo  + 
bus,  cf.  superbus  and  dubito)  + 
ius],  adj.,  doubtful : est  dubium 
( there  is  doubt,  it  is  doubtful). 

ducentl,  -ae,  -a,  [duo-centi  (plur. 
of  centum)],  adj.,  two  hundred. 

duco,  duxl,  ductus,  ducere,  [ ^/duc 
(in  dux)],  3.  v.  a.,  lead,  draw,  bring 
(of  living  things),  conduct,  drag.  — 
Esp.  of  a general,  lead,  march.  — 
With  (or  without)  in  matrimo- 
nium,  marry  (of  the  man).  — Fig., 
prolong,  drag  out,  attract.  — As  mer- 
cantile word,  and  so  fig.,  reckon,  con- 
sider, regard:  rationem  {take  ac- 
count, also  in  fig.  sense) ; spiritum 
{draw  breath)  ; causa  ducitur 
{springs);  pueros  {have  with  one); 
parietem  {make,  carry,  run). 

ductus,  -tus,  [v'duc+  tus],  M., 
lead,  command : suo  ductu  {in  act- 
ual command,  opposed  to  acting  by 
a subordinate). 

dudum,  see  jamdudum. 
duint,  see  do. 

dulcedo,  -dinis,  [dulci  + edo], 
F.,  sweetness , charm. 

dulcis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  sweet  (also 
fig.)  : aqua  {fresh). 

dum  [pron.  -y/DA,  prob.  acc.,  cf. 
turn],  conj.  (orig.  adv.),  at  that  time. 
— Also,  while,  so  long  as.  — Hence, 
till,  until:  dummodo,  or  separate 
{only  so  long,  provided).  — With 
negatives,  yet,  as  yet : tarn  diu  dum 
{so  long  as) . 
dummodo,  see  dum. 
dumtaxat  [dum  taxat,  when 
one  consider j?],  adv.,  otily,  merely. 

duo,  -ae,  -o,  [dual,  of  stem  fdvo-, 
cf.  bis],  adj.,  two. 

duodecim  [duo-decem],  indecl. 
adj.,  twelve. 


! ! I 


b'V  1 


62 


Vocabulary . 


duodecimus,  -a,  -urn,  [duo-de- 
cimus],  adj.,  twelfth. 

duplico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [duplic-], 

I.  v.  a.,  double , increase  twofold. 

dure  [old  abl.  of  durus],  adv., 
hardly , harshly. 

durus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  hard. — 
Fig.,  hard,  severe , difficult , harsh , 
rough. 

duumviratus,  -tus,  [duumvir-}- 
atus,  cf.  senatus],  M.,  ^ office  of 
duumvir  (a  magistrate  of  provincial 
towns  corresponding  to  the  consuls) . 

dux,  ducis,  [VDUC  as  stem],  M. 
and  F.,  a leader , a guide , a com- 
mander: Pompeio  duce  {under  the 
eo?nmand  of  etc.) ; ducibus  dis 
{under  the  guidance  of  etc.). 


E. 

e,  see  ex. 

ea  [instr.  or  abl.  of  is],  adv.,  this 
way , that  way , thus , there. 

ebriosus,  -a,  -um,  [ebrio+osus], 
adj.,  given  to  drinking , a toper. 
ebrius,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  drunk. 
ebur,  -oris,  [prob.  Phoenician?], 
N.,  ivory. 

ecce,  [en-ce,  cf.  hie],  interj.,  lo, 

behold. 

ecf-,  see  efF-. 

ecquis  (-qui), -qua, -quid  (-quod), 
[en-quis],  interrog.  pron.,  is  {does, 
etc.)  any  one  ? any  (in  an  interrog, 
sentence).— Esp.,  ecquid,  n.  acc. 
as  adv.,  at  all. 

eculeus  (equu-),  -I,  [equo-f-leus], 

M. ,  a little  horse.  — Esp.,  as  an  in- 
strument of  torture,  the  horse. 

edico,  -dixi,  -dictus,  -dicere,  [ex- 
dico],  3.  v.  a.,  issue  an  edict,  pro- 
claim, order. 

edictum,  -I,  [n.  p.p.  of  edico], 

N. ,  an  edict,  an  order , a proclama- 


tion : edictum  praetoris  {an  order 

of  court,  an  execution). 

edo,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere,  [ex-do], 

3.  v.  a.,  put  forth,  give  forth,  pub- 
lish. — Also,  raise  up. — editus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  elevated,  raised, 
high,  lofty. 

edoceo,  -docui,  -doctus,  -docere, 
[ex-doceo],  2.  v.  a.,  show  forth,  ex- 
plain, inform. 

educatio,-onis,  [educa+tio],  f., 
rearing,  training,  education. 

educo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are  [feduc- 
(cf.  redux)],  1.  v.  a.,  rear,  train, 

bring  up. 

educo,  -duxi,  -ductus,  -ducere, 
[ex-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  out , lead 
forth,  draw  (a  sword),  bring  out, 
march  out  (an  army),  take  out. 

eflfemino  (ecf-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ex-ffeniino,  or  perhaps  feffemino- 
(or  -i),  in  either  case  from  feinina], 
1.  v.  a.,  make  into  a woman.  — Less 
exactly,  (make  like  a woman),  ener- 
vate, weaken.  — effeminatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  effeminate,  un- 
manly. 

efferd  (ecf-),  extuli,  elatus,  ef- 
ferre,  [ex-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  out, 
bring  out,  cai'ry  away.  — Less  ex- 
actly and  fig.,  spread  abroad,  make 
known,  publish  abroad,  puff  uf,  elate 
(cf.  Eng.  “ carried  away’*).  — Also 
(cf.  edo),  raise  up,  extol,  praise. 

efficio  (ecf-),  -feci,  -fectus,  -ficere, 
[ex-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  make  out,  make, 
enable , accomplish,  cause,  produce , 
cause  to  be,  make  into,  make  out, 
bring  about.  — Esp.  with  ut  or  ne, 
bring  it  about  that,  cause  {to  be,  or 
not  to  be),  make  (a  thing  to  be,  etc.). 

effigies  (ecf-),  -ii,  [ex-ffigies 
(-y/FiG-f  ies)],  F.,  an  image,  a statue , 
a portrait,  a representation,  a coun- 
terfeit presenttnent. 


Vocabulary . 


63 


effingo  (ecf-),  -finxi,  -fictus,  -fin- 
ger e,  [ex-fingo],  3.  v.  a.,  wipe  up , 
mould , form . 

efflagito  (ecf-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[ex-flagito],  I.  v.  a.,  demand  ear- 
nestly, clamor  for , importunately  de- 
mand. 

efflo  (ecf-),  -flavi,  -flatus,  -flare, 
[ex-flo],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  blow  out , 
breathe forth  : animam  efflans (draw- 
ing the  last  breath , breathing  one's 
last). 

eflfrenate  [old  abl.  of  effrena- 
tus],  adv.,  without  restraint. 

effrenatio  (ecf-),  -onis,  [effrena 
+ tio],  F.,  unbridled  impulse . 

effreno  (ecf-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[effreno-],  1.  v.  a.,  unbridle , let  loose. 
— Esp.,  eflfrenatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as 
adj.,  unbridled \ unrestrained. 

eflugio  (ecf-)  -fugi,  -fugiturus,  -fu- 
gere,  [ex-fugio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  es- 
cape, flee  (absolutely),  fly  from , get 
rid  of  avoid. 

elfugium  (ecf-),  -I,  [ex-f  fugium, 
cf.  effugio  and  refugium],  n.,  a 
way  of  escape , an  escape. 

efftindo  (ecf-),  -fudl,  -fusus,  -fun- 
dere  [ex-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  pour  out , 
shed:  spiritum  {breathe  out). 

effuse  (ecf-)  [old  abl.  of  eflfusus], 
adv.,  profusely. 

egens,  pres.  p.  of  egeo. 
egeo,  egul,  no  p.p.,  egere,  [fego- 
(cf.  indigus)],  2.  v.  n.,  want , need, 
lack , be  in  want.  — egens,  -entis, 
pres.  p.  as  adj.,  needy , destitute,  beg- 
garly. 

egestas,  -tatis,  [unc.  stem  (perh. 
egent-)  + tas],  f.,  poverty , destitu- 
tion, want , need. 

ego,  mei,  [cf.  Eng.  7],  pron.,  I 
{me,  etc.).  — egomet,  see  -met.  — 
Plur.,  nos,  we,  us,  etc.  — Often  of 
one  person,  /. 


egredior,  -gressus,  -gredi,  [ex- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  march  out,  go 
out,  move  beyond. 

egregie  [old  abl.  of  egregius], 
adv.,  remarkably,  finely , extremely 
well. 

egregius,  -a,  -um,  [fegrege-  (cf. 
exlex)  + ius],  adj.,  out  of  the  com - 
mon,  remarkable , superior,  excel- 
lent, uncommon , special,  noble,  very 
fine. 

eicio,  -jecl,  -jectus,  -icere,  [ex- 
jacio],  3.  v.  a.,  cast  out,  drive  out, 
expel,  cast  up  (cf.  edo). — With  re- 
flex., rush  out,  rush,  hasten  away.  — 
Fig.,  disperse , oust,  turn  out.  — 
ejectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  cast  up 
on  shore,  cast  away,  shipwrecked. 
ejectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  eicio. 
ejicio,  see  eicio. 
ejusmodi  (often  written  sepa- 
rately) [eius  modi],  as  adj.  phrase, 
of  this  kind , of  such  a kind,  such,  of 
a kind,  of  such  a nature,  in  such  a 
state. 

elabor,  -lapsus,  -labl,  [ex-labor], 
3.  v.  dep.,  slip  out,  escape,  slip. 

elaboro,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
lab or  o],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  accomplish 
by  toil,  work  out,  effect,  strive  dili- 
gently, spend  one's  efforts elabo- 

ratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  wrought 
out,  highly  wrought. 

elegans,  -antis,  [pres.  p.  of  fele- 
go  (cf.  relego)],  adj.,  fastidious , 
choice,  dainty,  7iice. — Transf .,  fine, 
choice,  elegant. 

elephantus,  -i,  [Gr.  acc.  eXetyavTa, 
declined],  M.,  an  elephant. 

elicio,  -licui,  -licitus,  -licere,  [ex- 
lacio],  3.  v.  a.,  entice  out , draw  out. 

eligo,  -legl,  -lectus,  -ligere,  [ex- 
lego],  3.  v.  a.,  pick  out,  select,  choose. 
— electus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
picked  (troops). 


64 


Vocabulary . 


eloquentia,  -ae,  [eloquent+ia], 

F.,  eloquence. 

eludo,  -lusi,  -lusus,  -ludere,  [ex- 
ludo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., play  out,  end 
(one’s  play).— Also  “ play  off,”  parry 
(a  thrust),  avoid , elude.  — Fig.,  mock , 
befool , fool , deceive , make  sport  of 
baffle.  — Absolutely,  play  one's  game 
freely  (dodging  all  opposition) . 

eluo,  -lui,  -lutus,  -luere,  [ex-luo], 
3.v.a.,  wash  away , out,  wash  off. 

emano,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [ex- 
mano],  1.  v.  n.,  flow  out. — ■ Fig., 
spread  abroad,  leak  out,  get  abroad. 

ementior,  -itus,  -iri,  [ ex-men - 
tiQr],  4.  v.  dep.,  get  up  a falsehood, 
forge  a lie. 

emergo,  -mersi,  -mersus,  -mergere, 
[ex-mergo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  rise 
{from  under  water).  — Fig.  (of 
analogous  situations),  rise,  come  out 
of,  emerge, get  one' s head  above  water . 

— emersus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in  act. 
sense,  emerging,  having  emerged. 

emigro,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [ex- 
migro],  I.  v.  n.,  remove  (perma- 
nently), emigrate.  — Withdomo  (in 
same  sense). 

emineo,  -nui,  no  p.p.,  -nere,  [ex- 
mineo],  2.  v.  n.,  stand  out,  project . 

— Fig.,  radiate  (from),  appear  (in)  : 
ex  ore  crudelitas  (cf.  the  vulgar 
“ stick  out  ”). 

emitto,  -misi,  -missus,  -mittere, 
[ex-mi tto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  , drop, 
send  out,  throw,  hurl,  discharge. 
Pass.,  or  with  reflex.,  rush  out : ex 
urbe  vel  ejecimus  {expel,  as  by 
force) ; vel  emisimus  {send  out , as 
by  a mere  order). 

em§,  emi.  emptus,  emere,[VEM?> 
orig.,  fake],  3.  v.  a.,  {take,  only  in 
compounds).  — Esp.,  buy  (cf.  Eng. 
sell,  orig.  give),  purchase  : interces- 
sio  empta  {bribed). 


emolumentum,  -i,  [ex-moli- 
mentum,  cf.  emolior?],  N.,  gain, 
advantage. 

emorior,  -mori,  (-moriri),  -mor- 
tuus,  [ex-morior],  3.  (cf.inf.)  v.dep., 

die  off,  die. 

emptiS,  -onis,  [VEM  + ti°],  F., 
a buying,  a purchase.  \buyer. 

emptor, -toris,  [^/EM+tor],  m.,  a 
enarro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex-nar- 
ro],  1.  v.  a.,  tell,  relate , recount. 

enim  [prob.  e (in  en,  ecce)  + 
nam],  adv.,  really. — Esp.,  as  ex- 
planatory ,for,  but,  now : neque  enim 
{for  of  course  . . . not) ; at  enim 
{but  you  say,  of  an  objection) ; et 
enim  {for  . . .you  see,  for  naturally, 
for  you  know). 

enitor,  -nisus  (-nixus),  -niti,  [ex- 
nitor],  3.  v.  dep.,  struggle  out  (or 
up) , struggle,  strive,  exert  one's  self 
Ennius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman  gen- 
tile name.  — Only  of  Q.  Ennius ,the 
father  of  Roman  poetry,  born  B.c. 
240. 

enumero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
numero],  1.  v.  a.,  count  up. 

eo,  ivi  (ii),  itum,  ire,  cf.  Gr. 

tlfju,  for  AYAMl],  irr.  v.  n.,  go,  pass, 
march:  ad  saga  ire  {put  on  the 
garb  of  war,  cf.  “go  into  mourn- 
ing”). 

eo  [old  dat.  of  is],  adv.,  thither, 
there  (in  sense  of  thither).  — Often 
translated  by  more  def.  expressions 
in  Eng.,  to  the  place  (where,  etc.), 
on  them  {it,  him,  etc.), 
eo  (abl.),  see  is. 

eodem  [old  dat.  of  idem,  cf.  eo, 

thither~\,  adv.,  to  the  same  place , in 
the  same  place  (cf.  eo),  there  also  : 
eodem  convenir  s{to  the  same  place)  ; 
eodem  penetrare  {there  also). 

Ephesius,  -a,  -um,  [*E <£>e<nos], 

I adj.,  of  Ephesus  (a  famous  city  of 


Vocabulary . 


65 


Asia  Minor,  famous  for  its  temple  of 
Artemis  (Diana)).  — Masc.  plur.,  the 
Ephesians. 

epigramma,  -atis,  [iniypajufia], 
N.,  an  epigram. 

epistula  (epistola),  -ae,  [eVio-- 
toA^],  F.,  a letter . 

epulor,  -atus,  -ari,  [epulo-],  i.  v. 
dep .,  feast,  banquet , revel. 

epulum,  -i  (-ae,  -arum),  [?],  N. 
and  F.,  a feast,  a banquet . 

eques,  -itis,  [equo  + tis  (re- 
duced)], M.,  a horseman,  a rider. — 
Plur.,  cavalry . — Esp.  (as  orig.  serv- 
ing on  horseback),  a knight  (one  of 
the  moneyed  class  at  Rome,  next  in 
rank  to  the  senate). 

equester,  -tris,  -tre,  [equit-f  tris], 
adj.,  of  knights,  of  cavalry,  equestrian. 

equidem  [e  (in  en,  ecce)  -qui- 
dem],  adv.,  (particle  of  assevera- 
tion), surely,  at  least,  to  be  sure.  — 
Often  untranslatable  in  Eng.  except 
by  emphasis,  change  of  order  of 
words,  or  some  similar  device.  — 
Usually  only  with  the  first  person,  I 
for  my  part,  I certainly  : dixi  equi- 
dem  modo  ( why  ! I said  just  now) ; 
laudabam  equidem  (I praised  to  be 
sure). 

equitatus,  -tus,  [equita  + tus], 
M.,  cavalry,  horse  (troops  serving  on 
horseback). 

equito,  -avi,  -atum,  -are,  [equit-], 
i.  v.  n.,  ride,  serve  in  the  cavalry . 

equus,  -i,  [VAK  + vus> 

M .,  a horse. 

erga  [prob.  instr.  of  same  stem 
as  ergo],  prep.,  towards  (of  feeling 
and  conduct),  in  behalf  of:  benevo- 
lentia  erga  aliquem. 

ergo  (-o  rarely)  [unc.  form,  perh. 
dat.,  cf.  erga],  adv.  with  gen.,  for 
the  sake  of.  — Alone,  therefore , then. 
erigo,  -rexi,  -rectus,  -rigere,  [ex- 


rego],  3.  v.  a.,  set  up  straight  (cf. 
rego)  , raise  up.  — Fig.,  rouse  up,  re- 
store. — With  reflex.,  get  up.  — erec- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  high,  high 
and  straight,  roused. 

eripio,  -ripui,  -reptus,  -ripere,  [ex- 
rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch  away,  tear, 
wrest  (a  thing  from),  deprive  (one 
of  a thing,  changing  the  relation  in 
Eng.),  relieve,  rescue,  save,  extort, 
rob,  take  from  : ereptam  vitam  ne- 
gligetis  ( the  taking  of  life)',  pudi- 
citiam  ( violate ) ; se  eripere  ne,  etc. 
(save  one’s  self  from,  etc.). 

erratum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  erro],  N., 
an  error,  a mistake . 

erro,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [ ?] , 1 . v.  n., 
wander,  go  astray , err,  be  mistaken, 
make  a mistake. 

error,  -oris,  [ferr-  (as  if  root  of 
erro)  + or],  M.,  an  error,  a mistake. 

Erucius,  -i,  [eruca  (?)  + ius], 
M.,  a Roman  gentile  name.  — Only  of 
the  prosecutor  against  Sex.  Roscius. 

eructo, -avi, -atus,  -are,  [e-ructo], 
1.  v.  a.,  belch  forth  (lit.  and  fig.). 

erudio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  -ire,  [ex- 
rudio  (rudi-,  from  training  in  fen- 
cing, cf.  rudimentum)],  4.  v.  a.; 
train,  instruct,  educate. — eruditus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  learned,  highly 
educated homo  (man  of  learning). 

erumpo,  -rupi,  -ruptus,  -rumpere, 
[ex-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  burst 
out,  sally  out,  make  a sally,  break 
forth  (with  violence),  break  out  (of 
unexpected  events ). 

escendo,  -scendi,  -scensus,  -scen- 
dere,  [ex-scando],  3.  v.  n.  (and  a.), 
climb  up,  ascend,  go  up. 

et  [akin  to  Gr.  en],  conj.,  and, 
even,  also  : et.  . . et  (both  . . . and). 
etenim,  see  enim. 
etiam  [et  jam],  conj.,  even  now, 
still,  even  yet,  even,  also  : quin  etiam 


66 


Vocabulary . 


(nay,  even);  etiam  atque  etiam 
( again  and  again) ; etiam  si  ( even 
if,  although). 

etiam  si,  see  etiam. 

Etruria,  -ae,  [fEtrus  + ia  (cf. 
Etruscus)],  F.,  the  country  of  cen- 
tral Italy  north  of  the  Tiber  and  west 
of  the  Apennines. 

Etruscus,  -a,  -um,  [fEtrus+cus 
(cf.  Etruria)],  adj.,  of  Etruria, 
Etruscan , Etrurian. — Masc.  plur., 
Etruscans. 

etsi  [et  si],  conj.,  even  if  al- 
though, though. 

evado,  -vasi,  -vasurus,  -vadere, 
[ex-vado],  3.  v.  n.,  escape , get  away . 

evello,  -velli  (-vulsi),-vulsus,  -vel- 
lere,  [ex-vello],  3.  v.  a.,  tear  out. 

eventus,  -tus,  [cf.  evenio],  m., 
an  event,  an  accident. 

eversor,  -soris,  [ex-versor,  cf. 
everto],  M.,  an  overturner. 

everto,  -verti,  -versus,  -vertere, 
[ex-verto],  3.  v.  a.,  overturn,  over- 
throw, utterly  destroy,  cut  down. 

evocator,  -toris,  [ex-vocator,  cf. 
evoco],  M.,  one  who  calls  forth,  a 
rallier  (servorum). 

evoco,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex-voco], 
I.  v.  a.,  call  out,  call  forth , summon, 
challenge , carry  away,  invite. — evo- 
catus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.  and 
subst.,  veteran  (of  soldiers  who  have 
served  their  time  and  are  only  called 
out  in  emergencies),  veterans  (al- 
most equal  volunteers). 

evolo,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [ex- 
volo],  I.  v.  n.,  fly  out , rush  out. 

evomo,  -ui,  -itus,  -ere,  [ex-vomo], 
3.  v.  a.,  vomit  out,  vent , throw  off, 
throw  out. 

ex  (e)  [?],  adv.  (in  comp.)  and 
prep.,  out  of  (cf.  sib,  away  from), 
out.  — Less  exactly,  from  (lit.  and 
fig.),  of  (made  of)  : ex  alacri  erat 


humilis  (from  being,  etc.) . — Hence, 
after.  — Also,  on  account  of,  by 
means  of,  in  pursuance  of,  in  ac- 
cordance with , according  to.  — Also, 
above  (raised  from).  — Also  (cf.  ab), 
in,  on  : una  ex  parte  (on  one  side) ; 
e re  publica  ( for  the  advantage  of 
the  state);  ex  caede  vivunt  (on, 
upon);  ex  aliqua  parte  (in  some 
measure) . 

exaggero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
aggero],  1.  v.  a.,  heap  up,  enlarge. 

examino,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
amin-  (stem  of  examen,  tongue  of 
the  balance)'],  1.  v.  a.,  weigh. 

exanimo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  i.v.a., 
deprive  of  breath  (life) , kill.  — Less 
exactly,  half  kill,  prostrate  (with 
grief,  etc.).  — exanimatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  out  of  breath,  exhausted, 
half  dead  (with  fright,  etc.),  over- 
whelmed. 

exardesco,  -arsi,  no  p.p.  -arde- 
scere,  [ex-ardesco],  3.  v.  n.,  blaze 
up.  — Fig.,  become  enraged,  become 
excited,  burst  forth. 

exaudio,  -ivi,  -itus,  -ire,  [ex- 
audio], 4.  v.  a.,  hear  (from  a dis- 
tance). 

excedo,  -cessi,  -cessurus,  -cedere, 
[ex-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  go  out,  leave 
(with  abl.),  withdraw,  retire,  depart : 
ex  pueris  (outgrozv  one's  boyhood). 
excellens,  see  excello, 
excello,  (-cellui),  -celsus,  -cel- 
lere,  [ex-fcello],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  raise. 
— Also,  rise,  be  superior,  excel. — 
excellens,  -entis,  pres.  p.  as  adj., 
superior,  prominent,  remarkable. 
excelsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  high, 
elevated,  lofty,  commanding : in  ex- 
celso  (in  a lofty  position,  high  up). 

excido,  -cidi,  no  p.p.,  -cidere,  [ex- 
cado],  3.  v.  n .,fall  out,  fall. 

excido,  -cidi,  -cisus,  -cidere,  [ex- 


Vocabulary. 


67 


caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  out , cut  off,  break 
down , raze. 

excipio,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  -cipere, 
[ex-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  0^,  ta/k?  up, 

pick  up,  receive,  catch,  take  in.  — 
Hence,  follow,  come  after , come  next. 
— Also,  take  out,  reserve,  except. 

excito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex-cito, 
cf.  excieo],  1.  v.  a.,  call  out,  rouse, 
stimulate , induce.  — Also,  call  up, 
raise,  stir  up,  kindle,  set  in  motion. 

exelamo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
clamo],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  cry  out, 
raise  a shout. 

excludo,  -clusi,  -clusus,  -cludere, 
[ex-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  out,  cut 
off  (from  doing  a thing),  prevent. 

excogitb,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
cogito],  1.  v.  a.,  think  out,  devise, 
invent. 

excolo,  -colui,  -cultus,  -colere, 
[ex-colo],  3.  v.  a.,  cultivate  (to  some 
effect),  train. 

excrucio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
crucio],  1.  v.  a.,  torture , torment. 
excubiae,  -arum,  [fexcubo+ia], 
-4  F.  plur.,  a watch,  sentinels , watch- 
men, pickets. 

excursio,  -5nis,  [ex-cursio,  cf. 
excurro],  F.,  a sally , a raid,  an  in- 
cursion. 

excusatio,  -onis,  [ex-fcausatio, 
cf.  excuso],  F.,  an  excuse. 

excuso,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
fcauso],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  give  as  an 
excuse,  make  an  excuse,  excuse  one's 
self.  — Also  (with  change  of  relation), 
excuse,  exculpate. 

exeinplu  in,  -i,  [ex-femplum, 
y'EM  (in  emo)  + lus  (cf.  queru- 
lus),  with  parasitic  p],  N.,  {some- 
thing taken  out),  a sample,  a copy,  a 
specimen,  a precedent,  an  example, 
an  illustration : crudelissimis  ex- 
emplis  (in  the  most  cruel  manner). 


exeo,  -ivi  (-ii), -itum, -ire,  [ex-eo], 
irr.  v.  n.,  go  forth,  go  out,  emigrate , 
march  out,  remove , depart,  come  out, 
get  abroad,  be  drawn  (of  lots) . 

exerceo,  -ercui,  -ercitus,  -ercere, 
[ex-arceo],  2.  v.  a.,  train,  practise, 
exercise,  harass,  fatigue  : vectigalia 
(collect)',  judicium  (preside  over). 

exercitatio,  -onis,  [exercita- 
(stem  of  exercito)  + tio],  f.,  prac- 
tice, exercise , training:  virtutis 
(opportunity  for  the  practice  of,  etc.). 

exercito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [exer- 
cito-, cf.  exerceo],  1.  v.  a.,  train, 
practise.  — exercitatus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  trained.  — SuperL,  very 
well  trained. 

exercitus,  -tus,  [as  if  ex-farcitus, 
cf.  exerceo],  m.,  (a  training). — 
Concretely,  (a  body  trained  or  in 
training),  an  army  (large  or  small, 
acting  independently),  a force. 

exhaurio,  -hausi,  -haustus,  -hau- 
rire,  [ex-haurio],  4.  v.  a.,  drain  off. 

— Less  exactly,  carry  off,  get  rid  of 
exhibeo,  -hibui,  -hibitus,  -hibere, 

[ex-habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  out,  show, 
exhibit. 

exigo,  -egi,  -actus,  -igere,  [ex- 
ago],  3.v.a.,  (lead  out),  pass,  spend, 
finish , complete.  — Also,  collect,  exact. 

— Esp.,  exacta  vigilia,  etc.  (at  the 
end  of). 

exiguus,  -a,  -um,  [ex-faguus 
( -y/AG  + uus),  cf.  exigo],  adj., 
(exact  1),  narrow,  scanty , small, 
meagre. 

eximie  [old  abl.  of  eximius], 

adv.,  especially,  peculiarly,  particu- 
larly. 

eximius,  -a,  -um,  [ex-femius 
(-y/EM  + ius),  cf.  eximo],  adj., 
(taken  out),  exceptional,  remarkable , 
very  high,  very  great,  most  admirable, 
very  valuable. 


68 


Vocabulary . 


eximo,  -emi,  -emptus,  -imere,  [ex- 
emo],  3.  v.  a.,  take  out , take  off,  re- 
move. 

existimatio,  -onis,  [ex-aestima- 
tio,  cf.  existimo],  F.,  estimate , opin- 
ion, public  opinion.  — From  the  other 
side,  reputation,  repute. 

existimator,  -toris,  [ex-aestima- 
tor,  cf.  existimo],  M.,  an  appraiser, 
a judge:  injustus  existimator  re- 
rum ( unjust  in  his  opinion  of  affairs'). 

existimo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
aestimo],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  estimate, 
believe,  think,  suppose,  imagine,  re- 
gard, esteem,  deem,  judge. 

exitiosus,  -a,  -urn,  [exitio+  osus] , 
adj.,  destructive,  ruinous, pernicious. 

exitium,  -i,  [exitu  + ium,  perh. 
ex  -f  fitium  (cf.  officium)],  N.,  ex- 
tinction, destruction,  ruin,  mischief. 

exitus,  -tus,  [ex-itus,  cf.  exeo], 
M.,  ( a going  out),  a passage  (out, 
concretely).  — Hence,  an  end,  the 
last  part : quern  habere  exitum 
(what  is  the  result  of,  etc.).  — Fig., 
a result,  a turn  (of  fortune),  an 
issue,  an  event. 

exoletus,  -a,  -urn,  [p.p.  of  exo- 
lesco,  as  adj.],  adult.  — As  subst.,  a 
creature  of  lust. 

exopto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
opto],  1.  v.  a.,  desire  earnestly , long 
for. 

exorior,  -ortus,  -oriri,  [ex-orior], 
3.  (and  4.)  v.  dep.,  rise  up. 

exorno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex-orno] , 
1.  v.  a.,  array,  adorn,  fit  out,  embel- 
lish. 

exoro,  -avi, -atus,  -are,  [ex-oro], 
1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  entreat  (so  as  to  gain 
one’s  point). 

exorsus,  -sus,  [ex-forsus,  cf. 
exordior],  M.,  a beginning. 

expecto  and  compounds  of  ex 
with  s-,  see  exs-. 


expedio,  -ivi,  -itus,  -ire,  [prob. 
fexpedi-  (stem  of  adj.  from  ex-pes)], 
4.  v.  a.  and  n.,  disentangle,  disen- 
cumber, set  free  (cf.  impedio).— 
Less  exactly  and  fig.,  set  in  order, 
get  ready,  arrange,  station  (of 
troops)  : salutem  ( secure ) . — Also, 
be  of  advantage.  — expeditus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  unincumbered,  easy 
(iter),  not  difficult,  quick , active. 

expello,  -puli,  -pulsus,  -pellere, 
[ex-pello],  3.  v.  a.,  drive  out,  ban- 
ish, expel. 

experior,  -pertus,  -periri,  [ex- 
fperior,  pass,  of  pario,  cf.  oppe- 
rior],  4.  v.  dep.,  (get  for  one's  self}), 
experience,  try,  find  (by  experience). 

expers,  -pertis,  [ex-pars],  adj., 
without  a share,  without,  destitute: 
sensus  (out  of  sympathy  with). 

expeto,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  -ere,  [ex- 
peto],  3.  v.  a.,  seek  for,  desire,  ear- 
nestly ask  for,  try  to  secure  : poenas 
(inflict) . 

expilo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex-pilo], 
I.  v.  a.,  rob.  — Also,  plunder,  steal. 

expio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex-pio], 
i.v.a.,  purify , expiate.  — Transferred 
to  the  signs  of  divine  wrath,  expiate. 

expieo,  -plevi,  -pletus,  -plere,  [ex- 
pleo],  2.  v.  &.,  fill  out,  fill  up,  make 
up,  satisfy,  satiate,  fill  the  measure 

°f- 

explico,  -ui  (-avi),  -itus  (-atus), 
-are,  [ex-plieo],  1.  v.  a.,  unfold,  set 
forth.  — Also  (unfold  something  out 
of  entanglement),  disentangle,  set 
free. 

exploro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
plore), prob.  search  by  calling  or 
crying],  I.  v.  a.,  investigate,  explore, 
search , examine,  reconnoitre. — ex- 
ploratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  assured, 
certain. 

expono,  -posui,  -positusj  -ponere, 


Vocabulary. 


69 


[ex-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  place  out , set 
out : exercitum  ( disembark , also 
draw  up , array').  — Fig.,  set  forth 
(in  speech),  expose. 

exporto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
porto],  1.  v.  a.,  carry  out,  carry 
away,  export. 

exposed,  -poposcl,  no  p.p.,  -pos- 
cere,  [ex-poseo],  3.  v.  a.,  demand 
(with  eagerness). 

exprimo,  -pressl,  -pressus,  -pri- 
mere,  [ex-premo],  3.V.  a., press  out , 
force  out,  elicit,  get  out  (of  anything) . 
— Hence,  represent : vestigia  ex- 
pressa  ( well  marked). 

expromo,  -prompsi,  -promptus, 
-promere,  [ex-promo],  3.  v.  a.,  deal 
out,  bring  out,  display. 

expugnatio,  -onis,  [ex-pugna- 
tio,  cf.  expugno],  f.,  a storming 
(of  a city),  taking  (of  a city  by 
storm). 

expugno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
pugno], 1.  v.  a.,  take  (by  storm), 
capture  (by  storming  a city,  also  fig.). 

exquiro,  -slvl,  -situs,  -rere,  [ex- 
quaero],  3.  v.  a.,  search  out. 

exsanguis,  -e,  [ex-sanguis],adj., 
( with  the  blood  out),  bloodless , nerve- 
less, feeble,  lifeless. 

exscindd,  -scidi,  -scissus,  -scin- 
dere,  [ex-scindo],  3.  v.a.,  cut  down, 
tear  down,  break  down,  destroy , over- 
throw. 

exsecratio,  -onis,  [ex-sacratio], 
F.,  a curse,  an  oath  (ratified  by  an 
imprecation),  an  imprecation . 

exsequiae,  -arum,  [fexsequo  -f 
ia,  cf.  pediseqnus],  f.  plur.,  ( a fol- 
lowing out).  — Esp.  to  the  grave,  a 
funeral,  funeral  rites. 

exsilio,  -silui,  no  p.p.,  -silire,  [ex- 
salio],  4.  v.  n.,  spring  up,  jump  zip. 

exsilium  (exil-),  -i,  [exsul  + 
ium],  n.,  exile * 


exsisto,  -stiti,  -stiturus  (?),  -sis- 
tere,  [ex-sisto],  3.  v.  n.,  stand  out, 
rise  up,  come  out,  ensue,  break  otit, 
grow  out,  arise,  come  forward,  shoiu 
itself,  be  shown,  appear,  be  performed 
{perpetrated,  committed ),  turn  out, 
be  the  result,  be,  exist. 

exsolvo,  -solvi,  -solutus,  -solvere, 
[ex-solvo],  3.  v.  a.,  unloose,  acquit. 

exspectatio  (exp-),  -onis,  [ex- 
spectatio,  cf.  expecto],  f.,  a wait- 
ing for,  expectation,  anticipation. 

ex  spec  to  (exp-), -avi,  -atus, -are, 
[ex-specto],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look  out 
for , zuait  for,  wait,  wait  to  see  (si, 
whether , etc.),  expect,  anticipate,  be 
in  expectation. 

exspolio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
spolio],  1.  v.  a.,  strip  off. — Also, 
strip  of  (cf.  despolio).  — Fig.,  de- 
prive, rob  ( of  abl.). 

exstinctor  (extinc-),-toris,  [ex- 
stinctor,  cf.  exstinguo],  M.,  a de- 
stroyer, a suppressor. 

exstinguo  (ext-),  -stinxi,  -stinc- 
tus,  -stinguere,  [ex-stinguo],  3.  v.  a., 
( punch  out , as  a fire  in  the  woods?), 
extinguish  (lit.  and  fig.),  destroy, put 
an  end  to,  stamp  out,  blot  out. 

exsto,  -stiti,  -staturus  (?),  -stare, 
[ex-sto],  1.  v.  n.,  stand  out , be  pre- 
served. 

exstructio,  -onis,  [ex-structio,  cf. 
exstruo],  F.,  a building  up,  a struc- 
ture. 

exstruS,  -struxi,  -structus,  -stru- 
ere,  [ex-struo],  3.  v.  a.,  heap  up, 
build  up,  pile  up,  construct , erect. 

exsul  (exul),  -ulis,  [ex-y'sAL 
(of  salio,  cf.  praesul)  as  stem,  with 
some  lost  connection  of  meaning,  cf. 
consul],  C.,  an  exile. 

exsulo  (exulo),  -avi,  no  p.p., 
-are,  [exsul],  1.  v.  n.,  be  an  exile,  be 
in  exile. 


70 


Vocabulary . 


exsulto  (exult-),  -avi,  no  p.p., 
-are,  [ex-salto,  cf.  exsilio],  i.  v.  n., 

( dance  with  joy , as  in  a war  dance 
trampling  on  a prostrate  foe,  cf.  Mil. 

21 ),  exult , rejoice. 

extenuo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
tenuo],  i.  v.  a.,  extenuate , dispar- 
age, diminish , belittle. 

exter,  -tera,  -terum,  [ex-j-terus 
(reduced)],  adj., outer,  outside , for- 
eign. — extremus,  -a,  -urn,  superl., 
farthest, , extreme,  last : in  extrema 
oratione  (#/  the  end  of  etc.,  and 
often  in  this  sense) ; ad  extremum 
(#//■  the  last , last,  finally) ; in  ex- 

trema India  (*»  farthest  India)', 
in  extremis  atque  ultimis  genti- 
bus  (< farthest  in  distance,  and  last  in 
reckoning);  extremum  summum- 
que  supplicium  ( the  utmost  and 
most  extreme  severity  of  punishment ); 
fuit  illud  extremum  {the  last  thing 
to  be  thought  of) ; comites  (, farthest 
behind) . 

extermino,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ex- 
termino-], i.  v.  a.,  drive  beyond  the 
bounds,  banish,  get  out  of  the  way, 
expel,  drive  into  exile. 

externus,  -a,  -um,  [exter-  (as 
stem  of  exter)  +nus],  adj.,  outside, 
external,  foreign,  abroad. 

extimesco,  -timui,  no  p.p*,  -time- 
scere,  [ex-timesco],  3.  v.  a.,  dread, 
fear  : vultu  ( show  terror). 

extollo,  -tollere,  [ex-tollo],  3*v*a*> 
raise  up. 

extorqueo,  -torsi,  -tortus,  -tor- 
quere,  [ex-torqueo],  2.v.  a.,  wrench 
from,  wrest  from,  force  from. 

extra  [abl.  or  instr.  (?)  of  exter, 
cf.  supra],  adv.  and  prep.,  outside, 
out  of,  outside  of. 

extraho,  -traxi,  -tractus,  -trahere, 
[ex-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag  out , draiv 
out,  draw  (from). 


exuo,  -ui,  -utus,  -uere,  [ex-fuo 
(of  unc.  meaning,  cf.  induo)],  3-v.a., 
throw  off,  strip  off,  cast  aside. 

exuro,  -ussi,  -ustus,  -urere,  [ex- 
uro],  3.  v.  a.,  burn  up,  burn  do7vn, 
burn  to  the  ground. 

exuviae,  -arum,  [exuo-  (cf.  exu5) 

+ ia],  F.  plur.,  spoils,  cast-off  clothes, 
trophies  (as  beaks  of  ships  stripped 
off). 

F. 

Fabianus,  -a,  -um,  [Fabio  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  Fabius. — Esp.,  for- 
nix Fabianus  ( the  arch  of  Fabius, 
which  stood  at  the  easterly  end  of 
the  Forum). 

Fabricius,  -i,  [ffabrico  + ius], 
M.,  a Roman  gentile  name.— Esp., 
Q.  Fabricius,  a tribune  of  the  peo- 
ple the  year  of  Cicero’s  recall. 

fabula,  -ae,  [fa  (as  stem  of  for) 
+ bula  (f.  of  bulum)  ] , f.,  a myth , 
a story,  a play. 

facete  [old  abl.  of  facetus],  adv., 
wittily,  facetiously,  humorously,  cun- 
ningly, neatly. 

facilis,  -e,  [ffaco-  (cf.  benefi- 
cus)  -f  lis],  adj.,  easy  (to  do,  cf. 
habilis),  convenient , without  diffi- 
culty, easy  (generally). — facile,  N. 
as  adv.,  easily,  conveniently,  without 
difficulty,  plainly,  readily:  facile 
primus  ( without  question,  etc.). 

facilitas,  -tatis,  [facili+tas],  f., 
facility , ease,  easy  manners,  cour- 
tesy. 

facinorosus,  -a,  -um,  [facinor-f 
osus],  adj.,  criminal. 

facinus,  -oris,  [ffacin-  (as  if  root 
of  ffacino,  longer  form  of  facio, 
cf.  prodino)  + ns],  N.,  a deed  (of 
any  kind),  an  action.  Esp.  (as  in 
English),  a deed  (of  crime),  a mis- 
deed, a crime , guilt  (referring  to 


Vocabulary. 


7 1 


some  particular  act),  criminal  con- 
duct: aliud  ( degree  of  guilt'). 

facio,  feci,  factus,  facere,  [ y'FAC 
(DHA+  k)  + io  (ya)],  irr.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  make , do,  act,  commit. — Used  in 
a great  variety  of  senses,  as  in  Eng., 
and  in  many  where  we  use  a more 
special  word  : insidias  {lay) ; con- 
sulem  {elect);  verbum  {speak,  ut- 
ter) ; gratulationem  {offer) ; vota 
{offer)  ; ludos  ( celebrate , hold) ; 
manu  factus  ( wrought , etc.) ; ita 
factus  {formed,  fashioned \ of  such  a 
character)  ; sumptum  {incur)  ; ju- 
dicia  {hold,  as  trials  or  courts,  ex- 
press, give,  render,  as  decisions); 
auctoritatem  {give);  fidem  {pro- 
duce, gain);  potestatem  {give,  of- 
fer) ; reliquum  facere  {leave) ; 
proelium  {fight ) ; missa  facere  {let 
go) ; comitia  {hold) ; strepitum 
{raise).  — Esp  with  clause  of  result, 
cause  (to),  do  (omitting  in  Eng.  the 
connective  that,  and  expressing  the 
thing  done  in  the  indicative),  see  to 
it  that,  take  care  that.  — So : facit 
ut  videamini  {makes you  appear); 
facio  ut  deferrem  {allow  myself  to, 
etc.);  fac  veniat  {let,  etc.).  — So  in 
pass.,  be  done,  be  caused,  happen,  re- 
sult, ensue,  occur,  turn  out,  be,  be- 
come : aliquid  atrocitatis  fieri  {some 
atrocity  be  committed);  fit  obviam 
{come  to  meet,  meet,  happen  to  meet)  ; 
si  quid  eo  factum  esset  {if  any- 
thing should  happen  to,  etc.)  ; ut  fit 
{as  usually  happens) ; fit  dominus 
{makes  himself  master).  — Often 
with  two  accs.  (or  with  adj.  corre- 
sponding to  second  acc.),  make , ren- 
der.— factum,  -i,  n.  of  p.p.,  half 
noun  and  half  participle,  and  to  be 
translated  by  either,  act,  thing  done, 
action , etc.  — fio,  fieri,  as  passive 
in  all  senses. 


factum,  see  facio. 
facultas,  -tatis,  [facul  (for  facili, 
cf.  simul)  + tas],  F,  ease,  facility. 
— So,  chance,  power , opportunity, 
privilege : facultas  ingeni  {intel- 
lectual pozver,  form  of  genius);  ora- 
tio  et  facultas  {pozver  of  oratory) ; 
manendi  nulla  facultas  {no  possi- 
bility) . 

faenerator  (fen-),  -toris,  [fae- 
nera  -f  tor],  m.,  a usurer. 

Faesulae,  -arum,  [prob.  Etrusc., 
though  the  form  is  Roman],  F.  plur., 
an  old  Etruscan  city  north  of  the 
Arno,  colonized  by  Sulla  {Fiesole). 

Faesulanus,  -a,  -um,  [Faesula-f- 
nus],  adj.,  of  Fiesole. 

falcarius,  -a,  -um,  [falc+arius], 
adj.,  belonging  to  a scythe  or  sickle.  — 
Masc.,  a scythemaker : inter  falca- 
rios  {in  the  scythemaker  s'  quarter, 
cutlers’  street).  • 

Falcidius,  -\,  [?,  ffalcido-(falc+ 
dus)  -f  ius],  M.,  a Roman  gentile 
name.  — Only,  C.  Falcidius,  a trib- 
une of  the  people. 

fallax,  -acis,  [fall-  (as  if  root  of 
fallo)  -f  ax],  adj.,  deceitful,  treach- 
erous, fallacious. 

falld,  fefelli,  falsus,  fallere, 
[ ? SPHAL,  trip  up’],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
deceive,  escape  {one's  notice),  disap- 
point . num  me  fefellit  {was  I mis- 
taken in,  etc.,  and  often  in  that 
sense).  — falsus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  de- 
ceived. — Also  (transferred  to  things), 
false,  unfounded : laus {undeserved). 
— Abl.  as  adv.,  falsely. 
falso  see  fallo. 
falsus,  see  fallo. 
falx,  -lcis,  [?],  F.,  a scythe,  sickle, 
or  billhook  (including  many  instru- 
ments with  curved  blades),  a knife 
(with  a curved  blade,  used  by  gladia- 
tors). 


72 


Vocabulary. 


fama,  -ae,  [ VFA  (in  for)  + MA]> 
F.,  speech , common  talk , reputation , 
fame.  — Concretely,  a rumor , a 
story. 

fames,  -is,  [?],  F.,  hunger , star- 
vation: fame  necatus  {starved  to 
death) . 

familia,  -ae,  (-as),  [famuld-  (re- 
duced, cf.  famul)  -f-  ia],  f.,  a collec- 
tion of  attendants , a household  (in- 
cluding children),  slaves , a gang  of 
slaves.  — Also,  a family  (in  our 
sense).  — mater  familias,  se£ 
mater. 

familiaris,  -e,  [prob.  familia  + 
ris,  but  treated  as  famili+aris  (cf. 
alaris,  animalis)],  adj.,  of  the  house- 
hold,, friendly , intimate  : res  ( estate , 
property , also,  domestic  life , house- 
hold affairs).  — Esp.  as  subst.  (though 
compared),  a friend , an  intimate 
friend. 

familiaritas,  -tatis,  [familiari  + 
tas],  F.,  intimacy  {with,  genitive), 
a relation  of  intimacy. 

familiariter  [familiari  + ter], 
adv.,  familiarly,  intimately. 

fanum,  -i,  [?,  VFA  + nus>  Perh< 
orig.  consecrated,  cf.  effatus],  N .,  a 
shrine  (cf.  aedes),  a temple  (esp.  a 
foreign  one,  templum  being  a word 
of  Roman  augury). 

fas  [VFA  (in  for)  + as]>  indecl- 
N.,  right  (in  conscience,  or  by  divine 
law), permitted,  allowed.  — Esp.  with 
negatives  expressed  or  implied. 

fascis,  -is,  [?,  cf.  fascia],  M.,  a 
bundle.  — Esp.,  in  plur.,  the  fasces, 
the  bundle  of  rods  with  an  axe,  car- 
ried by  the  lictor  before  the  higher 
magistrates. 

fasti dio,  -ivl  (-il),  -itus,  -ire, 
[ffastidi-  (cf.  fastiditas)  ] , 4-  v-  a- 
and  n.,  disdain,  be  disgusted,  take 
offence. 


fastus,  -a,  -urn,  [fas  + tus],  adj., 
secular  (of  days  when  the  courts, 
etc.,  could  rightly  be  held). — In 
plur.  as  subst.,  the  fasti  (the  list  of 
such  days),  the  calendar.  — Also,  the 
list  of  consuls  (originally  kept  in  the 
calendar). 

fatalis,  -e,  [fato+alis],  adj ., fated, 
fatal,  designed  by  fate. 

fateor,  fassus,  fateri,  [prob.  fato-], 

2.  v.  dep.,  confess,  acknoivledge,  ad- 
mit. 

fatum,  -i,  [n.  of  fatus,  p.p.  of 
for],  N.,  ( what  is  spoken,  cf.  fas), 
destiny,  fate,  lot,  a fatality.  — Hence, 
ruin,  death,  destruction : fata  Sibyl- 
lina  {the  Sibylline  books). 

fauces,  -ium,  [?],  F.  plur.  (also 
fauce,  sing.),  the  gullet,  the  throat. 

— Hence,  of  animals,  the  jaws  (with 
a slightly  different  fig.  from  the  Eng.). 

— So  of  any  narrow  entrance,  a pass  : 
fauces  Etruriae  {the  gates) . 

fautor,  -toris,  [fav-  (as  if  root  of 
faveo)  + tor],  M.,  a favorer , a par- 
tisan, a supporter. 
faux,  see  fauces, 
faveo,  favi,  fauturus,  favere,  [?], 
2.  v.  n.  , favor,  be  well  disposed 
towards. 

Favonius,-i,  [ffavono-  (cf.  colo- 
nus)  +ius],  M.,  the  west  wind.  — Also, 
a Roman  gentile  name. — Esp.,  M. 
Favonius,  a friend  of  Cato  of  Utica, 
and  a violent  opponent  of  Clodius. 
He  was  afterwards  one  of  the  assas- 
sins of  Caesar. 

fax,  fads,  [?],  F.,  a torch,  a fire- 
brand, fire,  a blazing  fire  (in  the 
sky)  : omnes  faces  invidiae  subi- 
cere  {use  every  means  to  kindle  the 
flame  of  hatred). 

febris,  -is,  [for  ffervris  (poss. 
ffervis),  ferv  + ris  (or  -is)],  F.f 
fever. 


Vocabulary . 73 


Februarius.  -a,  -um,  [februo  + 
arius],  adj.,  of  February . 

felicitas,  -tatis,  [f'elic-  (as  if 
felici)  + tas],  F.,  good  fortune , good 
luck,  lucky  star.  — Plur.  in  same 
sense.  — Esp.,  Good  Fortune , wor- 
shipped as  a divinity  by  the  Ro- 
mans. 

feliciter  [felic-  (as  if  felici-)  + 
ter],  adv.,  happily , successfully. 

felix,  -icis,  [akin  to  feo],  adj., 
fruitful,  fortunate. 

femina,  -ae,  [fe  (stem  of  feo)  -f 
mina],  F.,  a woman,  a female. 
fenerator,  see  faen-. 
fera,  see  ferus. 

fere  [?,  abl.  of  stem  ffero-  (akin 
to  fero,  cf.  Lucifer)],  adv.,  almost, 
about.  — Also,  almost  always,  gener- 
ally, usually , for  the  niost  part.  — 
With  negatives,  hardly : nemo  fere 
(hardly  anybody). 

feritas,  -tatis,  [fero  + tas],  F., 
wildness,  barbarous  condition. 

fero,  tuli,  latus  (for  tlatus),  ferre, 
[y'BHAR,  bear,  and  ^/tol  (tla)  in 
tollo],  irr.  v.  a.  and  n.,  bear,  carry , 
bring,  endure , tolerate,  stand,  with- 
stand, carry  off,  take,  receive,  win. 
— Often  in  a loose  sense,  translated 
by  various  special  words  in  Eng., 
commit,  offer , etc.  — With  reflex,  or 
in  pass.,  rush,  pass,  proceed,  roll 
(of  a river).  — With  advs.  indicating 
manner  of  receiving  anything,  suffer, 
bear,  take  it,  feel : indigne  ( feel  in- 
dignant) ; moleste  (take  it  hard,  be 
annoyed  by,  etc.)  ; gra viter  (be  an- 
noyed, be  vexed,  take  it  ill).  — Esp., 
of  report,  say,  report.  — Also,  of 
laws,  propose  (to  the  people),  carry, 
decide,  propose  a law , pass  a law, 
bring  an  accusation  (before  the  peo- 
ple) : vestra  voluntas  (decide,  turn 
that  way);  quaestionem  (vote); 


ita  natura  rerum  (decree). — Also, 
facinus  prae  se  (boast,  vaunt). 

ferocitas,  -tatis,  [feroc-  (as  if 
feroci-)  + tas],  Y.,  fierceness,  savage 
cruelty. 

ferramentum,  -i,  [as  if  ferra- 
(stem  of  verb  from  ferrum)  + men- 
tum],  N.,  a tool  (of  iron),  a weapon. 

ferreus,  -a,  -um,  [ferro  + eus 
(-YAs)],  adj.,  of  iron,  iron  (made  of 
iron).  — Fig.,  iron-hearted. 

ferrum,  -i,  [?],  n.,  iron,  sten,  the 
sword  (as  a symbol  of  war). 

fertilis,  -e,  [prob.  fferto-  (fer  + 
tus,  cf.  fero)  + lis],  adj.,  fertile , 
fruitful,  productive. 

ferus,  -a,  -um,  [a/fer  (dhvar, 
rush)-\- us,  cf.  deer'],  adj.,  wild,  cruel, 
ferocious.  — Fern,  as  subst.,  a wild 
beast,  game. 

festinatio,  -onis,  [festina+tio], 

F.,  haste. 

festus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  (cf. 
feriae)  + tus],  adj.,  festive,  festival. 

fidelis,  -e,  [fide-  (stem  of  fides) 
+ lis],  adj.,^ faithful. 

fides,  -ei,  [VFID  (bhid,  bind)  + 
es],  F.,  a promise,  a pledge.  — Also, 
good faith,  fidelity,  honesty.  — Transf., 
confidence,  faith  (in),  credit;  fidem 
facere  (gain  credence,  produce  con- 
fidence).— Esp.  of  promised  protec- 
tion, protection,  dependence,  alliance. 
— Also,  creditiya  a mercantile  sense). 

fidius  (but  only  in  nom.)  [?,  fido 
+ ius],  M.,  (of  good faithT). — Only 
in  me  dius  fidius  (sc.  adj u vet), 
on  my  faith,  as  sure  as  I live,  by 
Heaven. 

fido,  fisus  sum,  fidere,  [y'FlD,  in- 
creased], 3.  v.n.,  trust,  have  confidence. 

fiducia,  -ae,  [ffiduc-  (ffidu+cus) 
+ ia  (cf.  audacia)],  F.,  confidence, 
confident  reliance.  — Also,  ground 
of  confidence. 


7 4 


Vocabulary . 


fidus,  -a,  -um,  [fid  (in  fido)  + 
us],  adj.,  faithful. 

figo,  fixi,  fixus,  figere,  [-y/FiG?], 
3.  v.  a., fasten  (by  insertion  in  some- 
thing),^, nail : crucem  ( plant ); 
mucronem  (plunge).  — Also  fig., 
memoria  mentibus  fixa. 

figura,  -ae,  [ffigu-  (^/fig, 
fingo,  + us)  + ra,  f.  of  rus],  f., 
a nape , form. 

filia,  -ae,  [f.  of  filius],  f.,  a 
daughter. 

filius,  -I,  [?],  M.,  a son. 
fing§,  finxi,  fictus,  fingere,  [ y/fig, 
cf.  figura],  3.  v.  a.,  mould.  — Fig., 
invent , contrive , pretend , imagine , 
devise:  fingite  animis  (imagine). 
— fictus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  false , 
trumped  up,  fictitious,  imaginary. 

finis,  -is,  [?],  M.,  a limit,  an  end : 
quem  ad  finem  (how  far)  ; usque 
ad  eum  finem  dum,  etc.  (even  up 
to  the  very  i?ioment  when). — Plur., 
limits,  boundaries,  borders,  territo- 
ries, country. 

finitimus  (-tuinus),  -a,  -um, 
[fini-ftimus,  cf.  maritimus],  adj., 
on  the  borders,  neighboring,  adjacent, 
neighbors  (of).  — Plur.  as  subst., 
neighbors. 

fio,  see  facio. 

firmamentum,  -i,  [firma+men- 
tum],  N.,  support.  — Fig.,  a bulwark, 
a corner-stone : ceterorum  ordinum. 

firmo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [firmo-], 
1.  v.  a.,  make  strong,  strengthen,  for  - 
tify,  put  in  a state  of  defence. 

firmus,  -a,  -um,  [^/DHAR+mus], 
adj.,  strong  (for  resistance),  firm, 
steady. 

fiscus,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a basket  (used 
for  carrying  money),  a money-bag  (to 
imitate  the  figure  in  Eng.). 

Flaccus,  -i,  [flaccus , flabby),  M., 
a Roman  family  name. — Esp.,  L. 


Valerius  Flaccus,  cons,  with  Marius 
B.c.  100,  and  afterwards  killed  by 
Fimbria  in  the  East. 

flagitiose  [old  abl.  of  flagitio- 
sus],  adv.,  shamefully , disgracefully 
(with  the  added  idea  of  criminality). 

flagitiosus,  -a,  -um,  [flagitid  + 
osus],  adj.,  shamefully  criminal,  in- 
famous, disgraceful,  scandalous. 

flagitium,  -i,  [fflagito+ium,  cf. 
flagito],  N.,  (a  crime  of  passion}), 
a disgraceful  crime , a burning  shame, 
an  enormity. 

flagito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [as  if 
fflagito-,  p.p.  of  burn}  (cf. 

(p\e 7&>),  akin  to  fiagrum],  1.  v.  a., 
ask  (in  heat?),  demand  earnestly,  \ 
importune,  insist  upon , call  for : 
severitatem  (cry  for) ; flagitans 
senatus  (importunate) ; pacem  fla- 
gitans (being  importunate  for) . 

flagro,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [flagro-, 
in  an  earlier  sense  of  a burn} ], 

1.  v.  n.,  burn,  blaze,  consume,  be  on 
fire. — Also  fig.  as  in  Eng.,  be  in  a 
blaze  of,  be  consumed  in  a fire  of: 
invidia;  infamia. 

flamen,  -inis,  [prob.  flag  (cf. 
flagro)  + men],  m.,  (the  kindler  of 
sacrificial  fires?),  a priest  (of  a par- 
ticular divinity). 

Flaminmus,  -i,  [Flaminio  -f 
inus],  M.,  a Roman  family  name. — 
Esp.,  T.  Quinctius  Flamininus,  who 
defeated  Philip  of  Macedonia  at 
Cynoscephabe,  B.C.  197. 

Flaminius,  -i,  [flamin+ius],  m., 
a Roman  gentile  name. — Esp.,  Q. 
Flaminius , cons.  B.c.  223.  — Also, 
as  adj.,  Flaminian  (of  this  Flamin- 
ius) ; circus  (the  circus  built  by  him 
as  censor,  B.c.  220). 

flamma,  -ae,  [^/FLAG+ma],  F., 
flame,  fire,  conflagration. 

! flecto,  flexi,  flexus,  flectere,  [?], 


Vocabulary. 


75 


3.  v.  a.,  bend,  turn.  — Fig.,  changey 
affect,  draw  (from  a course),  change 
the  minds  of  etc. 

fleo,  flevi,  fletus,  flere,  [?],  2.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  weep  : flens  (in  tears). 

fletus,  -tus,  [fie-  (stem  of  fleo 
as  root)  tus],  M.,  weeping , lamen- 
tation, tears. 

flexibilis,  -e,  [flexo-  (as  stem  of 
flexus)-f  bilis],  adj ., flexible,  change- 
able. 

florens,  see  floreo. 

floreo,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [flor-], 

2.  v.  n.,  blossom , bloom.  — Fig.,  be 
prosperous,  flourish,  be  in  power: 
accessus  (be  brilliant). — florens, 
-entis,  p.  as  adj.,  flourishing,  pros- 
perous, brilliant, highly  favored,  emi- 
nent (for  wealth  and  the  like),  suc- 
cessful. 

floresco,  florui,  no  p.p.,  florescere, 
[flore-  (as  stem  of  floreo)  -f  sco], 

3.  v.  n.,  flourish,  grozu  bright. 

flos,  floris,  [?],  M.,  a flower. — 
Fig.,  the  flozver  (of  troops). 

fluctuo,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  -are,  [fluc- 
tu-],  1.  v.  w.,  float,  drift,  be  tossed  on 
the  zuaves. 

fluctus,  -tus,  [^/flu(g)  (in  fluo, 
cf.  fluxi)  + tus],  M.,  a zvave  (also 
fig.),  waves  (collectively). 

fluito,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  -are,  [ffluito- 
(as  if  stem  of  p.p.  of  fluo,  cf.  agito)], 
1.  v.  n .,  float,  drift . 

flumen,-inis,  [«v/flu(g)  (in  fluo, 
cf.  frumentum)4-men],  n.,  a river. 
— Ylg.yflOW. 

fluo,  fluxi,  fluxus  (fluxurus,  fluctu- 
rus,  fluiturus),  fluere,  [^/flu(g),  cf. 
fruor],  3.  v.  n .,flow. 

focus,  -i,  [fov  (as  root  of  foveo) 
+ cus],  M.,  a brazier  (a  fixed  or 
movable  hearth,  with  coals  for  heat- 
ing or  cooking),  a hearth.  — Fig.  (as 
a symbol  of  home),  hearth,  fireside. 


foederatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  foe- 
dero],  adj .,  federate,  allied  (by  treaty 
on  equal  terms).  — Masc.  pi.,  allies . 

foedus,  -eris,  [fFiD  (in  fides, 
cf.  Ildus)  + us],  N.,  a treaty,  an  al- 
liance, a bond  (of  any  similar  kind), 
conditions  (of  a treaty),  a compact , 
an  agreement  (of  a serious  or  sol- 
emn sort). 

foedus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  foul, 

unseemly,  horrible,  vile,  dreadful. 

fons,  fontis,  [?],  m.,  a fountain, 
a spring. — Fig.,  a source , a foun- 
tain. 

foras  [acc.  plur.  of  ffora],  adv., 

(to  the  doors),  outdoors,  abroad  (as 
end  of  motion) . — Fig.,  forth , out , 
away. 

fore,  see  sum. 

forensis,  -e,  [foro+ensis],  adj., 

of  the  Forum , in  the  Forum  (cf. 
various  meanings  of  forum).  — Also, 
every  day,  ordinary,  of  daily  life. 

foris,  [abl.  plur.  of  ffora,  cf. 
foras],  adv.,  out  of  doors  (as  place 
where),  abroad,  outside. 

forma,  -ae,  [ y'DHAR  (in  firmus) 
+ma],  F.,  shape,  form,  features , the 
person,  an  effigy,  a likeness,  an 
image. 

formido,  -inis,  [prob.  formido- 
(cf.  formido)  + o (cf.  cupido), 
akin  to  formus?  (from  the  hot  flash 
of  fear)],  F.,  fear , dread,  terror, 
alarm. 

formidolosus,  -a,  -um,  [fformi- 
dolo-  (formido+lus?)  -f  osus],  adj., 

formidable,  alarming. 

fornix,  -icis,  [forno-  (cf.  fornax) 
+ cus  (?  reduced)],  m.,  (the  arch 
of  an  oven?),  ait  arch. 

fors,  fortis,  [^/FFR  + tis  (re- 
duced)], F.,  chance.  — forte,  abl.  as 
adv.,  by  chance , perchance,  acciden- 
tally, as  it  happened,  perhaps. 


;6 


Vocabulary . 


forsitan  [fors  sit  an,  it  may  be 

a chance  whether ],  ad v.,  perhaps,  it 
may  be , possibly. 

fortasse  [?,  forte  + unc.  form, 
perh.  sis  (si  vis)],  adv.,  perhaps , 
possibly , it  may  be. 
forte,  see  fors. 

fortis,  -e,  [for  jforctis,  akin  to 
firmus],  adj.,  strong,  sturdy , gal- 
lant, staunch,  brave,  dauntless,  un- 
daunted, able:  vir  ( a man  of  cour- 
age, a man  of  constancy,  and  the 
like);  sententia  (firm). 

fortiter  [forti+ter],  adv.,  brave- 
ly, stoutly , undauntedly , with  cour- 
age, with  constancy , with  frmness. 

fortitudo,  -inis,  [forti  + tudo], 
F.,  strength,  courage,  bravery,  forti- 
tude, steadiness,  firmness. 

fortuna,  -ae,  [ffortu-  (for+tu,  cf. 
fors)  + na,  F.  of  -nus],  Y.,  fortune, 
chance,  fate.  — Esp.,  good  fortune. 
— Plur.,  fortunes , property,  fortune, 
wealth.  — Esp For  tune  (worshipped 
as  a goddess  by  the  Romans). 

fortunatus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  for- 
tuno],  adj fortunate,  blessed. 

forum,  -i,  [akin  to  foras  and 
foro],  N.,  (an  open  place'),  a forum, 
a market-place.  — Esp.,  the  Forum 
(the  great  market-place  of  Rome, 
used  also  for  all  public  purposes). — 
Esp.,  as  a symbol  of  law  and  justice, 
the  forum.  — See  also  Aurelius. 

fragilis,  -e,  [ffrago-  (cf.  foede- 
rifragus)  + lis],  adj.,  brittle. 
Fig.,  delicate,  sensitive,  tender . 

fragilitas,  -tatis,  [fragili+tas], 
F.,  brittleness,  frailty. 

fragmentum,  -i,  [VFRAG  0n 
fran go)  -f  mentum],  N.,  a broken 
piece , a fragment. 

frango,  fregi,  fractus,  frangere, 
[^/FRAG],  3.  v.  a.,  break  (as  a solid 
body).  — Esp.  of  ships,  wreck.  — 


Fig.,  break  down , crush,  break  the 
force  of,  exhaust. 

frater,  -tris,  [prob.  ^/fer  + ter, 
cf.  pater],  M.,  a brother. 

fraterne  [old  abl.  of  fraternus], 
adv.,  like  a brother , fraternally . 

fraternus,  -a,  -um,  [frater  + 
nus],  adj.,  of  a brother,  fraternal. 

fraudatio,  -onis,  [frauda+tio], 
F.,  cheating. 

fraudo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fraud-], 

I . v.  a.,  cheat,,  defraud. 

fraus,  fraudis,  [?,  akin  to  fru- 
stra],  F.,  loss. — Hence,  treachery, 
deceit,  wickedness. 

fremitus,  -tus,  [fremi-  (stem  of 
fremo)  + tus],  M.,  a murmur , a 
coif  used  noise,  a din. 

freno  (frae-), -avi,  -atus, -are,  [fre- 
no-],  1.  v.  a.,  bridle,  curb. — Also  fig. 

frenum  (frae-),  -i,  [root  or  verb 
stem  akin  to  firmus  + num],  N .,  a 
bridle. 

frequens,  -entis,  [orig.  pres.  p. 
akin  to  farcio],  adj.,  crowded,  nu- 
merous, in  great  numbers  ; conspec- 
tus  vester  ( your  crozvded  assem- 
blage)', senatus  (full).  — Also  of 
time,  as  if  adv.,  frequently. 

frequenter  [fr  equent+ ter  ] , adv., 
i n great  numbers, populously . — Also, 
of  tim z,  frequently. 

frequentia,  -ae,  [frequent+ia], 
F.,  a throng,  a crowd,  a multitude, 
numbers  (as  great  numbers) ; sena- 
tus (a  full  meeting  of,  etc). 

frequento,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fre- 
quent-], I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  assemble  in 
great  numbers,  celebrate,  resort  to, 
visit. 

fretus,  -a,  -um,  [root  akin  to 
firmus  + tus],  adj.,  relying  on,  con- 
fident in  (on  account  of). 

fretus,  -tus,  [?],  m.,  and  fretum, 
-b  [?],  N.,  a strait. — Esp.,  the  Strait 


Vocabulary . 


77 


(of  Messina,  between  Sicily  and  the 
mainland). 

frig  us,  -oris,  [-y/FRiG  (in  frigeo, 
etc.)  -f  us],  N.,  cold.  — Plur.,  cold 
(cold  “ snaps,”  frosts). 

frons,  frontis,  [?,  akin  to  brow], 
F.,  brow,  face r forehead. 

fructuosus,  -a,  -um,  [fructu  + 
osus],  adj.,  fruitful,  fertile. 

fructus,  -tus,  [v/fru(g)  + tus], 
M.,  enjoyment , fruition . — Hence, 
( what  one  enjoys ),  fruit  (of  the 
earth,  or  of  any  kind  of  labor), prod- 
uce, crops,  income,  advantages,  emol- 
ument, reward : fructui  esse  (to  be 
an  advantage,  to  be  beneficial,  to  be 
profitable'). 

frugalitas,  -tatis,  [frugali+tas], 
F.,  economy,  frugality. 

frumentarius,  -a,  -um,  [fru- 
mentd-  (reduced)  + arius],  adj.,  of 
grain:  res  ( grain  supply , provi- 
sions, grain) ; inopia  ( scarcity  of 
grain).  — See  also  subsidia. 

frumentum,  -I,  [y'FRU  (g)  + 
mentum],  n .,  grain  (cf.  fructus). 

fruor,  fructus  (fruiturus,  frul, 
[^/fru(g),  cf.  fruges],  3.  v.  dep., 
enjoy. 

frustra  [abl.  or  instr.  of  stem 
akin  to  fraus],  adv.,  to  no  purpose, 
zvithout  effect , vainly. 

frux,  frugis,  [^/fru(g)  in  fruor, 
as  stem],  Y.,  fruit  (not  only  in  the 
modern  sense,  but  also  all  “ fruits  of 
the  earth”),  grain,  crops. 

Fufius,  -a,  -um,  [ ?],  adj.  — Masc., 
as  a Roman  gentile  name.  — Also, 
as  adj.,  Fujian  (belonging  to  one  of 
that  gens).  — Esp.,  lex  Fufia  (a  law 
in  regard  to  the  auspices  at  elections, 
giving  power  to  certain  magistrates 
to  stop  the  proceedings). 

fuga,  -ae,  [ ^/fug  + a],  Y.,  flight. 
fugio,  fugi,  fugiturus,  fugere, 


[ -y/FUG  (in  fuga)],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
fly,  fly  from.  — Fig.,  shun , avoid.  — 
Also,  escape  the  notice  of  escape  (in 
same  sense). 

fugitlvus,  -a,  -um,  [fugi-  (stem 
of  fugio?)  -f  tivus],  adj.,  runazvay. 
— As  subst.,  a runaway  slave. 

fugito,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [fugi-  (as 
stem  of  fugio)  + to,  but  cf.  agito], 

1.  v.  a.  and  n .,  fly,  flee  from , avoid. 
fulgeo,  fulsi,  no  p.p.,  fulgere,  [?], 

2.  v.  n.,  shine  (also  fig.), 
fulmen,  -inis  [fulg-  (in  fulgeo) 

+ men],  N.,  a thunderbolt,  a light- 
ning flash , lightning. 

Fulvius,  -I,  [fulvo  + ius],  M.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp. : 1.  M. 
Fulvius  Fla  ecus,  a partisan  of  the 
Gracchi,  slain  by  Opimius;  2.  M. 
Fulvius  Nobilior,  cons.  B.c.  189,  who 
subdued  yEtolia. 

fit  mo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fumo-], 
1.  v.  n.,  s7noke  (also  fig.). 

fumus,  -i,  [\/FU  (DHU)  + mus, 
akin  to  dust'],  M.,  smoke. 

fundamentum,  -i,  [funda  + 
mentum],  N.,  a foundation. 

funditus  [fundo-f  tus,  cf.  divini- 
tus],  &({v.,from  the  foundation , ut- 
terly, completely. 

fundo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fundo-], 
1.  v.  a .,  found,  lay  the  foundations  of. 

fundo,  fudi,  fusus,  fundere, 
[y'FUD],  3.  v.  a.,  pour. — Less  ex- 
actly, scatter.  — Esp.  of  battle,  put 
to  rout,  rout. 

fundus,  -i,  [akin  to  bottom ],  M., 
the  bottom  (of  anything).  — Also  (cf. 
real-estate),  an  estate,  a farm  (in- 
cluding house  and  land). 

funesto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [funes- 
to-],  I.  v.  a.,  pollute  (orig.  by  a death 
or  the  like?),  desecrate  : urbem  (as 
orig.  consecrated  to  the  gods). 

funestus,  -a,  -um,  [funes  (old 


78 


Vocabulary . 


stem  of  funus)+tus],adj.,  ( fraught 
with  death  ?) , deadly , fatal.  — Also 
(cf.  funesto),  polluted  (orig.  by  a 
death?),  ill-omened. 

fungor,  functus,  fungi,  [?],  3.  v. 
dep  .,perfon?i  (with  abl.). 
funis,  -is,  [?],  M.,  a rope. 
funus,  -eris,  [unc.  root  (akin  to 
Gr.  cpov.os)  + us],  N.,  ( murder ?), 
death , a funeral. 

fur,  furis,  [y'FER?,  cf.  Gr.  <pa>p ], 
M.  and  F.,  a thief 

Furfanius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  T.  Furfanius , 
a man  robbed  by  Clodius. 

furia,  -ae,  [ffuro-  (cf.  furo)  + 
ia],  F.,  madness , insanity. — Often 
in  the  plur.  in  same  sense.  — Esp. 
personified  (representing  the  mad- 
ness of  a guilty  conscience),  a Fury 
(also  used  of  persons),  an  avenging 
Fury.  — Hence,  a madman. 

furibundus,  -a,  -urn,  [perh.  furi- 
(as  stem  of  faro)  -f  bundus,  but  after 
the  analogy  of  ffuro  -f  bo  -f  on  + 
dus],  adj.,  raving , going  mad , crazy. 

f uriosus,  -a,  -urn,  [ffuro- (perh.  fu- 
ria) -f  osus],  adj.,  mad crazy , insane. 

Furius,  -i,  [perh.  ffuro-  (cf.  fu- 
ria) -f  ius],  M.,  a Roman  gentile 
name. — Esp.,  P.  Furius , one  of  the 
conspirators  with  Catiline. 

furo,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [?,  cf.  fu- 
ror], 3.  v.  n.,  rave , be  mad , be  crazy. 

furor,  -oris,  [VFUR  (cf-  fnro) 
-for],  M.,  madness, frenzy , fury. 

furtim  [fur  -f  tim,  cf.  statim], 
adv.,  by  stealth , stealthily , secretly. 

furtum,  -i,  [as  if  p.p.  of  verb 
akin  to  fur,  thief  (cf.  furtim)],  N., 
theft , a theft. 

fuscus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  for  ffurs- 
cus,  cf.  furvus  and  brown ],  adj., 
dark , tawny. 

fustis,  -is,  [?],  M.,  a club. 


G. 

Gablnius,  -i,  [Gabino-(cf.  Gabii) 
-f  ius],  M.,  a Roman  gentile  name. 
— Esp.:  I . A ulus  Gabinius,  consul 
with  Lucius  Piso  in  B.c.  58,  the  pro- 
poser of  the  two  laws  giving  Pompey 
command  in  the  East;  2.  Cimber 
Gabinius , one  of  the  conspirators 
with  Catiline. 

Gabinius,  -a,  -um,  [preceding 
word  as  adj.],  adj.,  of  Gabinius 
(esp.  the  one  first  mentioned),  Ga- 
binian. 

Gajus  (Cajus,  C.),  -i,  [?],  m.,  a 
Roman  prsenomen. 

Galba,  -ae,  [Celtic,  meaning  fat], 
M.,  a Gallic  and  Roman  family  name. 

Gallia,  -ae,  [f.  of  adj.  in  -ius, 
Gallo+ius],  F.,  Gaul,  including  all 
the  country  bounded  by  the  Po,  the 
Alps,  the  Rhine,  the  ocean,  the 
Pyrenees,  and  the  Mediterranean, 
thus  occupying  all  northern  Italy, 
France,  and  Belgium. 

Gallicanus,  -a,  -um,  [Gallico  + 
anus],  adj.,  Gallic. 

Gallicus,  -a,  -um,  [Gallo+cus], 
adj.,  of  the  Gauls , Gallic  : ager  Gal- 
licus ( the  Gallic  territory  in  Cisal- 
pine Gaul,  taken  from  the  Gauls  by 
the  Romans). 

Gallus,  -a,  -um,  [Celtic],  adj.,  of 
Gaul,  Gallic . — As  subst.,  a Gaul, 
the  Gauls.  — Also,  as  a Roman  family 
name  (see  Sergius). 

ganea,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a low  tavern, 
a brothel. 

ganeo,  -onis,  [prob.  ganea-fo], 
M.,  a profligate,  a spendthrift. 

gaudeo,  gavisus,  gaudere,  [fga- 
vid5-  (?,  cf.  audeo)],  2.  v.  n.,  be 

delighted,  rejoice. 

gaudium,  -T,  [fgavido+ium,  cf. 
gaudeo],  N.,  joy  (expressed),  re- 


Vocabulary. 


79 


joicing , an  expression  of  joy.  (Cf. 

laetitia,  inward  joy , but  see  Milo 
xxviii.  77.) 

Gavianus,  -a,  -um,  [Gavio  + 
amr£],  adj.,  of  Gavius.  — Esp.,  Ga- 
vianus as  a Roman  family  name, 
see  Atilius. 

gavisus,  see  gaudeo. 

Gavius,  -i,  [?,  cf.  gaudium], 
M.,  a Roman  family  name.  — Esp., 
P.  Gavius , a Roman  citizen  crucified 
by  Verres. 

gaza,  -ae,  [Pers.  through  ya(a],  F.} 
treasure. 

gelidus,  -a,  -um,  [gelu+dus], 

adj.,  icy,  cold. 

gemitus,  -tus,  [gemi-  (as  stem 
of  geino)  + tus],  M.,  a groan,  groan- 
ing, an  outcry. 

gemo,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [?,  cf. 
7e/uo>],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  groan , cry 
out  (in  pain). 

gener,  -eri,  [?],  M.,  a son-in- 
law. 

gens,  gentis,  [^/gen  -f  tis  (re- 
duced)], F.,  a tribe,  a clan,  a people, 
a nation  : jus  gentium  ( the  law  of 
nations,  universal  law  as  opposed 
to  the  jus  civile  of  any  one  nation) ; 
ubinam  gentium?  (where  in  the 
world?  ) . 

genus  -eris,  [^/gen  + us],  N.,  a 
generation,  a race,  a family  (stock), 
a nation , a tribe.  — Less  exactly,  a 
kind,  a sort,  a class.  — Also,  ab- 
stractly, kind,  character,  nature, 
method,  way,  manner,  sort  of  things, 
class  of  things. 

German!,  see  Germanus. 

Germania,  -ae,  [f.  of  adj.  in 
-ius,  cf.  Gallia],  f.,  Germany , the 
whole  country  between  the  Rhine, 
the  Danube,  the  Vistula,  and  the  sea. 

germanitas,  -tatis,  [germano  + 
tas],  F.,  brotherhood. 


Germanus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj., 
German  (of  the  country  of  Germany 
or  its  people).  — Plur.,  the  Germans. 

germanus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  of 
full  blood,  own  (brother  or  sister, 
etc.). 

gero,  gessi,  gestus,  gerere,  [ y'GES, 
of  unc.  kin.],  3.  v.  a.,  carry  (indi- 
cating a more  lively  action  than  fero), 
carry  on,  manage,  wage  (war),  hold 
(a  magistracy),  do  (any  business). — 
Pass.,  be  done, go  on  (of  operations)  : 
rem  (operate  successfully  or  other- 
wise, carry  on  operations,  succeed 
well  or  ill) ; res  gestae  (exploits, 
operations , a campaign ) ; se  gerere 
(conduct  one's  self,  act) ; rem  pub- 
licam  (manage  affairs  of  state)-, 
magistratum  (perform  the  duties 
of,  act  as  a magistrate  or  the  like)  ; 
in  rebus  gerendis  (in  action,  in  the 
management  of  affairs );  in  ipsa 
re  gerenda  (while  engaged  in,  etc.) ; 
in  gestis  rebus  (in  exploits  actually 
performed );  gesta  (acts). 

gestio,  -ivi  (-ii),  no  p.p.  -ire, 
[fgesti-  (ges  + tis),  cf.  gestus], 
4.  v.  a.  and  n.  (express  joy  or  long- 
ing by  action),  exult,  rejoice.  — Also, 
yearn,  long. 

gigno,  genui,  genitus,  gignere, 
[ \/gen,  redupl.],  3.  v.  a.,  beget,  pro- 
duce. 

Glabrio,  -onis,  [f  glabrio  + o], 
M.,  a Roman  family  name.  — Esp., 
M.  Glabrio,  the  praetor  who  pre- 
sided at  the  trial  of  Verres. 

gladiator,  -toris,  [gladia  + tor], 
M.,  (a  swordsman),  a gladiator.  — 
Less  exactly,  a ruffian,  a cut-throat. 

gladiatorius,  -a,  -um,  [gladiator 
+ ius],  adj.,  gladiatorial. 

gladius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a sword. 
glaeba  (gle-),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a clod 
(of  earth),  a lump. 


\ 


8o 


Vocabulary . 


Glaucia,  -ae,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — ■ Esp.,  C.  Servilius 
Glaucia , a demagogue  killed  by 
Marius,  B.c.  ioo. 

gloria,  -ae,  [?,  for  fclovosia,  cf. 
inclutus],  Y.,  fame,  glory. 

glorior,  -atus,  -ari,  [gloria-], 

1.  v.  dep.,  glory  in,  boast  of. 
gloriose  [old  abl.  of  gloriosus], 

adv.,  boastfully,  exultingly . 

gloriosus,  -a,  -um,  [gloria-f  osus], 
adj.,  glorious.  — Also,  boastful. 

Gnaeus,  (Cnejus,  Cn.),  -i,  [akin 
to  gnavus],  m.,  a Roman  praenomen. 

gnavus,  -a,  -um,  [^/gna,  in  nos- 
co],  adj.,  {wise),  active,  energetic, 
diligent. 

Gorgon,  -onis,  [r<fy>7«],  F.,  a Gor- 
gon (a  fabulous  monster,  whose  sight 
turned  everything  to  stone). 

Gracchus,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
family  name. — Esp.:  i.  Tiberius 
Sempronius  Gracchus , the  great 
popular  reformer,  tribune,  B.C.  133; 

2.  C.  Sempronius  Gracchus , brother 
of  the  preceding,  tribune,  B.C.  1 21. 

gradus,  -us,  [grad  + us],  M.,  a 
step , a grade  (in  a series),  rank , po- 
sition. 

Graecia,  -ae,  [Graeco  + ia,  f.  of 
-ius],  F.,  Greece. 

Graeculus,  -i,  [Graeco  + lus], 

M.,  an  affected  Greek,  a petty  Greek, 
a Greekling. 

Graecus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  r panels], 
adj.,  of  the  Greeks,  Greek,  Grecian, 
of  Greece. — As  subst.,  a Greek,  the 
Greeks.  Cf.  Germanus  for  relation 
to  Graecia. 

gramineus,  -a,  -um,  [gramin  + 
eus],  adj.,  of  grass  : hasta  (a  spear 
of  grass,  probably  bamboo  or  cane 
of  great  size,  kept  in  a temple  in  the 
hands  of  a divinity). 

grandis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  tall,  large 


(by  growth,  cf.  magnus,  generally)  : 
pecunia  (a  large  sum  of,  etc.). 

gratia,  -ae,  [grato  + ia],  F., 

( gratefulness , in  all  Eng.  senses) . — 
On  one  side  (feeling  grateful), grati- 
tude, thanks  (esp.  in  plur.). — On 
the  other  side  (the  being  agreeable), 
influence  (cf.  auctoritas,  official 
prestige),  favor.  — Phrases : agere 
gratias,  return  thanks,  render 
thanks;  habere  gratiam  (or  gra- 
tias), feel  thankful,  feel  gratitude, 
be  grateful;  referre  gratiam,  make 
a grateful  return,  repay  a favor,  re- 
quite, reward;  auctoritate  et  gra- 
tia, political  and  personal  influence. 
— gratia,  abl.  following  a genitive, 
for  the  sake  of,  to. 

gratiosus,  -a,  -um,  [gratia  + 
osus],  adj.,  influential, popular. 

Gratius,  -i,  [grato  + ius],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp.,  the 
accuser  against  Archias. 

gratuito  [abl.  of  gratuitus], 
adv.,  gratuitously,  voluntarily . 

gratulatio,  -onis,  [gratula+tio], 
F.,  a congratulation  (of  others  or 
one’s  self),  rejoicing,  a vote  of  thanks. 

gratulor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fgratulo- 
(grato+lus)],  i.v.  dep.,  congratu- 
late : felicitati  ( congratulate  one's 
self  for,  etc.). 

gratus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  lost 
verb],  adj.,  pleasing,  grateful , agree- 
able: gratum  facere  {do  a favor). 
— &\so,  pleased, grateful  (cf.  gratia), 
appreciative. 

gravis,  -e,  [for  fgarvis,  for 
fgarus,  cf.  Gr.  j8api5s],  adj.,  heavy. 
— Fig.,  serious,  sever e^  hard,  weighty, 
of  weight,  dignified,  strong,  deep, 
potent,  grave:  legatio;  infamia; 
vir;  bellum ; opinio;  offensio;  auc- 
tor;  senatus  consultum;  consi- 
lium; judicium;  morbus. 


Vocabulary . 


81 


gravitas,  -tatis,  [gravi + tas], 
F.,  weight . — Fig.,  importance , power , 
weight , force , force  of  character , se- 
riousness. 

graviter  [gravi  + ter],  adv., 

heavily , with  great  weight , forcibly , 
with  force. — Fig.,  severely , seriously: 
graviter  ferre  ( take  to  heart , be  in- 
dignant at , suffer  fro?n) ; deside- 
rata (earnestly);  suspectus  (griev- 
ously) . 

gravo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [gravi-], 
I.  v.  a.,  zveigh  dozvn,  burden.  — Pass, 
as  dep.,  be  vexed ',  be  indignant , be 
reluctant. 

grex,  gregis,  [?],  m.  (and  F.), 
a herd \ a flock. — Less  exactly,  a 
horde , a crowd \ a band \ a throng , a 
train , a troop. 

gubernaculum  (-clum),-I,  [gu- 
berna  + culum],  n.,  the  helm , the 
rudder.  — Often  in  plur.,  because 
anciently  there  were  two. 

gubernatio,  -onis,  [guberna  + 
tio],  F.,  steering ; navigation. 

gubernator,  -toris,  [guberna  + 
tor],  M.,  a pilot , a helmsman. 

guberno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [/cu- 
fepvw],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  steer , pilot , 
manage t direct.  — Esp.,  of  the  “ ship 
of  state. ” 

gust§,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fgusto- 
(stem  akin  to  gustus,  Gr.  yevcv, 
Eng.  choose)],  I.  v.  a.,  taste , eat. 

gymnasium,  -i,  [ yv/xudaiov ],  N., 
a gymnasium. 

H. 

H.,  see  H.  S. 

habeo,  habui,  habitus,  habere, 
[?,  fhabo-  (cf.  habilis)],  2.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  have , hold \ keep , occupy , ytoj- 
jm.  — In  various  uses  where  we 
have  a somewhat  different  concep- 
tion ; genatunj.  (hold) ; comitia 


(hold);  contionem  (hold an  assem- 
bly9 make  an  address) ; honores 
(render);  conjurationem  (form); 
hominem  clausum  (keep);  dilec- 
tum  (hold,  make);  sic  habetote 
(think  thus)  ; quid  aliud  habet  in 
se  (what  else  is  there  in,  etc.) ; alie- 
num  animum  (have);  ita  se  res 
habet  (this  is  the  case) ; Italiam 
tut  am  (possess  in  safety , keep  safe). 

— Esp.  with  p.p,  as  a sort  of  con- 
tinued perfect  (whence  the  perf.  of 
modern  languages),  have,  hold,  keep. 

— Esp. : rationem  habere,  keep  an 
account,  take  an  account  of,  have  re - 
gard  for,  consider,  regard,  act  in 
view  of;  satis  habere  (be  satisfied, 
be  content). 

habito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [habito-], 
1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  live,  dwell,  inhabit, 
have  one's  abode. 

habitus,  -tus,  [habi-  (as  stem  of 
habeo)  + tus],  m.,  (the  act  of  hold- 
ing),  condition , character  (way  of 
holding  one’s  self),  nature. 

haereo,  haesi,  haesurus,  haerere, 
[?,  for  haeseo],  2.  v.  n ., get  caught, 
stick,  cling  fast,  cling,  hang  about  or 
upon,  be  fastened. 

haesito,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [fhae- 
sito-  (cf.  agito)],  1.  v.  n.,  be  caught, 
hesitate . 

Hannibal, -alis,  [Phcenician],  M., 
the  great  general  of  the  Carthagin- 
ians in  the  Second  Punic  war. 

haruspex,  -icis,  [unc.  stem  -fspex, 
cf.  auspex],  m.  and  F.,  a soothsayer, 
a diviner. 

hasta,  -ae,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  pre- 
hendo],  f.,  a spear,  a shaft.  — See 
also  gramineus. 

haud  [?],  adv.,  not  (modifying  a 
single  word,  cf.  non);  haud  dubi- 
tans  (without  hesitation). 

haurio,  hausi,  haustus,  haurire, 


82 


Vocabulary . 


[?  for  hausio],  4. v.  a.,  drain,  draw, 
drink , imbibe . 

hebesco, -ere,  [hebe+sco],  3-v.n., 
grow  dull , be  blunted. 

Heraclia  (-elea),  -ae,  ['Hp<£- 
kAcio],  f.,  the  name  of  several  an- 
cient cities  (city  of  Hercules). — Esp., 
Heraclea , a Greek  city  of  Lucania. 

Heracliensis,  -e,  [Heraclia  + 
ensis] , adj.,  of  Heraclea.  — Plur.,  the 
people  of  Heraclea. 

Hercules,  -is,  ['Hpa/cAijs],  M.,  the 
great  divinity,  son  of  Jupiter  and 
Alcmena,  originally  of  Phoenician 
origin,  who  presided  especially  over 
journeys  and  adventures.  — Voc., 
Heavens  ! 

hereditas,  -tatis,  [hered-  (as  if 
heredi-)  + tas],  F.,  inheritance , an 
inheritance. 

Herennius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name. — Esp.,  C.  Herennius , 
a senator  convicted  of  embezzlement. 

heres,  -edis,  [?],  M.  and  F.,  an 
heir , an  heiress. 

hesternus,  -a,  -um,  [hesi-  (heri-) 
-f  ternus,  cf.  diuturnus],  adj.,  of 
yesterday , yesterday's , yesterday  (as 
if  adv.);  hesterno  die  ( yesterday ). 

heus,  [?],  interj.,  look  you , here  ! 
hoi 

hiberno,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [hi- 
berno-],  1.  v.  n.,  pass  the  winter , 
winter  : quern  ad  modum  milites 

(conduct  themselves  in  winter  quar- 
ters). 

bibernus,  -a,  -um,  [hiem-j-ernus, 
cf.  nocturnus],  adj.,  of  winter , win- 
ter (as  adj.).  — Neut.  pl.(sc.castra)> 
winter  quarters , a winter  encamp- 
ment. 

hie  [fbi-  (loc.  of  hi-c)  ce],  adv., 
here  (cf.  hie),  in  this  place , there 
(of  a place  just  mentioned),  on  this 
occasion , now , on  this  point. 


hie,  haec,  hoc,  hujus,  [hi-  (pron. 
stem)  + ce,  cf.  ecce,  cetera],  pron., 
(pointing  to  something  near  the 
speaker  in  place , time,  or  interest ), 
this,  these , he,  they , this  man  ( woman 
or  thing),  the  present , like  this. — 
Referring  to  things  before  mentioned 
(but  with  more  emphasis  than  is), 
this , these , etc.  — Less  commonly,  of 
what  follows,  the  following , as  fol- 
lows, these.  — Often  with  a gesture, 
this , this  here  present,  the  one  before 
me,  my  client : horum  omnium  (all 
these  here  present) ; pater  hujusce 
(of  the  one  here,  of  my  client). — 
Esp.,  hoc  est  (that  is  to  say) ; huic 
imperio  (this  of  ours);  per  hosce 
annos  ( these  last  years);  his  paucis 
diebus  (within  a few  days). — hoc, 
neut.  abl.,  used  adverbially,  in  this 
respect , on  this  account,  by  so  much  : 
hoc  magis  (all  the  more).  — Often 
hie  . . . ille,  the  one  . ..the  other,  this 
(near  by)  . . . the  other  (farther  off), 
this  last  (nearer  on  the  page)  ...  the 
other , the  latter  ...  the  former.  — 
hujus  modi,  see  modus. 

hicine  [hie  (hice)  ne],  adv.,  here 
(in  emphatic  question). 

hiemps  (-ems),  -emis,  [akin  to 
Xcfjuwv],  F.,  winter. 

Hiero,  -onis,  ['I cpwv],  M.,  the 
name  of  several  kings  of  Syracuse. 
— Esp.,  Hiero  II.,  the  son  of  Hiero- 
cles,  in  the  third  century  B.C.,  just 
before  the  Second  Punic  war. 

hinc  Tthim  (loc.  of  hie,  cf.  in- 
terim) -j-  ce],ad v.,  from  here,  hence. 
— Also  (cf.  ab  and  ex),  on  this  side, 
here  : hinc  . . . hinc  (on  this  side  . . . 
on  that). 

Hirtius,  -i,  [hirto  + ius],  M.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp.,  Aulus 
Hirtius , cons.  B.c.  43,  in  the  struggle 
I against  Mark  Antony. 


Vocabulary . 


83 


Hispania,  -ae,  [Hispano  -f  ia  (f. 
of  -ius)],  F.  (of  adj.,  cf.  Gallia), 
Spain. 

Hispaniensis,  -e,  [Hispania  + 
ensis],  adj.,  of  Spain , Spanish. 

Hispanus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj., 
Spa?iish. 

hodie  [ho  (abl.  of  hi-c,  vvh.  see) 
die],  adv.,  to-day , now. 

hodiernus,  -a,  -um,  [hodie  + er- 
nus],  adj.,  of  to-day,  to-day’s:  hodi- 
ernus dies  ( to-day , this  day). 
Homerus,  -I,[f/0  /tripos'],  M.,  Homer. 
homo,  -inis,  [prob.  humo  + o],  c., 
a human  being  (cf.  vir,  a man,  as 
a male),  a man  (including  women). 
— Sometimes,  since  vir  is  the  com- 
plimentary word,  implying  contempt, 
etc.,  fellow,  creature,  person. 

honestas,  -tatis,  [fhonos  (stem 
of  honor  as  adj.)],  F.,  honor , re- 
spectability, honorable  position . 

honeste  [old  abl.  of  honestus], 
adv.,  honorably,  decently , with  honor , 
with  decency. 

honesto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [hones- 
to-],  I.  v.  a.,  make  honorable,  honor  : 
se  ( gain  honor) ; currum  ( adorn  as 
a captive). 

honestus,  -a,  -um,  [honos  (orig. 
stem  of  honor)  +tus],  adj.,  esteemed , 
honored,  respected,  worthy , honorable, 
respectable,  creditable.  — Very  often 
as  an  epithet  of  the  middle  class,  cf. 
splendidus  (used  in  reference  to 
success  and  fortune),  ornatus,  am- 
•plus  (used  of  dignitaries). 

honor  (honos),  -oris,  [m.  of 
adj.  (cf.  honestas),  unc.  root  + or 
(orig.  -os,  cf.  -77s)],  M.,  honor,  a 
mark  of  honor,  a source  of  honor, 
an  honor. — Esp.  of  honors  conferred 
by  the  people,  a post  of  honor,  an 
office , a dignity,  a high  position. — 
Phrases : in  honore,  quanto  honore 


esse  (be  honored) ; gradus  honoris, 
honorum  (advancement) ; honoris 
causa  (with  due  respect,  an  apology 
for  mentioning  a person’s  name). 

honorificentissimus,  superl.  of 
following. 

honorificus,  -a,  -um,  [honor-  (as 
if  honori)  + ficus],  adj.,  honorable, 
in  honorable  terms. 

hora,  -ae,  [&pa,  orig.  season?], 
F.,  an  hour.  The  Roman  hours, 
being  reckoned  from  sunrise  to  sun- 
set, were  not  of  equal  length  at  all 
times  of  the  year,  but  were  always  so 
many  twelfths  of  the  solar  day. 

Horatius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  M.  Horatius , 
the  victor  in  the  triple  combat  with 
the  Curiatii,  who  was  tried  for  killing 
his  sister. 

horreo,  horrui,  no  p.p.,  horrere, 
[fhorro-  (-^horr,  orig.  hors)  + us, 
prob.  used  orig.  of  the  sensation 
called  “ goose  pimples,”  where  the 
hair  seems  to  stand  on  end.  In  Sk. 
the  root  is  used  of  intense  delight, 
which  is  sometimes  accompanied  by 
the  same  sensation],  2.  v.  n.  and  a., 
bristle  (see  above).  — Hence,  shud- 
der at,  dread. 

horribilis,  -e,  [horro-  (as  if  stem 
of  horreo,  but  prob.  stem  of  fhor- 
rus,  see  above)  -f  bilis],  adj.,  to  be 
shuddered  at,  frightful,  dreadful. 

horridus,  -a,  -um,  [fhorro-  (wh. 
horreo)+ dus],  adj.,  horrible,  dread- 
ful. 

hortatus,  -tus,  [horta+tus],  m., 

admonition,  encouragement,  exhor- 
tation. 

Hortensius,  -I,  [prob.  hortensi 
+ ius],  M.,  a Roman  gentile  name. 
— Esp.,  Q.  Hortensius  Hortalus , the 
great  orator,  contemporary  and  rival 
of  Cicero, 


84 


Vocabulary . 


hortor,  -tatus,  -tari,  [for  heritor, 
freq.  of  old  fhorior],  i.  v.  dep.,  en- 
courage, urge  on , urge,  address. 

Less  exactly,  of  things,  urge , move, 
prompt. 

hortus,  -I,  [?],  M.,  a garden. 
hospes,  -itis,  [prob.  ghas-patis, 
orig.  host  { lord  of  eating)~\ , M.,  a 
host.  — Also,  a guest , a stranger,  a 
visitor.  — Hence,  a guest  friend  (in 
the  peculiar  relation  of  liospitium, 
which  was  a kind  of  hereditary  friend- 
ship between  persons  of  different 
countries,  not  personal,  but  of  a fam- 
ily or  state),  a friend  (of  the  kind 
above  mentioned):  familiaris  et  hos- 
pes  (a  personal  and  fattiily  friend). 

hospitium,  -I,  [hospit+ium], 
N.,  the  relation  of  host  (or  guest). 

— Hence  (cf.  hospes ),  friendship, 
a friendly  relation,  a relation  of 
friendship. 

hostllis,  -e,  [hosti  + lis],  adj., 

hostile , of  the  enemy. 

hostis,  -is,  [prob.  ^/GHAS+tis],  M. 
and  F.,  ( a stranger,  cf.  hospes),  an 
enemy  (of  the  state,  cf.  inimicus), 
a public  enemy.  — Coll.,  the  enemy. 

— Rarely,  an  enemy  (in  a general 
sense),  a bitter  enemy. 

H S.  [prob.  for  IIs  (duo  semis, 
2}  asses)],  a sign  for  sestertii,  ses- 
tertium,  or  sestertia. 

hue,  [ho  (dat.  of  hi-c)  -ce],  adv., 
hither,  here  (in  sense  of  hither),  to 
this  {place,  and  the  like,  cf.  eo),  to 
this  point. 

h ucine  [fhoce  (cf.  hue)  -ne], 
adv.,  hither,  etc.,  as  interrogative, 
hujus  modi,  see  modus, 
humanitas,  -tatis,  [humano  + 
tas],  F.,  humanity  (as  opposed  to 
brutishness),  civilization , cultivation , 
refine7nent,  courtesy , human  feeling, 
culture. 


humanus,  -a,  -um,  [stem  akin  to 
homo  and  humus  (?)  + nus],  adj., 
human,  of  man,  civilized , cultivated, 
refined. 

humerus,  see  umerus. 
humilis,  -e,  [humo  + lis],  adj., 
low,  shallow  (cf.  altus,  deep) . — Fig., 
low,  humble,  poor,  humbled,  abased, 
of  low  origin,  obscure,  mean. 

humilitas,  -tatis,  [humili+  tas], 
F.,  lowness,  shallowness. — Fig.,  hum- 
ble position. 

humus,  -I,  [?,  cf.  F->  the 

ground:  humi  {on  the  ground). 

I. 

Iacchus,  -i,  [vl aKyos],  BaCm 

chus. 

Ialysus,  -i,  [’IaAutros],  M.,  the 
eponymous  divinity  of  the  city  of 
Ialysus  in  Rhodes. 

ibi  [old  case-form  of  is  (cf. 
tibi)],  adv.,  there  (in  a place  before 
mentioned  or  indicated  by  a rela- 
tive). 

ibidem  [ibi-dem,  cf.  idem],  adv., 
in  the  same  place there  also. 

lco,  icl,  ictus,  icere,  [?],  3.  v.  a., 
strike.  — Esp.  of  treaties  (prob.  from 
the  killing  of  a sacrificial  victim), 
strike,  make,  solemnize. 

ictus,  -tus,  [ VIC  + tus]>  M*’  a 
blow,  a stroke,  a thrust. 

idcirco  [id  (n.  acc.  of  is)  + circo 
(case-form  of  same  stem  as  circa, 
circum)],  adv.,  for  that  reason, 
therefore,  on  this  account. 

idem,  eadem,  idem,  [is-dem,  cf. 
dum],  adj.  pron.,  the  same.  — Often 
as  subst.,  the  same  thing  {things) , the 
same  man,  the  same.  — Often  repre- 
sented by  an  adverb,  at  the  same 
time,  also,  as  well. 

identidem  [prob.  idem-ftadem 


Vocabulary . 


85 


(case-form  of  ffTk,  in  tam-f  dem)], 
adv.,  repeatedly , again  and  again. 

ideo  [id  eo,  this  for  this  reason~\ , 
adv.,  therefore,  for  this  reason. 

idoneus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  akin  to 
idem?],  adj.,  fit , suitable , adapted , 
deserving. 

fdus,  -uum,  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
aestus],  F.  plur.,  the  Ides  (a  day  of 
the  lunar  month  falling  at  the  full 
moon,  conventionally  on  the  15th  of 
March,  May,  July,  October,  and  the 
13th  of  the  other  months,  and  used 
by  the  Romans  to  reckon  dates). 

igitur  [prob.  for  agitur,  the 
point  aimed  at  is],  conj.,  therefore , 
then,  now , you  see. 

ignarus,  -a,  -um,  [in-gnarus], 
adj.,  ignorant , not  knowing , without 
knowledge  ; ignarus  rerum  ( without 
knowledge  of  affairs,  inexperienced). 

Ignavia,  -ae,  [ignavo  + ia],  f., 
shiftlessness , cowardice. 

ignavus,  -a,  -um,  [in-(g)navus], 
adj.,  shiftless , cozvardly. 

ignis,  -is,  [?,  same  word  as  Sk. 
agnis,  the  god  of fire],  IA.,  fire,  flame. 

ignobilis,  -e,  [in-(g)nobilis], 
adj.,  not  famous,  obscure. 

ignominia,  -ae,  [fignomin-  (in- 
(g) nomen)  -f  ia],  f.,  want  of  fame , 
disgrace.  — Almost  concretely,  a dis- 
graceful defeat,  a disgraceful  blemish.  ' 
Ignoratio,  -onis,  [ignora+tio], 
F.,  ignorance . 

ignoro,  -avi,  -at us,  -are,  [igna- 
ro-],  I.  v.  a., fail  to  notice,  not  know , 
be  ignorant  of — Pass.,  be  unobserved, 
be  unknown:  non  ignorans  ( not 
unaware  of). 

lgnosco,  -novi,  -notus,  -noscere, 
[in-  (unc.  which  meaning)  (g)nos- 
co],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  pardon. 

ignotus,  -a,  -um,  [in-(g)notus],  : 
adj.,  unknown,  strange. 


, Hias,  -ados,  [‘'iAias],  F.,  the  Iliad. 
illatus,  see  inlatus. 
ille,  -a,  -ud,  [old  ollus,  fr.  ^/an 
+ lus  ( ?)],  pron.,  that  (of  some- 
thing remote,  cf.  hie).  — Often  as 
subst.  (opposed  to  some  other  em- 
phatic word),  he,  she,  it,  they  : hie. . . 
ille  {this  . . . that,  the  other,  the  lat- 
ter..  . the  former , he  .. . the  other). 
— Often  of  what  follows  (cf.  hie), 
this,  these,  etc.  • — Of  what  is  famous 
or  well  known,  the,  the  great,  the 
famous,  etc.  — Phrases : hie  ille  est 
( he  is  the  one) ; ille  ferreus  ( such  a, 
etc.) ; ille  consul  ( that  kind  of  a 
coitsul).  — Sometimes  untranslatable, 
appended  merely  for  emphasis,  and 
accompanied  by  quidem. 
illecebra,  see  inlecebra. 
illinc  [illim-ce],  adv.,  thence,  from 
there.  — Also  (cf.  ex  and  ab),  on 
that  side,  there,  on  one  side. 

illuc  [illo-ce],  adv.,  thither,  thert 
(in  the  sense  of  thither), 
illucesco,  see  inlucesco. 
illustris,  see  inlustris. 
illustrS,  see  inlustro. 

Illyricus,  -a,  -um,  [Illyrio+cus], 
adj.,  of  Illyria,  Illyrian:  mare  (a 
part  of  the  Adriatic). 

imago,  -inis,  [akin  to  imitor], 
F.,  an  image,  an  effigy,  a statue,  a 
portrait,  a representation,  a picture 
(in  the  imagination),  an  ideal  pic- 
ture. — Esp.  of  the  wax  masks  kept 
by  the  Romans  of  their  dead  ances- 
tors, and  used  in  funeral  proces- 
sions. 

imbecillitas  (inb-),  -tatis,  [im- 
becillo  + tas],  F.,  weakness,  feeble- 
ness: animi  (_  feebleness  of  purpose, 
pusilla  n im  ity) . 

imbecillus  (inb-),  -a,  -um,  [?, 
in-bacillum,  leaning  on  a staff  ?], 
adj.,  weak,  feeble. 


86 


Vocabulary . 


imber,  imbris,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  op.fipos'],  | 
M.,  a rain-storm , a rain . 

imberbis  (inb-),-e,  [in-barba], 

adj.,  beardless. 

imbibo,  -bibi,  no  p.p.,  -bibere, 
[in-bibo],  3.  v.  a.,  drink  in. — Less 
exactly,  take  in , imbibe. 

imbuo  (inb-),  -bui,  -butus,  -bu- 
ere,  [?,  in-fbuo?,  cf.  bibo],  3.  v.  a., 
moisten , stain  (also  fig.);  non  in- 
stituti  sed  imbuti  ( not  having 
learned , but  drunken  in). 

imitatio,  -onis,  [imita  + tio],  F., 
an  imitation. 

imitator,  -toris,  [imita  + tor], 
M.,  an  imitator , a copier. 

imitor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fimito-,  p.p. 
of  jimo  (cf.  imago)],  1.  v.  dep., 

imitate , copy. 

immanis  (inm-),  -e,  [in-tmanus 

( good )?],  adj.,  (“  uncanny  ” ?),  mon- 
strous ^ huge , enormous , wild,  savage. 

Also,  barbarous , inhuman , brutal. 

immanitas,  -tatis,  [immani  + 
tas],  F.,  barbarity, ferocity,  brutality , 
monstrosity. 

immaturus,  -a,  -um,  [in-matu- 
rus],  adj.,  unripe , immature, , /n?- 
mature. 

immineo  (inm-),  no  perf.,  no  p.p., 
-minere,  [in-mineo],  2.v.n.,  overhang, 
project.  — Fig.,  threaten , impend. 

immiiiuo  (inm-) , ~ui,  -utus,  -uere, 
[in-minno],  3.  v.  a.,  diminish , f/«- 
infringe , reduce , weaken. 
immitto  (inm-),  -misi,  -missus, 
-mittere,  [in-mitto],  3-  v<  a*>  ^ 
down  (into),  insert,  throw  (upon), 
/<?/  loose , set  on  (gladiatores). 

immo  (imo)  [?,  abl.  of  fimmus 
(in+mus,  cf.  summus,  demum)], 
adv.,  {in  the  lowest  degree!),  nay, 
nay  rather,  nay  more.  Phrase: 
immo  vero  {nay  on  the  contrary, 
nay  rather , nay  even). 


immoderatus  (inm  ),  -a,  -um, 

[in-moderatns],  adj.,  unrestrained, 
excessive,  beyond  bounds,  violent. 

immortalis  (inm-),  -e,  [in-mor- 
talis],  adj.,  immortal , eternal.  — As 
equivalent  to  an  adv.,  eternally. 

immortalitas  (inm-) , -tatis,  [im- 
mortali  + tas],  f.,  immortality.  . 

imparatus  (inp-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 
paratns],  adj.,  unprepared,  not 
ready. 

impedimentum  (inp  ),  -I,  [im- 
ped! + mentnm] , N.,  a hindrance: 
esse  impedimento  {be  a hindrance, 
hinder).  • — Esp.  in  plur.,  baggage,  a 
baggage  train,  a heavy  train . 

impedio  (inp-),  -ivi,  -itus,  -ire, 
[fimped-  (in-pes,  as  if  impedi-)], 

4.  v.  a.,  entangle,  hamper,  interfere 
with . — Fig.,  hinder,  embarrass,  im- 
pede, hinder  in  the  exercise  of  — 
impeditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  hampered, 
entangled,  occupied,  difficult,  impas- 
sable: nullo  impediente  {with  no 
one  to  hinder). 

impello  (inp-),  -puli,  -pulsus, -pel- 
lere,  [in-pello],  3.  v.  a.,  drive  on.— 
Fig.,  instigate,  urge  on,  force,  drive. 

impendeo  (inp-),  -ere,  [in-pen- 
deo],  2.  v.  n.,  overhang,  hang  over, 
threaten,  impend. 

imperator,  -toris,  [impera+tor], 
M.,  a commander  (in  chief),  a gen- 
eral: Jupiter  Imperator  ( Jupiter , 
the  Supreme  Ruler)  ; dux  et  impe- 
rator {leader,  in  actual  command, 
and  commander,  in  chief). 

imperatorius,  -a,  -um,  [impera- 
tor-fius],  adj.,  of  a commander,  of 
a general. 

imperitus  (inp-),  -a,  -um,  [in- 

peritus],  adj.,  ignorant,  unacquaint- 
ed with,  unversed  in,  inexperienced. 

imperium,  -i,  [fimpero-  (whence 
impero,  cf.  opiparus)  + ium],  I*., 


i 


command ',  supreme  authority , con- 
trol, supremacy , supreme  power , 
power  (military),  rule , sway  (both 
sing,  and  plur.),  dominion , empire , 
rule , sway.  — Concretely,  <772  order , 
orders , a command \ a position  of 
command:  imperium  et  potestas 
( military  and  civil  power,  poiver 
and  authority). 

impero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [f  im- 
pero- (in-fparus,  cf.  opiparus)], 
1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  demand  ( make  requi- 
sition for , prob.  orig.  meaning),  re- 
quire (in  same  sense).  — Hence, 
order  (in  military  sense),  rule,  com- 
mand, give  orders  : me  imperante 
(at  my  command)',  Lucullo  im- 
perante ( under  L.’s  command). 

impertio  (inp-),  -ivl  (-ii),  -Itus, 
-Ire,  [in-partio,  cf.  partior],  4.v.a., 
impart,  share  (with  one),  give,  con- 
fer, attribute,  assign,  bestow. 

impetro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
patro],  1.  v.  a.,  accomplish  (anything 
by  a request), succeed  in  (obtaining), 
obtain  (a  request),  secure  (a  thing) ; 
impetro  a ( prevail  upon, persuade)  ; 
impetro  ut,  etc.  ( obtain  a request, 
be  allowed  to,  etc.,  succeed  in  hav- 
ing). 

impetus,  tus,  [in-fpetus  (-^/pet 
+ us),  cf.  impeto],  m.,  a rush,  an 
attack , an  onset,  a charge,  an  assault, 
violence,  vehemence,  fury : facere 
(make  an  inroad,  charge,  or  inva- 
sion, invade) ; is  impetus  (such  fury, 
etc.);  gladiorum  (armed  onset). 

impietas,  -tatis,  [in-pietas],  f., 
impiety. 

impius,  -a,  -urn,  [in-pius],  adj., 
impious  (offending  divine  law). 

impleo,  -evl,  -etus,  -ere,  [in- 
tpleo],  2.  v.  2,.,  fill. 

implico,  -avi  (-ul),  -atus  (-itus), 
-are,  [in-plico],  1.  v.  a.,  entangle,  \ 


interweave,  entivine,  bind  up,  closely 
connect. 

imploratid,  -onis,  [implora  + 
tio],  F.,  an  entreaty. 

imploro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
ploro],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  implore,  be- 
seech. 

impono,  -posul,  -positus,  -ponere, 
[in-pono],  3.  v.  a ., place  upon,  mount 
(men  on  horses), place,  i?npose  (fig.), 
saddle  upon,  fasten  upon. 

importo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
porto],  1.  v.  a.,  bring  upon,  import. 

importunus,  -a,  -urn,  [in-fpor- 
tunus  (without  a harbor! , cf.  Por- 
tunus)],  adj.,  unsuitable,  untimely. 
— Also  (cf.  incommodus),  cruel, 
unrelenting,  unfeeling,  reckless,  in- 
human. 

imprimis,  [in  primis,  and  often 
separate],  adv.,  among  the  first,  espe- 
cially, particularly  (more  than  any- 
thing else) . 

imprimo,  -pressl,  -pressus,  -pri- 
mere,  [in-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  impress. 
improbe,  adv.,  wickealy. 
improbitas,  -tatis,  [improbo  + 
tas,  cf.  probitas],  F.,  wickedness, 
want  of  integrity,  improbity,  want 
of  honesty,  rascality,  want  of  prin- 
ciple. 

improbo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [im- 
probo-], 1.  v.  a.,  (hold  as  bad!,  cf. 
probo),  disapprove,  blame , censure. 

improbus,  -a,  -um,  [in-probus], 
adj.,  inferior.  — Hence,  bad,  un- 
principled, wicked,  rascally,  dishon- 
est. — As  subst.,  a rascal,  etc. 

improvidus,  -a,  -um,  [in-provi- 
dus],  adj.,  improvident,  imprudent, 
thoughtless,  unthinking. 

improvisus,  -a,  -um,  [in-pro- 
visus],  adj.,  unforeseen  : improviso 
(de  improviso)  (on  a sudden,  un- 
expectedly, unaivares) . 


88 


Vocabulary . 


imprudens,  -entis,  [in-prudens], 

adj.,  not  expecting , incautious , un- 
suspecting, off  one's  guard , unguard- 
ed, not  being  aware  : aliquo  impru- 
dente  ( without  one's  knowledge'). 

imprudentia,  -ae,  [imprudent-f 
ia],  F.,  ignorance , want  of  consid- 
eration, want  of  forethought , thought- 
lessness, inattention . 

impubes,  -eris  (-is),  [in-pubes], 
adj.,  beardless,  immature , a mere  boy. 

impudens,  -entis,  [in-fpudens], 
adj.,  shameless,  impudent. 

impudenter  [impudent  + ter], 
adv.,  shamelessly,  with  impudence. 

impudentia,  -ae,  [impudent  + 
ia],  F.,  shamelessness,  impudence, 
want  of  shame. 

impudicus,  -a,  -um,  [in-pudi- 

cus],  adj.,  shameless,  indecent,  un- 
chaste, immodest. 

impune  [n.  of  impunis  (in- 
poena, weakened  and  decl.  as  adj.)], 
adv.,  with  impunity. 

impunitas,  -tatis,  [impuni+tas], 

F.,  freedom  fro??i  punishment,  im- 
punity. 

impumtus,  -a,  -um,  [in-puni- 

tus],  adj.,  unpunished,  unchecked 
(by  punishment). 

impurus,  -a,  -um,  [in-purus], 
adj.,  impure,  rascally,  vile , dishonest, 
unprincipled. 

imus,  -a,  -um,  sup.  of  inferus. 

1.  in-  [cf.  Gr.  a-,  av-,  Eng.  un-~\, 
neg.  particle,  only  in  composition. 

2.  in  [?,  cf.  Gr.  ara,  Eng.  on;  cf. 
also  inde],  prep.  a.  With  acc.,  of 
motion,  having  its  terminus  within 
or  on  (cf.  ad,  with  terminus  at  or 
near),  into,  upon,  within,  to,  against, 
among.  — Of  time,  for , to,  till.  — 
Fig.,  without  actual  motion,  but  only 
direction,  to,  towards,  against,  upon , 
over. — Often  where  Eng.  has  a dif- 


ferent conception,  in,  on  ; in  locum 
alicujus  (in  one's  place).  — In  ad- 
verbial expressions  where  no  motion 
appears,  in,  according  to,  with,  to  : 
mirum  in  modum  (cf.  quern  ad 
modum);  in  earn  sententiam  (to 
this  purport) ; in  speciem  (7 vith  the 
appearance)',  in  altitudinem  (in 
height,  cf.  to  the  height  of).  — Esp.,  in 
potestatem  esse  (in  the  power,  etc., 
a confusion  of  two  constructions). 
— b.  With  abl.,  of  rest  (lit.  and  fig.), 
in,  on,  among,  within,  at : in  tanta 
propinquitate  (under  circumstances 
of,  in  a case  of).  — Often,  in  the 
case  of,  in  the  matter  of,  in  respect 
to  : in  eo  (in  his  case,  in  regard  to 
him,  on  that  point,  at  that).  — Esp., 
in  odio  esse  (be hated,  and  the  like). 
— In  comp,  as  adv.,  in,  upon,  to- 
wards, and  the  like. 

inanis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  empty,  unoc- 
cupied. — Fig.,  empty,  vain,  idle. 

inauditus,  -a,  -um,  [in-auditus], 
adj.,  unheard  of. 

inauratus,  -a,  -um,  adj.,  gilded. 
incautus,  -a,  -um,  [in-cautus], 
adj.,  incautious , off  one' s guard,  im- 
prudent, thoughtless. 

incedo,  -cessi,  -cessurus,  -cedere, 
[in-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  proceed,  walk: 
quam  taeter  incedebat  (what  a 
villanous  spectacle  as  he  walked). 

incendium,  -\,  [in-fcandium,  cf. 
incendo],  N.,  a burning,  a fire,  a 
conflagration.  — In  plur.,  the  burn- 
ing, etc.,  of  buildings,  each  one  being 
conceived  as  a separate  burning,  as 
is  usual  in  Latin. 

incendo,  *-cendi,  -census,  -cen- 
dere,  [in-fcando,  cf.  candeo],  3-v.a., 
set  fire  to,  burn.  — Fig.,  rouse,  excite, 
fire,  inflame. 

incensid,  -onis,  [in-fcensio,  cf. 
incendo],  F„  a burning. 


Vocabulary . 


inceptum,  -i,  [p.p.  of  incipio], 

N.,  an  undertaking. 

incertus,  -a,  -um,  [in-certus], 
adj.,  uncertain , dubious , untrust- 
worthy: itinera  ( 'obscure , blind }. 

incessus,  -us,  [in-fcessus,  cf. 
incedo],  M.,  # a gait , kr- 
ing  (of  one  in  walking). 

incestus,  -a,  -um,  [in-castus], 
adj.,  unchaste , impure,  incestuous . 

incestus,  -tus,  [in-fcastus,  noun 
akin  to  castus],  M.,  incest. 
inchoo,  see  incoho. 
incido,  -cidi,  -casurus,  -cidere, 
[in-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  upon , fall 
(in  any  direction) . — Less  exactly 
and  fig- , fall  in  withy  fall  into , /z<2/- 
peti  upon , occur , happen. 

incido,  -cidi,  -clsus,  -cidere,  [in- 
caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  into,  cut , 
grave  : leges  (i.e.,  engrave  for  pub- 
lication) . 

incipio,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  -cipere, 
[in-capio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  begin , 
undertake. 

incitamentum,  -i,  [incita+men- 
tum],  N.,  an  incentive. 

incito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in-cito], 
I.  v.  a.,  set  in  motion  (in  some 
particular  direction)  (lit.  and  fig.), 
urge  oily  drive , impely  excite , incite , 
rouse. 

inclinatio,  -onis,  [inclina+tio], 

F.,  a leaning , an  inclinationy  a ten- 
dency. 

incllno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
clino],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  lean,  turn , 
bend. 

includo,  -clusi,  -clusus,  -cludere, 
[in-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  up , m- 
include.  — inclusus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  secret,  hidden. 

incognitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-cogni- 
tus],  adj.,  unexaminedy  unheard, 
unknown. 


89 

incoho  (inchod), -avi, -atus, -are, 
[?],  1.  v.  a.,  beginy  commence. 

incola,  -ae,  [in-fcola,  cf.  agri- 
cola], M.  and  F.,  an  inhabitant , a 
resident  (not  a citizen). 

incolo,  -colui,  no  p.p.,  -colere, 
[in-colo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  inhabit , 
live,  divell. 

incolumis,  -e,  [ ?,  akin  to  coluin- 
na],  adj.,  safe}  unhurt , uninjured, 
unharmed \ preserved \ in  one's poiver: 
quibus  incolumibus  (with  whose 
preservation} ; quandiu  incolumis 
fuit  (as  long  as  he  was  in  good  for- 
tune). 

incommodus,  -a,  -um,  [in-com- 

modus],  adj.,  inconvenient , unfortu- 
nate. — Esp.,  incommodum,  n. 

as  subst.,  disadvantage y misfortune 
(euphemism  for  defeaty  loss , disaster ), 
harm. 

inconsideratus,  -a,  -um,  [in- 
consideratus],  adj.,  ill-consideredy 
inconsiderate. 

incorrupte  [old  abl.  of  incor- 
ruptus],  adv.,  without  bias. 

incorruptus,  -a,  -um,  [in-cor- 
ruptus],  adj.,  unspoiledy  unbribedy 
free  from  bias. 

increbresco  (-besco),  -brui 
(-bui),  -brescere  (-bescere)  [in-cre- 
bresco],  3.  v.  n.,  thicken , grozv  fre- 
quent: consuetudo  (spreadf  become 
common). 

incredibilis,  -e,  [in-credibilis] , 

adj.,  incredible , marvellous , extraor- 
dinary. 

increpo,  -crepui  (-avi),  -crepitus, 
-crepare,  [in-crepo],  1.  v.  n.  (and  a.), 
make  a noise , sound,  rattle:  quic- 
quid  increpuerit  (whatever  noise  is 
heard}. 

incultus,  -a,  -um,  [in-cultus], 

adj.,  uncultivated,  uncouth. 

incumbo,  -cubui,  no  p.p.,  -cum* 


9° 


Vocabulary . 


bere,  [in-cumbo],  3.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  lie 
upon. — Hence,  bend  one’s  energies. 

incunabula,  -orum,  [in-cunabu- 
la],  N.  plur.,  swaddling  clothes  (in 
which  anciently  the  infant  was  wound 
up  into  a tight  little  bundle). — Hence, 
the  cradle  (as  a symbol  of  infancy). 

incurrb,  -cucurri,  (-curri),  -cur- 
sus,  -currere,  [in-curro],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  run  upon , rush  at,  make  a7i  as- 
sault: in  navem  {assail). 

indago,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fin- 
dago-,  cf.  indago  (-inis)],  1.  v.  a., 
track , chase,  pursue , trace  out,  in- 
vestigate. 

inde  [fim  (loc.  of  is,  cf.  interim, 
hinc)  -de  (form  akin  to  -dem,  dum, 
cf.  indu,  old  form  of  in)],  adv., 
fro?n  there , thence,  from  the  place 
(which,  etc l),from  that  point . 

indemnatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-dam- 
natus],  adj.,  uncondetnned. 

index,  -icis,  [in-fdex  (^/dic  as 
stem,  cf.  judex)],  M.  or  F .,  an  in- 
former, an  accuser  (appearing  as 
witness) . 

India,  -ae,  F.,  all  the 

country,  vaguely  conceived,  beyond 
Sogdiana,  Bactriana,  and  Asia,  in- 
cluding modern  India. 

indicium,  -i,  [indic+ium],  N.,  in- 
formation, evidence  (making  known 
a crime),  an  indication , a proof: 
per  indicium  ( through  an  informer). 

indico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [indie-], 
1.  v.  a.,  point  out,  inform , make 
known , show,  discover  (as  an  in- 
former), betray , disclose,  give  infor- 
mation. 

indico,  -dixi,  -dictus,  -dicere,  [in- 
dico], 3.  v.  a.,  order,  proclaim,  ap- 
point: bellum  {declare). 

1 . indictus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  indico. 

2.  indictus,  -a,  -um,  [1.  in-dic- 
tus],  adj.,  unpleaded,  untried,  un- 


heard: indicta  causa  {without  a 
trial). 

indidem  [inde-dem,  cf.  idem], 
adv.,  from  the  same  place:  indidem 
Ameria  {there  from  Ameria). 

indigne  [old  abl.  of  indignus], 
adv.,  unworthily , shamefully  (un- 
worthily of  one’s  self  or  of  the  cir- 
cumstances) : indigne  fero  {take  it 
as  a shame). 

indignus,  -a,  -um,  [1.  in-dignus], 

adj.,  unworthy , shameful,  undeserved. 
— As  subst.,  a shame,  an  outrage. 

indomitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-domitus] , 
adj.,  unconquered,  indomitable,  un- 
controlled. 

indued,  -duxi,  -ductus,  -ducere, 
[in-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  draw  on,  bring 
in,  introduce.  — Also,  lead  on.  — 
Hence,  induce,  instigate,  impel. 

industria,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  diligence, 
painstaking,  industry : de  industria 
{on  purpose). 

industrius,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj., 
industrious,  diligent,  painstaking. 

ineo,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  -ire,  [in-eo], 
irr.  v.  a.,  enter  upon,  go  into.  — Fig., 
adopt , make,  begin,  gain,  secure. — 
Esp. : iniens  aetas  or  adulescentia 
{early  youth) ; ineunte  vere  {at  the 
beginning  of  spring). 

inermis,  -e  (-us,  etc.),  [in-arma], 
adj.,  unarmed,  defenceless. 

iners,  -ertis,  [in-ars],  adj.,  shift- 
less, cowardly , sluggish , unmanly. 

inertia,  -ae,  [inert+ia],  f.,  shift- 
lessness, cowardice,  slothfulness. 

inexpiabilis, -e,  [in-expiabilis], 
adj.,  inexpiable. — Also,  irreconcil- 
able. 

infamia,  -ae,  [infami  + ia],  f., 

dishonor,  disgrace. 

inf  amis,  -e,  adj.,  infamous. 
Infans,  -antis,  [in-fans],  m.  and 
! F.,  an  infant  child,  a child,  an  infant. 


infelix,  -Icis,  [in-felix],  adj.,  un- 
fortunate, Milucky,  unhappy,  wretch- 
ed, boding  ill,  ill-omened ’ ill-fated, 
ill-starred. 

Infero,  -tuli,  -latus,  -ferre,  [in- 
fero],  irr.  y.  a.,  bring  in,  import, 
carry  in,  introduce,  put  upon  : bel- 
lum  ( make , declare,  of  offensive  war) ; 
signa  {advance').  — Fig.,  cause,  in- 
flict, commit,  create,  cause : spem 
0 inspire ) ; causam  ( adduce , allege, 
assign,  fasten  upon ) ; vim  et  manus 
{lay  upon)  ; ignes  {set) ; vim  {use) ; 
signis  inferendis  {by  a hostile  at- 
tack) . 

inferus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  (akin 
to  Sk.  adhas,  down)  + rus  (cf.  su- 
perus)],  adj.,  low. — Superl.,  infi- 
mus  (-umus),  imus,  lowest,  the  bot- 
tom of,  at  the  bottom : infimi  {the 
lowest,  the  meanest).  — Esp. : ab  in- 
feris  {from  the  world  below) ; ad 
(apud)  inferos  {in  the  world  be- 
low). 

infest  us,  -a,  -um,  [in-festus,  fr. 

fendo],  adj.,  hostile,  in  hostile  ar- 
ray, pernicious. — Also,  in  danger . 

infidelis,  -e,  [i.  in-fidelis],  adj., 
unfaithful,  wavering  in  faith,  faith- 
less. 

infidelitas,  -tatis,  [infideli+tas], 

F.,  unfaithfulness,  infidelity,  treach- 
ery. 

infimus,  see  inferus. 
infinitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-finitus], 

adj.,  unbonded,  countless,  endless, 
nu7nberless,  infinite,  unlimited. 

infirmitas, -tatis,  [infirmo+tas], 
F.,  feebleness,  unsteadiness , incon- 
stancy. 

infirm  o,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ infir  - 
mo-],  i.  v.  a.,  weaken,  invalidate. 

infirmus,  -a,  -um,  [in-firmus] 
adj.,  weak,  feeble,  helpless. 

infitiator,  -toris,  [infitia  + tor], 


M.,  a denier.  — Esp.  of  debts,  a slozv 
debtor. 

infitior  (infic-),  -atus,  -ari,  [in- 
fitia-, stem  of  infitiae  (in  + stem 
akin  to  fateor)],  i,  v.  dep.,  deny. 

inflammo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
flammo],  I.  v.  a.,  set  on  fire.  — Fig., 
fire,  infla?ne,  Uicense,  kindle,  infu- 
riate. 

inflo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in-flo], 
i.  v.  a.,  blow  up07i,  blozv  up.  — Fig., 
inspire,  puff  up. 

informo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
formo],  i.  v.  a..,  form,  train. 

infringo,  -fregi,  -fractus,  -fringere, 
[in-frango],  3.  v.  a.,  break  dow7i, 
destroy. 

infumus,  see  inferus. 

ingemisco,  -gemui,  no  p.p.,  -ge- 
miscere,  [in-gemisco] , 3.  v.  n., 

groa7i. 

ingenero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
genero],  1.  v.  a.,  impla7it. — ingen- 
eratus,  inborn. 

ingenium,  -i,  [in-fgenium,  cf. 
genius],  N.,  inborn  nature,  charac- 
ter, nature.  — Hence,  mental  power, 
genius,  intellect. 

ingens,  -entis,  [in-gens,  not  be- 
longing to  the  kind  ('?)],  adj.,  huge, 
enormous , very  large. 

ingenuus,  -a,  -um,  [in-fgenuus, 
cf.  genuinus],  adj.  {born  hi  the 
state  or  family , native ?),  freeborn. 
— As  subst.,  a free  person. 

ingratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-gratus], 
adj.,  ungrateful  (in  both  Eng.  senses), 
unpleasing. 

ingravesco,  -escere,  [in-grave- 
sco],  3.  v.  n.,  become  heavier,  grow 
serious,  grow  worse. 

ingredior,  -gressus,  -gredi,  [in- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  march  into, 
enter,  march  in,  go  upon , go,  enter 
upon  : navem  {go  on  board). 


84J 


92 


Vocabulary . 


ingressus,  -us,  [in-gressus,  cf. 
ingredior],  M.,  an  entrance. 

inhaereo,  -haesi,  -haesurus,  -hae- 
rere,  [in-haereo],  2.v.n .,  fasten  itself  , 
to,  cling  to,  be  fastened  upon. 

inbibeo,  -hibui,  -hibitus,  -hibere, 
[in-habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  in,  restrain. 

inhio,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  -are,  [in-hio], 

1.  v.  n.  and  a.,  gape  at:  uberibus 
( hold  the  open  mouth  to') . 

inliumanus,  -a,  -um,  [in-huma- 
nus],  adj.,  inhuman,  cruel. 

inhumatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-huma- 
tus],  adj.,  unburied. 

inibi  [in-ibi],  adv.,  therein.  — 
Less  exactly, there,  just  on  the 
point  of  being  done. 

inicio  (injicio),  -jeci,  -jectus, 
-icere,  [in-jacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw  into, 
throw  upon.  — Less  exactly, place  in , 
put  on,  bring  upon.  — Fig.,  inspire , 
cause. 

inimicitia,  -ae,  [inimico  + tia] , 

F.,  enmity,  hatred , a grudge , a feud, 
a quarrel,  a cause  of  enmity. 

inimf  cus,  -a,  -um,  [ 1 . in-amicus], 
adj.,  unfriendly,  hostile.  — As  subst., 
an  enemy  (personal,  or  not  in  war, 
cf.  hostis,  an  enemy  of  the  state , or  an 
enemy  at  war),  a rival,  an  opponent. 

iniquitas,  -tatis,  [iniquo  + tas], 
F.,  inequality , irregularity,  uneven- 
ness. — Fig.,  unfairness , injustice, 
iniquity:  temporum  ( unfavorable 
nature) . 

iniquus,  -a,  -um,  [in-aequus], 

adj.,  uneveit.  — Fig.,  unjust  (of  per- 
sons and  things),  unfair,  unfavora- 
ble, disadvantageous. 

initio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [initio-], 
I.  v.  a.,  initiate,  consecrate. 

initium,  -1,  [in-fitium  (ito  + 
ium),  cf.  ineo],  N.,  a beginning,  the 
first  of,  a co7?imencement,  a preface, 
a first  atteinpt  or  event » 


injuratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-juratus], 

adj.,  unsworn,  not  on  oath. 

injuria,  -ae,  [in-jus  + ia,  cf.  in- 

jurius],  F.,  injustice,  outrage,  wrong, 
violence  (as  opposed  to  right),  abuse. 
— Abl.,  injuria  ( unjustly , wrong- 
fully) . 

injuriose  [old  abl.  of  injurio- 
sus],  adv.,  with  otitrage,  abusively. 

injustus,  -a,  -um,  [in-justus], 
adj.,  unjust. 

inlatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  infero. 
inlecebra  (ill-)>  -ae,  [inlice-  (as 
if  stem  of  inlicio)  + bra,  cf.  late- 
bra],  F.,  an  enticement,  a blandish- 
ment, an  allurement. 

inlucesco  (ill-),  -luxi,  no  p.p., 
-lucescere,  [in-lucesco] , 3«v.n .,  shine 
upon,  shine,  arise  (of  the  sun,  etc.). 

illustris  (-ill),  -e,  [in-lustro-  (or 
kindred  stem,  cf.  lustro,  light,  conn, 
unc.  with  lustrum)],  adj.,  bright, 
splendid,  brilliant,  illustrious,  con- 
spicuous. 

inlustro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
lustro-,  bright,  see  preceding  word], 
I.  v.  a.,  illuminate,  light  up,  bring 
to  light. 

innascor,  -natus,  -nascl,  [in- 
nascor],  3.  v.  dep .,  grow  in,  spring 
up  in.  — Fig.,  be  inspired,  be  ex- 
cited.— innatus,  p.p.,  natural,  i?i- 
nate,  inborn:  innata  libertas  (in- 
• born  spirit  of  liberty). 

innocens,  -entis,  [in-nocens  (pres. 

, p.  of  noceo)],  adj.,  harmless,  guilt- 

■ less,  blameless , innocent,  free  from 

■ guilt,  doing  no  wrong.  — As  subst., 
an  innocent  man,  etc.,  the  inno- 

, cent. 

innocentia,  -ae,  [innocent-f ia], 
F.,  blamelessness , innocence , blameless 
? conduct  (esp.  in  office). 

, | innumerabilis,  -e,  [in-numera- 
I bilis],  adj.,  countless,  innumerable, 


Vocabulary . 


93 


numberless : innumerabiles  pecu- 
niae ( countless  sums  of  money) . 

inopia,  -ae,  [inop+ia],  F.,  scar- 
city, dearth , destitution , want , priva- 
tion, want  of  supplies  : inopia  om- 
nium rerum  {every  privation,  utter 
destitution ) . 

inops,  -opis,  [in-ops],  adj., poor, 
destitute,  in  poverty. 

inoratus,  -a,  -um,  [in-oratus], 
adj.,  unpleaded : re  inorata  {with- 
out a hearing,  changing  the  point 
of  view). 

inquam  (inquio),  [?],  v.  def., 
say,  said  I:  inquam  {said  I) ; in- 
quit {he  says,  said  he). 

inquiro,  -quisivi,-quisitus,  -qulrere, 
[in-quaero],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  enquire, 
investigate,  make  investigations. 

inquisitor,  -toris,  [in-quaesitor, 
cf.  inquiro],  M.,  an  investigator,  a 
detective. 

inrep o (irr-),  -repsi,  -repturus, 
-repere,  [in-repo],  3.  v.  n.,  creep  in, 
find  one's  way  in,  get  in  (surrepti- 
tiously) . 

inreti5  (irr-),  -ivi  (-ii) , -itus, 
-ire,  [finreti-  (in-rete)],  4.  v.  a.,  en- 
snare,  entangle. 

inrito  (irr-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fin- 
rito-  (of  unc.  kin.)],  i.v.  a.,  irritate, 
excite,  provoke,  arouse : vi  ( wan- 
tonly assail). 

inrogo  (irr-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[in-rogo],  1.  v.  a.,  {propose  a law 
against),  propose  (a  law  or  fine 
against  any  one)  : multam  {move, 
propose,  of  an  accusation  before  the 
people  for  a fine). 

inrum po  (irr-),  -rupi,  -ruptus, 
-rumpere,  [in-rumpo],  3.  v.  a.  and 
n.,  break  in,  break  down,  break  in 
upon,  burst  in  : in  nostrum  fletum 
{break  in  upon  and  interrupt?) . 
inruo  (irr-),  -rui,  no  p.p.,  -ruere, 


[in-ruo],  3-v.n.,  rtish  in,  rush  upon  : 
in  aliquem  {assail) ; in  odium 
{force  one's  self  needlessly) . 

inruptio  (irr-),  -onis,  [in-frup- 
tio,  cf.  inrumpo],  F.,  an  inroad, 
an  attack,  an  invasion,  an  incursion, 
a raid. 

insania,  -ae,  [insano  + ia],  F., 
insanity,  madness,  a craze:  popu- 
lares  insaniae  {mad  outbreaks  of 
the  people). 

insanio,  -ivi  (-ii),  no  p.p.,  -ire, 
[insano-,  as  if  insani-],  4.  v.  n., 
rave,  be  insane,  be  mad. 

insanus,  -a,-um,  [in-sanus],  adj., 
{unsound).  — Esp.  in  mind,  insane, 
crazy,  mad.  — Also  of  things,  crazy  : 
substructiones  (as  indicating  a 
craze). 

insciens,  -entis,  [in-sciens],  adj., 
not  knowing,  ignorant.  — Often  ren- 
dered by  adv.,  etc.,  unawares,  with- 
out one's  knowledge. 

inscientia,  -ae,  [inscient  + ia], 
F.,  ignorance,  want  of  knowledge . 

Inscitia,  -ae,  [inscito  + ia],  f., 
ignorance,  stupidity . 

inscribo,  -scrips!,  -scriptus,  -scri- 
bere,  [in-scribo],  3.  v.  a.,  write  upon, 
inscribe. 

insector,  -atus,  -ari,  [in-sector], 

1.  v.  dep pursue,  follozv  up,  inveigh 
against. 

Insepultus,  -a,  -um,  [in-sepul- 
tus],  adj.,  unburied : cujus  furiae 
insepulti  {of  whose  unburied  corpse) . 

Insequor,  -secutus,  -sequi,  [in- 
sequor],  3.  v.  dep.,^ follow  up,  pur- 
sue, attack,  assail,  harass,  hunt  down. 
— Also,  follow,  ensue. 

inservio,  -ivi  (-ii),  no  p.p.,  -ire, 
[in-servio],  4.  v.  n.,  be  a slave  to, 
yield  to,  follow  the  dictates  of,  devote 
one's  self  to. 

Insideo,  -sedi,  -sessus,  -sidere,  [in- 


94 


Vocabulary . 


sedeo],  2.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  sit  upon , 
cling  to,  lie,  reside , lurk  in, 

Insidiae,  -arum,  [finsid-  (cf. 
praeses)  + ia],  f.  plur.,  an  am- 
bush, an  ambuscade,  a stratagem,  a 
trick , a plot,  a trap,  treachery  : per 
insidias  (with  deception,  treacher- 
ously, cf.  per). 

Insidiator,  -toris,  [insidia+tor], 

M.,  a plotter,  a secret  assassin,  one  in 
ambush,  a tier  in  wait,  a treacher- 
ous assailant:  nullus  insidiator 
viae  (no  one  in  ambush  on  the  way). 

Insidior,  -atus,  -ari,  [insidia-], 
1.  v.  dep.,  lie  in  wait,  make  treach- 
erous attacks,  plot  against,  treacher- 
ously assail. 

Insidiose  [old  abl.  of  insidio- 

sus],  adv.,  treacherously. 

Insidiosus,  -a,  -um,  [insidia  + 
osus],  adj.,  treacherous. 

Insldo,  -sedi,  no  p.p.,  -sldere,  [in- 
sido],  3.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  sit  upon, 
seat  one's  self,  sink  in,  settle  upon, 
fasten  itself  upon,  become  settled  in  : 
macula  (sink  in,  become  fixed  in). 

Inslgnis,  -e,  [insigno-,  decl.  as 
adj.],  adj.,  marked,  memorable,  con- 
spicuous, signal.  — Inslgne,  N.  as 
subst.,  signal,  sign,  decoration  (of 
soldiers),  a mark , a symbol,  insignia. 

InsimulS,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
simulo],  1.  v.  a.,  charge,  accuse. 

Insolens, -entis,  [in-solens],  adj., 
unwonted,  arrogant,  insolent. 

Insolenter  [insolent-h  ter],  adv., 
in  an  unusual  manner,  insultingly. 

Insolentia,  -ae,  [insolent  + ia] , 
F.,  insolence,  arrogance. 

Insolitus,  -a,  -um,  [in-solitus] , 
adj.,  unwonted,  unaccustomed. 

Inspecto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
spector 1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look  upon, 
look  on  : inspectantibus  nobis  (be- 
fore our  eyes). 


Insperans,  -antis,  [in-sperans] , 

adj.,  unexpecting,  not  hoping,  con- 
trary to  one's  expectations. 

Insperatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-spera- 
tus],  adj.,  unhoped  for,  unexpected, 
unlooked  for. 

Instauro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
fstauro,  cf.  restauro],  1.  v.  a.,  re- 
new, restore,  repeat. 

Instituo,  -tui,  -tutus,  -tuere,  [in- 
statuo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  set  up,  set 
in  order,  array.  — Also,  provide , 
procure,  get  ready,  plait.  — Also,  set 
about,  undertake,  instruct,  begin  to 
practise,  start,  set  out,  begin,  adopt 
(a  plan,  etc.),  resolve,  determine,  set 
on  foot.  — Also,  teach,  train , habitu- 
ate, instruct.  — Esp.,  ab  instituto 
cursu  (from  one's  intended  course). 

Institutum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  in- 
stituo], N.,  a habit,  a practice,  an 
institution,  a custom. 

Insto,  -stiti,  -staturus,  -stare,  [in- 
sto],  I.  v.  n.,  be  at  hand,  be  close  at 
hand,  press  on,  be  pressing.  — Fig. , 
threaten,  impend,  menace. 

mstrumentum,  -i,  [instru  + 
mentum],  N.,  furniture,  equipment, 
tools  and  stores  (of  soldiers),  a means, 
stock  (of  a shopkeeper),  stock  in 
trade,  means  of  subsistence : tribu- 
natus  (means  of  carrying  on). 

Instruo,  -struxi,  -structus,  -stru- 
ere,  [in-struo],  3.  v.  a.,  build,  fit 
up,  array,  draw  up  (of  troops),  fur- 
nish, equip. 

insula,  -ae,  [akin  to  in-salio?], 
F.,  an  island. — Esp.,  the  Island  (a 
part  of  Syracuse). 

Insulto,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [in- 
salto],  1.  v.  n.,  leap  upon,  dance 
upon,  trample  on,  trample  under 
foot,  insult,  commit  outrages,  rim 
riot , outrage , insult. 

Insuin,  -fui,  -futurus,  -esse,  [in- 


Vocabulary. 


95 


sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  in,  exist  in,  be 
present , be  found. 

Insuo,  -sui,  -sutus,  -suere,  [in- 
suo],  3.  v.  a.,  sew  tip  in,  sew  up. 

integer,  -gra,  -grum,  [in-fteger 
(y'TAG,  in  tango,  + rus)],  adj., 
untouched,  unimpaired,  unwearied, 
undiminished,  uninjured,  unbroken, 
entire,  pure,  fresh  (as  subst.,  fresh 
troops ),  inviolate.  — Esp.,  undecided, 
not  entered  upon  (of  business)  : re 
integra  {anew,  afresh , before  any- 
thing is  done,  before  being  committed 
to  any  course  of  action)',  id  inte- 
grum {an  open  question).  — Also, 
{untainted?)  upright,  honest,  honor- 
able, unimpeachable. 

integre  [old  abl.  of  integer], 
adv.,  honestly,  honorably. 

integritas,  -tatis,  [integro+tas], 
F.,  honesty,  integrity , blameless  con- 
duct, uprightness. 

intellego  (-ligo),  -lexi,  -lectus, 
-legere,  [inter-lego],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
{pick  out  \_distinguish ] between), 
learn,  know,  notice , observe , find 
out,  discover,  see  plainly , be  aware, 
observe,  understand,  be  able  to  see, 
have  intelligence,  be  a connoisseur. 

intendo,  -tend!,  -tentus,  -tendere, 
[in-tendo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  stretch , 
strain,  direct,  aim  (both  active  and 
neuter)  : arcum  {aim) ; actionem 
{bring)',  animum  {have  in  mind, 
direct  one's  thoughts) . 

in  ten  to,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
tento],  1.  v.  a.,  strain , brandish. 

inter  [in  + ter,  cf.  alter],  prep, 
(adv.  in  comp.),  between,  among: 
inter  falcarios  {in  the  street  of ); 
constat  inter  omnes  {by  all)  ; inter 
latera  {about).  — Of  time,  within, 
for : inter  decern  annos  {within 
ten  years,  for  the  last  ten  years). — 
Often  in  a reciprocal  sense : inter  se 


{among  themselves , with , to,  from,  at, 
etc.,  each  other) ; diversi  inter  se 
{different) ; confligunt  inter  se 
{against  each  other). 

Interamna, -ae,  [inter-amnis  (or 
stem  akin)],  F.,  a town  in  Umbria 
ninety  miles  from  Rome  {Terni). 

Interamnas,  -atis,  [Interamna+ 
tis],  adj.,  of  Interamna. 

intercedo,  -cessi,  -cessurus,  -ce- 
dere,  [inter-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  come 
between,  go  between,  lie  between , in- 
tervene, exist  between , occur  between, 
be,  pass  (of  time). — Esp.  of  the 
tribunes,  veto , stay  proceedings. 

intercessid,  -onis,  [inter-cessio, 
cf.  intercedo],  f.,  a veto  (cf.  inter- 
cedo). 

intercessor,  -oris,  [inter-cessor], 

M.,  {one  who  comes  between),  a surety. 
— Esp.,  a vetoing  tribune  (cf.  inter- 
cedo). 

interclndo,  -clusl,  -clusus,  -clu- 
dere,  [inter-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  off, 
shut  off,  block  (roads),  put  a stop  to. 

interdum  [inter  dum  (orig. 
acc.)],  adv.,  for  a time,  sometimes. 

interea  [inter  ea  (prob.  abl.)], 
adv.,  meanwhile,  in  the  mean  time, 
meantime. 

intereo,  -ivi  (-il),  -iturus,  -ire, 
[inter-eo  {go  into  pieces  ?,  cf.  inter- 
ficio)],  irr.  v.  n.,  perish,  die,  be 
killed,  be  destroyed. 

interfatio,  -onis,  [inter-ffatio 
(fa  + tio)],  F.,  an  interruption. 

interfector,  -toris,  [inter-factor, 
cf.  interficio],  M.,  a slayer,  a mur- 
derer. 

interficio,  -feci,  -fectus,  -ficere, 
[inter-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  {cut  to  pieces, 
cf.  intereo),  slay,  kill,  put  to  death, 
destroy. 

intericio  (-jicio),  -jeci,  -jectus, 
-icere,  [inter-jacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw 


96 


Vocabulary. 


in  (between). — Pass.,  lie  between , 
intervene:  tempore  inter]  ecto  {after 
an  interval , etc.). 

interim  [perh.  loc.  of  finterus 
(cf.  inter,  interior),  but  cf.  inte- 
rea,  interibi],  adv.,  meanwhile , in 
the  mean  time. 

interimo,  -emi,  -emptus,  -imere, 
[inter-emo],  3.  v.  a.,  kill  (cf.  inter- 
ficio),  slay , destroy,  put  to  death. — 
Less  exactly,  overwhelm. 

interior,  -us,  [comp,  of  finterus 
(in-terus,  cf.  alter)],  adj.,  inner , 
interior , farther  in,  more  inland. — 
Superl.,  intimus  ( tumus),  -a,  -um, 
[in  + timus],  inmost , most  secret.  — 
As  subst.,  an  intimate  friend. 

interitus,  -tus,  [inter-itus,  cf. 
intereo],  M.,  death , murder  (chang- 
ing the  point  of  view),  destruction , 
overthrow. 

interjicio,  see  intericio. 
intermortuus,  -a,  -um,  [inter- 
mortuus],  adj., faint,  half  dead,  life- 
less, still-born. 

internecinus,  see  internecivus. 
internecio,  -onis,  [inter-fnecio, 
same  root  as  neco],  F.,  exter?nina- 
tion,  annihilation. 

internecivus  ( cinus),  -a,  -um, 
[inter-fnecivus],  adj.,  utterly  de- 
structive: bellum  {of  extermina- 
tion).— Also,  interniclvus. 

interpello,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [inter- 
tpello,  cf.  appello,  -are],  1.  v.  a., 
interrupt,  interfere  with. 

interpono,  -posul,  -positus,  -po- 
nere,  [inter-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  place  in 
between  (lit.  and  fig.),  interpose,  in- 
troduce, allege  (an  excuse  to  break 
off  something),  thrust  in,  force  in, 
put  in:  diebus  interpositis  ( after 
an  interval,  etc.) ; se  {act  as  go- 
between)  . 

interpres,  -pretis,  [inter-fpres 


(akin  to  pretium?)  Jpc.,  a middle- 
man, a mediator,  an  interpreter,  an 
agent  (for  bribery) . 

interrogo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [inter- 
rogo],  I.  v.  a.,  ( ask  at  intervals), 
question,  interrogate,  ask,  put  ques- 
tions. 

intersum,  -fui,  -futurus,  -esse, 
[inter-sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  between , 
be  among,  be  in,  be  engaged  in,  be 
present : nox  interest  ( there  is  an 
interval  of  a night)  ; rei  {be  engaged 
in,  take  part  in).  — Esp.  in  third 
person,  it  is  of  importance,  it  in- 
terests, it  concerns:  nihil  interest 
{there  is  no  difference,  also,  it  makes 
no  difference,  it  is  of  no  importance)', 
hoc  interest  {there  is  this  difference) ; 
quid  mea  interest?  {what  is  for  my 
interest?)',  quid  interest ? {what  is 
the  difference  ?). 

intervallum,  -i,  [inter-vallus, 
distance  between  stakes  in  a ram- 
part], N.,  distance  (between  two 
things),  distance  apart,  interval  (of 
space  or  time),  space,  time:  longo 
intervallo  {after  a long  interval, 
after  a considerable  time). 

interventus,  -tus,  [inter-fven- 
tus,  cf.  even  tus  and  intervenio], 
M.,  a coming  (to  interrupt  some- 
thing), a coming  in,  an  interven- 
tion. 

intestlnus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  perh.  in- 
tus+tinus], adj.,  internal,  intestine: 
pernicies  (i.e.,  within  the  vitals  of 
the  state). 

intimus,  see  interior. 

intolerabilis,  -e,  [in-tolerabilis], 

adj.,  intolerable , unendurable,  not  to 
be  borne. 

intolerandus,  -a,  -um,  [in-tol- 
erandus],  adj.,  not  to  be  borne , un- 
endurable. 

intra  [instr.  (?)  of  finterus,  cf- 


Vocabulary. 


97 


inter  and  extra],  adv.  and  prep., 
into,  within , inside. 

introduco,  -dim,  -ductus,  -du- 
cere,  [intro-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  in, 
bring  in,  march  in  (troops),  intro- 
duce. 

introitus,  -tus,  [intro-itus],  M., 

an  entrance,  an  approach  (means  of 
entrance),  a way  of  entrance  : Ponti 
(mouth,  i.e.,  the  straits).  — Fig-,  cl 
door  (as  a way  of  entrance),  an 
opening. 

intueor,  -tuitus  (-tutus),  -tueri, 
[in-tueor],  2.  v.  dep.,  gaze  upon, 
gaze  at,  cast  one's  eyes  upon,  look 
upon,  behold,  look  at,  contemplate, 
study. 

intus  [in  + tus  (an  abl.  ending, 
cf.  divinitus)],  adv.,  within. 

inultus,  -a,  -um,  [in-ultus],  adj., 
unavenged,  unpunished. 

inuro,  -ussi,  -ustus,  -urere,  [in- 
uro],  3.  v.  a.,  burn  in,  brand.  — 
Fig.,/*  indelibly. 

inusitatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-usitatus], 
adj.,  unwonted,  unaccustomed,  un- 
usual. 

inutilis,  -e,  [in-utilis],  adj.,  of 
no  use,  unsei'viceable.  — In  a preg- 
nant sense,  unfavorable  (positively 
disadvantageous),  prejudicial. 

invadd,  -vasi,  -vasurus,  -vadere, 
[in-vado],  3.  v.  n.,  rush  in,  attack, 
assail,  make  an  attack,  make  a rush, 
make  a charge. 

inveho,  -vexi,  -vectus,  -vehere, 
[in-veho],  3.  v.  a.,  carry  in,  carry 
against.  — Pass,  as  dep.,  be  borne, 
ride,  sail  in,  assail  (ride  against), 
inveigh. 

invenio,  -venl,  -ventus,  -venire, 
[in-venio],  4.  v.  a .,find (come  upon, 
cf.  reperio,  find  by  search ),  learn, 
discover,  meet  with , invent,  chance 
to  have , originate , 


inventor,  -toris,  [in-fventor,  cf. 
invenio],  M.,  a discoverer,  an  in- 
ventor, an  originator. 

investlgo,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [in- 
vestigo],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  trace  out , 
investigate. 

inveterasco,  -ravi,  -raturus,  -ras- 
cere,  [in-veterasco],  3.  v.  n.,  grow 
old,  become  established,  become  fas- 
tened in  or  on,  becoine  rooted , be- 
come deeply  seated. 

invictus,  -a,  -um,  [in-victus], 
adj.,  unconquered.  — Also,  uncon- 
querable, invincible. 

in  video,  -vidi,  -visus,  -videre,  [in- 
video, cf.  invidus],  2.  v.  n.  and  a., 
envy,  be  jealous  of,  grudge , be  en- 
vious. 

invidia,  -ae,  [invido  + ia],  f., 

envy,  odium , jealousy,  hatred,  un- 
popularity. 

invidiose  [old  abl.  of  invidio- 
sus],  adv.,  in  a manner  to  excite 
odium. 

invidiosus,  -a,  -um,  [invidia  + 

osus,]  adj.,  causing  odium  : mihi  est 
invidiosum  (it  is  aground  of  odiuni). 

invidus,  -a,  -um,  [in-fvidus 
(^/VID  + us,  wh.  video)],  adj., 
envious , jealous,  ill-disposed,  hostile, 
grudging. 

invigilo,  -avl,  no  p.p.,  -are,  [in- 
vigilo],  1.  v.  n.,  (lie  awake  for), 
watch  over,  care  for. 

inviolatus,  -a,  -um,  [in-viola- 
tus],  adj.,  inviolate,  unharmed,  un- 
injured.— Also  (cf.  invictus),  in- 
violable: inviolata  amicitia  (with- 
out violating  friendship) . 

invisus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  invi- 
deo], as  adj.,  hateful,  odious , dis- 
pleasing. 

invito, -avi, -atus, -are,  [?],  i.v.a., 
invite. 

invitus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  un- 


98 


Vocabulary . 


willing.  — Often  rendered  as  adv., 
against  one's  will , unwillingly . 

ipse,  -a,  -um,  [is-potis(?)],intens. 
pron.,  self  very , himself  etc.  (as  opp. 
to  some  one  else,  cf.  sui,  reflex,  refer- 
ring to  the  subject)  he,  etc.  (emph.), 
he  himself  etc. : tu  ipse  (you  your- 
self) ; ipsius  virtus  ( his  own , etc.)  ; 
id  ipsum  ( that  very  thing') ; ad  ip- 
sum  fornicem  (just  at,  etc.) ; illis 
ipsis  diebus  (just  at  that  very  time); 
in  his  ipsis  (even  in  these)  ; Kalen- 
dis  ipsis  (just  at,  etc.)  ; ante  ipsum 
sacrarium  (just  exactly  before , etc.) . 

Ira,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  anger , wrath, 
resentment , rage. 

Iracundia,  -ae,  [iracundo+ia], 

F.,  wrath  (as  a permanent  quality, 
cf.  ira,  a temporary  feeling),  irasci- 
bility, anger. 

Iracundus,  -a,  -um,  [ira  + cun- 
dus],  adj.,  of  a violent  te7nper,  pas- 
sionate, irascible , wrathful,  resentful, 
embittered. 

Irascor,  iratus,  irasci,  [ fira-f-  sco] , 
3.  v.  dep.,  get  angry,  be  angry. — 
Iratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  angry, 
in  anger. 

irr-,  see  inr-. 

is,  ea,  id,  [pron.  fi'],  pron.,  this 
(less  emph.  than  hie),  that  (un- 
emph.),  these , those,  etc.,  the , a,  he, 
she , it,  such,  one,  the  man : id  quod 
(which,  omitting  the  demonstrative); 
atque  is  (and  that  too)  ; in  eo  (in 
that  matter) ; ex  eo  genere  qui  (of 
the  kind,  etc.) ; vacuus  ab  eis  qui 
defenderent  (of  men  to,  etc.);  vos 
qui  . . . ei  (you  who  . . .you) ; neque 
enim  is  es,  etc.  (such  a man , etc.) ; 
pro  eo  ac  mereor  (in  proportion  to 
what,  etc.)  ; is  constitutus  ex  mar- 
more  (his statue),  etc.;  id  aetatis  filii 
(of  that  age,  etc.).  — Abl.,  N.,  eo,  the 
(old  Eng.  instrumental),  so  much,  on 


that  account,  therefore : eo  magis  (all 
the  tnore) ; eo  atrocior  (so  much  the 
more  cruel).  — See  also  ejusmodi. 

iste,  -a,  -ud,  [is-te  (cf.  turn,  tan- 
tus,  etc.)],  pron.,  that,  these,  those , 
etc.  — Esp.  associated  with  the  sec- 
ond person,  with  adversaries  and 
opponents,  that  (you  speak  of),  he. 
(your  client ),  those  men  (my  oppo- 
nents), that  (of  yours),  that  (by you). 

ita  [-y/i-fta  (instr.(?)  of  VTA)]> 
adv.,  so,  in  such  a way,  in  this  way , 
thus,  as  folloivs  : ut . . . ita,  ita  . . . ut 
(in proportion  as,  as);  ita  dictitat 
(this), 

Italia,  -ae,  [fltalo-  (reduced)  + 
ia  (f.  of  -ius)],  F.,  Italy. 

Italicus,  -a,  -um,  [Italo  + cus], 
adj.,  Italian:  helium  (the  Italic  or 
Social  war,  B.C.  90). 

itaque  [ita  que],  adv.,  and  so, 
accordingly,  therefore. 

item  [-y/i-tem  (acc.?,  cf.  idem)], 
adv.,  in  like  manner,  so  also,  in  the 
same  way  (before  mentioned),  also, 
likewise. 

iter,  itineris,  [stem  fr.  yf\  (go)  + 
unc.  term.],  N.,  a road,  a march,  a 
way,  a route,  a course,  a journey. 

iterum  [^/i  -f  terus,  cf.  alter], 
adv.,  a second  time,  again : semel 
atque  iterum  (again  and  again)  ; 
iterum  et  saepius  (again  and 
again). 

J. 

jaceo,  -cui, -citurus, -cere,  [fjaco-, 
cf.  jaculum],  2.  v.  n.,  lie,  lie  dead, 
lie  low,  lie  prostrate,  be  overthrown. 

jacio,  jeci,  jactus,  jacere,  [?,  cf. 
jaceo],  3.  v.  a.,  throw,  hurl,  cast, 
throw  out,  bandy  about.  — Esp.  of 
foundations,  lay  (throwing  in  the 
loose  material). 

jacto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [jacto-], 


Vocabulary . 


99 


I.  v.  a.,  (freq.  of  jacio),  toss , toss 
about , bandy  about  (of  talk);  se  jac- 
tare  ( insolently  display  itself  sivag- 
ger , show  one's  ari'ogance  or  inso- 
lence) . 

jactura,  -ae,  [jactu  + ra  (f.  of 
rus)],  F.,  a throwing  away,  a loss , a 
sacrifice  (of  men  in  war),  expense , 
largesse. 

jactus,  -tus,  [y'jAC-f  tus],  m.,  a 
throw  : fulminum  ( hurling , flash , 
stroke) . 

jam  [acc.  of  pron.  VYA]>  adv., 
now  (of  progressive  time,  cf.  none, 
emphatic  and  instantaneous) ,-  by  this 
time , at  last , already , at  length  : non 
jam  {no  longer , not  any  more , etc.)  ; 
nunquam  jam  ( never  more , never 
again)  ; jam  nemo  {at  last  no  one)  ; 
jam  ante,  jam  antea  {already  be- 
fore, already , before , also  before , even 
before).  — Of  future  time,  presently , 
by  azid  by. — Phrases:  jam  vero 
{now,  furthermore,  then  again,  but)  ; 
jam  dudum,  jam  pridem  {now  for 
some  time,  long  ago) ; nunc  jam 
{now  at  last,  now). 

Janiculum,  -i,  [Jano+  culum], 
N.,  the  Janiculine  Hill. 

janua,  -ae,  [?,  akin  to  Janus], 
F.,  a door.  — Fig.,  gate. 

Januarius,  -a,  -um,  [?,  janua  + 
arius],  adj.,  of  January. 

jejunus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  ad].,  fast- 
ing. — Fig.,  meagre,  poor , humble, 
mean. 

jubeo,  jussi,  jussus,  jubere,  [prob. 
jus-habeo,  cf.  praebeo],  2.  v.  a., 
order,  command,  bid. 

jucunditas,  -tatis,  [jucundo  + 
tas],  F.,  pleasantness,  pleasure, 
char  7ti. 

jucundus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  perh.  for 
juvicundus,  akin  to  juvo],  adj., 
pleasant , agreeable. 


judex,  -icis,  [jus-fdex  (^dic  as 
stem)],  M.  and  F.,  a judge , an  ar- 
biter. — Esp.  in  Roman  jurispru- 
dence, a juryman  (half  judge  and 
half  juryman,  who  decided  Roman 
law  cases),  a judge  : judices  {gen- 
tlemen, i.e.,  of  the  jury). 

judicialis,  -e,  [judicio  + alis], 
adj . , judicial,  of  courts. 

judicium,  -I,  [judic  + ium],  n., 
a judgment  (judicial),  a trial,  a 
verdict,  a prosecution.  — As  each 
trial  made  a court,  a court,  a panel 
of  jurors,  a bench  of  judges , the  ad- 
fninistration  of justice , the  judiciary , 
the  judicial  power.  — Also,  an  ex- 
pression of  opinion  (generally  offi- 
cial), an  opinion,  a judg77ient,  a deci- 
sio7i. 

judico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [judic-], 
1.  v.  a.,  formally  decide,  decide,  judge, 
be  a juror,  adjudge,  think,  consider , 
hold  an  opmion : equester  ordo 
{hold  the  judiciary) ; subtiliter  {be 
a connoisseur)',  de  ingeniis  {criti- 
cize, estimate)',  magna  in  hoc  vis 
judicatur  {is  held  to  be,  etc.). 

jugulo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [jugulo-], 
1.  v.  a.,  cut  the  throat  of,  i7iurder, 
assassuzate,  strangle  (figuratively), 
put  to  death. 

jugulum,  -i,  [jugo+lum],  N.,  {a 
little  yoke , the  collar-bones),  the 
throat,  the  neck. 

Julius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman  gen- 
tile name.  — Esp.,  L.  Julius  Ccesar, 
censor,  B.c.  89. 

jungo,  junxi,  junctus,  jungere, 
[-y/jUG],  3.  v.  a.,  join , unite,  at- 
tach, attach  together.  — In  pass,  or 
with  reflex.,  tmite  with,  attach  one's 
self. 

Junianus,  -a,  -um,  [Junio  + 

anus],  adj.,  of  Junius:  consilium 
(a  jury  of  which  one  Junius  was 


IOO 


Vocabulary. 


presiding  praetor,  and  which  had 
notoriously  been  bribed). 

Junius,  -a,  -um,  [?,  perh.  akin  to 
juvenis],  adj.,  of  June. 

Jupiter  (Jupp),  Jovis,  [Jovis- 
Pater],  M.,  the  god  of  the  visible 
heavens  and  the  atmosphere,  who 
was  regarded  as  the  supreme  divinity 
of  the  Romans,  Jupiter , Jove.  — 
Identified  with  the  Greek  Z evs,  hence 
with  the  adjective  Olympius. 

juro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [jur-  (stem 
of  jus)],  I.  v.  n.,  swear , take  an 
oath . — juratus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in 
active  sense,  sworn , on  oath. 

jus,  juris,  [for  fjavus,  VYU  (akin 
to  y'jUG)  + us],  justice>  right, 
rights  (collectively) , rights  over  (any- 
thing, claims'), law:  communia  jura 
(< common  rights  of  man)  ; hoc  juris 
constituere  (< establish  this  as  law)  ; 
jure  ( with  right,  justly) ; praecipuo 
jure  ( with  special  justice)  ; suo  jure 
( with  perfect  right)-,  optimo  jure 
(with  perfect  justice) . 

jusjurandum,  jurisjurandi,  [see 
the  two  words],  N.,  an  oath. 

jussu  [abl.  of  fjussus],  used  as 
adv.,  by  order : meo  jussu  (by  my 
orders) . 

juste  [old  abl.  of  justus],  adv., 

justly. 

justitia,  -ae,  [justo-ftia],  Y.,  jus- 
tice (just  behavior),  sense  of  justice. 

justus,  -a,  -um,  [jus  -f  tus],  adj., 
just,  lawful,  reasonable. — Also,  com- 
plete, perfect,  regular : omnia  justa 
solvere  (all  due  rites). 

juvenis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  young. — 
As  subst.,  a young  man  (not  over 
45),  a youth. 

juventus,  -tutis,  [juven  (orig. 
stem  of  juvenis)  +tus],  F.,  youth. 
— Concretely,  the  youth,  young  men, 
the  young. 


juvo,  juvi,  jutus,  juvare,  [?], 

I.  v.  a.,  help , aid,  assist . 

K. 

Kal.,  abbrev.  for  Kalendae  and 
its  cases  (wh.  see). 

Kalendae  (Cal-),  -arum,  [f.  pi. 
of  fcalendus,  p.  of  verb  akin  to 
calo],  F.  plur.,  the  Calends  (the  first 
day  of  the  Roman  month,  when,  as 
it  would  seem,  the  times  of  the  moon 
were  announced  to  the  assembled 
people)  : pridie  Kalendas  Janua- 
rias  (i.e.,  Dec.  gist). 

Karthaginiensis  (Car-),  -e, 

adj.,  Carthaginian. — Plur.  as  subst., 
the  Carthaginians. 

Karthago  (Car-),  -inis,  [Punic, 
new  city ],  F.,  Carthage . 

L. 

L.,  abbrev.  for  Lucius. 

L (vl>),  [a  corrupt  form  of  the 
Greek  letter  xjy  (prop,  x),  originally 
used  for  50,  and  retained  in  the  later 
notation],  a sign  for  fifty. 

labefacio,  -feci,  -factus,  -facere, 
[unc.  stem  (akin  to  labor)  -facio], 
3.  v.  a.,  shake,  cause  to  totter. 

labefacto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [labe- 
(cf.  labefacio)  -facto],  1.  v.  a., 
shake,  cause  to  totter , weaken , under- 
mine, overthrow , shatter,  annul,  in- 
validate, disturb. 

labes,  -is,  [lab  (in  labor)  + es], 
F.,  a fall,  ruin,  a plague  (fig.),  a 
pest.  — Also,  a disgrace,  a shame. 

labo,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  -are,  [?,  akin 
to  labor],  1.  v.  n.,  totter,  waver, 
give  way. 

labor,  lapsus,  labi,  [?,  akin  to 
labo],  3.  v.  dep.,  slide,  fall,  slip,  err, 
be  imprudent. 

labor,  -oris,  [V^abh  + or  (for 


-°s)],  M.,  toil , exertion  (in  its  disa- 
greeable aspect),  labor  (as  painful), 
trouble. 

labbriosus,  -a,  -um,  [labor  + 
osus],  adj.,  toilsome , laborious . 

laboro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [labor-], 
i.  v.  n.,  toil , exert  one's  self.  — Also, 
suffer,  labor , be  hard  pressed,  be  in 
trouble , trouble  one's  self  care.  — 
With  neut.  pron.,  labor  about,  attend 
to,  busy  one's  self  with. 

lacero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [lacero-], 
i.  v.  a.,  mangle,  lacerate,  tear . 

lacesso,  -cessivi,  -cessitus,  -ces- 
sere,  [stem  akin  to  lacio  + unc. 
term.],  3.  v.  a.,  irritate,  provoke.  — 
Esp.,  attack , harass,  assail , skirmish 

7uith. 

lacrima,  -ae,  [fdakru-  (cf.  Gr. 
daKpv)  + ma],  f.,  a tear. 

lacrimo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [lacri- 
ma], 1.  v.  n.  and  a.,  weep,  weep 
for. 

lacteo,  -ere,  [lact-],  2.  v.  n.,  suck. 
Esp.,  lac  tens,  p.,  sucking,  nurs- 
ing, a suckling,  a nursling. 

lacus,  -us,  [ ?,  cf.  lacer,  lacuna], 
M .,  a reservoir,  a lake. 

Laeca,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp.,  M.  Laeca,  a 
partisan  of  Catiline. 

laedo,  laesi,  laesus,  laedere,  [perh. 
for  lavido,  ffuj  (increased)  + do 
(cf.  tendo)],  3.  v.  a.,  wound,  injure. 
— Fig.,  esp.,  break  (one’s  word,  etc.), 
violate,  hurt,  disparage,  thwart,  in- 
jure. 

Laelius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  C.  Lcelius,  the 
friend  of  the  younger  Africanus. 

Laenius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  Esp.,  AL,  Lcenius 
Flaccus,  a knight  of  Brundisium,  a 
friend  of  Cicero,  and  one  of  his  sup- 
porters in  his  exile. 


laetitia,  -ae,  [laeto  + tia],  f., 
joy,  gladness  (cf.  laetus). 

laeto r,  -atus,  -ari,  [laeto-],  1.  v. 
dep.,  rejoice  (cf.  laetus),  be  glad, 
take  delight:  illud  laetandum  est 
{this  is  a cause  of  rejoicing). 

laetus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  (perh. 
akin  to  glad)  + tus],  adj.,. joyful  (of 
the  inner  feeling),  rejoicing : me 
domus  laetissima  accepit  (with  the 
greatest  joy) . 

lamentatio,  -onis,  [lamenta  + 
tio],  f.,  lamentation . 

lamentor,  -atus,  -ari,  [lamento-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  lament , bewail. 

lamentum,  -i,  [?,  perh.  ffLV  + 
mentum,  cf.  laedo],  n.,  a lamenta- 
tion. 

lamina,  -ae,  [?,  perh.  ffLV + 
mina],  f.,  a scale  (of  metal),  a plate 
(esp.  heated,  used  for  torture). 

languidus,  -a,  -um,  [flanguo- 
(whence  Iangueo)  +dns], adj.,  spir- 
itless, listless,  languid , stupid,  sleepy, 
dozy  : languidior  (less  active). 

lanista,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a trainer 
(of  gladiators). 

Jjanuvinus,  -a,  -um,  [Lanuvio  + 
intis],  adj.,  of  I^anuvium.  — Plur. 
M.,  the  people  of  JLanuvium. 

Lanuvium,  -i,  [?],  N.,  a town 
of  Latium,  twenty  miles  from  Rome 
on  the  Appian  Way,  famous  for  its 
worship  of  Juno  Sospita. 

lapidatio,  -onis,  [lapida  + tio], 

F .,  a stoning,  throiving  stones. 
lapis,  -idis,  [ ?],  m.,  a stone. 
laqueus,  -i,  [Vlac  (in  lacio) + 
eus  (?  -ayas)],  m.,  a slip-noose,  a 
snare.  — Fig.,  the  meshes  (of  the 
law,  etc.). 

Ear,  Laris,  [?],  m.,  a household 
divinity : Lar  familiaris  (house- 
hold gods,  as  a symbol  of  home), 
ho?ne,  hearth  and  home. 


' 1. 


f) 

Ik 


102 


Vocabulary. 


large  [old  abl.  of  largus],  adv., 
copiously , generously , lavishly. 

largior,  -Itus,  -iri,  [largo-],  4.  v. 
dep.,  give  lavishly , bestow  upon , sup- 
ply with , lavish  upon,  grant.  — Also, 
bribes , presents . 

largftio,  -onis,  [largl-  (stem  of 
largior)  + tio],  F.,  /awwA  giving, 
bribery . 

largltor,  -toris,  [largi+tor],  M., 

« lavish  giver , # briber , a spend- 
thrift. 

late  [old  abl.  of  latus],  adv., 
widely , broadly  : longe  lateque  ( far 
and  wide). 

late  bra,  -ae,  [late  + bra],  f.,  a 

hiding-place. 

lateo,  latui,  no  p.p.,  latere,  [?], 
2.  v.  n.,  lie  concealed ',  lurk , A? 
cealed , unnoticed , lie  hid , work 

secretly. 

Latiaris  (-alls),  -e,  [Latio  + 
aris],  adj.,  of  Latium  : Jupiter  La- 
tiaris  (the  Jupiter  worshipped  on 
the  Alban  mount  as  the  tutelar  divin- 
ity of  the  old  Latin  union). 

Latiniensis,  -e,  [Latino  (?)  + 
ensis),  adj .,of  Latium , Latin. — Esp. 
as  Roman  proper  name,  Q.  Calius 
Latiniensis , a tribune  of  the  people. 

Latinus,  -a,  -urn,  [Latio+inus], 
adj.,  iMtin. 

Latium,  -i,  [prob.  lato  + ium, 
N.  of  -ius,  the  flat  land ?],  N.,  the 
country  between  the  Apennines,  the 
Tiber,  and  the  Tuscan  Sea,  now  the 
Carnpagna. 

lator,  -toris,  [(t)la  + tor],  M.,  a 
bearer , a proposer  (of  a law,  cf. 

fero) . 

latr§,  -onis,  [prob.  stem  borrowed 
fr.  Greek  + o],M.,  a mercenary  (?), 
a robber , a marauder. 

latrocinium,  -i,  [flatrocino  + 
ium,  cf.  ratiocinor],  n .ffreebooting, 


robbery , brigandage , marauding , « 
band  of  marauders , <2  marauding 
expedition. 

latrocinor,  -atus,  -ari,  [flatro- 
cino-,  cf.  latrocinium],  1.  v.  dep., 
be  a freebooter,  act  as  a marauder  : 
latrocinans  (as  a marauder). 

latus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  for  fplatus, 
cf.  Gr.  TrAarus],  adj.,  broad , wide , 
extensive. 

latus,  lateris,  [prob.  lato  + rus 
(reduced)],  N.,  (of  the  body). 

— Also,  generally,  a side , a flank,  an 
end  (of  a hill). 

latus,  -a,  -um,  [for  tlatus,  VTLA 
(cf.  tollo,  tuli)  + tus],  p.p.  of  fero. 
laudatio,  -onis,  [lauda+tio],  F., 

a eulogy,  a funeral  oration. 

laudator,  -toris,  [lauda  + tor], 
M.,  a eulogizer,  an  extoller. 

laudo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [laud-], 
1.  v.  a.,  praise , commend,  approve , 
eulogize , applaud. 

laureatus,  -a,  -um,  [laurea  + 
tus,  cf.  robustus],  adj.,  laurelled, 
crowned  with  laurel. 

laus,  laudis,  [?],F .,  praise,  credit, 
renown,  reputation,  glory , merit 
(thing  deserving  praise),  excellence: 
in  hac  laude  industriae  (in  gain- 
ing this  credit  by,  etc.) ; fructum 
istum  laudis  (the  gaining  of  that 
credit). 

lautumiae  (lato-,  latu-),  -arum, 
[A aT0ixia\,  F.  plur.,  a stone-quarry. 

lectulus,  -i,  [lecto  + lus],  m.,  a 
couch , a sofa , a bed. 

lectus,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a bed,  a couch. 

lectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  lego,  wh. 
see. 

legatio,  -onis,  [lega  + tio],  f., 

(a  sending  or  commission),  an  em- 
bassy, a7i  embassy  (message  of  am- 
bassadors), the  office  of  legatus  : qua 
in  legatione  (in  which  office) ; jus 


Vocabulary. 


103 


legationis  (the  rights  of  ambassa- 
dors') . 

legatus,  -I,  [prop.  p.p.  of  lego], 
M.,  an  ambassador.  — Also,  a lieu- 
tenant, a legatus.  To  a Roman 
commander  were  assigned  (legare) 
one  or  more  subordinate  officers 
capable  of  taking  command  in  his 
absence  or  engaging  in  independent 
operations  under  his  general  direc- 
tion. These  were  the  legati,  and 
with  the  quaestor  composed  a kind 
of  staff. 

legio,  -onis,  [yTEG  + io],  F.,  ( a 
levy) ; hence,  a legion  (originally  the 
whole  levy,  later  the  unit  of  army 
organization,  numbering  from  3000 
to  6000  men,  divided  into  ten  co- 
horts) . 

legitimus,  -a,  -urn,  [leg  (as  if 
legi)  + timus],  adj.,  lawful,  legal, 
of  law,  according  to  law,  at  law. 

lego,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [flega-  (cf. 
collega)],  1.  v.  a.,  despatch,  com- 
mission, commission  as  legatus , choose 
as  legatus,  assign  (as  legatus). 

lego,  legi,  lectus,  legere,  [cf.  Gr. 
\eyui],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  choose,  collect, 
pick  out.  — Hence,  read,  read  of  — 
lectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  choice , 
esteemed,  superior. 

lenio,  -ivl  (-ii),  -itus,  -ire,  [leni-], 
4.  v.  a.,  soothe,  mitigate. 

lenis,  -e,  [?],  ad].,  gentle,  lenient, 
mild. 

lenitas,  -tatis,  [leni  + tas],  f., 
gentleness,  leniency. 

leniter  [leni-fter],  adv.,  gently. 
leno,  -onis,  [?,  leni  + o],  m.,  a 
pander,  a pimp. 

lenocinium,  -i,  [flenocino-  (cf. 
lenocinor)  + ium],  N., pandering. 
lente  [old  abl.  of  lentus],  adv., 

slowly. 

Lentulus,  -i,  [lento  + lus],  m., 


a Roman  family  name.  — Esp. : 1 . 
Cn.  Cornelius  Lentulus  Clodianus , 
cons.  B.C.  72;  2.  P.  Cornelius  Len- 
tulus Sura,  cons.  B.C.  71,  one  of  the 
Catilinarian  conspirators;  3.  L . Len- 
tulus, an  unknown  praetor;  4.  P. 
Cornelius  Lentulus  Spinther,  cons. 
B.C.  57,  a supporter  of  Cicero;  5. 
The  son  of  No.  4,  of  the  same  name. 

lentus,  -a,  -um,  [len  (cf.  lenis) 
+ tus],  adj .,  flexible.  — Also,  slow. 

lepidus,  -a,  -um,  [flepo-  (cf. 
lepor)  + dus],  m.,  graceful. — As 
a Roman  family  name.  — Esp.:  1. 
M\  PEmilius  Lepidus,  cons.  B.C.  66; 
2.  M.  ALmilius  Lepidus,  cons.  B.C. 
78,  killed  in  a quarrel  with  his  col- 
league, Q.  Catulus;  3.  Son  of  the 
preceding,  of  the  same  name,  the 
famous  triumvir  whose  house  was 
robbed  by  the  partisans  of  Clodius. 

levis,  -e,  [for  fleglivis,  ^/lagh 
+ us  (with  inserted  i,  cf.  brevis), 
cf.  Gr.  iXayys,  Eng.  light],  adj.,  light, 
slight,  trivial,  unimportant,  of  no 
weight.  — Also  (cf.  gravis),  incon- 
stant, fickle,  wanting  in  character, 
worthless,  unprincipled. 

levitas,  -tatis,  [levi  + tas],  F., 
lightness.  — Also  (cf.  levis),  incon- 
stancy, fickleness,  want  of  principle , 
unsteadiness. 

leviter  [levi  + ter],  adv.,  lightly, 
slightly  : ut  levissime  dicam  (to  say 
the  least). 

levo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [levi-  (as 
if  levo-)],  i.v.  a.,  lighten.  — Hence, 
free  from  a burden,  relieve , allevi- 
ate, lessen : annonam  (relieve  the 
market , lessen  the  price  of  grain) . 

lex,  legis,  [Vleg  (in  lego)],  F., 
a statute,  a law,  a condition. 

libellus,  -i,  [libro  + lus],  m.,  a 
little  book,  a list,  a paper. 
libens  (lub-),  see  libet. 


104 


Vocabulary. 


libenter  [libent+ter] , adv.,  wil- 
lingly, gladly , zvith  pleasin' e.  — With 
verb,  be  glad  to,  etc. : libentissime 
audire  (most  like  to  hear) . 

1.  liber,  -bera,  -berum,  [flibo- 
(whence  libet)  + rus  (reduced)], 
adj.,  free  (of  persons  and  things), 
unrestricted,  undisturbed,  unincum- 
bered, independent. 

liber,  librl,  [?],  M.,  bark  (of  a 
tree).  — Hence,  a book. 

2.  Liber,  -eri,  [same  word  as  i. 
liber,  connection  uncertain],  M.,  an 
Italian  deity  of  agriculture.  — Hence 
identified  with  Bacchus. 

Libera,  -ae,  [f.  of  preceding 
word],  F.,  an  Italian  goddess  iden- 
tified with  Proserpine  (cf.  K opr]). 

liberalis,  -e,  [i.  liber  + alis], 
adj.,  of  a freeman,  generous,  liberal, 
noble  (studia). 

liberalitas,  -tatis,  [liberali  + 
tas],  F.,  generosity. 

liberaliter  [liber ali+ ter],  adv., 
generously , kindly  (respondit). 

liberatio,  -onis,  [libera  + tio], 
F.,  a setting  free,  a freeing,  acquittal. 

liberator,  -toris,  [libera  + tor], 
M .,  a deliverer,  a liberator. 

libere  [old  abl.  of  liber],  adv., 
freely,  without  restraint,  with  free- 
dom. 

liberi,  -orum,  [prob.  M.  plur.  of 
liber,  the  free  members  of  the  house- 
hold],  M.  plur.,  children.  — Some- 
times even  of  one. 

libero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [liberb-], 
i . v.,  a.,  free,  set  free,  relieve  (from 
some  bond),  absolve,  acquit:  lib- 
erator Milo  non  profectus  esse 
(is  acquitted  of  having,  etc). 

libertas,  -tatis,  [libero-  (reduced) 
+ tas],  F.,  liberty , freedom , inde- 
pendence. — Hence,  Liberty  (per- 
sonified and  worshipped  as  a divinity). 


libertinus,  -i,  [liberto  + inus], 

M.,  a freedman  (as  a member  of  a 
class,  cf.  libertus). 

libertus,  -i,  [libero-  (reduced)  + 
tus],  M.,  a freedman  (in  reference 
to  his  former  master,  cf.  libertinus). 

libet  (lub-),-uit  (libitum  est), 
-ere,  [?,  cf.  liber],  2.  v.  impers.,  it 
pleases,  one  desires,  one  is  pleased  to. 
— libens,  -entis,  p.,  glad,  pleased, 
gladly,  with  pleasure,  with  good  zvill. 

libidinose  (lub-)  [old  abl.  of 
libidinosus],  adv.,  arbitrarily,  lazv- 
lessly,  licentiously . 

libidinosus  (lub-), -a,  -um,  [libi- 
din+osus],  adj.,  arbitrary,  lazvless, 
licentious. 

libido  (lub-),  -inis,  [akin  to  li- 
bet, cf.  cupido],  F.,  lawlessness, 
licentiousness,  caprice,  lust,  desire, 
lawless  fancy,  arbitrary  conduct, 
wantonness. 

librarium,  -i,  [libro  + arium] 
(n.  of  librarius),  N.,  a bookcase. 

licentia,  -ae,  [licent  + ia],  f., 
license , lawlessness. 

licet,  licuit  (licitum  est),  licere, 
[flico-,  cf.  delicus,  reliquus],  2.  v. 
impers.,  it  is  lawful,  it  is  allowed, 
one  may,  one  is  allowed,  one  is  per- 
mitted.— licet,  although,  though. 

Licinius,  -I,  [licino  + ius],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp. : 1.  A. 
Licinius  Archias,  the  poet  defended 
by  Cicero;  2.  Licinius,  an  obscure 
restaurant-keeper. 

lictor,  -toris  [?,  perh.  ^/lac  + 
tor],  M.,  a lictor  (the  attendant  of 
the  higher  Roman  magistrates). 

Ligarius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name. — Esp.,  Q.  Ligarius, 
an  officer  in  Pompey’s  army  in  Africa, 
defended  by  Cicero  before  Caesar, 
lignum,  -I,  [?],  N.,  wood,  a log. 
limen,  -inis,  [akin  to  limus,  ob- 


Vocabulary . 


liquus],  N.,  (a  crosspiece ),  a thresh- 
old, a lintel : omnis  aditus  et  li- 
men  ( all  approach  and  entrance ). 

lingua,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a tongue. — 
Hence,  a language. 

linter  (lunt-),  -tris,  [?],  F.  (and 
M.),  a skiff. 

linum,  -I,  [prob.  borr.  fr.  Gr. 
X'ivov'],  N .,fax. — Hence,  a thread . 

liquefacio,  -feci,  -factus,  -facere, 
[lique-  (stem  akin  to  liqueo)  -facio], 
3.  v.  a.,  liquefy , ?nelt. 

liquido  [abi.  of  liquidus],  as 
adv.,  clearly , plainly , with  truth , with 
a clear  conscience. 

11s,  litis,  [for  f stlis,  y'STLA  + tis 
(reduced)  ?,  cf.  locus  and  Eng. 
strife ],  F.,  a suit  at  lazv , a lawsuit. 

— Also,  the  amount  in  dispute , dam- 
ages. 

litera  (litt-),  -ae,  [?,  akin  to 
lino],  F.,  a letter  (of  the  alphabet). 

— Plur.,  letters , writing , an  alpha- 
bet, a letter  (an  epistle),  literature , 
a document. 

literatus  (litt-),  -a,  -urn,  [litera 
+ tus],  adj.,  educated , cultivated. 

litura,  -ae,  [flitu-  (li  in  lino  + 
tu)  + ra],  F.,  an  erasure. 

loc§,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [loco-], 
1.  v.  a place,  station.  — Hence,  let , 
make  a contract , contract  for. 

Ijocrensis,  -e,  [Locri  + ensis], 
adj.,  of  Locri  (a  Greek  city  of  Italy 
near  Rhegium).  — Plur.,  the  people 
of  Locri. 

locuples,  -pletis,  [ ?,  loco-pies  (pie 
+ tus,  reduced)],  adj.,  ( with  full 
coffer  si'),  rich , wealthy , responsible. 

locupleto,^avI,  -atus,  -are,  [locu- 
plet-],  1.  v.  a.,  enrich. 

locus,  -I,  [for  fstlocus,  ^/stla 
+ cus],  M.  (sing.),  N.  (generally  pi.), 
a place , a spot , a position , a region 
(esp.  in  plur.),  a point , the  ground 


105 

(in  military  language),  space , extent 
(of  space),  room.  — Fig.,  position , a 
station , rank , a point , place  {light, 
position,  character ),  an  opportunity, 
a chance,  a condition , a state  of 
things,  an  occasion. 

longe  [old  abl.  of  longus],  adv., 
far,  too  far,  absent,  far  away,  dis- 
tant. 

longinquitas,  -tatis,  [longinquo 

+ tas] , F.,  distance. 

longinquus,  -a,  -um,  [case-form 
of  longus  (perh.  loc.)  -f  cus],  adj., 
long  (of  time  and  space),  distant, 
long- conti  n ued. 

longiusculus,  -a,  -um,  [longior 
+ cuius],  adj.,  rather  long,  a little 
longer. 

longus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  long 
(of  space  and  time),  far,  distant: 
longum  est  commemorare  (ft  is  too 
long  to,  etc.,  it  would  take  too  long  to, 
etc.) ; ne  longum  sit  ( not  to  be  too 
long) . 

loquor,  locutus,  loqul,  [?],  3.  v. 
dep.,  speak,  talk , converse,  express 
one's  self  say  (with  neuter  pron.)  : 
auctoritas  loquentium  (in  words). 

lubet,  see  libet. 

lubldo,  see  libido. 

Luiccejus,  -I,  [?],  M.,  an  Italian 
gentile  name. — Esp.,  Q.  Lucceius , 
a banker  at  Rhegium. 

luceo,  luxl,  no  p.p.,  lucere,  [luc- 
(stem  of  lux)],  2.  v.  n.,  shine , beam. 
— Fig.,  be  clear,  be  obvious,  be  con- 
spicuous. 

luctuosus,  -a,  -um,  [luctu+osus], 
adj.,  full  of  grief  sorrowful,  dis- 
tressing. 

luctus,  -tus,  [lug+tus],  M.,^ grief 
sorrow,  mourning. 

L/ucullus,  -I,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp.:  1.  L.  Licinius 
Lucullus , the  able  general  of  the 


io6 


Vocabulary. 


third  Mithridatic  war;  2.  M.  Li- 
cinius  Lucullus , brother  of  the  pre- 
ceding. The  whole  family  was  rich 
and  cultivated. 

lucus,  -i,  [prob.  ^/LUC  (in  lux) '+ 
us],  M.,  (an  open  grove,  as  opposed  to 
the  forest),  a ^r^w(commonly  sacred). 

ludificatid, -onis,  [ludificahtio], 
F.,  derision , mockery. 

ludus,  -i,  [ ?],  M.,  play,  sport. — 
Also,  a school,  a training-school.  — 
Plur.,  games  (the  festivals  of  the 
Romans). 

lugeo,  luxi,  luxurus,  lugere,  [flu- 
go-,  cf.  lugeo  and  Aoryos],  2.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  mourn,  bezvail , lament. 

lumen,  -inis,  [^/LUC-j-  men],  N., 
a light  (also  fig.)  : ipsa  lumina  (the 
brightest  lights) . 

luo,  lui,  luiturus,  luere,  [^/lu,  cf. 
\voc>],  3.  v.  a.,  loose.  — Esp .,  pay,  suf- 
fer (a  penalty),  atone  for  (a  fault). 

lupa,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  Au/cos],  F.,  a she- 
wolf.  — Also,  a prostitute. 

lupinus,  -a,  -um,  [lupo  + inus] , 
adj.,  of  a wolf,  of  the  wolf  (the  nurse 
of  Romulus  and  Remus). 

lustro,  -avi, -atus,  -are,  [lustro-], 
I.v.  a., purify.  — Hence, go  over  (for 
purification),/^^  over. 

lustrum,  - i , [unc.  form  from  ^/lu 
-f  trum,  cf.  monstrum],  N.,  a slough. 
— Hence,  a brothel.  — Hence  in  pi., 
debauchery . 

lutum,  -i,  [^/lu  + turn,  N.  of 
-tus],  N.,  (“the  wash ”),  mud , mire. 

lux,  lucis,  [ -y/LUC  (in  luceo)  as 
stem],  F.,  light,  light  of  the  sun,  sun- 
light, open  light , daylight : ante  lu- 
cem  (before  daybreak). 

luxuria,  -ae  (also-ies,-iei),  [flux- 
uro-  (luxu  + rus)  + ia] , F.,  luxury , 
riotous  living,  fast  livers  (cf.  juven- 
tus,  the  youth). 

luxuries,  -ei,  see  luxuria. 


M. 

M.,  abbreviation  of  Marcus. 

M [corruption  of  CIO  (orig.  <£) 
through  influence  of  mille],  1000. 

M\,  abbreviation  for  Manius. 

Macedonia,  -ae,  [Ma Kedovld],  F., 
the  country  originally  bounded  by 
Thessaly  and  Epirus,  Thrace,  Paeonia, 
and  Illyria;  finally  conquered  by  T. 
Quinctius  Flamininus,  B.c.  197. 

Macedonicus,  -a,  -um,  [Ma«:e- 
boviKos~\,  adj.,  Macedonian. 

machinator,  -toris,  [machina  + 
tor],  M.,  a contriver,  a manager. 

inachinor,  -atus,  -ari,  [machina-], 
1.  v.  dep.,  contrive,  invent,  engineer, 
plot. 

macto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [macto-], 

1.  v.  a.,  sacrifice,  slaughter,  punish, 
pursue  (with  punishment). 

macula,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a spot,  a 
stain. 

maculS,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [macu- 
la-], 1.  v.  a.,  stain,  pollute. 

madefacid,  -feci?  -factus,  -facere, 
[made-  (stem  akin  to  madeo)  + 
facio],  3.  v.  a.,  moisten,  wet. 

Maelius  (Melius),  -i,  [?],  m.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp.,  Sp. 
Maelius , a Roman,  killed,  B.C.  439, 
by  Servilius  Ahala,  on  the  charge  of 
aiming  at  regal  power. 

maered  (moer-),  no  perf.,  no 
p.p.,  -ere,  [fmaero-,  cf.  maestus], 

2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  mourn,  grieve,  be  in 
sorrow,  grieve  for,  mourn  for . 

maeror  (moe-),  -oris,  [maes 
(cf.  maestus)  + or],  M.,  grief,  sor- 
row, sadness. 

maestitia  (moes-),-ae,  [maesto 
-f  tia],  F.,  sadness , sorrow. 

maestus  (moe-), -a, -um,  [^/mis? 
(in  miser)  + tus],  p.p.  of  maereo 
as  adj.,  sad,  sorrowful. 


Vocabulary . 


107 


magis  [^/MAG  (in  magnus)  + 
ius  (n.  comp,  suffix)],  adv.,  more , 
rather , more  than  usual , better. — 
See  also  maxiine. 

magister,  -tri,  [magis  + ter,  cf. 
alter],  m.,  a master , an  instructor , 
a teacher. 

magistra,  -ae,  [f.  of  preceding], 
F.,  a mistress , a teacher  (female,  or 
conceived  as  such). 

magistratus,  -tus,  [magistra- 
(as  if  stem  of  fmagistro)  + tus], 
M.,  a magistracy  (office  of  a magis- 
trate). — Concretely,  a ?nagistrate 
(cf.  “ the  powers  that  be”). 

magnified  [old  abl.  of  inagni- 
ficus],  adv.y  magnificently , hand- 
so?nely,  finely. 

maguificus,  -a,  -urn,  [magno- 
fficus  (^/fac  + us)],  adj.,  splendid , 
grand , magnificent. 

magnitudo,  -dinis,  [magno  + 
tudo],  F.,  greatness , great  size , size , 
extent , stature , great  extent,  enor- 
mity, great  amount , importance : 
animi  magnitudo  ( lofty  spirit,  no- 
bleness of  sotd). 

magnopere,  see  opus, 
magnus,  -a,  -urn,  [^/mag  ( in- 
crease) + nus,  cf.  magis],  adj., great 
(in  any  sense,  of  size,  quantity,  or 
degree),  large , extensive , important, 
serious,  deep  (ignominia),  violent 
(minas),  loud  (clamor),  rich  (fruc- 
tus),  powerful  (subsidium)  : magni 
habere  (to  value  highly , make  much 
account  of) ; magni  interest  (it  is 
of  great  importance) ; magnum  et 
sanctum  (a  great  and  sacred  thing) ; 
magnum  et  amplum  cogitare  (have 
great  and  lofty  ideas). — See  also 
Magnus.  — major,  comparative,  in 
usual  sense.  — Also,  major  (with  or 
without  natu),  elder , older.  — In 
plur.  assubst.,  elders,  ancestors : pecu- 


nia  major  (a  greater  amount  of 
money).  — maximus,  superb,  larg- 
est, very  large,  greatest,  very  great , 
very  loud,  most  important,  etc.  — 
See  also  Maximus. 

Magnus,  -i,  [magnus],  m.,  a 
Roman  name. 

majestas,  -tatis,  [majos-  (orig. 
stem  of  major)  + tas],  f.,  (superi- 
ority), majesty,  dignity.  — Esp.  for 
majestas  deminuta,  treason. 
major,  see  magnus. 
male  [old  abl.  of  malus],  adv., 
badly,  ill,  not  well,  hardly:  loqui 
(abusively)-,  existimare  (ill,  evil). 

maledictum,  -i,  [male  dictum], 
N.,  an  insult  (in  words),  abuse. 

maleficium, -i,  [malefico+ium], 
N.,  harm,  mischief,  a crime,  a mis- 
deed. 

malitia,  -ae,  [malo  + tia],  f., 
wickedness,  trickery. 

malitiose  [old  abl.  of  malitio- 
sus],  adv.,  by  trickery. 

malleolus,  -l,  [malleo -f-lus],  m., 
(a  hammer ),  a grenade,  a fire-dart. 

Mallius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  Mallius  Glau- 
cia,  a friend  of  T.  Roscius.  — See 
also  Manlius. 

malo,  malm,  no  p.p.,  malle, 
[mage-  (for  magis)  volo],  irr.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  wish  more,  wish  rather,  pre- 
fer, will,  etc.,  rather , choose  rather. 

malus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  bad  (in 
all  senses),  ill,  wretched.  — pejor, 
comp.  — pessimus,  superb  — ma- 
lum, N.  as  subst.,  mischief,  evil , 
harm,  misfortune,  trouble : malus 
civis  (dangerous,  pernicious). 

Mamertinus,  -a,  -um,  [Mamert 
+inus,  of  Mars'],  adj.,  Mamertine 
(belonging  to  a body  of  mercenary 
troops  who  seized  the  city  of  Mes- 
sina).— Plur.,  the  Mamertines  (the 


io8 


Vocabulary. 


inhabitants  of  the  city  founded  by 
these  adventurers). 

manceps,  -ipis,  [manu-fceps,  cf. 
princeps],  M.,  a purchaser. 

mancus,  -a,  -urn,  [ ?] , adj.,  maimed , 
crippled. 

mandatum,  -I,  [n.  p.p.  of  man- 
do],  N.,  a trust  (given  to  one),  in- 
structions (given),  a message  (given 
to  some  one  to  deliver). 

mando,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?,  ftfian- 
do-  (manu-do)],  I.  v.  a.,  put  into 
one's  hands , entrust , instruct  ( give 
instructions  to ),  commit , consign , 
confer  (honores,  imperia),  order , 
command:  ea  animis  {let  sink,  etc.'). 

mane  [abl.  of  fmanis  (?,  ma  + 
nis,  cf.  matuta,  maturus)],  adv., 
in  the  morning , early  in  the  morning. 

maneo,  mansi,  mansurus,  manere, 
[unc.  stem  akin  to  Gr.  jueW],  2.v.  n., 
stay , remain , stay  at  home  (abso- 
lutely, opp.  to  proficiscor),  con- 
tinue, last , persist  in,  abide  by. 

manicatus,  -a,  -um,  [manica  + 
tus],'  adj.,  long-sleeved,  with  sleeves. 
manifesto,  see  manifestus. 
manifestus,  -a,  -um,  [manu- 
festus,  cf.  infestus,  caught  by  lay- 
ing on  the  hand'd],  adj.,  caught  in 
the  act,  proved  by  direct  evidence  (as 
opposed  to  circumstantial  evidence), 
overt,  clear , manifest,  audacious, 
rampant:  audacia  {unblushing,  as 
not  attempting  concealment). 

Manilius,  -I,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  C.  Manilius, 
a tribune  of  the  people,  B.c.  66,  who 
proposed  the  law  giving  Pompey 
command  in  the  East. 

Manius,  -i,  [mane(?)  + ius],  M., 
a Roman  praenomen. 

Manlianus,  -a,  -um,  [Manlio  + 
anus],  adj.,  of  Manlius . 

Manlius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 


gentile  name.  — Esp.:  I.  Q . Man- 
lius, a juror  in  the  case  of  Verres; 

2.  C.  Manlius  ( Mallius),  one  of 
Catiline’s  accomplices. 

mano,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  -are,  [?], 
i.  v.  n ,,flow,  spread. 

mansuete  [old  abl.  of  mansue- 
tus],  adv.,  mildly,  kindly. 

mansuetudo,  -inis,  [manu-fsue- 
tudo],  F.,  mildness,  gentleness. 

mansuetus,  -a,  -um,  [manu-sue- 
tus],  adj.,  (‘ wonted  to  the  hand ) , tame , 
gentle , kind. 

manubiae,  -arum,  [?,  akin  to 
manus],  F.  plur.,  money  derived 
from  booty,  booty. 

manumitto  (also separate), -misi, 
-missus,  -mittere,  [manu-mitto] , 3. 
v.  a.,  {let go  from  one's  hand),  manu- 
mit, free. 

manus,  -us,  [?],  F.,  the  hand, 
violence.  — Also  (cf.  manipulus),  a 
company,  a band,  a troop.  — Also, 
handwriting : in  manibus  habere 
{have  on  hand,  have)',  manu  factum 
( wrought  by  art) . — Cf.  also  manu- 
mittere. 

Marcellus,  -i,  [Marculo-  (Mar- 
co + lus)  + lus],  M.,  {the  little  ham- 
mer!), a Roman  family  name.  — 
Esp. : 1.  M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  the 
conqueror  of  Syracuse,  B.c.  212;  2. 
M.  Claudius  Marcellus,  an  unworthy 
member  of  the  same  great  family; 
3.  M.  Claudius  Marcellus , cons. 
B.C.  51,  defended  by  Cicero  before 
Caesar ; 4.  C.  Claudius  Marcellus , 
cons.  B.C.  50,  cousin  of  the  preceding. 

Marcius  (Martius?),  -i,  [?, 

Mart  + ius?],  M.,  a Roman  gentile 
name.  — Esp.,  C.  Marcius,  a Roman 
knight. 

Marcus,  -i,  [?,VMAR  (in  morior, 
etc.)  + cus,  the  hammer ?,  the  war- 
rior!], M.,  a Roman  praenomen. 


Vocabulary . 


100 


mare,  -is,  [?.],  N.,  the  sea,  a sea: 
terra  marique  ( on  land  and  sea). 

maritimus  (-tumus),  -a,  -um, 
[mari  + timus,  cf.  finitimus],  adj., 
of  the  sea , sea-,  maritime,  naval,  on 
the  sea. 

Marius,  -l,  [?],  M.,  a Roman  gen- 
tile name.  — Esp.,  C.  Marius,  the 
opponent  of  Sulla  and  the  champion 
of  the  popular  against  the  aristocratic 
party.  He  conquered  the  Cimbri 
and  Teutones  (b.c.  ioi)  and  freed 
Rome  from  the  fear  of  a Northern 
invasion.  In  his  sixth  consulship, 
B.c.  ioo,  he  killed  the  demagogues 
Saturninus  and  Glaucia  : Mario  con- 
sule  et  Catulo  (b.c.  102). 

marinor,  -oris,  [?,  perh.  ^/mar 
reduplicated],  N.,  marble. 

marmoreus,  -a,  -um,  [marmor 
+ eus],  adj.,  of  marble,  marble. 

Mars,  Martis,  [ ?,  perh.  y'MAR  (in 
morior)  + tis,  the  slayer , but  more 
probably  of  wolves  than  of  men  in 
battle],  M.,  Mars,  originally  probably 
a god  of  husbandry  defending  the 
sheep,  but  afterwards  identified  with 
the  Greek  prjs  and  worshipped  as 
the  god  of  war : Mars  communis 
(the  favor  of  the  god  of  zvar) ; Mar- 
tis vis  ( the  violence  of  war) . 

Martius,  -a,  -um,  [Mart  + ius], 
adj.,  of  Mars.  — Martia,  the  title 
of  a legion  active  in  the  struggle 
against  Antony. 

Massilia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  Marseilles. 
Massiliensis,  -e,  [Massilia  + 
ensis],  adj.,  of  Marseilles.  — Plur., 
the  people  of  Marseilles. 

mater,  -tris,  [ ?,  prob.  ^ma  ( cre- 
ate) -f-  ter],  F.,  a mother,  a matron. 

mater  familias  [see  the  words], 
F.,  a matron . 

materia,  -ae  (-es,  -el),  [?,  prob. 
mater  + ia  (f.  of  -ius)],  f.,  wood 


(cut,  for  material),  timber  (cf.  lig- 
num, wood  for  fuel).  — Fig.,  source, 
instrument. 

maternus,-a,-um,  [mater+nus], 
adj.,  maternal,  of  one’s  mother. 

mature  [old  abl.  of  maturus], 
adv.,  early,  speedily. 

maturitas, -tatis,  [maturo+tas], 
F.,  maturity,  full  development. 

maturo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [matu- 
ro-], 1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hasten,  make 
haste,  anticipate,  forestall. 

maturus,  -a,  -um,  [fmatu-  (y'MA, 
in  mane,  + tus)  + rus],  adj.,  early. 
— Also  (by  unc.  conn,  of  ideas), 
ripe , mature. 

maxim  e,  see  magis. 
maximus,  see  magnus. 
Maximus,  -I,  [sup.  of  magnus, 
as  subst.],  M.,  a Roman  family  name. 

Medea,  -ae,  [Modern],  f.,  the 
daughter  of  Hietes,  king  of  Colchis, 
who  eloped  with  Jason.  She  is  often 
represented  in  works  of  art. 

medeor,  no  p.p.,  -eri,  [fmedo- 
( whence  medicus,  remedium) , 
root  unc.,  cf.  Gr.  fxavOavco,  but  also 
meditor],  2.  v.  dep.,  attend  (as  a 
physician),  heal.  — Fig.,  remedy,  re- 
lieve, cure,  treat,  apply  a remedy. 

medicinus,  -a,  -um,  [medico  -f 
inus],  adj.,  medical.  — Esp.,  medi- 
cina  (sc.  ars),  medicine,  the  art  of 
healing,  a remedy. 

mediocris,  -ere,  [medio  + cris, 
cf.  ludicer],  adj.,  middling,  mod- 
erate, ordinary,  tolerable,  within 
bounds , small,  trifling,  slight. 

mediocriter  [mediocri  + ter], 
adv.,  moderately,  slightly,  somewhat. 

meditor,  -atus,  -an,  [fmedito- 
(as  if  p.p.  of  medeor)],  1.  v.  dep., 
(. practise! ),  dwell  upon  (in  thought), 
think  of,  meditate.  — meditatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  in  pass,  sense,  practised. 


1 10 


Vocabulary. 


medius,  -a,  -um,  [^/MED  (cf. 
Eng.  mid ) + ius],  adj.,  the  middle 
of  (as  noun  in  Eng.),  mid-  : in  me- 
dio and  in  medium  ( abroad , in  pub- 
lic, to  public  notice , to  light , before  the 
world , before  you , etc.)  ; ex  media 
morte  ( from  the  jaws  of  death , from 
instant  death);  de  medio  ( out  of 
the  way). 

mehercule  (mehercle,  meher- 
cules,  also  separate)  [me  hercules 
(juvet)],  adverbial  exclam.,  bless 
you  ! bless  me  ! upon  my  word ’ good 
Heavens  ! as  sure  as  I live , as  I live , 
and  the  like. 

melior,  see  bonus, 
membrum,  -i,  [?,  prob.  formed 
with  suffix  -rum  (n.  of  -rus)],  N .,  a 
limb , a part  of  the  body. 

memini,  -isse,  [perf.  of  VMAN>  in 
mens,  etc.],  def.  verb  a.,  remember , 
bear  in  mind , keep  in  mind. 

Memmius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  C.  Memmius , 
a worthy  Roman,  murdered  at  the 
instigation  of  Saturninus  and  Glau- 
cia. 

memor,  -oris,  [prob.  ^/smar  re- 
duplicated] , adj .,  remembering,  mind- 
ful. 

memoria,  -ae,  [memor  + ia],  F., 

(mindfulness) , memory , recollection , 
remembrance , power  of  memory : 
memoria  retinere  ( remember ) ; me- 
moriam  prodere  ( hand  down  the 
memory , of  something) ; memoriam 
deponere  ( cease  to  remember)  ; me- 
moriae proditum  ( handed  dozvn  by 
tradition)  ; dignum  memoria  ( wor- 
thy of  remembrance );  post  hominum 
memoriam  ( since  the  memory  of 
man , within  the , etc.)  ; litterarum 
( testimony );  publica  (record). 

mendacium,  -i,  [mendac-f  ium], 
N.,  falsehood,  a falsehood. 


mendicitas,  -tatis*  [mendico  + 
tas],  F.,  beggary. 

mens,  mentis,  [-^/MAN  + tis  (re- 
duced)], F.,  a thought , the  intellect 
(as  opposed  to  the  moral  powers,  cf. 
animus),  the  mind,  a state  of  mind, 
a change  of  mind,  a purpose : mentes 
animique  ( minds  and  hearts);  ocu- 
lis  mentibusque  (eyes  and  thoughts); 
venit  in  mentem  (it  occurs  to  one). 
mensa,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a table. 
mensis,  -is,  [unc.  form  fr.  V MA 
(cf.  Gr.  moon,  month)],  M.,  a 

month. 

mentio,  -onis,  [as  if  ^/man  (in 
memini)  -f  tio  (prob.  menti-  (stem 
of  mens)  + o)],  F.,  mention. 

mentior,  -itus,  -iri,  [menti-  (stem 
of  mens)],  4.  v.  dep.,  lie , speak 
falsely. 

mercator, -toris,  [fmerca+tor], 
M.,  a trader  (who  carries  his  own 
wares  abroad). 

mercenarius  (mercennarius), 
-a,  -um,  [stem  akin  to  merces  + 
arius],  adj.,  hired,  mercenary,  hire- 
ling, paid. 

merces,  -edis,  [fmerce  (akin  to 
merx)  + dus  (reduced)],  F.,  hire , 
pay,  wages,  reward. 

mereor,  -itus,  -eri,  (also  mereo, 
active),  [fmero-  (akin  to  Gr.  fielpo- 
ficu)'],  2.  v.  dep.,  win,  deserve,  gain. 
— Also  (from  earning  pay),  serve : 
quid  merer e ut,  etc.  (take  to,  etc.) ; 
bene  meriti  cives  (deserving);  bene 
mereri  de,  etc.  (deserve  well  of  etc., 
serve  well) . — mentus,  -a,  -um,  p.p* 
in  pass,  sense,  deserved. 

meretricius,  -a,  -um,  [meretric 
_p  ius],  adj.,  of  a harlot,  meretricious. 
merito,  see  meritum. 
meritum,  -i,  [n.  of  p.p.  of  me- 
reo], N.,  desert,  service.  — merito 
(abl.  as  adv.),  deservedly. 


Vocabulary. 


1 1 1 


merx,  mercis,  [^/merc  + is,  cf. 
merces],  F.,  merchandise , wares. 

Messala,  -ae,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp. : i.  AT.  Vale- 
rius ATessala , cons.  B.C.  61,  with 
Marcus  Piso;  2.  Another  of  the 
same  name,  cons.  B.C.  53. 

Messana,  -ae,  [M e<ro"f]vr}'],  F.,  a 
city  on  the  east  coast  of  Sicily,  oppo- 
site the  extremity  of  Italy  {Messina). 

-met,  [unc.  form  of  pron.  -y/MA], 
intens.  pron.,  self  (appended  to  pro- 
noun for  emphasis),  often  untrans- 
latable. 

metator,  -toris,  [meta+tor],  M., 
a measurer , a surveyor. 

Metellus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
family  name. — Esp.;  1.  Q.  Ccecilius 
Metellus  Nepos , brother  of  Caecilia 
(which  see)  and  father  of  Celer  (3) 
and  Nepos;  2.  M.  Metellus , praetor, 
B.C.  69,  the  brother  of  Q.  Metellus 
Crelicus  (3) ; 3.  Q.  Metellus  Creti- 
cus , cons.  69;  4.  L.  Metellus , pro- 
praetor in  Sicily,  B.C.  70;  5.  Q.  Me- 
tellus Celer , praetor,  B.C.  63,  consul, 
B.C.  60,  son  of  (1);  6.  Q.  Metellus 
Baliaricus , cons.  B.C.  123;  7.  Q. 
Metellus  Numidicus , cons.  B.C.  109, 
cousin  of  (6)  ; 8.  Q.  Metellus  Pius , 
praetor,  B.C.  89,  .son  of  (7);  9.  Q. 
Metellus  Nepos , cons.  B.C.  98,  son 
of  (6).^ 

meto,  messui,  messus,  metere, 
[?],  3.  v.  a.,  cut , reap,  gather. 

metuo,  -ui,  -utus,  -uere,  [metu-], 
3.  v.  a.  and  n .,fear:  aliquid  ( have 
any  fear). 

metus,  -tus,  [unc.  root  (perh. 
-y/MA,  think)  + tus],  M.,  fear,  anx- 
iety (about).  — Often  superfluous 
with  other  words  of  fearing : metu 
territare  {terrify).  — Esp. : hoc 

metu  {fear  of  this) . 

meus,  -a,  -um,  [y'MA  (in  me)  + 


ius],  adj.  pron.,  my,  mine,  my  own  : 
meo  jure  {with perfect  right). 

miles,  -itis,  [unc.  stem  akin  to 
rnille  as  root  + tis  (reduced)],  M. 
and  F.,  a soldier,  a common  soldier 
(as  opposed  to  officers),  a legionary 
soldier  {heavy  infantry,  as  opposed 
to  other  arms  of  the  service) . — Col- 
lectively, the  soldiers,  the  soldiery. 

militaris,  -e,  [milit-f  aris],  adj., 
of  the  soldiers,  military  : signa  {bat- 
tle-standards) ; res  militaris  {mili- 
tary affairs,  war,  the  art  of  war)  ; 
usus  militaris  {experience  in  war) ; 
virtus  {of  a soldier,  soldierly). 

militia,  -ae,  [milit+ia],  f.,  mili- 
tary service,  service  (in  the  army) . 

mllle,  ind.  mllia,  -ium,  [akin  to 
miles],  adj.  (rarely  subst.)  in  sing., 
subst.  in  plur.,  a thousand : mille  pas- 
suum  {a  thousand  paces,  a mile). 

mlllies  (miliens)  [mille-f  iens], 
adv.,  a thousand  times. 

Milo,  -onis,  [MiAcoj/],  M.,  a famous 
athlete  of  Crotona.  — Also  used  as  a 
family  name  by  T.  Annius,  which  see. 

minae,  -arum,  [ -y/MiN  + a],  f. 
plur.,  {projections!),  threats,  threat- 
ening words. 

Minerva,  -ae,  [prob.  -^/man  (in 
mens)  + unc.  term],  F.,  the  goddess 
of  intelligence  and  skill  among  the 
Romans.  — Also  identified  with  Pal- 
las Athene,  and  so  more  or  less  asso- 
ciated with  war. 

minime  [old  abl.  of  minimus], 

adv.,  in  the  s?/iallest  degree,  least, 
very  little,  not  at  all,  by  no  means  : 
minime  vero  {not  in  the  least). 

minimus,  -a,  -um,  [lost  stem 
(wh.minuo)  +imus  (cf.infimus)], 
adj.,  superl.  of  parvus,  smallest, 
least.  — Neut.  as  subst.  and  adv.,  the 
least,  least,  very  little. 

minister,  -tri,  [minos  (minor) 


1 12 


Vocabulary. 


+ ter],  M.,  a servant , an  assistant , 
a minister , <2  tool,  an  instrument. 

minitor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fminito-,  as 
if  p.p.  of  minor,  cf.  agito],  1.  v. 
dep.,  threaten , threaten  vengeance , 
threaten  danger : quam  illi  mini- 
tantur  (with  which  they  threaten 
him). 

minor,  -atus,  -ari,  [mina  (stem 
of  minae)],  1.  v.  dep.,  threaten , 
threaten  with  danger. 

minor,  -us,  [lost  stem  (cf.  mini- 
mus) + ior  (compar.  ending)],  adj., 
stnaller,  less.  — Neut.  as  subst.  and 
adv.,  less , not  much , not  very , not  so 
much , not  so  : quo  minus  ( the  less , 
that  . . . not ) ; si  minus  (2/  not  so 
much , if  not).  — See  also  minimus 
and  minime. 

Minturnae,  -arum,  [?,  cf.  Ju- 
turna],  F.  plur.,  a city  on  the  bor- 
ders of  Latium  and  Campania. 

Minucius  (Minut-)  -i,  [perh. 
akin  to  minus],  M.,  a Roman  gen- 
tile name. — One  of  th z gens,  of  un- 
known prsenomen,  is  characterized  by 
Cicero  as  a profligate. 

minuo,  -ui,  -utus,  -uere,  [fminu- 
(cf.  minus)],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  lessen , 
weaken,  diminish. 
minus,  see  minor, 
mirifice  [old  abl.  of  mirificus], 
adv.,  marvellously,  prodigiously. 

nriror,  -atus,  -ari,  [miro-],  1.  v. 
dep.,  wonder , wonder  at,  be  sur- 
prised, admire.  — miratus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  in  pres,  sense,  surprised.  — ml- 
randus,  -a,  -um,  marvellous. 

mlrus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  ^/smi  (cf. 
smile)  + rus],  adj.,  surprising,  mar- 
vellous, wonderful. — See  also  nimi- 
rum. 

misceo,  miscui,  mixtus  (mistus), 
miscere,  [fmisco-  (cf.  promiscus, 
miscellus)],  2.  v.  a.,  mix,  mingle, 


compose  of  (a  mixture),  get  up  (a 
disturbance),  plan  or  make  a dis- 
turbance, make  confusion.  — mix- 
tus (mistus),  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  ?nade 
up  of , a mixture  of  heterogeneous. 

MIsenum,  -i,  [M Krrjvov'],  N.,  a 
town  in  Campania,  on  a promontory 
of  the  same  name  (cf.  Virg.  A?n. 
vi.  234). 

miser,  -era,  -erum,  [^/mis  (cf. 
maereo)  -f  rus],  adj.,  wretched, 
pitiable,  miserable,  poor,  unfortu- 
nate, in  misery : ille  miser  ( the 
ivretched  man);  isti  miseri  ( those 
wretches) . 

miserabilis,  -e,  [misera+bilis], 
adj .,  pitiable,  wretched , miserable. 

miserandus,  see  miseror. 

misereo,  -ui,  -itus,  -ere,  usually 
misereor,  dep.,  [miser],  2.  v.  a.  and 
dep.,/zV>',  show  pity.  — Esp.,  mise- 
ret,  etc.,  impersonal  (it  pities  one, 
etc.),  one  pities. 

miseria,  -ae,  [misero  -f  ia],  F., 
wretchedness,  misery. 

misericordia,  -ae,  [misericord 
+ ia],  F.,  mercy,  pity , clemency,  com- 
passion. 

misericors,  -cordis,  [misero-cor, 
declined  as  adj.,  cf.  concors],  adj., 
merciful,  pitying,  compassionate. 

miseror,  -atus,  -ari,  [f misero-], 
1.  v.  dep.,  bewail,  complain  of. — 
miserandus,  -a,  -um,  fut.  p.  in  pass, 
sense,  to  be  pitied,  pitiable . 

Mithradates  (-idates),  -is  (also 
-i),  [M idpiddryjs'],  M.,  a name  of  sev- 
eral Eastern  kings.  — Esp.,  Mithri- 
dates  VI.,  called  the  Great,  king  of 
Pontus,  the  adversary  of  the  Romans 
in  the  Mithridatic  wars,  from  B.C.  88 
to  B.C.  61. 

Mithradaticus  (-idaticus),  -a, 

-um,  [Greek],  adj.,  of  Mithridates, 
Mithridatic . 


Vocabulary. 


mltis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  {soft?),  mild ’ 
gentle , compassionate. 

mitto,  nrisi,  missus,  mittere,  [?], 
3.  v.  a.,  go  (cf.  omitto),  send, 
despatch , discharge , .syW/.  — Also,/«^ 
over,  omit,  say  nothing  of:  haec 
missa  facio  (I pass  these  by) . — Esp., 
manu  mittere  {emancipate,  set  free). 

moderate  [old  abl.  of  modera- 
tus] , adv.,  zuith  self-control,  with  mod- 
eration. 

moderatid,  -onis,  [modera+tio], 
F.,  control,  regulation.  — Esp.,  self- 
control,  moderation,  consideration 
(in  refraining  from  something). 

moderor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fmodes- 
(see  modestus,  and  cf.  genus,  ge- 
nero)],  1.  v.  dep.,  control,  regulate , 
restrain.  — moderatus,-a,  -um,  p.p. 
in  pass,  sense,  moderated,  self-con- 
trolled, well  balanced,  well  governed. 

modestia,  -ae,  [modesto  + ia], 
F.,  moderation,  self-control,  subordi- 
nation (of  soldiers). 

modestus,  -a,  -um,  [fmodes-  (cf. 
moderor)  + tus],  adj.,  self-con- 
trolled, well  balanced,  ivell  regulated. 

modo  [abl.  of  modus],  adv., 
{with  measure?),  only,  merely , just, 
even,  just  now,  lately : non  . . . modo 
{not  only , not  merely,  to  say  nothing 
of  I do  not  say,  etc.) ; qui  modo 
{provided  he,  etc.,  if  only  he,  etc.), 
modus,  -i,  [mod  (as  root,  cf.  mo- 
deror) + us],  M.,  measure,  quan- 
tity, a limit,  moderation,  bounds . — 
Hence,  manner , fashion,  style , kind  : 
hujus  modi  {of  this  kind,  like  tnls": 
ejus  modi  {of  such  a kind,  such). 
— So  other  similar  expressions : quo 
modo  {hozu,  as). 

moenia, -ium,  [y'Mi  {distribute?) 
+ nis  (cf.  communis)  (orig.  shares 
of  work  done  by  citizens?)],  N.  plur., 
fortifications,  walls  (of  a city,  cf. 


I 13 

paries) : eisdem  moenibus  {the 
walls  of  the  same  city). 
moered,  see  maereo. 
moeror,  see  maeror. 
moestitia,  see  maestitia. 
moestus,  see  maestus. 
moles,  -is,  [?,  cf.  molestus],  f., 
a mass,  weight,  a burden,  a pile,  a 
structure.  — Esp.,  a.  dike,  a dam. 

moleste  [old  abl.  of  molestus], 
adv.,  heavily,  severely  : moleste  ferre 
{take  hard,  be  vexed  at,  be  offended, 
be  displeased,  be  annoyed). 

molestia,  -ae,  [molesto-f-ia],  f., 
annoyance,  trouble. 

molestus,  -a,  -um,  [moles+tus], 
adj.,  burdensome,  annoying,  trouble- 
some, disagreeable,  unpleasing. 

mdlior,  -itus,  -iri,  [moli-  (as  stem 
of  moles],  4.  v.  dep.,  {lift,  struggle 
with  a mass),  struggle, pile  up,  exert 
one's  self,  plan,  contrive,  attempt, 
strive  to  accomplish . 

mollis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  soft,  tender. 
— Fig.,  weak,  feeble , not  hard,  not 
firm,  sensitive,  delicate,  gentle. 

momentum  -i,  [movi-  (as  stem 
of  moveo)  + mentum],  n.,  means 
of  motion,  cause  of  motion.  — Fig., 
weight,  importance,  influence:  ha- 
bere {be  of  importance , be  effectual, 
be  efficacious).  1 

moneo,  -ul,  -itus,  -ere,  [causative 
of  ^/man  (in  memini)  or  denomi- 
native fr.  a kindred  stem],  2.  v.  a., 
remind,  7varn,  advise,  urge. 

monitum,  -I,  [p.p.  of  moneo], 
N.,  a warning , an  admonition. 

mons,  montis,  [y/MAN(in  mineo) 
+ tis  (reduced)],  m.,  a mountain. 

monstrum,  -i,  [mon-  (as  if  root 
of  moneo)  + trum,  with  s of  un- 
certain origin,  cf.  lustrum],  n.,  {a 
i?ieans  of  warning),  a prodigy,  a 
monster. 


Vocabulary . 


1 14 


monumentum  (monimen  ),  -l, 

[moni-  (as  if  stem  of  moneo)  -f 
mentum],  N.,  a reminder , a monu- 
ment , <2  memorial , a record. 

mora,  -ae,  [prob.  root  of  memor 
(smar?)  + a],  F.,  ( thought ?),  hesita- 
tion, # delay,  grounds  of  delay , mz- 
jfl/z  for  delay , a reprieve , <2  postpone- 
ment. 

moratus,  -a,  -um,  [mos  + atus, 
cf.  senatus],  adj.,  with  institutions 
(good  or  bad)  : bene  (well  regu- 
lated). 

morbus,  -i,  [V^AR  (in  morior) 
-f  bus  (cf.  turba)],  M.,  sichness,  ill- 
ness. 

morior,  mortuus  (moriturus), 
morl  (moriri),  [^mar  (cf.  mors), 
but  prob.  in  part  denominative], 
3.  v.  dep.,  die.  — mortuus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  dead,  in  one' s grave. 

mors,  mortis,  [^/MAR  + tis],  F., 
death.  — Also,  a dead  body. 

mortalis,  -e,  [morti-  (reduced) 
-f  alis],  adj.,  mortal , of  mortals. 

mortuus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  mo- 
rior. 

mos,  moris,  [?],  M.,  a custom , 
customs,  a practice , a usage , a way 
(of  acting),  an  institution , a prece- 
dent.— Plur.,  customs , habits , char- 
acter (as  consisting  of  habits,  cf. 
ingenium  and  indoles,  of  native 
qualities) ; imperitus  morum  {of  the 
ways  of  men) ; mos  majorum  {the 
custom , institutions , or  precedents  of 
our  ancestors) ; O mores  ! {what  a 
state  of  things  !). 

motus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  moveo. 
motus,  -tus,  [movi-  (as  stem  of 
moveo)  .+  tus],  M.,  a movement , a 
disturbance , an  uprising , commotion , 
activity , change  : terrae  motus  (#w 
earthquake'). 

moveo,  m5vi,  motus,  movere,  [?, 


prob.  denominative],  2.  v.  a.,  m 
motion , move , influence , affect , 

Aaw  an  effect  upon , dislodge  (in 
military  language),  cause  emotion  in , 
shake. 

mucro,  -onis,  [?],  M.,  a point  of 
a sword,  a point , <2  blade , « dagger. 

mulco,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?,  cf. 
mulceo ?],  1.  v. a.,  (.m/?<?7* ?) , roughly 
handle , maltreat. 

mulcta,  see  multa. 
mulcto,  see  multo. 
muliebris,  -e,  [mulier-f  bris,  cf. 
salubris],  adj.,  zoomanly,  a woman's , 
effeminate. 

mulier,  -eris,  [?],  F.,  # zooman. 
— Of  an  effeminate  man,  a mere 
zoom  an. 

muliercula, -ae,  [mulier-f  cula], 

F.,  « little  woman. — Hence  with 
notion  of  affection,  compassion,  or 
contempt,  a favorite  woman,  a mis- 
tress, a helpless  zooman,  a poor 
woman. 

multa, -ae,  [prob.  mule  (in  mul- 
ceo) + ta  (f.  of  -tus)],  F.,  a fine. 

multitudo,  -dinis,  [multo  -f  tu- 
do],  f.,  a great  number,  great  num- 
bers, number  (generally).  — Esp., 
the  7nultitude,  the  common  people,  a 
mob,  a crozod:  tanta  multitudo  {so 
great  numbers,  this  great  multitude). 
multo,  see  multus. 
multo  (mulcto),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[multa-,  for  mulcto,  freq.  of  mul- 
ceo], 1.  v.  a .,  punish  (by  fine),  de- 
prive (one  of  a thing  as  a punish- 
ment), punish  (generally), 
multum,  see  multus. 
multus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  perh.  root  of 
mille,  miles,  -f  tus],  adj.,  much, 
many,  numerous:  multo  die  {late 
in  the  day)',  ad  multam  noctem 
{till  late  at  night)  ; multa  de  nocte 
{early  in  the  morning,  long  before 


Vocabulary. 


US 


day) ; satis  multa  verba  facere  ( a 
sufficient  number  of  etc.,  enough ); 
multa  committere  ( commit  many 
crimes).  — multum,  neut.  as  subst. 
and  adv.,  much.  — Also,  plur.,  mul- 
ta, much.  — Abl.,  multo,  much,  far, 
by  far  : multo  facilius.  — Compar., 
plus,pluris,  N.  subst.  and  adv.,  more; 
plur.  as  adj.,  more , much , very.  — As 
subst.,  more,  many,  several,  many 
things , much.  — Superl.,  plurimus, 
-a,  -um,  most,  very  many,  very  much  : 
quam  plurimi  {as  many  as  possible)  ; 
plurimum  posse  (have  most  power, 
be  very  strong  or  influential,  have 
great  ability );  plurimum  valere 
(have  very  great  weight). 

Mulvius  (Mil-),  -I,  [?],  m.  of 
adj .,Mulvian  : pons  (a  bridge  across 
the  Tiber  near  Rome). 

municeps,  -cipis,  [muni-  (cf. 
moenia),  -ceps  (Vcap  as  stem)], 
M.  and  F.,  (one  who  takes  his  share 
of  public  duties),  a citizen  of  a mu- 
nicipal town,  a fellow- citizen  (of 
such  a town). 

municipium,  -i,  [municip  + 
ium],  N.,  (a  collection  of  citizens , cf. 
municeps).  —Esp.,  a free  tozvn  (of 
citizens  enjoying  civil  rights,  though 
not  always  full  Roman  citizens),  a mu- 
nicipality (perhaps  including  several 
towns,  but  under  one  government). 

munio,  -ivl  (-ii) , -Itus,  -ire,  [muni- 
(stem  of  moenia)],  4.  v.  a.  and  n., 
fortify.  — Less  exactly,  protect,  de- 
fend, furnish  (by  way  of  protection). 
— Esp.  (prob.  original  meaning), 
make  (by  embankment),  build, pave  : 
castra;  iter. 

munitio,  -onis,  [muni  + tio], 

F.,  fortification  (abstractly) . — Con- 
cretely, a fortification,  works,  forti- 
fications, defences , engineering  (of 
a dam). 


mil ni tb,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [muni- 
to-],  1.  v.  a.,  fortify,  make  (a  way), 
pave  (fig.)  : quam  viam  munitet 
( whither  he  is  paving  the  way). 

munltus,-a,-um,[p.p.  of  munio], 
as  adj.,  well  fortified,  strongly  forti- 
fied, strong,  well  defended,  well  pro- 
tected. 

munus,  -eris,  [mun  (as  if  root 
of  moenia)  + us,  orig.  share  (cf. 
moenia)],  N .,  a duty,  u service,  a 
function,  a task,  an  office.  — Also, 
(a  contribution),  a tribute,  a gift,  a 
present.  — Esp.,  a show  (of  gladia- 
tors, in  a manner  a gift  of  the  pre- 
siding officer). 

Murena,  -ae,  [murena,  lam- 
prey), M.,  a Roman  family  name. 

— Esp.,  Z.  Licinius  Murena,  who 
acted  as  propraetor  against  Mithri- 
dates  without  success,  and  was  re- 
called by  Sulla. 

murus,  -i,  [ ?]  m.,  a wall  (of  de- 
fence in  itself  considered,  cf.  moenia, 
defences,  and  paries,  a house  wall). 

Musa,  -ae,  [Moucra],  F.,  a muse. 

— Plur.,  the  Muses  (as  patrons  of 
literature). 

mutatio,  -onis,  [muta  + tio],  f., 

a change  : vestis  (putting on  mourn- 
ing). 

Mutina,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a town  in 
Cisalpine  Gaul,  famous  in  the  war 
between  Antony  and  the  senatorial 
party  in  B.c.  43  (now  Modena). 

muto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [prob. 
same  as  moto,  for  fmovito-],  i.v.a., 
change,  change  for  the  better  (rem- 
edy), alter  : vestem  (put  on  mourn- 
ing) : veste  mutata  esse  (appear 
in  mourning). 

mutus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  cf.  musso], 
adj.,  dumb,  mute,  voiceless , silent. 

myopar<5,  -onis,  [/uvondpcoj/'] , m., 
a cutter  (?,  a light  piratical  vessel). 


Vocabulary. 


1 16 


Myron  (Myro),  -onis,  [Greek], 
M.,  a celebrated  Attic  sculptor  of  the 
fifth  century  B.C. 

mystagogus,  -i,  [/ ivcrraycayds ], 

M.,  a hierophant , a custodian  (one 
who  shows  sacred  objects  in  a tem- 
pie). 

Mytilenaeus,  -a,  -um,  [MutiAt? - 
vdios~\,  adj.,  of  Mitylene . 

Mytilene,  -es  (-ae,  -arum),  [Gr.], 
F.,  a famous  city  of  Lesbos. 

N. 

nae,  see  ne. 

nam  [case-form  of  ^/na,  cf.  tam, 
quam],  conj.,  now  (introducing  ex- 
planatory matter), /^r. 

nanciscor,  nactus  (nanctus), 
-ciscl,  [y/NAC,  cf.  nactus],  3.  v.  dep., 
find , get , procure , light  upon , get 
hold  of,  obtain. 

narr5,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [for  gna- 
rigo,  fr.  fgnarigo-  (gnaro-fagus,  cf. 
navigo)],  1.  v.a.,  make  known , tell , 
relate , recount.  —Absolutely,  A?//  the 
story. 

nascor,  natus,  nasci,  [^/GNA,  cf. 
gigno],  3.  v.  dep.,  be  born,  arise , 
produced , spring  up,  be  raised : non 
scripta  sed  nata  lex  ( natural , born 
with  us);  ei  qui  nascentur  ( those 
who  shall  come  hereafter);  Africa 
nata  ad,  etc.  ( made  by  nature); 
conjuratio  nascens  (at  its  birth).  — 
Participle  sometimes  spelled  gna- 
tus. 

Nasica,  -ae,  [nasd  + ica  (f.  of 
-icus)],  M.,  a Roman  family  name. 
— Esp.,  P.  Cornelius  Scipio  Nasica 
Serapio,  cons.  B.C.  138,  who  led  the 
attack  by  which  Tiberius  Gracchus 
was  killed,. 

natalis,  -e,  [natu-  (or  nato-)  + 
alis] , adj .,  of  one's  birth  : dies  (birth- 
day). 


natio,  -onis,  [^gnA  + tio,  perh. 
through  noun-stem,  cf.  ratio],  F.,  (a 
birth),  a race , a nation , a tribe , a 
clan. 

natara,  -ae,  [natu  + ra  (f.  of 
-rus)],  F.,  (birth),  nature , natural 
character,  character : naturam  ex- 
plere  (the  demands  of  nature) ; 
habitus  naturae  (natural  endozv- 
ments)  ; natura  rerum  (Nature,  as 
ruler  of  the  world,  the  universe); 
natura  (by  nature,  naturally ). 

naturalis,  -e,  [natura+lis  (perh. 
-alis)],  adj.,  natural,  of  nature: 
jus  naturale  (natural  law,  the  law 
of  nature,  as  opposed  to  civil  law). 

natus,  -tus,  [VGNA  + tus],  M., 
birth:  majores  natu  (elders). 

naufragium,  -i,  [naufrago  + 
ium],  N .,  a shipwreck. 

naufragus,  -a,  -um,  [navi-ffra- 
gus  (frag+  us)],  adj.,  shipwrecked, 
of  broken  fortunes,  ruined:  nau- 
fragi  (wrecked  and  ruined  men). 

nauta,  -ae,  [perh.  Gr.  vavrrjs'], 
M.,  a sailor,  a boatman. 

nauticus,  -a,  -um,  [nauta-f  cus] , 
adj.,  of  a,  sailor  (or  sailors),  naval. 

navalis,  -e,  [navi-  (reduced)  + 
alis],  adj.,  of  ships,  naval,  mari- 
time. 

navicularius,  -i,  [navicula  + 
arius],  M.,  a shipmaster . 

navigatio,  -onis,  [naviga+tio], 

F.,  a sailing,  a voyage,  travelling  by 
sea,  a trip  (by  sea)  : mercatorum 
(voyages) . 

navigium,  -i,  [fnavigo-  (?,  navi 
+ fa-gus)  + ium],  N.,  a vessel  (gen- 
erally), “ a craftf  a boat. 

navigo,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [fnavi- 
go- (see  navigium)],  1.  v.  n.,  sail, 
make  voyages,  take  a voyage , sail  the 
sea. 

| navis,  -is,  [v/(s)nu  (increased), 


Vocabitlary . 


n 7 


with  added  i,  cf.  Gr.  rai/s],  f.,  a ship , 
a vessel , a boat , a galley. 

1.  ne  (nae)  [y'NA,  °f  unc.  rela- 
tion to  the  others],  adv.,  surely , I 
am  sure , most  assuredly. 

2.  ne  [y'NA,  unc.  case-form],  conj., 

lest , that . . . not , not  to  (do  any- 
thing), from  (doing  anything),  so 
that  . . . not , for  fear  that,  from 
(doing  anything).  — After  expres- 
sions of  fear  and  danger,  that , lest. 
With  indep.  subj.  as  a prohibition, 
do  not,  let  not , etc.  — With  quidern, 
not  even , 720/ . . . either , . . . either. 

— Esp.,  videre  ne,  see  to  it  that  not , 

lest , see  whether  ...  not. 
See  also  nequis. 

-ne  (enclitic)  [prob.  same  as  ne, 
orig.  — nonne],  conj.,  not  ? (as  a 
question,  cf.  nonne),  whether , did 
(as  question  in  Eng.),  do,  etc. — 
See  also  necne. 

Neapolis,  -is,  [NecbroAis],  F.,  a 
part  of  the  city  of  Syracuse.  — Also, 
other  cities  of  Italy  and  Greece. 

Neapolitan  us,  -a,  -um,  [Neapoli 
-f  tanus],  adj.,  of  Neapolis  (in  Cam- 
pania), Neapolitan.  — Masc.  plur., 
the  Neapolitans. 

nebulo,  -onis,  [nebula  + o],  m., 

C a man  of  no  substance ),  a worth- 
less fellow,  a scamp,  a trickster . 

nec,  see  neque. 

necessarius,  -a,  -um,  [fnecesso- 
(reduced)  + arius],  adj.,  ( closely 
bound  ?),  necessary,  pressing,  una- 
voidable, absolutely  necessary , need- 
ful, indispensable.  — Also,  as  subst., 
a connection  (a  person  bound  by  any 
tie),  a close  friend,  a friend.  — Abl. 
as  adv.,  necessario,  of  necessity , 
necessarily,  unavoidably. 

necesse  [ ?,  ne-cesso-],  indecl.  adj., 
necessary,  unavoidable.  — With  est, 
it  is  necessary,  it  is  unavoidable,  one 


must,  one  cannot  but , one  must  in- 
evitably. 

necessitas,  -tatis,  [fnecesso  + 
tas],  F.,  necessity , constraint,  com- 
pulsion, exigency. 

necessitudo,  -dinis,  [fnecesso  + 
tudo],  f.,  close  connection  (cf.  neces- 
sarius), intimacy  ( close  relations'), 
a bond,  a relation  (which  creates  a 
bond  of  union). 

necne  [nec  ne],  conj.,  or  not  (in 
double  questions). 

need,  -avi  (-ul),  -atus  (-tus),  -are, 
[nec-  (stem  of  nex)],  1.  v.  a.,  put 
to  death,  kill,  murder  (in  cold  blood)  : 
fame  ( starve  to  death). 

nefandus,  -a,  -um,  [ne-fandus], 
adj.,  tmspeakable,  infamous,  detesta- 
ble, abominable. 

nefarie  [old  abl.  of  nefarius], 
adv.,  infamously,  wickedly,  abomi- 
nably. 

nefarius,  -a,  -um,  [nefas  + ius], 
adj.,  wicked,  infamous,  abominable. 

nefas  [ne-fas],  n.  indecl.,  a crime 
(against  divine  law),  an  impiety,  a 
sacrilege. 

neglegenter  (necle-,  negli-) 
[neglegent  + ter],  adv.,  carelessly, 
negligently . 

neglego  (neclego,  negligo), 
-lexi,  -lectus,  -legere,  [nec  (=  ne) 
-lego],  3.  v.  a.,  not  regard,  disregard, 
neglect,  leave  unavenged,  leave  un- 
punished, care  nothing  for,  abandon, 
sacrifice. 

nego,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?,  poss. 
ne-aio],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  say  no,  say 
...  not,  refuse. 

negotiator,  -toris,  [negotia+  tor], 
M.,  a merchant.  — Esp.,  a money- 
lender, a capitalist.  Cf.  mercator, 
a trader  who  goes  with  his  wares. 

negotior,  -atus,  -ari,  [negotio-], 

1 , v,  dep.,  do  business.  — Esp.,  be  a 


ii  8 


Vocabulary . 


merchant , be  a banker  (cf.  nego- 
tiura) . 

negotiuin,  -I,  [nec-otium],  N., 

business , occupation , undertaking. — 
Less  definitely,  a matter , <2  thing , 
an  affair , # business  (as  in  Eng.), 
an  enterprise , affairs;  meum 

negotium  agere  ( attend  to  my  ozvn 
interests).  — Also,  difficulty , trouble. 

nemo,  fneminis,  [ne-homo],  c., 
720  0/20,  nobody.  — Almost  as  adj.,  *20. 

— Esp.,  non  nemo,  0^0  and  another , 
0/20  0r  #00,  0/20  0r  more. 

nempe  [nam-fpe,  cf.  quippe], 
conj.,  to  wit , namely,  precisely , w/fcy/ 
4/0*/  see , jj/0z/  knozu,  of  course. 
nemus,  -oris,  [^/nem  + us,  cf. 
^juco],  N.,  ( pasture ?),  0 tfrow  (prob. 
open,  affording  pasture).  — Esp.,  <3 
sacred  grove. 

nepos,  -otis,  [?],  M.,  a grandson. 

— Also,  a spendthrift  (orig.  a spoiled 
pet  of  his  grandfather). 

Nepos,  -otis,  [same  word  as  pre- 
ceding], M.,  a Roman  family  name, 
see  Metellus. 

nequam  [prob  ne-quam  {how), 
cf.  nequaquam],  indecl.  adj.,  worth- 
less (opposed  to  frugi),  good  for 
nothing,  shiftless. 

nequando,  see  ne  and  quando. 
nequaquam  [ne-quaquam  (cf. 
ea,  qua)],  adv.,  in  no  zuay,  by  no 
means , not  at  all. 

neque  (nee)  [ne-que],  adv.,  and 
not,  nor : neque  . . . neque  {neither 
. . . nor).  — See  also  enim. 
ne  . . . quidem,  see  ne. 
nequl(d)quam  (nequic-),  [ne 
. . . qui(d)quam],  adv.,  to  no  pur- 
pose, in  vain,  not  zvithout  reason. 

nequior,  nequissimus,  comp, 
and  superl.  of  nequam. 

nequis  (-qui) , -qua,  -quid  (-quod), 
[ne-quis],  indef.  pron.,  that  no  one , 


etc.,  and  in  all  the  dependent  uses 
of  ne:  ut  nequis  {that  no  one). 

nequitia,  -ae,  [nequi-  (as  if  stem 
of  nequam  or  nequis)  -f  tia],  F., 
zvorthlessness , shiftlessness , feebleness 
(in  action). 

nervus,  -i,  [prob.  for  f nevrus,  cf. 
Gr.  vevpov],  M.,  a sinew.  — Fig.,  in  pi., 
strength , vigor,  sinews  (as  in  Eng.). 

nescio,  -scivi  (-ii),  -scitus,  -scire, 
[ne-seio],  4.  v.  a.,  not  know,  be  una- 
zvare.  — Phrases  : nescio  an,  I know 
not  but,  I am  inclined  to  think , very 
likely ; nescio  quis,  etc.,  some  one, 

I know  not  who  (almost  as  indef. 
pron.),  some,  some  uncertain , some 
obscure;  illud  nescio  quid  prae- 
clarum,  that  inexplicable  something 
pre-e?ninent,  etc. : nescio  quo  modo, 
somehozv  or  other,  I know  not  hozv 
(parenthetical),  mysteriously,  curi- 
ously enough. 

neuter,  -tra,  -trum,  [ne-uter], 
pron.,  neither.  — Plur.,  neither  party, 
neither  side. 

neve  (neu)  [ne-ve],  conj.,  or 
not,  and  not , nor. 

nex,  necis,  [?],  F.,  death,  murder , 
assassination. 

nihil um,  -i,  [ne-hilum?],  N.  and 
(nihil)  indecl.,  nothing,  none:  ni- 
hil respondere  {make  no  answer). 
— nihilo,  abl.  as  adv.,  none , no.  — 
nihil,  acc.  as  adv.,  not  at  all , no, 
not : nihil  valet  {has  no  zveight,  etc.) ; 
nihil  interest  {it  makes  no  differ- 
ence) ; nonnihil  {somezvhat,  a little). 

Nilus,  -I,  [NeTAos],  M.,  the  Nile, 
the  great  river  of  Egypt. 

nlmirum  [ni  (=  ne)  mirum], 
adv.,  (yio  wonder),  doubtless,  of  course, 
that  is  to  say,  unquestionably,  no 
doubt  (half  ironical),  I suppose,  for- 
sooth. 

nimis  [prob.  comparative],  adv., 


Vocabulary. 


1 19 


too , too  mucky  over  much:  nimis 
urgeo  (too  closely). 

nimius,  -a,  -um,  [nimi-  (?,  stem 
of  positive  of  nimis)  + ius],  adj., 
too  much,  too  great , excessive.  — ni- 
mium,  n.  as  adv.,  too , too  muck. 

Ninnius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  a tribune  of 
the  people,  who  proposed  the  law 
for  Cicero’s  return. 

nisi  [ne-si],  conj.,  (not ...  if), 
unless , except:  nisi  si  (except  in 
case , unless). 

niteb,  no  perf.,  no  p.p.,  -ere, 
[prob.  fnito,  cf.  nitidus],  2.  v.  n., 
shine , glisten. 

nitidus,  -a,  -um,  [fnito  + dus], 

adj.,  shining,  glistening,  sleek. 

nitor,  nisus  (nixus),  niti,  [prob. 
genu],  3.  v.  dep.,  (strain  with  the 
knee  against  something),  struggle, 
strive,  exert  one's  self  rely  upon,  de- 
pend’ rest. 

nix,  nivis,  [?],  F.,  snow. 
nobilis,  -e,  [as  if  (g)no  (root  of 
nosco)  + bilis],  adj.,  famous,  noble, 
well-born  (cf.  “ notable  ”) . 

nobilitas,  -tatis,  [nobili  + tas], 
F.,  nobility,  fame. — Concretely,  the 
nobility,  the  nobles. 
nocens,  see  noceo. 
noceo,  -ui,  nociturus,  nocere,  [akin 
to  nex],  2.  v.  n.,  do  harm  to,  injure, 
harm,  harass. — nocens, -entis,  pres, 
p.  as  adj.,  hurtful,  guilty  (of  some 
harm). 

noctu  [abl.  of  fnoctus  (noc  (cf. 
noceo?)  + tus)],  as  adv.,  by  night, 
in  the  night. 

nocturnus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  noctu 
+ urnus,  cf.  diuturnus],  adj.,  of 
the  night,  nightly,  nocturnal , in  the 
night,  by  night:  nocturno  tempore 
(in  the  night). 

nolo,  nolui,  nolle,  [ne-volo],  irr. 


v.  a.  and  n.,  not  wish,  be  unwilling, 
wish  not,  not  like  to  have , will  not 
(zuould  not , etc) . — Esp.  with  inf.  as 
(polite)  imperative,  do  not,  do  not 
think  of  (doing,  etc.). — Also,  nol- 
lem  (I  should  hope  not,  I should  be 
sorry) . 

nomen,  -minis,  [ V(G)NO  (root  of 
nosco)  + men],  n.,  a name  (what 
one  is  known  by),  name  (fame,  pres- 
tige).—As  a name  represents  an 
account,  an  account  (h  compte),  an 
item  (of  an  account)  : meo  nomine 
(on  my  account)  ; eo  nomine  (on 
that  account) ; classium  nomine 
(under pretence,  etc.). 

nominatim,  [acc.  of  real  or  sup- 
posed fnominatis  (nomina-f-tis)], 
adv.,  by  name  (individually),  espe- 
cially. 

nomino,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [nomin-], 
I.  v.  a.,  name,  mention,  call  by  name,  ’ 
call : nominari  volunt  (to  have  their 
na7?ies  mentioned) . 

non  [ne-oenum  (unum)],  adv., 
no,  not : non  est  dubium  (there  is 
no  doubt) ; non  mediocriter  (in  no 
small  degree)',  non  poteram  non 
(I  could  not  but,  etc.). 

Nonae,  see  nonus. 
nondum,  see  dum. 
nonne  [non  ne],  adv.,  is  not? 
does  not?  etc. 

nonnemo,  see  nemo, 
nonnihil,  see  nihil, 
nonnullus,  see  nullus. 
nonnunquam,  see  nunquam. 
nonus,  -a,  -um,  [novem  + nus], 
num.  adj.,  the  ninth.  — Esp.,  Nonae, 

F.  plur.,  the  Nones  (the  ninth  day, 
according  to  Roman  reckoning,  be- 
fore the  Ides,  falling  either  on  the 
fifth  or  seventh,  see  Idus). 
nos,  see  ego. 

nosco,  novi,  ndtus,  noscere. 


120 


Vocabulary . 


[V(g)no3>  3*  v*  a'>  beam,  become 

acquainted  with.  — In  perfect  tenses, 
know , be  acquainted  with  : sciunt 
ei  qui  me  norunt  ( they  know  who 
are  acquainted  with  me) ; nee  novi 
nec  scio  (/  don't  know  the  law  be- 
fore mentioned,  nor  do  I know  the 
fact).  — notus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
knoivn , familiar , well-known. 

noster,  -tra,  -trum,  [prob.  nos 
(plur.  nom.)  + ter],  adj.  pron.,  our , 
ours , of  ours , of  us.  — Often  of  one 
person,  my , mine , of  mine. 

nota,  -ae,  [Vgno  + ta  (f.  of 
-tus?)],  F.,  a mark , a brand , a stain.  \ 
not§,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [nota-], 
i.  v.  a.,  mark , designate , brand \ stig- 
matize. 

novem,  [ ?],  indecl.  num.  adj., 
Novembris,  -e,  [novem  + bris, 
cf.  salubris],  adj.,  of  November. 

novicius, -a,  -um,  [novo+icius], 
&&).,  fresh,  raw,  untrained. 

novus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  cf.  Eng.  new"], 
adj.,  new , novel , fresh , unprecedented , 
strange:  res  novae  change  of 
government , resolution ) . 

nox,  noctis,  [akin  to  noceo],  F., 
night. 

noxia,  -ae,  [VN0C  (in  noceo) 
+ unc.  term.] , F.,  crime,  guilt. 

nudius  [num  (?)  -dius  (dies)], 
undeclined,  only  in  nom.  with  ter- 
tius,  now  the  third  day , three  days 
ago. 

nudo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [nudo-], 

i.  v.  a.,  lay  bare,  strip , expose. — 
Less  exactly,  clear,  rob,  despoil,  strip 
(as  in  Eng.)  : nudavit  se  ( dripped 
off  his  clothing) . 

nudus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  root  (akin  to 
ftaked)  + dus],  adj.,  naked,  bare,  un- 
protected, exposed.—  Hence,  stripped, 
robbed,  destitute. 

nugae,  -arum,  [?],  F,  plur.,  tri- 


fles, follies.  — Esp.  of  persons,  a man 
of  follies,  a frivolous  person. 

nullus,  -a,  -um,  [ne-ullus],  adj., 
not . . . any,  not  any,  no,  none  of: 
quae  nulla  ( none  of  which) . — Often 
equivalent  to  an  adverb,  not,  not  at 
all.  — nonnullus,  some. — As  subst., 
some,  some  persons. 

num  [pron.  ^/na,  cf.  turn],  adv., 
interrog.  part.,  suggesting  a negative 
answer,  does,  is,  etc.,  it  is  not,  is  it? 
and  the  like:  num  dubitasti  ( did 
you  hesitate}). — In  indirect  ques- 
tions, whether , if. 

Numantia,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a city  of 
Spain,  captured  by  Scipio  in  B.c.  133. 

numen,  -inis,  [VNU  On  nuo)  + 
men],  N.,  ( a nod),  will.  — Hence, 
divinity, power  (of  a divinity). 

numero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [nume- 
ro-],  1.  v.  a.,  count,  account,  regard. 

numerus,  -i,  [fnumo-  (cf.  num- 
mus,  Numa,  Gr.  vofios)  + rus],  M., 
a number,  number:  in  hostium 
numero  (as,  etc.) ; ullo  in  numero 
(at  all  as,  etc.). 

Numidicus,  -a,  -um,  [Numida+ 
cus],  adj.,  Numidian  (of  Numidia, 
long  an  independent  state  west  of 
the  territory  of  Carthage).  — Esp.  as 
a name  of  Q.  Ccecilius  Metellus,  see 
Metellus,  No.  7. 

Numitorius, -i,  [Numitor+ius], 
M.,  a Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp., 
C.  Numitorius,  a Roman  knight,  one 
of  the  witnesses  against  Verves. 

nummus  (numus),  -i,  [akin  to 
nuinerus,  Gr.  j/6/ulos'],  m.,  a coin. — 
Esp.  for  nummus  sestertius,  a ses- 
terce (see  sestertius). 

numquam,  see  nunquam. 
numquis  (-qui),  -qua,  -quid 
(-quod) , [num-quis] , indef.  interrog. 
pron.,  is  (etc.)  any  one?  with  all 
senses  of  num,  see  quis. 


Vocabttlary . 


121 


nunc  [num-ce,  cf.  hie],  adv., 
now  (emphatic,  as  an  instantaneous 
nozv,  cf.  jam,  unemphatic  and  con- 
tinuous) : etiam  nunc  (even  nozv, 
even  then , still).  — Esp.  opposed  to 
a false  condition,  nozv,  as  it  is. 

nunquam  (numquam)  [ne- 
unquam],  adv.,  never. 

nuntio,  -avi, -atus, -are,  [nuntio-], 
I.  v.  a.,  send  nezvs,  report , make 
known. 

nuntius,  -i,  [fnovent-  (p.  of 
fnoveo,  be  new)  + ius],  M.,  ( a new- 
comer) , a messenger.  — Hence,  news, 
a messenger : nuntium  mittere 

(send  word). 

nuper  [for  novi-per,  cf.  parum- 
per],  adv.,  lately , recently , not  long 
ago,  just  nozv. 

nuptiae,  -arum,  [nupta  + ius], 
F.  plur.,  a zvedding,  a marriage. 

nutus,  -tus,  [prob.  nui  (as  stem 
of  nuo)  + tus],  M.,  a nod,  a sign  : 
ad  nutum  (at  one's  beck,  at  one's 
command) ; nutu  (at  the  command, 
by  the  will)- 

nympfta,  ~ae,  [Gr.  F.,  (a 

bride).  — Also,  a nymph  (a  goddess 
of  nature  occupying  some  special 
locality,  as  a tree,  or  stream,  or  the 
like). — These  goddesses  were  wor- 
shipped collectively  at  Rome. 

O. 

O,  interj.,  Oh  ! : O tempora  I (what 
tunes  !) . 

ob  [unc.  case-form  akin  to  Gr. 
errl],  prep.  (adv.  in  composition), 
(near),  against : ob  oculos  (before 
?ny  eyes).  — Hence,  on  account  of 
for:  ob  earn  rem  (for  this  rea- 
son, on  this  account).  — In  comp., 
towards , to,  against. 

obduco,  -duxi,  -ductus,  -ducere, 


[ob-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  towards,  lead 
against,  drazv  over. 

obduresco,  -durui,  no  p.p.,  -du- 
rescere,  [ob-duresco],  3.VJ1., harden 
over,  become  hardened. 
obedio,  see  oboedio. 
obeo,  -Ivi  (-il),  -itus,  -ire,  [ob-eo], 
irr.  v.  a.,  go  to,  go  about,  attend  to,  go 
over,  visit:  facinus  (commit);  lo- 
cum tempusque  (be  present  at) . 
obferb,  see  offero. 
obfundo,  see  offundo. 
bbicio  (objic-),  -jeci,  -jectus, 
-icere,  [ob-jacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw 
against,  throw  in  the  zvay,  throzv  up, 
set  up,  expose.  — Hence,  cast  in  one's 
teeth,  reproach  one  with. 

oblectamentum,  -i,  [oblecta  + 
mentum],  N.,  diversion , enjoyment, 
a source  of  amusenient. 

oblecto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ob- 
flecto,  cf.  lacio],  1.  v.  a.,  give  pleas- 
ure to,  delight. 

obligo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ob-ligo], 
1.  v.  a.,  bind  up,  hamper,  bind,  mort- 
gage. — obligatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p., 
bound,  under  obligation. 

oblino,  -levi,  -litus,  -linere,  [ob- 
lino],  3.  v.  a.,  smear.  — Fig.,  besmear, 
bedaub,  stain. 

obllvio,  -onis,  [ob-flivio,  cf.  ob- 
liviscor],  Y.,  forgetfulness,  oblivion. 

obliviscor,  -litus,  -livisci,  [ob- 
flivib,  cf.  liveo],  3.  v.  dep.,  (grow 
dark  against!) , forget,  cease  to  think 
of  — oblitus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  forget- 
ting,forgetful,  unmindful. 

obmutesco,  -mutui,  no  p.p.,  -mu- 
tescere,  [ob-fmutesco,  cf.  mutus], 
3.  v.  n.,  become  silent,  be  dumb. 

obnuntio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ob- 
nuntio],  1.  v.  n.,  announce  (in  oppo- 
sition).— Esp.,  announce  tmfavora- 
ble  omens , stay  proceedings  by  omens, 
hinder  by  omens. 


122 


Vocabulary . 


oboedid  (obedio),  -ivi  (-ii), 
-itum  (n.),  -ire,  [ob-audio],  4.  v.  n., 
give  ear  to.  — Hence,  give  heed  toy 
obey , be  obedient , be  submissive. 

oborior,  -ortus, -oriri,  [ob-orior], 
4.  (3.)  v.  dep.,  before , t'A*?  cwr. 

obruo,  -rui,  -rutus,  -mere,  [ob- 
ruo],  3.  v.  a.,  overwheltn  (with 

something  thrown  on),  cover . — Also, 
overthrow , rtf/*. 

obscure  [old  abl.  of  obscurus], 
adv.,  obscurely , darkly , covertly. 

obscuritas,  -tatis,[obscuro+tas], 
F.,  darkness , obscurity , uncertainty. 

obscuro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ob- 
scuro-], 1.  v.  a.,  darken , obscure , 

hide,  conceal. 

obscurus,  -a,  -um,  [ob-fscurus, 
^/scu-frus,  cf.  scutum],  adj., 
dim,  secret , covert , disguised \ hidden , 
obscure , unknown  : non  est  obscu- 
rum  (zV  A secret). 

obsecro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [manu- 
factured from  ob  sacrum  (/*<?#  r or 
£4/  sacred  object)~\,  \.  v.  a.,  ad- 
jure, entreat. 

obsecundo,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  -are, 
[ob-secundo],  1.  v.  n.,  j/fow  obedi- 
ence, yield  to  one's  wishes. 

observo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ob- 
servo],  1.  v.  a.,  (A*  on  the  watch 
towards?) , guard \ maintain , 

— Also,  be  on  the  watch  for , watch 
for , watch , /A  wait  for. 

obses,  -idis,  [ob-fses,  cf.  praeses 
and  obsidio],  c.,  (#  person  under 
guard) , a hostage.  — Less  exactly,  a 
pledge , security. 

obsideo,  -sedi,-sessus,-sidere,  [ob- 
sedeo],  2.  v.  a.,  (ivV  afoTc/z  against) , 
blockade , besiege.  — Also,  block , 

hinder,  lie  in  wait  for , watch  for. 

obsidio,  -onis,  [obsidio-?  (re- 
duced) + o],  F., « (cf.  obsessio), 
a blockade . — Also,  the  art  of  siege. 


obsigno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ob- 
signo],  I.  v.  a.,  seal  up,  seal. — 
Hence,  a witness , witness. 

obsisto,  -stiti,  no  p.p.,  -sistere, 
[ob-sisto],  3.  v.  n.,  zvithstand  re- 
sist, contend  against. 

obsolesco,  -evi,  -etus,  -escere, 
[obs-olesco],  3.  v.  n.,  grow  old,  be- 
come obsolete , get  out  of  date,  get  stale. 

obstipesco  (obstu-),  -ui,  no  p.p., 
-escere,  [ob-stipesco],  3.  v.  n.,  be- 
come stupefied , be  thunderstruck , be 
amazed:  sic  obstipuerant  (/^^ 
thunderstruck). 

obsto,  -stiti,  -staturus,  -stare,  [ob- 
sto],  I.  v.  n.,  withstand,  stand  in 
one's  way,  resist,  injure,  hurt. 

obstrepo,  -ui,  -iturus,  -ere,  [ob- 
strepo],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  drown  (one 
noise  by  another  \ overwhelm  by  a 
din. 

obstructio,  -onis,  [ob-structio, 
cf.  obstruo],  F.,  a barricade,  an 
obstruction,  a covering. 

obstupefacio,  -feci,  -factus,  -fa- 
cere,  [ob-stupefacio] , 3.  v.  a.,  daze, 
stupefy.  — obstupefactus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  taken  aback,  dumbfounded. 
obstupesco,  see  obstipescd. 
obsum,  -fui,  -futurus,  -esse,  [ob- 
sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  in  the  way,  hin- 
der, injure,  be  disadvantageous. 

obtego, -texi,  -tectus,  -tegere,  [ob- 
tego],  3.  v.  a.,  cover  up, protect. 

obtempero,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are, 
[ob-tempero],  1.  v.  n.,  ( conform 
to),  comply  with , submit  to, yield  to, 
comply. 

obtestor,  -atus,  -ari,  [ob-testor], 
I.  v.  dep.,  implore  (calling  some- 
thing to  witness),  beseech , entreat. 

obtined,  -tinui,  -tentus,  -tinere, 
[ob-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  (against 
something  or  somebody),  retain, 
maintain,  occupy,  possess,  get  (by 


y 

i 


K 


Vocabulary . 


lot),  hold  (by  lot,  as  a magistrate). — 
Also,  maintain,  prove , make  good. 

obtingo,  -tigl,  no  p.p.,  -tingere, 
[ob-tango],  3.  v.  a.  and-n.,  touch 
upon.  — Esp.,  fall  to  one's  lot , fall 
to  one , happen  (esp.  as  euphemism 
for  death  or  disaster). 

obtrecto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ob 
tracto],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  (> handle 
roughly  l'),  disparage , speak  ill  of. 
obtull,  perf.  of  offero. 
obviam  [ob  viam],  adv.,  in  the 
way  of  to  meet  (any  one)  : obviam 
fieri  ( come  to  meet,  fall  in  one's  way , 
meet) . 

obvius,  -a,  -um,  [ob-via,  declined 
as  adj.],  adj.,  in  the  way  of:  obvius 
esse  ( meet ). 

occasio,  -onis,  [ob-fcasio,  cf.  oc- 
cido],  F.,  an  opportunity,  a chance. 

occasus,  -sus,  [ob-casus,  cf.  oc- 
cido],  M.,  a falling,  a fall,  a setting 
(of  the  sun), 
occidens,  see  occido. 
occldio,  -onis,  [perh.  directly 
from  occido,  after  analogy  of  legio, 
etc.],  F.,  slaughter , great  slaughter. 

occido,  -cidi,  -casurus,  -cidere, 
[ob-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall,  set,  be  slain. 
— occidens,  -entis,  p.,  setting,  as 
subst.,  the  west. 

occido,  -cidi,  -cisus,  -cidere,  [ob- 
caedo],  3.  v.  a.,  kill,  massacre,  slay. 

occludb,  -clusi,  -clusus,  -cludere, 
[ob-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  shut  up,  close. 

occultator,  -toris,  [occulta+tor] , 
M.,  a concealer,  a harborer. 

occulte  [old  abl.  of  occultus], 
adv.,  secretly , privately,  with  secrecy. 

occulto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [occul- 
to-],  1.  v.  a.,  conceal,  hide. 

occultus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  occu- 
lo]  , as  adj.,  concealed ’ secret,  hidden. 

occupatio,  -onis,  [occupa+tio], 
F.,  occupation  (engagement  in  busi- 


ness), business,  affairs  (of  business), 
being  engaged. 

occupo, -avi, -atus,  -are,  [foccupo- 
or  foccup-  (cf.  auceps),  ob  and 
stem  akin  to  capio],  1.  v.  a.,  seize, 
take  possession  of,  seize  upon,  occupy 
(only  in  military  sense).  — occupa- 
tus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  as  adj.,  engaged, 
occupied,  employed. 

occurro,  -curri  (-cucurri?),  -cur- 
surus,  -currere,  [ob-curro],  3.  v.  n., 
run  to  meet,  meet,  come  upon,  find, 
fall  in  with,  go  about  (a  thing),  with- 
stand, occur  (to  one’s  mind),  suggest 
itself 

occursatid,  -onis,  [occursa  + 
tio],  f.,  a coming  to  meet,  a sally, 
an  attack,  a greeting  (running  to 
meet  one  with  acclamation). 

Oceanus,  -i,  [Gr..  'CiKeav6s~\,  M., 
the  ocean  (with  or  without  mare). 

Ocriculanus,  -a,  -um,  [Ocriculo 
-f  anus],  adj.,  of  Ocriculum  (a  town 
of  Umbria  on  the  Tiber). 

Octavianus,  -a,  -um,  [Octavio 
+ anus],  adj.,  of  Octavius. 

Octavius,  -i,  [octavo -f  ius],  m., 
a Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp.,  Cn. 
Octavius,  cons.  B.c.  87  with  Cinna, 
and  killed  as  a partisan  of  the  no- 
bility by  the  partisans  of  Marius. 
Others  of  the  same  family  not  named 
by  Cicero  were  famous. 

octavus,  -a,  -um,  [octo  -f  vus 
(cf.  Gr.  oydopos?),  perh.  foctau-j-us], 
adj.,  eighth. 

octingentl,  -ae,  -a,  [stem  akin 
to  octo  + centum],  num.  adj.,  eight 
hundred. 

octo  [?],  num.  adj.,  eight. 

octodecim  [octo-decem],  num. 

adj.,  eighteen. 

octoginta  [octo+?],adj .,  eighty. 

octoni,  -ae,  -a,  [octo+nus],  adj., 
eight  at  a time,  eight  (at  a time) . 


i 


U' 


124 


Vocabulary . 


oculus,  -i,  [foco  (cf.  eye)  + lus], 
M.,  the  eye. 

odi,  -odisse,  [perf.  of  lost  verb 
(with  pres,  sense),  akin  to  odium], 
irr.  v.  a.,  hate , detest. 

odiosus,  -a,  -um,  [odio  + osus], 
adj.,  hateful ',  troublesome. 

odium,  -i,  [y'VADH  {spurn)  + 
ium],  N.,  hatred ',  odium , hate , detes- 
tation. — Plur.,  hate  (of  several  cases). 
— Of  persons,  the  hatred ',  the  detesta- 
tion : odio  esse  {to  be  hated). 

odor,  -oris,  [VOD  (#£*0  + or]> 
M.,  an  odor,  fragrance  (legum,  add- 
ing, as  it  were , to  make  the  fig.  tol- 
erable in  Eng.). 

offendo  (obf-),  -fendi,  -fensus, 
-fendere,  [ob-fendo],  3.  v.  a.  and  11., 

strike  against,  stumble , stumble  upon, 
light  upon,  go  wrong,  commit  an  of- 
fence, take  offence,  offend,  hurt  (the 
feelings), give  offence  to.  — offensus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.,  offensive. 

offensio  (obf-),  -onis,  [ob-ffen- 
sio,  cf.  offendo],  f.,  {a  striking 
against),  a stumbling,  an  offence,  a 
giving  offence,  dislike,  a disaster,  a 
defeat. 

offero  (obf-),  obtuli,  oblatus,  of- 
ferre,  [ob-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  to, 
offer,  furnish,  afford,  expose:  se 
{present)',  mortem  alicui  {cause 
the  death  of,  etc.). 

officio  (obf-),  -feci,  -fectus, -ficere, 
[ob-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  work  against , 
obstruct,  hinder,  stand  in  the  way 

of 

officiosus  (obf-),  -a,  -um,  [offi- 
cio+osus],  adj.,  dutiful,  in  discharge 
of  one's  duty,  conscientious  (in  the 
discharge  of  one’s  duty). 

officium  (obf-),  -i,  [as  if  (prob. 
really)  foffico-  (cf.  beneficus)  + 
ium],  n.,  {a  doing  for  one?),  a ser- 
vice, a duty,  kind  offices  (either  sing. 


or  plur.),  dutiful  conduct,  faithful- 
ness to  duty . 

offundo  (obf-) , -fudi,  -fusus,  -fun- 
dere,  [ob-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  pour  over. 
— Also  ,fill,  pervade. 

oleum,  -i,  [?,  cf.  oliva,  i\aiov], 
N.,  oil. 

olim  [loc.  (?)  of  ollus,  old  form 
of  ille],  adv.,  {at  that  time),  once, 
formerly. 

Olympius,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  * OAv/u - 
7ri os],  adj.,  of  Olympus  (the  fabled 
abode  of  the  gods),  Olympian. 

omen,  -inis,  [?,  but  cf.  old  form 
osmen,  and  oscines],  N.,  an  omen. 

omitto,  -misi,  -missus,  -mittere, 
[ob-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  by,  pass 
over,  leave  unsaid,  leave  out , omit, 
say  nothing  of,  abandon,  cease. 

ornninb  [abl.  of  f omninus  (omni 
+ nus)],  adv.,  altogether,  entirely, 
on  the  whole,  only,  utterly,  in  all,  at 
all,  any  way,  only  just,  whatever 
(with  negatives). 

omnis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  all,  the  whole 
of  (as  divisible  or  divided,  cf.  totus 
as  indivisible  or  not  divided).  — In 
sing.,  all,  every  (without  emphasis  on 
the  individuals,  cf.  quisque,  each, 
emphatically).  — Esp. : omnibus  ho- 
ris  {every  hour) ; omnia  {every- 
thing). 

onus,  -eris,  [unc.  root  + us],  N., 
a burden,  a load,  a freight,  a cargo. 
— Abstr.,  weight. 

opera,  -ae,  [oper-  (as  stem  of 
opus)  + a (f.  of  -us)],  F.,  work, 
services,  help,  pains,  attention,  assist- 
ance : operam  dare  {devote  one's 
self,  exert  one's  self,  take  pains,  try, 
take  care).  — Esp.:  opera  sua  {by 
his  own  efforts)  ; operam  consumere 
( waste  one's  labor , waste  one's  tune)', 
operae  pretium  est  {it  is  worth 
while).  — Plur.,  laborers . 


Vocabulary. 


I2S 


operarius,  -I,  [opera  + arius], 
M.  (of  adj.),  a day  laborer. 

operio,  -perui,  -pertus,  -perlre, 
[ob-pario,  cf.  aperio],  4.  v.  a.,  cover 
up,  cover. 

Oplmius,  -i,  [opimo  + ms],  m., 
a Roman  gentile  name. — Esp.,  L. 
Opimius,  cons.  B.c.  121,  the  cham- 
pion of  the  senate  against  C.  Grac- 
chus, in  the  fight  in  which  the  latter 
was  killed. 

oplmus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  fat, 
rich , fertile. 

opinio,  -onis,  [opino-  (cf.  nec- 
opinus)  + o],  F.,  a notion , an  ex- 
pectation, an  idea,  a reputation,  an 
opinion  (not  well  founded,  cf.  sen- 
tentia),  fancy,  a good  opinion  (of 
any  one)  : latius  opinione  ( more 
widely  than  is  thought') ; mortis  (a 
false  idea  of  one's  death). 

opinor,  -atus,  -ari,  [opino-,  cf. 
necopinus],  1.  v.  dep.,  have  an 
idea  (not  well  founded  or  not  sure) , 
fancy , suppose,  imagine.  — Cf.  the 
use  of  such  phrases  as  I fancy , I 
reckon,  I guess , I take  it,  I should 
say. 

opitulor,  -atus,  -ari,  [opitulo- 
(opi-tulus,  from  ^/tul,  in  tuli,  + 
us)],  I.  v.  dep.,  assist,  aid,  succor , 
give  help. 

oportet,  -uit,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [noun- 
stem from  ob  and  stem  akin  to 
porto,  cf.  opportunus],  2.  v.  imp., 

it  behooves,  it  ought,  one  is  to,  one 
must. 

oppeto,  -ivi  (-il),  -itus,  -ere,  [ob- 
peto],  3.  v.  a.,  encounter,  meet. 

oppidum,  -i,  [ob-f  pedum  ( a 
plain! , cf.  Gr.  WSoy)],  n.,  (the  for- 
tified place  which,  according  to  an- 
cient usage,  commanded  the  terri- 
tories of  a little  state),  a stronghold, 
a town  (usually  fortified). 


oppono,  -posui,  -positus,  -ponere, 
[ob-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  set  against,  op- 
pose (something  to  something  else). 
— oppositus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 

opposed,  lying  in  the  way,  opposite, 
adverse. 

opportunities,  -tatis,  [oppor- 
tune + tas],  F.,  timeliness , fitness 
(of  time  or  circumstance),  luck 
(in  time  or  circumstance),  conven- 
ience, advantage. 

opportunus,  -a,  -um,  [ob-portu- 
nus,  cf.  importunus  and  Portu- 
nus],  adj.,  {coming  to  harbor!),  op- 
portune, advantageous,  lucky,  timely, 
valuable  (under  the  circumstances). 

oppositus,  -tus,  [ob-fpositus,  cf. 
oppono],  M.,  a setting  against,  an 
interposition. 

opprimo,  -press!,  -pressus,  -pri- 
mere,  [ob-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  ( press 
against),  overwhelm,  crush,  over- 
power, overtake  {surprise),  hold  in 
check. 

oppugnatib,  -onis,  [oppugna  + 
tio],  F.,  a siege  (of  actual  operations, 
cf.  obsidio,  blockade),  besieging,  an 
attack  (in  a formal  manner  against  a 
defended  position). 

oppugno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ob- 
pugno],  1.  v.  a.,  attack  (formally, 
but  without  blockade),  lay  siege  to, 
carry  on  a siege,  assail  (a  defended 
position). — Fig.,  attack,  assail. 

ops,  opis,  [?],  F.,  help,  aid,  succor, 
means , protection.  — Plur.,  resources, 
power,  wealth , means. 

optabilis,  -e,  [opta+bilis],  adj., 
desirable,  to  be  wished  for. 

optimas  (optu-),  -atis,  [optimo 
+ as  (cf.  Arpinas)],  adj.,  of  the 
best.  — Esp.  plur.,  the  optimates  (the 
better  classes,  or  aristocracy,  at  Rome, 
including  all  who  held  opinions  op- 
posed to  the  common  people). 


126 


Vocabulary. 


optime,  see  bene, 
optimus,  -a,  -um,  [op  (cf.  ops?) 
+ timus  (cf.  finitimus)],  superl.  of 
bonus,  which  see. 

opto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fopto- 
( ^/OP  + tus,  cf.  Gr.  ovJ/OjUcu)],  I.  v.  a., 
cho&se , desire , (urgently),  pray 

for , hope  and  pray  for , for.  — 

optatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  wished 
for , desired \ desirable. 

opus,  operis,  [^/op  + us],  N., 
work,  labor  (as  skilful  or  accomplish- 
ing its  purpose,  cf.  labor,  as  tire- 
some).— In  military  sense,  a work , 
works,  fortifications . — Also,  as  in 
English,  of  civil  structures,  etc.,  work , 
works , a work  (as  of  art),  a work 
of  skill  (cf.  artificium,  a work  of 
art),  workmanship  : opere  et  manu 
factus  (by  handiwork ). — In  abl., 
quanto-  (tanto-,  magno-,  nimio-) 
opere.  — Often  together,  quanto- 
pere,  etc.,  hozu  much,  so  much,  much, 
greatly,  too  much , hozu,  so,  too. 

opus  [same  word  as  preceding], 
N.  indecl.,  need,  necessary : opus 
properato  ( need  of  haste). 

bra,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a shore,  a coast . 
oratio,  -onis,  [ora  + tio],  F., 
speech,  words,  talk , address , dis- 
course, argument,  matter  for  a dis- 
course, power  of  oratory,  a branch 
of  a discourse. 

orator,  -toris,  [ora  + tor],  M.,  a 
speaker,  an  ambassador,  an  orator. 

orbis,  -is,  [?],  M.,  a circle  (a  cir- 
cular plane)  : orbis  terrarum  ( the 
circle  of  lands,  the  whole  world). 

ordior,  orsus,  ordiri,  [fordi-  (cf. 
ordo)],  4.  v.  dep.,  begin , start. 

ordo,  -inis,  [akin  to  ordior],  M., 
a series,  a row , a tier,  a rank  (of 
soldiers),  a grade  (of  centurions,  as 
commanding  special  “ ordines  ” of 
soldiers,  also  the  centurions  them- 


selves), an  arrangement,  an  order 
(esp.  of  citizens),  a body  (consisting 
of  such  an  order),  a class  (of  citi- 
zens). 

orior,  ortus,  orlri,  [?],  3.  (and  4.) 
v.  n.,  arise,  spring  up,  spring.  — 
— oriens,  -entis,  p.  as  subst.,  the  east. 

ornamentum,  -I,  [orna  + men- 
tum],  N.,  an  adornment,  a decora- 
tion, an  ornament,  an  equipment, 
an  honor  (an  addition  to  one’s  dig- 
nity), a source  of  dignity. 

ornate  [old  abl.  of  ornatus], 
adv.,  ornately : gravius  atque  or- 
natius  ( with  more  weight  and  elo- 
quence) . 

ornatus,  -tus,  [orna  -f  tus],  M., 

adornment,  ornament,  ornaments 
(collectively). 

orno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [unc.  noun- 
stem], I.  v.  a.,  adorn,  equip,  furnish, 
increase  (by  way  of  adornment), 
honor,  add  honor  to.  — ornatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  furnished ’ zvell- 
equipped,  well-furnished,  decorated, 
finely  adorned,  well  to  do,  prosper- 
ous, highly  honored. 

oro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [or-  (as  stem 
of  os)],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  speak. — 
Esp.,  pray,  entreat,  beg. 

ortus,  -tus,  [Vor  (}n  orior)  + 
tus],  M.,  a rising:  solis  ( sunrise , 
the  East) . 

os,  oris,  [?],  N.,  the  mouth,  the 
face , the  countenance : Ponti  (the 
mouth,  the  entrance)’,  in  ore  om- 
nium (in  the  mouths,  on  the  lips). 

os,  ossis,  [prob.  reduced  from  fos- 
tis,  cf.  Gr.  oareoy],  N.,  a bone. 

oscito,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  and  oscitor, 
-ari,  [perh.  os  cito],  1.  v.  n.  and  dep., 
yawn. 

ostendo,  -tendi,  -tentus,  -tendere, 
[obs-tendo],  3-v.a.,  ( stretch  tozvards), 
present,  shozu,  point  out,  make  known, 


Vocabulary . 


127 


state , declare , indicate , exhibit , dis- 
play. — Pass.,  appear , show  itself. 

ostentb,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [osten- 
to-],  I.  v.  a.,  display , exhibit : se 
intake  a display). 

Ostiensis,  -e,  [Ostia+ ensis] , adj 
of  Ostia  (the  port  of  Rome  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Tiber),  at  Ostia. 

ostium,  -I,  [akin  to  os],  N.,  the 
mouth : Oceani  (the  straits , i.e.,  of 
Gibraltar).  Also,  a door . 

otiosus,  -a,  -um,  [otio  + osus], 
adj .,  at  leisure , quiet , peaceful , peace- 
able , undisturbed ’,  inactive. 

otium,  -I,  [?],  n.,  repose , 
tivity , quiet  (freedom  from  disturb- 
ance), ease,  peace. 

ovo,  no  p., -aturus, -are,  [?],  i.v.n., 
rejoice.  — Esp.,  ovans,  -antis,  p.,  tri- 
umphant in  an  ovation  (the  lesser 
triumph,  but  also  used  figuratively). 
[Possibly  the  technical  meaning  is 
the  original  one.] 

P. 

P.,  abbreviation  for  Publius, 
pacisco,  -ere,  and  paciscor,  pac- 
tus,  paciscl,  [paci-  (as  stem  of  paco) 
+ sco],  3.  v.  a.  and  dep.,  bargain.  — 
Esp.,  pactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  agreed 
upon , settled , arranged.  — See  also 
pactum. 

paco,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [pac-  (in 
pax)],  1.  v.  a.,  pacify , subdue.  — 
pacatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  peace- 
able, quiet,  subject  (as  reduced  to 
peace),  submissive,  entirely  con- 
quered: civitas  male  pacata  (hard- 
ly reduced  to  subntission,  still  rebel- 
lious) . 

Paconius,  i,  [?,  cf.  p&co],  m., 
a Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp.,  M. 
Paconius , a Roman  knight, 
pactum,  -i,  [p.p.  of  paciscor, 


pango?],  N.,  (a  thing  agreed), 
an  agreement,  an  arrangement.  — 
Hence,  a method,  a way  (of  doing 
anything).  — Esp.  abl.,  in  . . . way  : 
quo  pacto  (in  what  way,  how) ; is  to 
pacto  (after  that  fashion,  to  that 
degree)  ; nescio  quo  pacto  (somehow 
or  other,  strangely  enougJi) ; nullo 
pacto  (in  no  way,  under  no  circum- 
stances) . 

Paean,  -anis,  [Gr.  Ilata^],  m.,  the 
Healer,  a name  of  Apollo,  as  god  of 
healing. 

paene  [?],  adv.,  almost,  nearly , 
all  but. 

paenitet  (poenitet),  -uit,  -ere, 
[fpoenito-  (perh.  p.p.  of  verb  akin 
to  punio)],  2.  v.  a.  (impers.),  it 
repents  (one),  one  repents,  one  re- 
grets: me  paenitebit  (I  shall  re- 
gret). 

paenula  (pen-  ),  -ae,  [?],  f.,  * 
cloak  (probably  like  a poncho,  some- 
times also  with  a hood,  at  any  rate 
put  on  over  the  head  and  worn  in 
travelling  or  in  rough  weather). 

paenulatus  (pen-),  -a,  -um, 
[paenula+tus,  cf.  robustus],  adj., 
wrapped  in  a cloak. 

Palacinus?  (Palatlnus  ?) , -a, 
-um,  [?],  adj.  only  with  balneae,  a 
place  of  uncertain  position. 

palam  [unc.  case-form,  cf.  clam], 
adv.,  openly,  publicly,  without  con- 
cealment. 

Palatium  (Pal-),  -i,  [palato- 

(the  arched  roof  of  the  mouth)  + 
ium],  N.,  (the  round  hill?),  the 
Palatine  (the  hill  of  Rome  which 
was  the  original  site  of  the  city) . 

Palladium,  -I,  [naAAaSto*/],  n., 
(the  little  Pallas) , the  Palladium  (the 
little  image  of  Pallas  Athene,  on 
which  depended  the  safety  of  Troy, 
and  which  was  carried  off  by  Ulysses 


128 


Vocabulary . 


and  Diomedes).  — Hence,  a palla- 
diu7n  (any  object  of  like  importance) . 

palma,  -ae,  [borrowed  from  Gr. 
ttciA dfj.rj'] , F. , the  palm  (of  the  hand) . 

— Also,  a palm  branch , a palm  (esp. 
as  symbol  of  victory),  a victory  (cf. 
“ laurels  ” in  Eng) . 

palus,  -udis,  [?],  F.,  a marsh. 

Pamphylia,  -ae,  [Gr.  n a^<pv\la\, 
F.,  the  country  on  the  south  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  between  Lycia  and  Cili- 
cia, not  included  in  the  province  of 
Asia  Minor. 

Panhormus  (Panormus) , -i, 

[n avopnos~\,  F.,  Panormus , the  city 
on  the  north  coast  of  Sicily,  now 
Palermo , famous  for  its  harbor. 

Pansa,  -ae,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp.,  C.  Vibius  Pan- 
sa,  one  of  the  partisans  of  Caesar, 
who  was  consul,  B.C.  43,  and  was 
active  in  the  fight  against  Mark 
Antony. 

Papirius  (old  Paplsius),  -i,  [cf. 
Papius],  M.,  a Roman  gentile  name. 

— Esp.,  M.  Papirius  Mqso,  killed  by 
Clodius  in  a fight  in  the  Appian  Way. 

Papius,  -a,  -urn,  [Papa  (or  -6) 
+ ills],  adj.,  (of  Papa  or  Papus'). — 
Masc.,  as  a Roman  gentile  name. — 
Also,  of  Papius  (esp.  of  C.  Papius , 
tribune,  B.C.  65,  proposer  of  a law  in 
regard  to  Roman  citizenship). 

par,  paris,  [perh.  akin  to  paro, 
pario  (through  the  idea  of  barter  or 
exchange)] , adj.,  equal , alike , like.  — 
Esp.,  on  a par  with , equal  in  power , 
a match  for , adequate  to , sufficient 
for. 

Paralus,-i,  [Gr.  UapaXos"],  M.,  an 
Athenian  hero,  after  whom  one  of 
the  sacred  galleys  was  named. 

parate  [old  abl.  of  paratus], 
adv.,  with  preparation. 

paratus,  see  paro. 


parc§,  peperci  (parsi),  parsurus 
(parciturus) , parcere,  [akin  to  par- 
cus  (y'PAR  + cus,  acquisitive , and 
so  frugal ?)],  3.  v.  n.,  spare , be  con- 
siderate for. 

parens,  -entis,  [^/par  (in  pario) 
+ ens  (cf.  Gr.  re/cwi/)],  c.,  a parent , 
a father. 

pareo,  parui,  pariturus,  parere, 
[paro-  (cf.  opiparus)],  2.  v.  n., 
(be  prepared) , appear , obey,  follow , 
yield , consult  (utilitati). 

paries,  -ietis  (-jetis),  [akin  to 
7r epf?],  M.,  a wall  (of  a house  or 
the  like,  cf.  murus). 

Parilia  (Palilia),  -ium  [Pali + 
ilis] , N.  plur.  (of  Palilis) , the  feast 
of  Pales  (a  divinity  of  shepherds). 
It  was  held  April  21. 

Parinus,  -a,  -um,  an  uncertain 
word  in  Mss.  of  Verres,  v.  57. 

pario,  peperi,  partus  (pariturus), 
parere,  [ ^/par,  procure  (perh.  orig. 
by  barter,  cf.  par)],  3.  v.  a.,  pro- 
cure, acquire , secure , win.  — Esp., 
produce,  give  birth  to  (of  the  mother). 

Parma,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a town  of 
Cisalpine  Gaul.  It  was  treacherously 
taken  by  Antony,  and  its  people 
barbarously  treated. 

Parmensis,  -e,  [Parma+ensis], 
adj.,  of  Parma.  — Plur.  as  subst.,  the 
people  of  Parma. 

paro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [paro-,  cf. 
opiparus  and  pareo],  1.  v.  a., pro- 
cure, provide , prepare , get  ready , 
get  ready  for  (helium,  used  con- 
cretely for  the  means  of  war),  secure , 
arrange , engage.  — paratus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  ready,  prepared well 
prepared,  skilful,  well  equipped: 
animo  parato  (with  resolution). 

parricida,  -ae,  [patri-  (as  stem 
of  pater)  fcida  (caed-fa,  cf.  homi- 
cida)?],  M.  and  F.,  a parricide . 


Vocabulary . 


129 


parricidium,  -i,  [parricida  + 
ium],  n.,  parricide.  — Less  exactly, 
murder : patriae  (as  the  parent  of 
her  citizens). 

pars,  partis,  [y/PAR  + tis  (re- 
duced), akin  to  portio,  and  perh.  to 
par  (cf.  also  pario)],  F.,  ( a divid - 
ing),  a portion , a part , a share , a 
side , a party  (also  plur.),  a branch, 
a role  (in  a play) . — Esp.  in  adver- 
bial phrases,  direction , way,  degree  : 
in  omnes  partes  ( in  all  directions , 
in  all  ways') ; in  utraque  parte  (on 
both  sides)  ; in  bonam  partem  (in 
good  part ');  in  utramque  partem 
(in  both  directions , both  ways) ; ad 
aliquam  mei  partem  (to  some  part 
of  my  existence , to  me  in  some  re- 
spect) . — See  also  partim. 

parsimdnia  (parci-),  -ae,  [par- 
co-  (as  stem  of  parens)  or  parso- 
(stem  of  parsus)  + monia,  cf.  sanc- 
timonia],  F.,  frugality,  parsimony. 

particeps,  -cipis,  [parti-feeps 
( y/CAP  as  stem,  cf.  princeps)],  adj., 
participant,  taking  part. — As  subst., 
a sharer , a participa7it , a participa- 
tor, an  associate. 

partim  [old  acc.  of  pars],  adv., 
partly , in  part . — Esp.,  partim  . . . 
partim,  some  . . . others , partly  . . . 
partly ; quas  partim  . . . partim 
(some  of  which  . . . others). 

partio,  -ivi  (-if),  -itus,  -ire,  and 
partior,  -itus,  -iri,  [parti-],  4.  v.  a. 
and  dep.,  divide : partitis  tempori- 
bus  (alternately). 

partitio,  -onis,  [parti  (stem  of 
partior)  -f  tio],  F.,  a division , a 
partition. 

partus,  -tus,  [y/PAR  (in  pario) 
+ tus],  M .,  a birth , the  production 
of  offspring. 

parum  [akin  to  parvus,  perh. 
for  parvum],  adv.,  not  very , not 


much , not  sufficiently,  not  enough , 
too  little : parum  amplus  (too  small). 

parvulus,  -a,  -um,  [parvo+lus], 
adj.,  small,  slight,  insignificant,  little. 

parvus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  for  f pau- 
rus,  cf.  paucus,  and  Gr.  ir avpos’], 
adj.,  small,  slight,  little,  trifling : 
Romulus  parvus  (as  a child)',  parvi 
ducere  (of  little  account)',  parvi 
refert  (it  makes  little  difference,  it 
matters  little)',  parvi  animi  esse 
(mean-spirited,  unambitious,  unas- 
piring). 

pasco,  pavi,  pastus,  pascere, 
[■y/PA  (?)  + sco],  3.  v.  n.  and  a., 
feed,  fatten. 

passus,  -sus,  [ y/PAD  (in  pando) 
+ tus],  M.,  (a  spreading  of  the  legs), 
a stride,  a step,  a pace  (esp.  as  a 
measure,  about  five  Roman  feet)  : 
mille  passuum  (a  Roman  mile,  five 
thousand  feet). 

pastio,  -onis,  [pas  (as  if  root  of 
pasco)  + tio],  F.,  pasturing,  feed- 
ing,  pasturage. 

pastor,  -toris,  [pas  (as  if  root  of 
pasco)  + tor],  M.,  a shepherd,  a 
herdsma7i  (a  slave  occupied  in  pas- 
turing) . 

patefacio,  -feci,  -factus,  -facere, 
[noun-stem  akin  to  pateo  + facio], 
3.  v.  a.,  lay  open,  open,  lay  bare,  dis- 
close, discover , 7nake  known,  show 
clearly. 

pateo,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [fpato- 
(noun-stem  akin  to  Gr.  TveTavwfxaL)~\, 
2.  v.  n.,  be  extended,  lie  fopen,  spread, 
extend,  be  wide,  be  open,  be  exposed, 
be  uncovered,  be  obvious,  be  patent.  — 
patens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj.,  open,  ex- 
posed. 

pater,  -tris,  [VPA  0n  pasco?)  + 
ter],  M.,  a father.  — Plur.,  ancestors, 
senators,  the  senate : patres  con- 
scripti  (senators,  gentlemen  of  the 


130 


Vocabulary. 


senate , conscript  fathers?) ; pater 
familias  (a  householder) . 

paternus,  -a,  -urn,  [pater+nns], 
adj.,  of  a father , paternal , of  one's 
father , of  one's  fathers. 

patientia,  -ae,  [patient  + ia], 
F.,  patience , endurance , forbearance , 
long-suffering . 

Patina,  -ae,  [patina],  m.,  a Ro- 
man family  name. — Only,  T.  Patina, 
a friend  of  Clodius. 

patior,  passus,  patl,  [?],  3.  v.  dep., 
suffer,  endure,  bear, put  up  with,  tol- 
erate, allow,  per i?iit.  — patiens,  -en- 
ds, p.  as  adj.,  patient,  long-suffer- 
ing. 

patria,  see  patrius. 

patricius,  -a,  -um,  [patrico  + 
ills],  adj.,  (of  the  senate,  the  original 
nobility  of  Rome  as  opposed  to  the 
plebs,  cf.  pater) , patrician  (of  this 
nobility).  — Less  exactly,  noble  (of 
the  later  nobility) . — Plur.,  the  nobles 
(not  necessarily  the  original  patri- 
cians) . 

patrimonium,  -i,  [patri-  (as  if 
stem  of  pater)  -f  monium  (i.e.,  mo 
+ on  + ium)],  N.,  a paternal  estate , 
a patrimony,  an  inheritance,  an 
ancestral  estate. 

patrius,  -a,  -um,  [pater  + ins], 
adj.,  of  a father,  ancestral,  of  one's 
fathers , paternal.  — Esp.,  patria, 
F.,  one's  fatherland,  native  country, 
country. 

patronus,  -I,  [fpatro-  (as  if  stem 
of  fpatroo,  cf.  colonus,  aegrotus) 
+ nus],  M.,  a patron,  a protector, 
an  advocate. 

patruus,  -\,  [pat(e)r+vus?],  M., 
an  uncle  (on  the  father’s  side,  cf. 
avunculus,  on  the  mother’s). 

paucus,  -a,  - um,  [ y'PAU-  (cf.  pau- 
lus  and  parvus)  + cus],  adj.,  al- 
most always  in  plur.,  few,  a few,  J 


some  fezv  (but  with  implied  only  in 
a semi-negative  sense)  : pauca  di- 
cere  ( a fezv  words,  briefly) . 

paulisper  [paulis  (abl.  plur.  of 
paulus  ?)  -per] , adv.,  a little  while, 
for  a short  time. 

paululum  [acc.  of  paululus], 

as  adv.,  a very  little. 

paulus,  -a,  -um,  [pan  (cf.  pau- 
cus) + Ins  (=  rns?)],  adj.,  little, 
slight,  small,  insignificant.  — Esp., 
pauluin,  N.,  as  subst.  and  adv.,  a 
little,  little , slightly.  — paulo,  abl. 
as  adv.,  a little,  slightly,  little  : panlo 
ante  (a  little  while  ago,  just  now). 

Paulus,  -i,  [panlus],  M.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp. : 1 . L.  JEmilius 
Paulus,  who  conquered  Perses  of 
Macedonia,  B.c.  168;  2.  L.  ALmilius 
Paulus  (of  the  family  of  the  Lepidi), 
praetor,  B.c.  53,  a partisan  of  the 
nobility. 

pax,  pads,  [^/pac,  as  stem],  F., 
(a  treaty?),  peace : pace  alicujns 
(by  permission  of,  etc.,  if  one  will 
allow,  an  apology  for  some  expres- 
sion or  statement) : pace  tua,  patria, 
dixerim  (pardon  me,  my  country, 
if  I say  it) . 

peccatum,  -i,  [n.  of  p.p.  of  pec- 
co],  N.,  a fault,  a wrong , a misdeed, 
an  offence. 

pecco,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [?], 
I.  v.  n.,  go  wrong,  commit  a fault, 
do  wrong,  err. 

pecto,pexi  (-ui),pexus  (pectitus), 
pectere,  [-^/pec  + to,  cf.  necto], 
3.  v.  a.,  comb : pexo  capillo  (with 
well-combed  locks). 

pectus,  -oris,  [perh.  pect  (as  root  • 
of  pecto)  + ns,  from  the  rounded 
shape  of  the  breast,  cf.  pectinatus], 
N.,  the  breast.  — Fig.,  the  heart,  the 
mind. 

| pecuarius,-a,-um,  [pecn+arins], 


Vocabulary . 


adj.,  of  cattle.  — Masc.,  a grazier.  — 
Fem.,  pasturage , grazing. 

peculatus,  -tus,  [pecula  + tus] , 
M.,  e??ibezzlement. 

pecunia,  -ae,  [fpecuno-  (pecu  + 
nus,  cf.  Vacuna)  -f  ia],  f.,  money 
(originally  cattle),  wealth , capital , 
an  amount  of  money , a sum  of 
money  : ratio  pecuniarum  {the  mat- 
ter of  finance ). 

pecuniosus,  -a,  -urn,  [pecunia  + 
osus],  adj.,  rich. 

pecus,  -udis,  [pecu  + dus  (re- 
duced)], F.,  a domestic  animal  (cf. 
pecus,  -oris,  a herd  or  flock),  a brute 
(as  opposed  to  man),  a dumb  beast. 

pedester,  -tris,  -tre,  [pedit+tris], 
adj.,  of  infantry , of  persons  on  foot : 
copiae  {foot,  infantry). 

pedetemptim  (-tentim)  [pede 
ftemptim  (cf.  sensim)],  adv.  {feel- 
ing one's  way  with  the  feet),  cau- 
tiously, gradually. 
pejor,  see  malus. 
pejus,  see  male, 
pello,  pepuli,  pulsus,  pellere,  [?], 
3.  v.  a.,  strike , beat,  drive , defeat,  re- 
pulse, drive  out. 

Penates,  -ium,  [pena-  (cf.  pena- 
tor  and  penus)  + tis  (reduced,  cf. 
Arpinas)],  M.  plur.,  (presiding  over 
the  household  supplies?),  the  house- 
hold gods  (usually  with  Di),  the  Pena- 
tes (the  tutelary  divinities  of  the 
household  and  of  the  city  as  a house- 
hold).— Esp.  as  a symbol  for  the 
home. 

pendeo,  pependl,  no  p.p.,  pen- 
dere,  [f  pendo-  (cf.  altipendus)], 

2.  v.  n.,  hang,  depend. 

pendo,  pependi,  pensus,  pendere, 
[?],  3.  v.  a.,  hang,  weigh,  weigh  out, 
decide.  — Hence  (since  money  was 
earlier  weighed,  not  counted),  ytey, 
pay  out.  — Esp.  with  words  of  pun- 


131 

ishment, pay  (a  penalty),  suffer  (pun- 
ishment, cf.  dare  and  capere). 

penes  [prob.  acc.  of  stem  in  -us 
akin  to  penitus],  prep.,  in  the  power 
of,  in  the  control  of. 

penetro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fpene- 
tro-,  from  pene-  (in  penitus,  etc.) 
+ terus  (cf.  inter,  intro)],  1.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  {go  in  deeper),  enter,  pene- 
trate, force  one's  way  in. 

penitus  [stem  akin  to  penes, 
penus,  etc.,  + tus,  cf.  divinitus], 
adv.,  far  within,  deeply,  entirely, 
utterly , deep  within. 

pensito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fpen- 
sito-  (as  if  p.p.  of  penso,  cf.  dic- 
tito)],  i.v.  a.,  weigh. — Hence, pay 
(cf.  pendo). 

1.  per  [unc.  case-form  of  stem 
akin  to  Gr.  n epQ,  adv.  (in  composi- 
tion) and  prep.,  through.  — Fig., 
through,  by  means  of  (cf.  ab,  by, 
directly),  by  the  agency  of:  per  me, 
etc.  {by  myself,  without  other  aid)  ; 
per  se  {of  itself). — Often  accom- 
panied by  the  idea  of  hindrance  : per 
anni  tempus  potuit  {the  time  of  the 
year  would  allow)  ; per  vos  licere 
{you  do  not  prevent,  you  allow,  so 
far  as  you  are  concerned,  etc.);  per 
aetatem  non  audere  {on  account 
of).  — Of  time,  through,  for:  per 
triennium.  — In  adjurations,  by,  for 
the  sake  of. 

2.  per  [perh.  a different  case  of 
same  stem  as  1.  per],  adv.  in  comp., 
very,  exceedingly . 

peradulescens,  -entis,  [ ?,  2.  per- 
adulescens],  adj.,  very  young. 

perago,  -egl,  -actus,  -agere,  [ 1 . per- 
ago],  3.  v.  a.,  conduct  through,  finish, 
accomplish,  carry  through. 

peragro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [1.  per- 
agro] , 1 . v.  a.  and  n.,  traverse,  travel 
over,  go  over,  travel.  — Fig.,  spread. 


132 


Vocabulary . 


perangustus,  -a,  -um,  [2.  per- 
mgustus],  adj.,  very  narrow . 

perbrevis,  -e,  [2.  per-brevis], 
adj.,  short , brief. 

percallesco,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -escere, 
[2.  per-callesco],  3.  v.  n.,  become 
horoughly  hardened. 

percello,  -culi,  -culsus,  -cellere, 
[per-fcello  (cf.  celer)],  3.  v.  a., 
knock  over , strike  down , overturn , 
dash  to  the  ground. 

percipib,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  -cipere, 
[1.  per-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take  in  (com- 
pletely), learn,  acquire , — Esp. 

of  harvests,  gather.  — Hence,  fig., 
mz/,  gain  (but  in  Latin  the 

figure  is  retained). 

percitus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  per- 
cieo],  as  adj.,  excited , incensed. 

percommode  [2.  per-commode], 
adv.,  very  convenie?itly,  very  oppor- 
tunely. 

percrebresco  (-besco),  -brui 
(-bui),  no  p.p.,  -brescere  (-bescere), 
[2.  per-crebresco] , 3.  v.  n.,  become 
very  frequent , become  very  common , 
spread  very  widely. 

percutio,  -cussi,  -cussus,  -cutere, 
[1.  per-quatio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hit , 
strike , through , strike  a 

blow.  — Fig.,  strike  with  fear. 

perdo,  perdidi,  perditus,  perdere, 
[1.  per-do],  3.  v.  a.,  destroy  (cf.  in- 
terficio),  ruin,  lose.  — perditus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  ruined,  desper- 
ate, abandoned,  lost,  overwhelmed. 

perduco,  -duxi,  -ductus,  -ducere, 
[1.  per-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  through, 
lead  along,  bring  over , carry  along, 
introduce. 

perduellio,  -onis,  [perduelli+o] , 

F.,  treason  (technical,  and  not  strictly 
conforming  to  either  our  high  or 
petit  treason). 

peregrinor,  -atus,  -ari,  [peregri- 


no-],  1.  v.  dep.,  travel  abroad. — 
Fig.,  be  abroad  (not  hear  or  see). 

peregrinus,  -a,  -um,  [peregro  + 
inus],  adj.,^ foreign,  outlandish. 

perennis,  -e,  [ 1 . per-annus  (weak- 
ened)], adj.,  (lasting  for  the  year?), 
perennial,  unfailing.  — Hence,  eter- 
nal. 

pereo,  -il  (-ivi),  -iturus,  -ire,  [ 1 . per- 
eo],  irr.  v.  n.,  perish,  be  killed,  die , 
be  lost. 

perexiguus,  -a,  -um,  [2.  per- 
exiguus],  adj.,  very  small,  very 
short. 

perfacilis,  -e,  [2.  per-facilis], 

adj.,  very  easy.  — Neut.  as  adv.,  very 
easily. 

perfectio,  -onis,  [1.  per-factio, 

cf.  perficio],  F.,  the  accomplishment, 
the  completion. 

perfero,  -tuli,  -latus,  -ferre,  [ 1 . per- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  through  (or 
over),  bring  over,  bring,  bear,  carry. 
— Also,  bear  through  (to  the  end), 
endure,  suffer , submit  to. 

perficio,  -feci,  -fectus,  -ficere, 
[1.  per-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  accomplish , 
effect,  complete,  finish,  make  (com- 
plete).— With  ut  (uti),  bring  it 
about,  succeed  in  (doing  or  having 
done  or  getting  done),  accomplish, 
make  (some  one  do  something  or 
the  like). 

perfidia,  -ae,  [perfido  + ia],  F., 
perfidy,  treachery,  faithlessness. 

perfringo,  -fregi,  -fractus,  -frin- 
gere,  [1.  per-frango],  3.  v.  a.,  break 
through,  break  down,  break  the  bar- 
riers of. 

perfruor,  -fructus  (-fruitus),  -frui, 
[1.  per-fruor],  3.  v.  dep.,  enjoy  to 
the  full,  enjoy  without  alloy,  continue 
to  enjoy , enjoy. 

perfugio,  -fugi,  no  p.p.,  -fugere, 
[1.  per-fugio],  3.  v.  n.,  run  away , 


Vocabulary. 


133 


flee  (to  a place),  escape  to,  take  ref- 
uge in  (ad  portum) . 

perfugium,  -I,  [1.  per-ffugium, 
cf.  ref  ugium] , n.,  a place  of  refuge , 
refuge. 

perfungor,  -functus,  -fungi,  [1. 
per-fungor],  3.  v.  dep.,  fulfil,  per- 
form (to  the  end). — Hence,  have 
done  with,  finish  (and  get  rid  of). 

pergo,  perrexi,  perrectus  (?),  per- 
gere,  [1.  per-rego],  3.  v.  n.,  ( keep 
one’s  direction ?),  keep  on,  continue 
to  advance,  advance,  go  on,  proceed. 

perhorresco,  -horrui,  no  p.p., 
horrescere,  [1 . per-horresco],  3.  v.  n. 
and  a.,  shudder  all  over,  shudder  at. 

periclitor,-atus,  -ari,  [fpericlito- 
(as  if  p.p.  of  periculor)],  1.  v.  dep., 
try,  make  a trial,  be  exposed,  be  put 
in  peril,  imperil. 

periclum,  see  periculum. 
periculose  [old  abl.  of  pericu- 
losus],  adv.,  with  peril. 

periculosus,  -a,  -um,  [periculo 
-fosus],  adj.,  dangerous,  perilous, 
hazardous,  full  of  danger. 

periculum  (-clum),  -i,  [fperi- 
(cf.  experior)  + culum],  n.,  a 
trial.  — Hence,  peril,  danger,  risk. 
— Esp.  of  the  defendant  in  a prose- 
cution, jeopardy,  prosecution  (in  ref- 
erence to  the  accused),  defence,  trial 
(in  court),  accusation. 

perimo,  -emi,  -emptus,  -imere, 
[1.  per-emo  (take)],  3.  v.  a.,  destroy, 
put  an  end  to. 

perinde,  [1.  per-inde],  adv., 

(straight  through  ?) , j ust,  exactly.  * 

periniquus,  -a,  -um,  [2.  per- 
iniquus],  adj.,  very  unfair,  very 
unjust. 

peritus,  -a,  -um,  [fperi-  (cf.  ex- 
perior) + tus],  p.p.  as  adj.,  (tried), 
experienced,  skilled,  skilful,  of  great 
experience. 


perjurium,  -i,  [prob.  fperjus, 
adj.,  from  per  (perh.  a diff.  case  from 
1 and  2)  jus,  + ium  (cf.  injurius). 
But  possibly  these  are  all  abnormal 
formations],  N., perjury , false  swear- 
ing. 

permagnus,  -a,  -um,  [2.  per- 
niagnus],  adj.,  very  great,  very  large. 

permaneo,  -mans!,  -mansurus, 
-manere,  [1.  per-maneo],  2.  v.  n., 
remain  (to  the  end),  continue,  hold 
out,  persist,  stay. 

permittd,  -misi,  -missus,  -mittere, 
[1.  per-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  (give  over), 
grant,  allow,  give  up,  entrust,  hand 
over,  put  into  the  hands  of 

permodestus,  -a,  -um,  [2.  per- 
modestus],  adj.,  excessively  modest. 

permoved,  -movi,  -motus,  -mo- 
vere,  [1.  per-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  move 
(thoroughly),  influence,  affect.  — 
permdtus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  much  af- 
fected, influenced,  overcome. 

permultus,  -a,  -um,  [2.  per- 
multus],  adj.,  very  much,  very  many, 
a great  many  : permultum  valere 
(be  very  strong) . 

permutatio,  -onis,  [permuta  -f 
tio],  f.,  a change : rerum  (revolu- 
tion, upheaval). 

pernicies,  -el,  [?,  akin  to  nex], 
F.,  destruction,  ruin,  injury,  harm, 
mischief  a plague  (used  of  Verres). 

perniciosus,  -a,  -um,  [pernicie-f 
osus],  adj.,  destructive,  ruinous, 
mischievous. 

pernobilis,  -e,  [2.  per-nobilis], 

adj.,  very  noble,  most  noble,  very 
famous. 

pernocto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [1.  per- 
nocto],  1.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  pass  the 
night. 

peroro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [1.  per- 
oro],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  finish  arguing, 
conclude  (a  case). 


134 


Vocabulary . 


perparvus,  -a,  -um,  [2.  per- 

parvus],  adj.,  very  small , little. 

perpaucus,  -a,  -um,  [2.  per- 

paucus], adj.  — Plur.,  very  few , but 
very  few , 0#/^  # few. 

perpetior,  -pessus,  -peti,  [ 1 . per- 
patior],  3.  v.  dep.,  suffer , endure. 

perpetuus,  -a,  -um,  [1.  per- 

fpetuus  ( ^pet  + vus)],  adj.,  ( keep- 

ing on  through ),  continuing,  contin- 
ual, continued,  continuous,  without 
interruption , lasting,  permanent, 
everlasting:  in  perpetuum  {for 
ever ) . 

perpolitus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  per- 
polio],  as  adj.,  refined,  highly  culti- 
vated. 

perarro  [2.  per-raro],  adv.,  very 
rarely,  almost  never. 

Persa(Perses),-ae,  [Gr.  Ilcpenjs], 
M .,  a Persian.  — Plur.,  the  Persians. 

persaepe  [2.  per-saepe],  adv., 
very  often,  many  tunes. 

persapienter  [2.  per-sapienter], 
adv.,  very  wisely,  with  great  wisdom. 

perscribo,  -scrips!,  -scrlptus,  -scrl- 
bere,  [1.  per-scribo],  3.  v.  a.,  write 
out. 

persequor,  -secutus,  -sequl,  [1. 
per-sequor],  3.  v.  dep.,  follow  up, 
pursue.  — Hence,  avenge,  punish. 
— Also , follow  out  (a  series  of  points), 
take  up  (in  detail). 

Perses(Persa),  -ae,[Gr.  n epo-ys], 
M.,  (cf.  Persa,  the  same  word),  king 
of  Macedonia,  son  of  Philip  V.  He 
was  conquered  in  the  third  Macedo- 
nian war  by  iEmilius  Paulus. 

perseverantia,  -ae,  [perseverant 
4.  ia],  F .,  persistence,  perseverance. 

persolvo,  -solvi,-solutus,  -solvere, 
[per-solvo],  3.  v.  a.,  pay  in  full, 
pay : poenas  {pay,  suffer). 

persona,  -ae,  [1.  per-fsona,  cf. 
dissonus],  F.,  a mask.  — Hence,  a 


part,  a role , a charade ; , a person- 
age,  a party  (in  a suit) . 

perspicid,  -spexi,  -spectus,  -spi- 
cere,  [1.  per-fspecio],  3.  v.  a.,  see 
through , see,  inspect , examine. — 
Also,  see  thoroughly.  — Fig.,  see  clear- 
ly, see,  understand,  learn,  observe , 
find,  discover. 

perspicue  [old  abl.  of  perspi- 
cuus],  adv.,  clearly,  plainly. 

perspicuus,  -a,  -um,  [1.  per- 
fspecuus  ( v'sPEC-f vus,  cf.  conspi- 
cuus)],  adj.,  obvious,  plain,  clear. 

persuadeo,  -suasi,  -suasus,  -sua- 
dere,  [1.  per-suadeo],  2.  v.  n.  (and 
a .),  persuade,  induce. 

pertenuis,  -e,  [2.  per-tenuis], 
adj.,  very  thin , very  slight. 

perterreo,  -terrul,  -territus,  -tec- 
rere,  [1.  per-terreo],  2.  v.  a.,  terrify, 
alarm. 

pertimesco,  -timui,  no  p.p.,  -ti- 
mescere,  [1.  per-time  + sco],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  fear  much,  fear  greatly, 
dread,  be  alarmed. 

pertinacia, -ae,  [pertinac  + ia] , 
F.,  obstinacy  (in  a bad  sense,  cf.  con- 
stantia,  firmness) . 

pertinax,  -acis,  [1.  per-tenax, 
cf.  pertineo],  adj .,  pertinacious,  ob- 
stinate. 

pertineo,  -tinui,  no  p.p.,  -tinere, 
[1.  per-teneo],  3.  v.  n.,  {hold  a 
course  towards ),  tend,  extend.  — Fig., 
have  to  do  with , concern,  tend : ad 
quem  maleficium  {belongs,  whose  is, 
etc.)  ; ad  te  non  pertinere  {to  have 
no  concern  for  you). 

perturbo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ 1 . per- 
turbo],  1.  v.  a.,  disturb , throw  into 
confusion,  confuse,  throiv  into  dis- 
order, alarm,  terrify,  agitate,  make 
anxious : turbata  tempora  {times 
of  disorder). 

pervado,  -vasi,  -vasus,  -vadere, 


Vocabulary . 


[i.  per-vado],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  (pro- 
ceed t 0 ),  reach , spread  to,  extend  to, 
enter,  Jill  (of  an  idea). 

pervagor,  -atus,  -ari,  [1.  per- 
vagor],  i.v.  dep.,  roam , scatter,  dif- 
fuse itself  — So,  pervagatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.,  wide-spread. 

pervenio, -veni, -ventum  (N.imp.), 
-venire,  [i.  per-venio],  4.v.n.,  ( come 
through  to),  arrive  at,  get  as  far  as, 
reach,  come,  arrive  : ad  eum  locum 
(come  to  this  point) ; regnum  (come, 
fall)',  ad  laudem  ( attain , equal). 

pervolgo  (vulgo),  -avi,  -atus, 
-are,  [per-volgo],  1.  v.  a.,  spread 
abroad : pervolgatus  honos  (trite, 
common). 

pervolo,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [1. 
per-volo],  1.  v.  n.,  fly  through,  fly 
over,  hurry  over. 

pes,  pedis,  [^pad  as  stem],  m., 
the  foot.  — Also,  as  a measure,  a foot. 
pessime,  superl.  of  male,  wh.  see. 
pestifer,  -era,  -erum,  [pesti-ffer, 
cf.  Lucifer],  adj., pestilent. 

pestis,  -tis,  [?,  perh.  pes  (in  pes- 
sum,  pessimus)  + tis],  Y.,  plague, 
pestilence.  — Esp.  fig.  of  persons  and 
things,  a plague,  a pest,  a bane,  a 
scourge,  a curse,  a cursed  thing.  — 
Less  exactly,  ruin , dest7'uction  : una 
reipublicae  pestis  (convulsion). 

Petilius,  -i,  [petilo  (akin  to  peto) 
+ ius],  M.,  a Roman  gentile  name. 
— Esp.,  Q.  Petilius,  one  of  the  jury 
in  the  case  against  Clodius. 

petltio,  -onis,  [peti-  (as  a stem 
of  peto)  + tio],  f.,  a thrust,  an  at- 
tack. — Also,  a seeking,  a canvass  ({ox 
office,  cf.  peto),  a campaign  (in 
politics) . 

peto,  petivi,  petitus,  petere, 

[ VpAT],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  (fall?,  fly?), 
aim  at,  attack,  make  for,  try  to  get, 
be  aimed  at,  seek , go  to  get,  go  to.  — 


Hence,  ask,  request,  look  for,  get. — 
Esp.  of  office,  be  a candidate  for . 

petulantia,  -ae,  [petulant+ia], 
F.,  wantonness , impudence. 

Pharnaces,  -is,  [Gr.  $apvaKT)s~\, 
M .,  a son  of  Mithridates,  king  of 
Pontus,  conquered  by  Caesar,  B.C.  47. 

Pharsalia,  -ae,  [Pharsalo+ia], 
F.,  the  region  about  Pharsalus  in 
Thessaly,  where  the  decisive  battle 
between  Caesar  and  Pompey  was 
fought,  B.c.  48. 

Pharsalicus,  -a,  -um,  [Pharsalo 
-f  cus],  adj.,  of  Pharsalia. 

Philippus,  -i,  [Gr.  &i\nnros],  M., 
a common  Greek  and  Roman  proper 
name.  — Esp. : 1.  Philip  V.,  king  of 
Macedonia,  defeated  at  Cynoscepha- 
lae,  B.c.  197;  2.  L.  Philippus,  cons. 
B.c.  91. 

philosophus,  -i,  [ <pt.\6<ro(pos ],  M., 

a philosopher. 

PIcenus,  -a,  -um,  [fpice-  (as  a 
kindred  stem  to  picus)  + nus],  adj., 
(of  the  woodpecker ?).  — Also,  of 
Picenum  (a  region  in  eastern  Italy, 
north  of  Rome).  — Picenum,  N., 
the  region  itself. 

pictor,  -toris,  [VPIG  + tor],  m., 
a painter. 

pictura,  -ae,  [fpictu  (Vp10  + 
tus)  + ra,  cf.  figura],  Y.,  painting, 
a painting. 

pie  [old  abl.  of  pius],  adv.,  duti- 
fully, religiously,  with  dutiful  affec- 
tion. 

pietas,  -tatis,  [pio-ftas],  y.,  filial 
affection,  affection  (for  the  gods  or 
one’s  country,  etc.),  patriotism,  reli- 
gion (as  a sentiment) , piety,  dutiful 
affection. 

pignero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [pig- 
ner-],  1.  v.  a.,  pledge.  — Pass,  as  dep., 
take  as  a pledge , claim  as  one's  ozvn. 

pignus,  -oris  (-eris),  [fpign-  (as 


IT 


, 


1 

V! 


I 


: I1 


136 


Vocabulary. 


stem  of  pango  or  fpagino)  + us, 
cf.  facinus],  N.,  a pledge,  a security. 
— Fig.,  a hostage  (reipublicae) . 

pila,  -ae,  [?,  but  cf.  pello],  F.,  a 
ball,  ball  (as  a game). 

pilum,  -I,  [ ?],  N.,  a pestle.  — Also, 
a javelin  (the  peculiar  weapon  of 
the  Roman  legion,  with  a heavy  shaft 
2 or  3 in.  thick  and  4 ft.  long,  and  an 
iron  head,  making  a missile  more  than 
6 ft.  long,  and  weighing  over  10  lbs.). 

pingo,  pinxi,  pictus,  pingere, 

[ -y/PiG,  cf.  Gr.  voIkiKos],  3.  v.  n., 
(daub  with  a greasy  substance?), 
paint. 

pinguis,  -e,  [?,  possibly  ping-  (as 
root  of  pingo)  + us  (with  inserted 
i as  in  levis,  cf.  the  early  methods 
of  painting  with  wax)],  adj.,  fat . — 
Hence,  stupid ',  clumsy , coarse . 

pirata,  -ae,  [Gr.  tt eipar^s,  an  ad- 
venturer],  M.,  a sea-rover  (perhaps 
like  the  ancient  Northmen,  cf.  prae- 
do,  a pirate , more  in  the  modern 
sense),  a corsair , a freebooter , a pirate 
(without  the  above  distinction). 

piscis,  -is,  [?],  M.,  a fish.  — Col- 
lectively,^/*. 

Piso,  -onis,  [piso  + o],  M.,  (a 
man  with  a wart  like  a pea?,  cf. 
Cicero),  a Roman  family  name.  — 
Esp.,  L.  Calpurnius  Piso  Ccesonius , 
father-in-law  of  Caesar,  cons.  B.c.  58 
with  Gabinius. 

Pius,  -i,  [pius],  M.,  a name  of 
Q.  Metellus,  given  him  for  his  duti- 
ful conduct  to  his  father.  — See  Me- 
tellus. 

placeo,  -ui,  -itus,  -ere,  [fplaco- 
(cf.  Viriplaca,  placo,  and  placi- 
dus)],  2.  v.  n.,  please. — Esp.  in 
third  person,  it  pleases  (one),  one 
likes , one  approves , it  is  thought  best , 
one  thinks  best,  one  determines,  it  is 
one's  pleaszire,  one's  vote  is. 


placo,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [fplaca- 
(cf.  Viriplaca)  ?,  or  placo-  (cf.  pla- 
cidus)],  1.  v.  a.,  pacify , appease , 
reconcile , win  one's  favor . 

plaga,  -ae,  [y'PLAG  (in  plango) 
+ &],  F->  a blow , a stroke , a lash,  a 
stripe. 

plane  [old  abl.  of  planus],  adv., 
flatly , clearly , plainly , distinctly , 
utterly , absolutely. 

planus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  root  + nus] , 
adj .,fiat,  level. — Fig.,  plain,  clear. 

plebejus,  -a,  -um,  [plebe+ius], 
adj.,  of  the  common  people,  plebeian  : 
ludi  (a  festival  held  Nov.  16,  17,  and 
18,  under  the  direction  of  the  ple- 
beian sediles,  in  honor  of  some  un- 
certain advancement  of  the  plebs) ; 
purpura  (a  dark,  dull  red  of  a poorer 
quality  than  that  worn  by  the  magis- 
trates and  senators). 

plebs  (plebes),  -is  (-ei),  [ple- 
(in  plenus)  + unc.  term.,  cf.  ttXtjOos'], 
F.,  the  plebs,  the  common  people  (as 
opposed  to  the  upper  classes  at 
Rome),  the  populace,  the  people,  the 
commons. 

plenus,  -a,  -um,  [pie-  (in  fpleo) 
+ nus],  adj.,  full:  plena  consen- 
sionis  (in  perfect  agreement ). 
plerumque,  see  plerusque. 
plerusque,  -aque,  -unique,  [-^/ple 
(in  pleo)  + rus  + que  (cf.  -pletus, 
plenus)],  adj.  only  in  plur.,  most 
of  very  many.  — Acc.  sing,  as  adv., 
plerumque,  generally,  usually,  for 
the  most  part,  very  often. 

Plotius,  -i,  [?,  Plauto+ius],  M., 
a Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp.,  L. 
Plotius,  a Roman  teacher  of  rhetoric. 

Plotius,  -a,  -um,  [same  word  as 
preceding],  adj.,  of  Plotius,  Plotian  : 
lex  (a  law  of  M.  Plotius  or  Plautius 
Silvanus  in  relation  to  assault  and 
battery  or  breach  of  the  peace). 


Vocabulary . 


137 


plurimus,  see  imiltus. 
plus,  see  multus. 
poena,  -ae,  [perh.  fpovi-  (y'pu) 
+ na  (cf.  punio)],  F.,  a penalty.  — 
Hence,  a punishment  (see  persolvo, 
repeto,  constituo). 
poenitet,  see  paenitet. 

Poenus,  -a,  -um,  [borrowed  from 
a stem  akin  to  Gr.  4>ofH/ceos],  adj., 
Carthaginian.  — Plur.,  the  Cartha- 
guiians . 

poeta,  -ae,  [Gr.  m.,  a 

poet. 

polio,  -ivi  (-il),  -itus,  -ire,  [?], 
4.  v.  a.,  smooth , polish  (also  fig.). — 
Also,  adorn , beautify. 

polliceor,  -licitus,  -liceri,  [fpor- 
(=  Gr.  7r pos,  cf.  portendo)  -liceor], 

2.  v.dep.,  offer,  promise  (voluntarily, 
cf.  promitto,  by  request,  etc.),  make 
an  offer,  propose. 

polluo,  -ui,  -utus,  -uere,  [fpor- 
luo],  3.  v.  a.,  ( stain  as  by  water?'), 
pollute,  defile , desecrate,  violate. 

pompa,  -ae,  [Gr.  Tro/unri /],  F.,  a 
procession  (esp.  of  a funeral). 

Pompejus,  -i,  [fpompe-  (dia- 
lectic form  of  quinque)  + ius],  M., 
a Roman  gentile  or  family  name.  — 
Esp.,  Cneius  Pompeius , the  great 
rival  of  Caesar,  consul  with  Marcus 
Crassus  in  B.c.  55. 

Pompejus,  -a,  -um,  [same  word 
as  preceding],  as  adj.,  of  Pompey : 
via  Pompeja  (a  street  at  Syracuse). 

Pomptinus  (Pont-),  -i,  [cf. 
Pompejus],  M.,  a Roman  family 
name.  — Esp.,  C.  Pomptinus,  praetor, 
b.c.  63. 

pondus,-eris,  [-y/PEND^npendo) 
+ us],  N.,  weight. 

pono,  posui,  positus,  ponere, 
[prob.  fpor-sino  (cf.  polliceor)], 

3.  v.  a.,  lay  down,  place,  put,  set, 
class,  set  before,  station , lay.  — Fig., 


place,  lay,  make  depend  o?i,  base , 
rest,  found.  — positus,  -a,  -um,  p.p., 
situated,  lying,  depending  on,  de- 
pendent upon. 

pons,  pontis,  [?],  M.,  a bridge . 

pontifex,  -icis,  [in  form  ponti- 
(stem  of  pons)  ffex  (^/fac  as 
stem);  connection  uncertain,  but  per- 
haps from  railings  in  temples,  etc.], 
M .,  a pontifex  (a  kind  of  high  priest, 
of  which  several  formed  a board, 
having  in  charge  most  religious  mat- 
ters) : maximus  (the  chief  of  these). 

Pontus,  -i,  [Gr.  n 6vros~\,  M.,  the 
ancient  name  of  the  Black  Sea. — 
Less  exactly,  of  the  region  around. 
— Esp.,  Pontus,  the  kingdom  of 
Mithridates,  on  the  south-eastern 
shore  of  the  sea. 

popa,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  an  inferior 
priest. 

Popilius,  -i,  [?,  cf.  popa],  M.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp.,  C. 
Popilius,  a senator,  convicted  of  re- 
ceiving money  illegally. 

popina,  -ae,  [popa  + ina,  (f.  of 
-inus),  butcher's  shop?~\,  f.,  a tavern 
(of  a low  order),  a cookshop,  a 
brothel. 

popularis,  -e,  [populd  + aris], 

adj.,  of  the  (a)  people,  of  the  popu- 
lace,popular.  — Esp ., popular  (favor- 
ing the  people),  democratic. 

populor,  -atus,  -ari,  [populo-], 
1.  v.  dep.,  ( strip  of  people?,  cf.  Eng. 
skin,  shell,  bark  a tree),  ravage,  de- 
vastate.— populatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p. 
as  pass.,  ravaged,  devastated. 

populus,  -i,  [ffPAL?  (in  pleo) 
reduplicated  -f  us],  M.,  ( the  full 
number,  the  mass),  a people  (in  its 
collective  capacity),  the  people  (the 
state),  a nation , a tribe  (as  opposed 
to  individuals)  : populus  Romanus 
(the  official  designation  of  the  Ro- 


Vocabulary. 


138 

man  state).  — Esp.,  the  people  (as  dis- 
tinguished from  the  higher  classes, 
no  linger  opposed  to  plebs),  the 
citizens  (including  all). 

Porcius,  -I,  [fPorco-  (porcus) 
+ ills],  M.,  a Roman  gentile  name. 
— Esp. : I . M.  Porcius  Cato , the 
Censor,  sedile,  B.C.  199;  2.  M.  Por- 
cius Lceca , tribune,  B.C.  199. 

Porcius,  -a,  -um,  [same  word  as 
preceding],  adj.,  of  Porcius  (one  of 
the  two  above  mentioned),  Porcian  : 
lex  ( a law  by  one  of  the  above, 
securing  the  freedom  of  Roman  citi- 
zens from  stripes  and  death  except 
by  judgment  of  their  peers). 

porrigo,  -rexi,  -rectus,  -rigere, 
[fpor-  (cf.  polliceor)  -rego],  3-v.a., 
stretch  forth , hold  out  to  one,  put  in 
one's  hand. 

porro  [?,  akin  to  fpor  (cf.  por- 
rigo)],  adv.,  furthermore , further , 
moreover , then  again. 

porta,  -ae,  [^/por  (cf.  Gr.  iropos) 
+ ta],  F.,  ( way  of  traffic ?),  a gate. 

portentum,  -i,  [p.p.  of  porten- 
do],  N.,  a portent.  — Hence,  a mon- 
ster, a prodigy  (of  crime  or  the  like). 

porticus,  -us,  [porta  + cus,  the 
declens.  prob.  a blunder,  cf.  senati, 
etc.],  F.,  a colonnade , a portico , an 
arcade. 

porto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [porta-?], 
1.  v.  a.,  carry  (perh.  orig.  by  way 
of  traffic),  bring. 

portus,  -tus,  [VPOR  (cf*  porta) 
+ tus],  M.,  (a  place  of  access ),  a 
harbor , a haven , a port : ex  portu 
{from  customs'). 

posco,  poposci,  no  p.p.,  poscere, 
[perils  akin  to  prex],  3.  v.  a.,  de- 
mand (with  some  idea  of  claim, 
stronger  than  peto,  weaker  than 
flagito),  require , claim , call  for, 
ask  for. 


possessio,  -onis,  fpor-fsessio 
(cf.  obsessio)],  ¥.,  possession,  occu- 
pation.— Concretely  (as  in  Eng.), 
possessions , lands  (possessed),  es- 
tates : de  possessione  detrahere 
( lands  in  possession) ; libertatis 
( enjoyment ). 

possideo,  -sedi,  -sessus,  -sidere, 
[fpor-sedeo],  2.  v.  a.,  ( settle  farther 
on?),  occupy,  possess,  hold  possession 
of  enjoy . 

possum,  potui,  posse,  [pote  (for 
potis)  -sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  able,  can 
(etc.),  be  strong,  have  power , have 
zueight,  can  do,  etc. : plurimum  po- 
test (is  very  strong,  is  very  able, 
has  the  greatest  advantage) ; si  fieri 
potest  (if  it  is  possible)  ; neque  po- 
test is,  etc.  (it  is  impossible  that  he, 
changing  construction  to  keep  em- 
phasis) . 

post  [?,  prob.  abl.  of  stem  akin  to 
postis  (cf.  ante,  antes,  rows,  and 
antae,  pilaster j)],  adv.  and  prep., 
behind,  after,  later  than,  afterwards, 
later,  since : post  diem  tertium 
(three  days  after) ; post  memoriam 
hominum  (since)',  post  conditam 
Messanam  (since  the  building  of, 
etc.). — post  quam,  see  postquam. 

postea  [post  ea  (prob.  abl.  or 
instr.)],  adv.,  afterwards , later,  here- 
after, by  and  by.  — postea  quam, 
see  posteaquam. 

posteaquam  (often  separate) 
[postea  quam],  conjunctive  adv., 
(later  than),  after  (only  with  clause). 

posteritas,  -tatis,  [postero-ftas], 
F.,  aftertimes , future  ages : in  pos- 
teritatem  (for  the  future,  hi  the 
future , hereafter). 

posterus,  -a,  -um,  [post-  (or  stem 
akin)  + rus  (orig.  compar.,  cf.  supe- 
rus)],  adj.,  the  next,  later : posteri 
(posterity)',  postero  die  (the  next 


Vocabulary. 


139 


day) ; in  posterum  (/or  the  future ) . 
— postremus,  -a,  -uni,  superl.,  last , 
the  lowest.  — postremo,  abl.,  lastly , 
finally. 

posthac  [post  hac  (prob.  abl. 
or  instr.)],  adv.,  hereafter. 

postquam  [post  quam],  conjunc- 
tive adv.,  (later  than),  after. 
postremo,  see  posterus. 
postremus,  see  posterus. 
postridie  [fposteri  (loc.  of  pos- 
terus) -die],  adv.,  the  next  day. 

postulatio, -onis,  [postula+tio], 
F.,  a demand , a request. 

postuld,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?], 
1.  v.  a.,  claim  (with  idea  of  right, 
less  urgent  than  posco),  ask , re- 
quest, require , call  for , demand ' ex- 
pect: postulante  nescio  quo  (at 
somebody  or  other's  request );  nullo 
postulante  (zuithout  any  one's  ask- 
ing it). 

potens,  -entis,  [p.  of  possum  as 
adj.],  adj.,  powerful , influential , of 
influence : potentiores  (men  of  in- 
fluence). 

potentia,  -ae,  [potent  + ia],  f., 
power  (political  influence),  author- 
ity (not  official  or  legal),  domina- 
tion, domineering. 

potestas,  -tatis,  [potent  + tas], 
F.,  power  (official,  cf.  potentia,  and 
civil,  not  military,  cf.  imperium), 
office,  authority , power  (generally), 
control , ability , opportunity , chance , 
permission  (from  a different  point 
of  view),  privilege : imperium  et 
potestas  (military  and  civil  power, 
pozver  and  authority)',  praedonum 
(the power , the  hands). 

potior,  potitus,  potlri,  [poti-,  cf. 
potis],  4.  v.  dep.,  become  master  of, 
possess  one's  self  of  get  the  control 
of:  rerum  (gain  supreme  control). 
potior,  -us,  -oris,  [compar.  of 


potis],  adj.,  preferable.  — potius, 
acc.  as  adv.,  rather.  — potissimum, 
acc.  of  superl.  as  adv.,  rather  than 
any  one  (anything)  else,  particu- 
larly, especially,  most  of  all,  by  pref- 
erence (over  all  others),  better  than 
any  other , best. 

potus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  fpoo,  cf. 
potio],  p.p.,  having  drunken,  full 
of  zvine. 

prae  [unc.  case-form  of  same 
stem  as  pro],  adv.  (in  composition) 
and  prep.,  before,  in  comparison 
zvith.  — Esp.  with  words  implying 
hindrance,  for,  on  account  of  (some 
obstacle).  — In  composition,  before 
others,  very,  before,  at  the  head  of. 

praebeo,  praebul,  praebitus,  prae- 
bere,  [prae-habeo] , 2.  v.  a.,  (hold 
before  one),  offer,  present,  furnish, 
afford : crudelitati  sanguis  prae- 
bitus (sacrificed).  — With  reflex., 
show,  display,  act  (in  any  manner) . 

praeceps,  -cipitis,  [prae-caput], 
adj.,  head-first,  headlong,  in  haste, 
hasty,  inconsiderate,  driven  head- 
long. 

praeceptum,  -i,  [p.p.  of  prae- 
cipio],  N.,  an  instruction,  an  order , 
a precept,  instruction  (in  plur.). 

praecipio,  -cepl,  -ceptus,  -cipere, 
[prae-eapio] , 3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  take  be- 
forehand, anticipate.  — Also,  order, 
give  instructions,  give  directions. 

praecipue  [old  abl.  of  praeci- 
puus],  adv.,  especially. 

praecipuus,  -a,  -um,  [prae- 
fcapuus  (VCAP-f-  vus)],  adj.,  (tak- 
ing the  first  place),  special,  particu- 
larly great:  hoc  praecipuum  (this 
special  advantage) . 

praeclare  [old  abl.  of  praecla- 
rus],  adv.,  nobly , gloriously,  finely, 
in  a fine  condition,  handsomely,  very 
zvell. 


140 


Vocabulary. 


praeclarus,  -a,  -um,  [prae-cla- 
rus],  adj.,  very  noble,  glorious,  very 
famous , excellent,  magnificent , pre- 
eminent, very  fine , very  beautiful, 
very  striking,  splendid : omnia  prae- 
clara  sentire  (have  all  the  noblest 
sentunents,  etc.). 

praecludd,  -clusi,  -clusus,  -clu- 
dere,  [prae-claudo],  3.  v.  a.,  ( close 
some  one  or  something  in  front), 
shut  off,  barricade,  cut  off. 

praeco,  -onis,  [?],  M.,  a herald. 
praeconius,  -a,  -um,  [praecon+ 
ius],  adj.,  of  a herald.  — Neut.  as 
subst.,  heralding. 

praecurro, -cucurri  (-currl),  -cur- 
surus,  -currere,  [prae-curro],  3.V.11. 
and  a.,  run  on  before,  hasten  on  be- 
fore, hasten  in  advance,  hurry  on 
before,  outrun,  outstrip. 

praeda,  -ae,  [prob.  prae-fhida 
(root  of  -hendo-fa)],  F.,  booty,  prey, 
plunder. 

praeda  tor,  -toris,  [praeda-f-tor], 
M.,  a plunderer,  a robber. 

praedicatio,  -onis,  [praedica  + 
tio],  F.,  a proclaiming,  an  assertion, 
a statement,  commendation,  celebrity 
(talk  of  people  about  one). 

praedico,  -dlxl,  -dictus,  -dicere, 
[prae-dico],  3.  v.  a., foretell,  proph- 
esy, tell  beforehand,  state  first. 

praedicd,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fprae- 
dico-  (or  similar  stem  from  prae 
with  y'Dic,  before  the  world  or  one’s 
self,  cf.  praedico,  before  the  event)], 
1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  make  known  (before 
oad),  pro  cl  aim,  describe,  boast,  vaunt 
one's  self,  celebrate,  report,  say,  tell 
us,  state , declare  : praedicari  de  se 
volunt  (to  be  talked  about). 

praeditus,  -a,  -um,  [prae-datus, 
cf.  praebeo],  p.p.,  endowed,  fur- 
nished, supplied,  possessing,  enjoying . 
praedium,  -i,  [praed-  (praes) 


-f  ium],  N.,  an  estate  (orig.  as  a 
security). 

praedd,  -onis,  [praeda  + o],  m., 
a robber,  a freebooter,  a pirate  (cf. 

pirata) . 

praeeo,  -ivi  (-il),  no  p.p.,  -ire^ 
[prae-eo],  irr.  v.  n.  and  a.,  go  before, 
precede.  — Esp.  of  formulas,  dictate. 
— Hence,  prescribe , dictate  (gener- 
ally). 

praefectura,  -ae,  [praefec-  (as 
stem  of  praeficio)  + tura,  cf.  pic- 
tura],  F.,  the  office  of  prcefectus  (see 
next  word),  a prefecture  (?) . — Also, 
the  city  governed  by  a prefect,  a 
prefecture  (as  opposed  to  muni- 
cipium  and  colonia,  wh.  see). 

praefectus,  [p.p.  of  prae- 
ficio, as  subst.],  M.,  a captain  (of 
auxiliary  troops).  — Also,  a governor 
(sent  from  Rome  to  govern  a city  of 
the  allies). 

praeferd,  -tuli,  -latus,  -ferre,  [prae- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  place  before,  hand  to, 
place  in  one's  hands,  esteem  above, 
prefer  to  (with  dat.  or  quam). 

praeficio,  -feci,  -fectus,  -ficere, 
[prae-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  put  before , 
place  in  command  of,  set  over. 

praeflnio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  -ire, 
[prae-finio],  4.  v.  a.,  (set  a limit 
before),  li?nit,  fix  (as  a limit). 

praemittd,  -misi,  -missus,  -mit- 
tere,  [prae-mitto] , 3.  v.  a.,  send  for- 
ward, send  on. 

praemium,  -i,  [?,  perh.  prae- 
temium  ( VEM>  in  emo,  + ium)], 
(taken  before  the  general  distribu- 
tion or  disposal  of  booty?),  N.,  a re- 
ward, a prize. 

praeinoneo,  -ui,  -itus,  -ere,  [prae- 
moneo],  2.  v.  a.,  warn  beforehand, 
forewarn. 

Praeneste,  -is,  [?],  N.  and  F.,  a 
city  of  Latium  about  twenty  miles 


Vocabulary . 


from  Rome,  strongly  fortified,  now 
Palestrina. 

praepard,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [prae- 
paro],  I.  v.  a.,  prepare  beforehand , 
provide  for , provide , prepare. 

praepono,  -posui,  -positus,  -po- 
nere,  [prae-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  put  in 
command,  put  in  charge,  place  over  : 
praepositus  est  ( presides  over). 

praeripio,  -ripui,  -reptus,  -ripere, 
[prae-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch  away, 
seize  in  advance,  forestall. 

praerogativus,  -a,  -um,  [prae- 
roga  + tivus],  adj.,  (asked  first), 
voting  first.  — Fern,  as  subst.,  the 
first  century  (in  voting).  — Hence, 
a decisive  vote  (given  first  and  so  an 
omen  of  the  result),  an  indication, 
an  earnest. 

praescrfbo,  -scrips!,  -scriptus, 
-scribere,  [prae-scribo],  3.  v.  a., 
( write  down  beforehand),  prescribe, 
order,  direct,  ordain : hoc  beluis 
natura  ( impress  upon). 

praesens,  -entis,  p.  of  praesum. 
praesentia,  -ae,  [praesent+ia], 
Y.,  presence,  the  present  moment : in 
praesentia  ( for  the  moment,  at  the 
moment). 

praesentio,  -sensi,  -sensus,  -sen- 
tire,  [prae-sentio],  4.  v.  a.,  see  be- 
forehand, find  out  in  time,  find  out 
(beforehand),  look  forward  to. 

praesertim  [as  if  acc.  of  fprae- 
sertis  ( VSER>  in  sero,  + tis)],  adv., 
(at  the  head  of  the  row?),  especially, 
particularly. 

praesideo,  -sedi,  no  p.p.,  -sidere, 
[prae-sedeo],  2.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  (sit 
in  front  of) , preside  over,  guard. 

praesidium,  -i,  [prae-fsidium 
(\/sed  + inm),  cf.  obsidium],  n., 
(a  sitting  down  before),  a guard,  a 
garrison,  a force  (detached  for  oc- 
cupation or  guard),  an  armed  force, 


141 

I a defence.  — Fig.,  protection,  assist- 
\ ance,  support,  a defence,  a safeguard, 
a bulwark,  a stronghold,  a reliance. 

praestabilis,-e,  [praesta+bilis], 
adj.,  excellent,  desirable. 
praestans,  see  praesto. 
praesto  [?,  perh.  “ praesto,”  / 
am  here  (as  if  quoted)],  adv.,  on 
hand,  ready,  waiting  for : praesto 
esse  (be  waiting  for,  meet). 

praesto,  -stiti,  -status,  (-stitus), 
-stare,  [prae-sto],  1 . v.  a.  and  n.,  stand 
before,  be  at  the  head,  excel,  be  supe- 
rior : praestat  (it  is  better).  — 
Also,  causatively,  (bring  before),  fur- 
nish, display,  give  assurance  of, 
vouch  for,  maintain,  assure,  make 
good.  — Esp.  with  pred.  acc.,  guar- 
antee, insure,  maintain.  — prae- 
stans, -antis,  p.  as  adj.,  excellent, 
superior , surpassing . 

praestolor,  -atus,  -ari,  [?,  but  cf. 
stolidus  and  stolo],  1.  v.  dep., 
wait  for,  attend  upon. 

praesum, -fui, -esse,  [prae-sum], 
irr.  v.  n.,  be  in  front,  be  at  the  head 
of  be  in  co?nmand,  preside  over , 
command  (an  army,  etc.).  — prae- 
sens, -entis,  p.,  present,  immediate , 
in  person,  here  present,  present  in 
person,  with  immediate  action,  act- 
ing directly,  direct  (of  the  interposi- 
tion of  the  gods)  : animus  (ready, 
or  together , presence  of  mind). 

praeter  [compar.  of  prae  (cf. 
inter)],  adv.  and  prep.,  along  by, 
past,  beyond.  — Fig.,  except,  beside, 
contraiy  to,  more  than,  beyond. 

praeterea  [praeter-ea  (abl.?)], 
adv.,  furthermore,  besides , and  be- 
sides, and  also:  nemo  praeterea 
(no  one  else)\  neque  praeterea 
quicquam  (and  nothing  else). 

praetereo, -ii,  -itus,  -ire,  [praeter- 
eo],  irr.  v.  a.  and  n.,  go  by,  pass  by, 


142 


Vocabulary. 


pass  over , overlook . — praeteritus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  past.  — Esp.  N. 
plur.,  praeterita,  the  past  (cf.  “ by- 
gones ”). 

praetermitto,  -misi,  -missus,  -mit- 
tere,  [praeter-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  let 
go  by , let  slip , omit,  neglect , pass  over. 

praeterquam  [praeter-quam] , 
conjunctive  adv.,  except,  further  than. 

praetervectio,  -onis,  [praeter- 
vectio],  F.,  a sailing  by,  a course 
(where  one  sails  by). 

praetextatus,  -a,  -um,  [praetex- 
ta  + tus],  adj.,  clad  in  the  prce- 
texia,  in  one's  childhood. 

praetextus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of 
praetexo],  p.p.,  bordered : in  prae- 
texta  (the  bordered  toga  worn  by 
children  and  magistrates,  a symbol 
for  childhood'). 

praetor, -toris,  [prae-fitor  ( y/i  + 
tor)],  M.,  (a  leader),  a commander. 
— Esp.,  a prcetor,  one  of  a class  of 
magistrates  at  Rome.  In  early  times 
two  had  judicial  powers,  and  the 
others  regular  commands  abroad. 
Later,  all,  during  their  year  of  office, 
had  judicial  powers,  but,  like  the 
consuls  (who  were  originally  called 
prsetors),  they  had  a year  abroad  as 
propraetors : urbanus  (the  judge  of 
the  court  for  cases  between  citizens). 

praetorius,  -a,  -um,  [praetor  + 
ius],  adj.,  of  a prcetor  (in  all  its 
senses)  : praetoria  cohors  ( the  body 
guard,  of  the  commander,  see  prae- 
tor) ; comitia  {for  the  election  of 
prcetors);  homo  {an  ex-prcetor). — 
praetorium,  N.,  the  general's  tent, 
headquarters. 

praetura,  -ae,  [prae-fitura  ? 
(itu  + ra,  cf.  pictura)],  f.,  (a  going 
before),  the  office  of  prcetor,  the  prce- 
tor ship. 

prandeS,  prandi,  pransus,  pran- 


dere,  [?],  2.  v.  n.,  breakfast . — Esp. 
pransus,  p.p.,  satiated. 

pra  vitas,  -tatis,  [pravo+tas],  f., 

( crookedness ) . — Hence,  wickedness, 
depravity,  evil  intent. 

pravus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  crooked. 
— Hence,  perverse,  vicious. 

precor,  -atus,  -arl,  [prec-],  1.  v. 
dep.,  pray,  supplicate , entreat. 

premo,  pressi,  pressus,  premere, 
[ ?],  3.  v.  a.,  press,  burden,  press 
hard,  harass,  overwhelm,  oppress. 

pretium,  -i,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  TTpiafiai], 
N.,  a price,  7noney,  value,  a bribe  : 
in  pretio  esse  (Jo  be  highly  esteemed) ; 
operae  pretium  ( worth  one's  while). 
fprex,  fprecis,  [?],  f.,  a prayer. 
pridem  [prae  (or  stem  akin) 
-dem  (cf.  idem)],  adv.,  for  some 
tune : jam  pridem  ( long  ago,  for 
some  time,  for  a long  time). 

pridie  [pri-  (prae  or  case  of 
same  stem)  die  (loc.  of  dies)],  adv., 
the  day  before. — Esp.  in  dates,  pri- 
die Kalendas,  the  day  before  the 
Calends,  etc. 

Prilius  (Pre-),  -i,  [?,  M.  of  adj.], 
M.,  with  lacus,  a lake  in  Etruria 
( Castiglione) . 

prlmarius,  -a,  -um,  [primo  + 
arius],  adj.,  of  the  first,  superior, 
excellent,  of  the  first  class. 
primus,  -a,  -um,  see  prior, 
princeps,  -ipis,  [primo-ceps 
(^/cap  as  stem,  cf.  manceps)],  adj., 
M.  and  F .,  first,  chief,  a man  of  the 
first  rank,  a chief,  a chief  man,  a 
principal  man,  a leader,  a prime 
mover : princeps  esse  and  the  like 
(take  the  lead). 

prlncipatus,  -tus,  [princip  -f 
atus,  cf.  senatus] , m.,  the  first 
place,  the  position  of  leader,  the  pre- 
eminence. 

principium,  -i,  [princip  + ium], 


Vocabulary. 


143 


N.,  a beginning:  principio  (in  the 
first  place) . 

prior, -us,  [stem  akin  to  pro+ior], 
compar.,  former , before : nox  (last 
nighty  night  before  last).  — Neut. 
prius  as  adv.,  before , earlier , first. 

— Esp.  with  quam,  before,  first . . . 
before , sooner  . . . than.  — Superl., 
primus,  -a,  -um,  [prae  ( ?)  + mus 
(cf.  summus)],  first,  of  the  first 
class,  superior : decern  primi  (the 
ten  select  men,  a board  of  ten  magis- 
trates in  many  ancient  cities);  in 
primis  (see  imprimis).  — Acc.  N. 
(as  adv.),  primum,  in  the  first 
place  (opp.  to  turn,  Heinilv) , first, 
the  first  time  : cum  primum  (when 
first,  as  soon  as) ; ut  primum  (as 
soon  as).  — Abl.  N.,  primo  (as  adv.), 
at  first  (opp.  to  postea,  etc.). 

pristinus,  -a,  -um,  [prius-tinus, 
cf.  diutinus],  adj.,  former  (previ- 
ously existing),  old,  of  old,  oldtime, 
tinie-honored. 

prius,  see  prior. 

priusquam,  see  prior. 

privatus,  p.p.  of  privo,  which 
see. 

privo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [privo-], 
1.  v.  a.,  (set  apart  1),  deprive. — 
Esp.,  privatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj., 
(set  apart  from  the  general  com- 
munity), private,  separate,  individ- 
ual, domestic  (as  opposed  to  public) . 

— Masc.  as  subst.,  a private  citizen, 
a private  individual,  an  individual, 
a private  person. 

pro  [for  prod,  abl.  of  stem  akin 
to  prae,  prior,  etc.],  adv.  (in 
comp.)  and  prep.,  in  front  of  before 
(in  place,  time,  or  circumstance). — 
Hence,  in  place  of,  for,  on  behalf  of, 
in  return  for,  in  view  of,  on  account 
of  in  proportion  to,  in  accordance 
with , according  to.  — Esp.  with  names 


of  officers,  as,  acting  as,  ex-.  — Often 
rendered  by  transference,  proconsul , 
proprcetor.  — In  comp,  as  adv.,  be- 
fore, forth,  away,  for,  down  (as  fall- 
ing forward). 

proavus,  -i,  [pro-avus],  m.,  a 

great-grandfather. 

probe  [old  abl.  of  probus],  adv., 
honestly,  virtuously , with  integrity , 
well,  very  well. 

probitas,  -tatis,  [probo  + tas], 

F.,  honesty,  integrity. 

probo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [probo-], 
I.  v.  a.,  make  good,  find  good,  ap- 
prove, prove,  show,  make  clear,  be 
satisfied  with,  make  acceptable,  (pass., 
be  acceptable) . — Esp.,  probatus,  -a, 
-um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  approved,  accepta- 
ble, esteemed. 

probus,  -a,  -um,  [pro  + bus,  cf. 
morbus],  adj.,  superior  (perh.  mer- 
cantile word),  excellent,  good,  honest. 

procella,  -ae,  [pro-fcella,  akin 
to  cello],  F.,  a tearing,  rushing 
storm,  a tempest,  a storm,  a hurri- 
cane. 

processio,  -onis,  [pro-cessio,  cf. 
procedo],  f.,  an  advance. 

procrastino,  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[procrastino-  (as  if,  perh.  really, 
pro-crastino)  ] , 1.  v.  a.,  put  off  till 
to-morrow,  postpone,  procrastinate. 

procreo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [pro- 
creo],  I.  v.  a.,  generate,  produce, 
give  birth  to  : procreatus  (born) . 

procul  [?,  fproco-  (pro-fcus,  cf. 
reciprocus)  + his  (reduced,  cf. 
simul)],  adv.,  at  a distance  (not 
necessarily  great),  away,  far  away. 

procuratio,  -onis,  [procura  + 
tio],  F.,  a caring  for,  management, 
superintendence. 

procurator,  -toris,  [procura  + 
tor],  M .,  a manager,  a steward. 
prodeo,  -ivi  (-ii),  -iturus,  -ire, 


144 


Vocabulary . 


[prod-eo],  irr.  v.  n .,go  forth , appear 
abroad , appear  (in  the  streets). 

prodigium,  -i,  [fprodigo  (pro- 
dicus?)  + ium],  n.,  an  omen , a por- 
tent.— Hence,  a prodigy,  a monster. 

prodigus,  -a,  -um,  [prod-fagus 
( -y/AG  + us,  cf.  agilis  and  Gr.  A ox«- 
705)],  adj.,  wasteful  (cf.  prodigo), 
prodigal , a spendthrift. 

proditor,  -toris,  [pro-dator  (cf. 
prodo)],  M.,  a betrayer , a traitor. 

prodo,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere,  [pro- 
d°],  3.  v.  a.,  give  or  put  forth,  give 
away,  betray.  — Also,  publish,  ap- 
point, hand  down,  transmit. 

produco,  -duxi,  -ductus,  -ducere, 
[pro-duco] , 3.  v.  a.,  lead  forth , bring 
out,  produce,  bring  forward,  intro- 
duce. 

proelium,  -I,  [?],  N.,  a battle,  a 

fight. 

profanus,  -a,  -um,  [pro-fanum, 

decl.  as  adj.],  adj.,  ( outside  the  tem- 
ple),  not  sacred,  secular,  common. 

profectio,  -onis,  [pro-factio,  cf. 
proficiscor] , F.,  a departure,  a 
starting,  a setting  out. 

profecto  [pro-facto],  adv.,  ( for 
a fact),  certainly , surely,  doubtless, 
undoubtedly , no  doubt,  Vm  sure. 

profero,  -tuli,  -latus,  -ferre,  [pro- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  forth , carry 
forward,  bring  out,  publish , bring 
forward,  introduce,  produce,  adduce. 

professio,  -onis,  [pro-ffassio,  cf. 
profiteor],  F.,  a declaration. 

proficio,  -fed,  -fectum  (n.)  , -ficere, 
[pro-facio],  3.  v.  n.,  go  forward, 
gain,  make  progress. 

proficiscor,  -fectus,  -ficisci,  [pro- 
ffaciscor  (facio)],  3.  v.  dep.,  set  out, 
start,  depart,  proceed,  begin,  arise : 
ratio  profecta  ( proceeding ). 

profiteor,  -fessus,  -fiteri,  [pro- 
fateor],  2.  v.  dep.,  profess,  declare,  \ 


offer,  proffer , promise]  make  a decla- 
ration. 

profligo,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [pro- 
fligo],  i.v.a.  , dash  down,  overwhelm , 
lay  prostrate,  prostrate. — Esp.,  pro- 
fllgatus,  -a,  -um,  abandoned,  cor- 
rupt, unprincipled,  profligate. 

prof  agio,  -fugi,  -fugiturus,  -fugere, 
[pro-fugio],  3.  v.  xv.,flee  away,  es- 
cape, flee,  take  to  flight. 

prdfundo,  -fudi,  -fusus,  -fundere, 
[pro-fundo],  3.  v.  a.,  pour  forth , 
pour  out,  shed,  waste. 

profundus,  -a,  -um,  [pro-fun- 
dus],  adj.,  deep.  — Neut.  as  subst., 
an  abyss. 

progredior,  -gressus,  -gredl,  [pro- 
gradior],  3.  v.  dep.,  advance,  pro- 
ceed, go  : nihil  progreditur  ( takes 
no  step)  : quo  tandem  progressu- 
rus  ( how  far  he  would  go) ; quem 
in  locum  progressus  (how  far  you 
have  gone,  how  much  you  are  im- 
plicated). 

prohibeo,  -ui,  -itus,  -ere,  [pro- 
habeo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  off,  hinder,  for- 
bid, prevent,  shut  out , cut  off.  — 
With  a change  of  relation,  keep  (from 
some  calamity,  etc.),  protect,  guard. 

proicio(jicio),-jeci,-jectus,  -icere, 
[pro-jacio],  3.  v.  a.,  cast  forth,  throw 
away,  expose : foras  (throw  out,  get 
rid  of) ; insula  projecta  est  (pro- 
jects, runs  out). 

proinde  [pro-inde],  adv.,  (and 
so  onT),just  the  same,  just.  — Also, 
therefore, hence:  proinde  quasi  (j ust 
as  if forsooth , ironical). 

prolato,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [pro- 
lato-],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  extend,  put  off, 
shillyshally,  procrastinate. 

promissum,  -i,  [p.p.  of  promit- 
to],  N.,  a promise. 

promptus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  pro- 
, mo],  as  adj.,  (taken  out  of  the  gen- 


Vocabulary . 


145 


eral  store ),  on  hand ' ready , ac- 
tive. 

promulgo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?, 
prob.  promulgo-  (pro-mulgus,  akin 
to  mulgeo,  multo)],  i.v.  a.  and  n., 

{post  a fine'?'),  give  notice  of  (as  a 
law),  publish.  — Absolutely,  give  no- 
tice of  a bill. 

pronuntio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [pro- 
nuntio],  1.  v.  a.,  proclaim , publish , 
declare , speak  out. 

propago,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [pro- 
pago- (stem  of  propagus),  or  kin- 
dred stem],  1.  v.  a.,  ( peg  doivn , of 
plants,  propagate  by  layers'),  propa- 
gate, extend, prolong, preserve  : subo- 
lem  (rear). 

prope  [pro-fpe  (of.  quippe)], 
adv.  and  prep.,  near,  nearly,  almost. 

— Comp,  propius,  superl.  proxi- 
me,  as  prep. : proxime  deos  (very 
near  the  gods) . 

propemodum  [prope  modum], 

adv.,  (often  separate),  nearly,  very 
nearly, pretty  nearly  : prope  modum 
errare  ( come  near  making  a mis- 
take). 

propero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [pro- 
pero-],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hasten  : pro- 
perato  opus  est  (there  is  need  of 
haste) . 

propinquus,  -a,  -um,  [case  of 
prope+cus  (cf.  longinquus)],  adj., 
near.  — Esp.,  nearly  related,  related. 

— As  subst.,  a relative,  a kinsman. 

propior,  -us,  [comp,  of  stem  of 

prope],  adj.,  nearer,  closer. — Superb, 
proximus,  -a,-um,  [fproco+timus, 
cf.  reciprocus],  nearest,  very  near, 
last,  next,  following.  — As  subst.,  a 
relative.  — In  plur.,  those  nearest  one, 
one's  kindred. 

propono,  -posui,  -positus,  -ponere, 
[pro-pono],  3.  v.  2,.,  place  before,  set 
before,  set  forth,  set  up,  propose,  pur- 


pose, imagine,  conceive,  set  before  as  a 
model,  offer,  offer  for  sale,  threaten , 
determine  upon,  present , bring  for- 
ward: mihi  erat  propositum  (my 
purpose  was). 

propraetor,  -toris,  [pro-praetor 
(corrupted  from  pro  praetore  and 
declined)],  M.,  a proprcetor  (one 
holding  over  in  a province  after  the 
year  of  his  prsetorship). 

proprie  [old  abl.  of  proprius], 
adv.,  properly,  peculiarly,  strictly, 
solely. 

proprius,  -a,  -um,  [ ?,  perh.  akin 
to  prope],  adj.,  one's  own,  peculiar , 
characteristic,  indefeasible,  perma- 
nent, appropriate,  proper.  — Often 
rendered  by  an  adv., peculiarly  : pro- 
prius est  (peculiarly  belongs) ; nos- 
ter  proprius  (peculiarly  ours) ; 
populi  Komani  (the  peculiar  char- 
acteristic of,  etc.). 

propter  [prope+ter,  cf.  aliter], 
adv.  and  prep.,  near,  near  at  hand. 
— Elence,  on  account  of  on  behalf 
of  for  the  sake  of,  by  means  of, 
through  (the  agency  of). 

propterea,  adv.,  on  this  account. 
propudium,  -i,  [pro-fpudium 
(fpudo-,  cf.  pudet,  + ium),  cf.  re- 
pudium],  N.,  shameful  conduct,  a 
disgrace. — Also,  of  persons,  a dis- 
grace (one  who  causes  shame). 

propugnaculum,  -i,  [propugna 
+ culum],  N.,  a defence,  a bulwark. 

propugnator,  -toris,  [pro-pug- 
nator,  cf.  propugno],  M.,  a cham- 
pion. 

propulso,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [pro- 
pulso,  cf.  propello],  1.  v.  a.,  repel, 
ward  off,  avert : vim  a vita  (defend 
one's  life  against,  etc.). 

proripio,  -ripui,  -reptus,  -ripere, 
[pro-rapio],  3.  v.  a.,  snatch  away, 
drag  forth,  drag  off. 


v 


146 


Vocabulary. 


proscribo,  -scrips!,  -scriptus,  -scri- 
bere,  [pro-scribo],  3.  v.  a.,  adver- 
tise, publish  (in  writing).  — Esp., 
proscribe  (in  a list  of  persons  for- 
feiting their  estates),  outlaw. 

proscriptio,  -onis,  [pro-scriptio, 
cf.  proscribo],  F.,  an  advertising , 
a sale  (on  execution).  — Hence,  a 
proscription , outlawry,  forfeiture  of 
goods. 

prosequor,  -secutus,  -sequi,  [pro- 
sequor],  3.  v.  dep.,  follow  forth , ac- 
company out , escort,  honor,  pay  re- 
spect. 

prospere  [old  abl.  of  prospe- 
rus],  adv.,  successfully, prosperously, 
with  success. 

prospicio,  -spexi,  -spectus,  -spi- 
cere,  [pro-fspecio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
look  forward,  see  afar,  look  out  for, 
provide  for. 

prosterno,  -stravi,  -stratus,  -ster- 
nere,  [pro-sterno],  3.  v.  a.,  lay  low, 
overwhelm,  destroy,  overthrow,  lay 
prostrate,  prostrate. 

prosum,  profui,  profuturus,  pro- 
desse,  [pro-sum],  irr.  v.  a.,  be  of 
advantage,  profit,  do  good,  avail, 
benefit. 

protraho,  -traxi,  -tractus,  -tra- 
here,  [pro-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag 
forth,  drag  out. 

providentia,  -ae,  [provident  + 
ia],  F.,  foresight.  — Hence,  fore- 
thought, precautions. 

provideo,  -vidi,  -vlsus,  -videre, 
[pro-video],  2.  v.  a.  and  w.,  provide 
for , foresee,  see  beforehand , take  care, 
make  provision,  provide,  arrange  be- 
forehand, use  precaution,  take  pains 
(to  accomplish  something),  guard 
against,  provide  for  the  future. 

provincia,  -ae,  [fprovinco-  (pro- 
vincus,  vine-  as  root  of  vinco  + 
us)  -f  ia],  F.,  (office  of  one  extend- 


ing the  frontier  by  conquest  in  the 
field),  office  (of  a commander  or 
governor),  a province  (in  general), 
a function.  — Transferred,  a prov- 
ince (governed  by  a Roman  magis- 
trate) . 

provincialis,  -e,  [provincia  + 
lis],  adj.,  of  a province,  in  the  prov- 
inces, in  a province,  provincial. 

provoco,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [pro- 
voco],  I.  v.  a.  and  11.,  call  forth , 
rouse , provoke. 

proxime,  see  prope. 
proximus,  see  propior. 
prudens,  -entis,  [providens] , 
adj.,  far-seeing,  wise,  prudent : pa- 
rum  prudens  ( too  indiscreet , too 
careless') ; prudens  atque  sciens 
( knowingly  and  with  one’s  eyes  open, 
an  old  formula). 

prudentia,  -ae,  [prudent  + ia], 
F.,  foresight,  discretion,  wisdom,  pru- 
dence. 

pruina,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  hoarfrost, 
frost. 

Prytaneum,  -I,  [ Ylpvraveiov ],  N., 
a city-hall  (a  public  building  in  a 
Greek  city,  where  the  magistrates 
( TrpvTOLveis ) met  and  lived  at  the  pub- 
lic expense,  and  where  public  guests 
were  entertained). 

pubes  (puber),  -eris,  [?],  adj., 
adult.  — As  subst.,  adults  (collec- 
tively), grown  men , young  men  of 
age,  able-bodied  men. 

publicanus,  -a,  -um,  [publico  + 
anus],  adj.,  connected  with  the  reve- 
nue (publicum).  — Esp.  as  subst., 
M.,  a farmer  of  the  revenue. 

publicatio, -onis,  [publica-ftio], 
F.,  a confiscation  (taking  private  prop- 
erty into  the  publicum) . 

publice  [old  abl.  of  publicus], 
adv.,  publicly,  in  the  name  of  the 
state ^ as  a state,  on  behalf  of  the 


Vocabulary . 


147 


state , officially  : tumultus  {of  the  peo- 
ple , general ) . 

Publicius,  -i,  [publico+ius],  m., 
a Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp.,  an 
obscure  Roman  in  the  Catilinarian 
conspiracy. 

publico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [publi- 
co-], I.  v.  a.,  {make  belong  to  the  pub- 
lic), confiscate. 

publicus,  -a,  -um,  [populo+cus], 
adj.,  of  the  people  (as  a state),  of  the 
state,  public , official  (as  opposed  to 
individual). — In  many  phrases,  esp. 
res  publica,  the  commonwealth , the 
public  business,  politics,  control  of 
the  state,  form  of  government,  the 
affairs  of  state,  the  interests  of  the 
state;  consilium,  a state  measure, 
the  council  of  state , the  official  coun- 
cil; publico  consilio,  officially,  as  a 
state  vieasure ; consensus,  the  gen- 
eral agreemeiit,  the  united  voice  of 
the  people  ; litterae,  official  commu- 
nications, despatches  ; tabulae,  pub- 
lic or  official  records.  — publicum, 
N.,  the  public  revenue.  — Also,  the 
streets,  public  appearance  (going 
abroad,  as  opposed  to  seclusion),  the 
sight  of  the  people. 

Publius,  -I,  [prob.  populo  + ius, 
cf.  publicus],  M.,  a Roman  pite- 
nomen. 

pudet,  puduit  (puditum  est),  pu- 
dere,  [?,  cf.  propudium],  2.  v. 
impers.,  {it  shames),  one  is  (etc.) 
ashamed  (translating  the  accusative 
as  subject). 

pudicitia,  -ae,  [pudico+tia],  f., 
chastity , modesty  (as  a quality,  cf. 
pudor,  modesty  in  general  or  as  a 
feeling) . 

pudor,  -oris,  [^pud  (in  pudet) 

4 or],  M.,  shame,  a sense  of  shame, 
sense  of  honor,  modesty,  self-respect. 
puer,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a boy.  — Plur.,  < 


■ boys,  children  (of  either  sex)  : ex 
pueris  {from  childhood).  — Also,  a 
, slave. 

puerilis,  -e,  [puero-  (reduced)  + 
ilis],  adj.,  of  a child:  aetas  {of 
childhood) . 

pueritia,  -ae,  [puero  -f  tia],  f., 
boyhood,  childhood. 

pugna,  -ae,  [-^pug  (in  pungo) 
+ na],  F .,  a fight  (less  formal  than 

proelium). 

pugnb,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [pugna-], 
I-  v-  n.,  fight,  engage.  — Fig.,  fight, 
contend.  — Often  impers.  in  pass., 
pugnatuin  est,  etc.,  an  engagement 
took  place , they  fought,  the  fighting 
continued,  the  battle  was  fought: 
hostes  pugnantes  {while  fighting, 
in  battle) ; pugnari  videre  {to  see  a 
fight  going  on). 

pulcher,  -chra,  -chrum,  [?],  adj., 
beautiful,  handsome,  fine,  attractive. 
— Less  exactly,  glorious,  noble. 

pulchre  [old  abl.  of  pulcher], 
adv.,  beautifully,  honorably,  success- 
fully. 

pulchritudo,  -inis,  [pulchro  + 
tudo],  F.,  beauty : haec  pulchritudo 
{all  this  beauty). 
pulsus,  p.p.  of  pello. 
pulvinar,  -aris,  [pulvino+aris], 
N .,  a couch  of  the  gods  (where  the 
images  of  the  gods  were  feasted  on 
solemn  occasions). 

punctum,  -i,  [p.p.  of  pungo], 
N.,  a prick , a point.  — Hence,  an 
instant  (temporis). 

pungb,  pupugi,  punctus,  pungere, 

[ VPUG,  cf.  pugnus],  3.  v.  a.,  punch, 
stab,  pierce,  prick. 

Punicus,  -a,  -um,  [Poeno+cus], 
adj.,  Carthaginian,  Punic  : bellum 
(of  the  wars  with  Carthage). 

punio,  -ivi  (-ii),-itus, -ire,  [poena- 
or  kindred  -i  stem,  cf.  impunis], 


148 


Vocabulary. 


4.  v.  a .,  punish. — Also  passive  as 
deponent  in  same  sense. 

punitor,  -toris,  [puni-ftor],  M., 
a punisher , an  avenger . 

purgo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fpurigo- 
(puro  + fagus,  cf.  prodigus)], 

I.  v.  a.,  clean , cleanse , clear . — Fig., 
excuse , exonerate , from  suspi- 

cion, exculpate , absolve. 

purpura,  -ae,  [Gr.  7ro/>4>upa],  F., 
purple  (the  dye,  really  a dark  red). 
— Also,  purple  cloth,  purple  gar-  , 
ments,  purple  (in  the  same  sense) . 

purpuratus,  -a,  -um,  [purpura 
-f  tus],  adj.,  clad  in  purple.  — Masc. 
as  subst.,  a courtier , a prime  min- 
ister. 

purus,  -a,  -um,  [Vpu  ( clean ) + 
rus,  cf.  plerus],  adj.,  clean,  pure , 
unsullied , unstained.  — Also  fig.  : 
mens  (honest, pure,  unselfish ). 

puteal,  -alis,  [puted  + alis],  N., 

# well-curb.  — Esp.,  the  Puteal  Li- 
bonis , an  enclosure  in  the  Forum 
like  a well-curb.  The  vicinity  served 
as  a kind  of  Exchange. 

put§,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [puto-  (stem 
of  putus,  clea7t)~\,  I.  v.  a.,  clean  up, 
clear  up.  — Esp. : rationes  ( clear 
up  accounts'). — Hence,  reckon , think, 
suppose,  imagine. 

Pyrrhus,  -i,  [Gr.  IIvppos],  M., 
a common  Greek  name.  — Esp.,  the 
king  of  Epirus,  who  invaded  Italy  in 
B.C.  280. 

Q 

Q.,  abbrev.  for  Quintus, 
qua  [abl.  or  instr.(?)  of  qui], 
rel.  adv.,  by  which  (way),  where. 

quadraginta  [quadra  (akin  to 
quattuor)  + ginta(?)],  indecl. 
num.  adj .,  forty. 

quadriduum,  -i,[quadra-f  duum 

(akin  to  dies)],  N .,  four  days'  time. 


quadringentl,  -ae,  -a,  [unc.  form 
(akin  to  quattuor)  + genti  (for 
centi)],  num.  four  hundred. 

quadringentiens  (-ies)  [cf.  to- 
tiens],  num.  adv.,  four  hundred 
times.  — Hence  (sc.  centena  millia), 
forty  million. 

quaerd,  quaesivi,  quaesitus,  quae- 
rere,  [?,  with  r for  original  s],  3.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  search  for,  seek  for,  look  for, 
inquire  about,  inquire,  ask,  try  to 
get,  get,  find,  desire , investigate,  con- 
duct investigations,  preside  over  tri- 
als, hold  an  investigation,  be  presi- 
dent of  a court:  ex  eis  quaeritur 
( they  are  examined) ; quid  quaeris 
amplius?  ( what  more  do  you  want  ?) ; 
invidia  quaeritur  ( one  tries  to  ex- 
cite odium)-,  in  quaerendo  (in  or 
on  investigation). 

quaesitor,  -toris,  [quaesi-  (as 
stem  of  quaero,  in  4th  conj.)  + tor], 
M.,  an  investigator. — Esp.,  a presi- 
dent (of  a court,  who  conducted  the 
trial). 

quaeso  (orig.  form  of  quaero, 
petrified  in  a particular  sense),  only 
pr.es.  stem,  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  beg,  pray  : 
quaeso  {I  beg  you,  pray  tell  me). 

quaestio,  -onis,  [quaes  (as  root 
of  quaero)  + tio],  F.,  an  investiga- 
tion, an  examination  (of  a case,  or 
of  witnesses,  especially  by  torture), 
a trial,  a court,  a question  (on  trial) . 

quaestor,  -toris,  [quaes-  (as  root 
of  quaero)  + tor],  M.,  (investiga- 
tor, or  acquirer,  perh.  both),  a quas- 
tor,  a class  of  officers  at  Rome  or  on 
the  staff  of  a commander,  who  had 
charge  of  money  affairs  and  public 
records.  They  also  had  charge  of 
some  investigations,  and  perhaps 
originally  collected  fines  and  the  like  : 
pro  quaestore  (acting  quastor). 
quaestorius,  -a,  -um,  [quaestor 


Vocabulary. 


149 


+ iusj,  adj.,  of  a qucestor , of  one's 
qucestorship. 

quaestuosus,  -a,  -um,  [quaestu 
+ osus],  adj.,  lucrative. 

quaestura,  -ae,  [quaestu  + ra, 
cf.  figura],  f.,  ( investigation  or  ac- 
quisition, cf.  quaestor),  a qucestor- 
ship,  the  office  of  qucestor. 

quaestus,  -tus,  [quaes  (as  root 
of  quaero)  + tus],  m.,  acquisition , 
gain , profit,  business  (for  profit), 
earnings : pecuniam  in  quaestu  re- 
linquere  ( profitably  employed,  at  in- 
terest or  used  in  business). 

qualis,  -e,  [quo-  (stem  of  quis) 
-falis].  a.  Inter  r.  adj.,  of  what  sort? 
of  what  nature?  what  kind  of  a? 
what  sort  of?  quae  qualia  sint  ( the 
character  of  which , etc.). — b.  Rel. 
adj.,  of  which  sort,  as  (correl.  with 
talis),  such  as  (with  talis  omitted). 

quam  [case-form  of  quis  and 
qui,  cf.  tam,  nam],  adv.  and  conj. 

а.  Interrog.,  hoiv  ? how  much  ? — 

б.  Rel.,  as,  as  . . . as,  than:  malle 
quam  ( rather  than).  — Often  with 
superlatives,  as  much  as  possible,  the 
utmost : quam  maximas  ( the  great- 
est possible );  quam  maxime  ( very 
much).  — See  also  postquam,  pri- 
usquam,  which  are  often  separated, 
but  are  best  represented  in  Eng.  to- 
gether. 

quamdiu  [quam  diu],  adv.,  see 
the  parts,  how  long,  as  long,  as  long  as. 

quam  ob  rem  (often  found  to- 
gether), adv.  phrase:  1.  Interrog., 
why? — 2.  Relative,  on  which  ac- 
count, for  which  reason. 

quamquam(quanquam)[quam 
quam,  cf.  quisquis],  rel.  adv.,  ( how- 
ever),  although,  though.  — Often  cor- 
rective, though,  yet  (where  Eng.  takes 
a diff.  view ),  yet  after  all. 

quam  vis  [quam  vis],  adv.,  as 


you  please , however,  no  matter  how. 

— Also,  however  much,  although. 
quandb  [quam  + unc.  case-form 

akin  to  de],  adv.  a.  Indef.,  at  any 
time  : si  quando  {if  ever,  whenever). 

— b.  Interrog.,  when  ? — c.  Relative, 
when. 

quandoquidem  (often  separate) 
[quando  quidem],  phrase  as  adv., 
(when  at  least}),  since. 
quanto,  see  quantus. 
quantopere,  see  opus, 
quantus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  for  ka- 
(root  of  qua)  + vant  + us],  adj. 
a.  Interrog.,  how  great  ? how  much  ? 
what? — 6.  Relative,  as  great,  as 
much,  as  (corr.  to  tantus),  as  great 
...  as  (with  tantus  omitted),  such 
. . . as,  however  great,  however  much. 

— quantum,  N.  acc.  as  adv.,  how 
i?iuch  (see  above),  as.  — quanto, 
N.  abl.,  as,  as  much  ...  as. 

quantuscumque,  quanta-,  quan- 
tum-, [quantus-cumque],  rel.  adj., 
however  great. 

quapropter  [qua  (abl.  or  instr. 
of  qui)  -propter],  adv.,  on  which 
account,  wherefore,  therefore. 

quare  [qua-re],  adv.,  rel.  and 
interrog.,  by  which  thing,  wherefore, 
therefore , on  account  of  which  (cir- 
cumstance, etc.),  why.  — The  rela- 
tive and  interrogative  senses  are  not 
always  distinguishable. 

quartus,  -a,  -um,  [quattuor-  (re- 
duced) + tus],  adj.,  fourth  : quar- 
tus decimus  (fourteenth). 

quasi  [quam  (or  qua) -si],  conj., 
as  if  : quasi  vero  (as  if  forsooth, 
ironical).  — Also,  about,  say,  a kind 
of  as  it  were,  like. 

quasso,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [quasso-], 
1.  v.  a.,  shake  violently,  shatter. 

quatenus  [qua  tenus],  adv.,  how 
far,  how  long. 


Vocabulary . 


150 

quattuor  [?,  reduced  pi.],  indecl. 
num.  2,&}.,four. 

-que  (always  appended  to  the  word 
or  to  some  part  of  the  phrase  which 
it  connects)  [unc.  case-form  of  qui], 
conj.,  and. — Sometimes  connecting 
the  particular  to  the  general,  and  in 
general , and  other. 

quem  ad  modum,  phrase  as 
adv.,  how,  just  as,  as. 

queo,  -Ivl  (-ii) , -itus,  -Ire,  [?], 
4.  irr.  v.  n.,  be  able , can. 

querela,  -ae,  [unc.  stem  (akin  to 
queror)  + la,  cf.  candela],  F.,  a 
complaint,  a cause  of  complaint. 

querimonia,  -ae,  [fquero-  (cf. 
querulus)  + monia  (cf.  parcimo- 
nia)],  F.,  a complaining,  a com- 
plaint. 

queror,  questus,  querl,  [ ?,  with  r 
for  original  s],  3.  v.  dep.,  complain, 
make  a complaint,  complain  of,  find 
faidt,  find  fault  with,  bewail. 

qui,  quae,  quod,  cujus,  [prob.  quo- 
+ i (demonstrative)],  rel.  pron.,  who, 
which,  that.  — Often  where  a demon- 
strative is  used  in  Eng.,  this,  that. — 
Often  implying  an  antecedent,  he 
who,  etc.,  whoever,  whatever,  one 
who,  a thing  which.  — Often  express- 
ing some  relation  otherwise  denoted 
in  English,  in  that,  as,  to,  see  gram- 
mar. — quo,  abl.  of  degree  of  differ- 
ence, the  (more,  less,  etc.) . — See  also 
quis,  quod,  a.  quo,  b.  quo,  c.  quo. 

qui  [old  abl.  or  instr.  of  quis], 
adv.,  how? 

quia  [?,  case-form  of  qui,  perh. 
neuter  plural  of  i-stem],  conj.,  be- 
cause, inasmuch  as. 

quicumque(quicunque),  quae-, 
quod-,  [qui-cumque  (cf.  quisque)], 
indef.  rel.,  whoever,  whichever , ivhat- 
ever,  every  possible,  all  who,  etc. 
quidain,  quae-,  quod-  (quid-), 


[qui-dam  (case  of  -x/da,  cf.  nam, 
tain)],  indef.  pron.,  a (possibly 
known,  but  not  identified),  one,  some, 
a certain,  certain,  a kind  of  (referred 
to  as  belonging  to  the  class  but  not 
exactly  the  thing  spoken  of)  : divino 
quodam  spiritu  ( a kind  of  divine, 
etc.)  ; alia  quaedam  ( a somewhat 
different).  — Often  as  subst.,  a man, 
something,  a thing,  etc. 

quidem  [unc.  case-form  of  qui 
+ dem  (from  VDA>  c^-  tandem, 
idem)],  conj.,  giving  emphasis  to  a 
word  or  strength  to  an  assertion,  but 
with  no  regular  English  equivalent, 
certainly,  most  certainly,  and  cer- 
tainly, at  least,  at  any  rate,  assur- 
edly, Fm  sure,  let  me  say,  I may  say, 
by  the  zvay,  you  know.  — Often  only 
concessive,  followed  by  an  adversa- 
tive, to  be  sure,  doubtless,  no  doubt. 
— Often  emphasizing  a single  word  : 
mea  quidem  sententia  {in  my  opin- 
ion)-, mihi  quidem  ipsi  {for  my 
own  part)-,  quae  quidem  {and 
these  things );  nam  e lege  quidem 
{for  by  law).  — Esp. : si  quidem  {if 
really,  since) ; ne  . . . quidem  {not 
even,  not . . . either). 

quies,  -etis,  [quie  (stem  of  qui- 
esco,  etc.)  -f  tis  (reduced)],  F.,  rest, 
sleep,  repose . 

quiesco,  -evi,  -etus,  -escere,  [fquie- 
(cf.  old  abl.  quie)  + sco,  cf.  quies] , 
3.  v.  x\.,  go  to  rest,  rest,  sleep , be  quiet , 
do  nothing,  keep  quiet:  quiescens 
{while  at  rest,  asleep).  — quietus, 
-a,  -um,  p.p.  as  adj.,  quiet,  at  rest,  at 
peace,  undisturbed,  in  quiet,  inac- 
tive, untroubled , calm. 

quilibet,  quae-,  quod-,  [qui- 
libet],  indef.  pron.,  who  you  please , 
any  one  whatever,  what  you  please , 
etc. : alius  quilibet  {any  other  you 
please,  any  one  whatever). 


Vocabulary. 


quin  [qui  (abl.  or  instr.  of  qui) 

-fne],  conj.,  interrog.,  how  not ? nay , 
why!  and  relative,  by  which  not: 
quin  etiam  ( nay  even , in  fact). — 
After  negative  verbs  of  hindrance 
and  doubt,  so  but  what , but  what , but 
that , that , from  (doing  a thing),  to 
(do  a thing)  : non  dubito  quin  (/ 
doubt  not  that , also  rarely,  do  not  hesi- 
tate to) ; nemo  est  quin  ( there  is  no 
one  but,  etc.);  non  fuit  recusan- 
dum  quin,  etc.  (it  was  not  to  be 
avoided  that) ; ne  se  quidem  servare 
potuit  quin  ( without , etc.);  non 
quin  (not  that . . . not,  not  but  what) ; 
quin  sic  attendite  (come,  etc.), 
quinam,  see  quisnam. 
quindecim  [quinque-decem], 
indecl.  num.  adj., fifteen. 

quingenti,  -ae,  -a,  [quinque- 
centum],  num.  2,$).,  five  hundred. 

quinquaginta  [quinque  -f  unc. 
stem],  indecl., fifty. 

quinque  [ ?],  indecl.  num.  adj  .,five. 
quintus,-a, -urn,  [quinque+tus], 
adj.,  fifth,  V.  — Esp.  as  a Roman 
pnenomen  (orig.  the  fifth-born?),  Q. 
Quintus,  -i,  see  quintus. 
quippe  [quid  ( ?)  + pe,  cf.  nem- 
pe],  adv.,  (prob.  what  in  truth!), 
truly,  of  course , no  doubt.  — Often 
ironical,  forsooth. 

Quiris,  -itis,  [ ?,  perh.  Curi  -f  tis, 
but  in  the  orig.  meaning  of  the  name 
of  the  town,  cf.  curia],  M .,  a Roman 
citizen.  — Plur.,  fellow-citizens  (ad- 
dressed by  a Roman). 

quis  (qui),  quae,  quid  (quod),  cu- 
jus,[stem  qui-  and  quo],  a.  Interrog. 
pron.,  zvho,  which,  what.  — As  adj. 
(qui  and  quod),  what  sort  of,  what : 
qui  esset  ignorabas  (what  he  was, 
etc.).  — Esp.  neuter  nom.  and  acc., 
what,  why : quid  est  quod  (why  is 
it  that,  what  is  there  as  to  which) ; 


151 

quid,  quid  quod,  quid  vero  (what ! 
tell  me,  moreover,  and  again,  then 
again)  ; quid  tibi  obsto  ( wherein ) ; 
quid  oppugnas  (why) ; quid  si 
(what  if  how  if).  — b.  Indef.,  one , 
any  one,  any  thing,  some,  some  one. 

— See  nequis,  numquis,  ecquis. 

quisnam  (qui-),  quae-,  quid- 

(quod-),  [quis-nam],  interrog.  pron., 
zvho,  pray  ? zvho?  (with  emphasis), 
zvhat  (in  the  world)?  zvhat? 

quispiam,  quae-,  quid-  (quod-), 
cujus-,  [quis-piam  (pe-jam,  cf. 
quippe,  nempe)],  indef.  pron., 
any,  any  one,  any  thing,  some  one 
(perhaps). 

quisquam,  quae-,  quid-  (quic-), 
cujus-,  [quis-quam],  indef.  pron. 
used  substantively  (cf.  ullus),  only 
with  negatives  and  words  implying  a 
negative,  making  a universal  nega- 
tive, any  one , any  thing,  any  man  : 
taetrior  quam  quisquam,  etc.  (than, 
etc.,  implying  a negative  idea);  quam 
diu  quisquam  (as  long  as  any  one , 
i.e.,  until  nobody);  neque  servus 
quisquam  neque  liber  (no  one, 
either  slave  or  freeman ) ; neque  vir 
bonus  quisquam  (no  honest  man). 

quisque,  quae-,  quid-  (quod-), 
cujus-,  [quis-que],  indef.  pron.  (dis- 
tributive universal),  each,  each  one , 
each  man,  every,  all  (individually). 

— Esp.  with  superlatives,  implying 
that  things  are  taken  in  the  order  of 
their  quality : nobilissimus  quisque 
(all  the  noblest,  one  after  the  other 
in  the  order  of  their  nobility)  ; primo 
quoque  tempore  (the  very  first  op- 
portunity).  — With  two  superlatives, 
often  with  ut  and  ita,  a proportion 
is  indicated,  in  proportion  as  ..  . so, 
the  more  . . . the  more,  most . . . the 
most,  the  most . . . most.  — Esp.  with 
11  nus,  each  one , each. 


152 


Vocabulary. 


quisquis,  quaequae,  quidquid 
(quicquid),  cujuscujus,  [quis,  doub- 
led], indef.  rel.  pron.,  whoever , what- 
ever, every  one  who , all  who  : quoquo 
modo  ( however , in  any  case) . 

quivis,  quae-,  quid-  (quod-), 
cujus-,  [qui-vis],  indef.  pron.,  who 
you  please , any  one , any  whatever 
(affirmative),  any  (whatever),  any 
possible , any  7nan  (no  matter  who). 

a.  quo,  abl.  of  degree  of  differ- 
ence, see  qui. 

b.  quo  [abl.  of  cause,  etc.],  as 
conj.,  by  which , on  which  account , 
wherefore.  — Esp.  with  negatives, 
not  that , not  as  if.  — Also,  in  order 
that  (esp.  with  comparatives),  that. 
— Esp.,  quominus,  that  not , so  that 
not. 

c.  quo  [old  dat.  of  qui],  adv. 
a.  Interrog.,  whither  ? how  far?  quo 
usque  ( how  long  ? how  far  ? to  what 
extent?).  — b.  Relative,  whither , 
where  (in  sense  of  whither),  into 
-which,  as  far  as  (i.e.,  to  what  end)  : 
quo  intendit  (what  he  is  aiming  at) ; 
habere  quo  (have  a place  to  go  to„ 
or  the  like).  — See  also  quoad. 

quoad  [quo  ad],  conj.,  (up  to 
which  point),  as  far  as,  until , as 
long  as  : quoad  longissime  (just  as 
far  as). 

quocumque  (-cunque)  [quo- 

cumque],  adv.,  whithersoever,  wher- 
ever, whichever  way. 

quod  [n.  of  qui],  conj.,  (as  to 
which ),  because , inasmuch  as,  in 
that,  as  for  the  fact  that,  the  fact  that, 
that , as  for  (with  clause  expressing 
the  action) : quod  si  (now  if,  but  if) ; 
quod  sciam  (so  far  as  I know). 
quom,  see  cum. 
quominus,  see  6.  quo. 
quomodo,  see  quis  and  modus.  1 
quondam  [quom  (cum)  -dam 


(-y/DA,  cf.  tarn)],  adv.,  once,  for- 
merly. 

quoniam  [quom  (cum)  -jam], 

conj.,  (when  now),  inasmuch  as, 
since,  as. 

quoque  [?],  conj.,  following  the 
word  it  affects,  (by  all  means}),  also, 
too,  as  well,  even.  Cf.  etiam  (usu- 
ally preceding). 

quot  [quo  + ti  (unc.  form  from 
■y/TA,  cf.  tarn?)],  pron.  indecl. 

а.  Interrog.,  how  many?  — 6.  Rela- 
tive, as  many,  as  7nany  as  (with  im- 
plied antecedent). 

quotannis,  often  separate,  [quot- 
annis],  adv.,  (as  many  years  as 
there  are),  every  year,  yearly . 

quotidianus  (cotid-),  -a,  -um, 
[quotidie  (reduced)  + anus],  adj., 
daily. 

quotidie  (cotid-),  [quot  dies 

(in  unc.  form)],  adv.,  daily. 

quotiens  (quoties)  [quot+iens, 
cf.  quinquiens],  adv.  a.  Interrog., 
how  often?  how  many  times?  — 

б.  Relative,  as  often,  as  often  as  (with 
implied  antecedent). 

quotiescunque  (quotienscum- 
que^quotiens-cumque],  adv.,  how- 
ever often,  just  as  often  as , every 
time  that. 

quot  us,  -a,  -um,  [quo-  (stem  of 
qui)  + tus,  cf.  quintus],  adj.,  which 
in  number  (cf.  fifth).  — Esp.,  quotus 
quisque,  how  many  (every  “how 
manieth  ”),  what  proportion  of  (men). 

quousque,  see  c.  quo  and  us- 
que. 

quovis  [c.  quo  vis],  adv.,  whither 
you  please,  anywhere  (cf.  quivis). 

quum,  late  spelling  for  cum, 
which  see. 


Vocabulary. 


R. 

radix,  -Ids,  [?],  F.,  a root. — 
Plur.,  the  roots  (of  a tree),  the  foot 
(of  a mountain).  — Fig.,  stock,  ste?n. 

Raecius,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Only  L.  Rcecius , a 
knight  in  business  at  Palermo. 

rapina,  -ae,  [frapi-  (stem  akin 
to  rapio)  + na  (f.  of  -nus)],  F., 
plunder , robbery , rapine. 

rapio,  rapul,  raptus,  rapere,  [cf. 
rapidus,  Gr.  apirdCoo'],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
seize , drag  off,  drag.  — Less  exactly, 
hurry  on,  hurry.  — Pass.,  hurry 
(intrans.). 

rapto,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [rapto-], 
I.  v.  a.,  drag  away,  drag  as  a cap- 
tive, abuse,  maltreat. 

raro  [abl.  of  rarus],  adv.,  rarely. 
ratio,  -onis,  [frati-  (ra,  in  reor, 
-f  ti)  + o],  F.,  a reckoning , an  ac- 
count.— A mercantile  word  shading 
off  in  many  directions  like  Eng.  busi- 
ness and  affair. — Esp.  with  habeo 
or  duco  (cf.  account),  take  account 
of,  have  regard  to,  take  into  consid- 
eration. — • Less  exactly,  a calcula- 
tion, a plan,  a design,  a plan  of  ac- 
tion, a method,  an  arrange?nent,  a 
way,  a course , a means,  business, 
business  relations,  a consideration 
(a  thing  to  be  considered)  : qua  ra- 
tione  (on  what  principle,  in  what 
way,  how);  salutis  (plan,  hope); 
criminum  (nature) ; omni  ratione 
(in  every  way,  by  every  means); 
fori  et  judici  (the  business,  what  is 
to  be  done  there) ; ratio  pecunia- 
rum  (money  affairs,  state  of  the 
finances);  vitae  rationes  (plans, 
plan);  studiorum  (course);  ratio 
honorum  (the  course  of  ambition)  ; 
commoda  ac  rationes  (plans  of 
life,  interests)  ; in  dissimili  ratione 


153 

(in  different  directions) . — More  re- 
motely, science,  art , a system,  reason , 
a course  of  reasoning,  sound  reason, 
a view,  theoretical  knowledge  : bona 
ratio  (sound  principles)  ; facti  et 
consili  ( rationale , principles). 

ratiocinor,  -atus,  -arl,  [fratio- 
cino-  (ration  + cinus,  cf.  sermo- 
cinor)],  1.  v.  dep.,  reckon,  reason, 
calculate. 

re-,  red-,  [abl.  of  unc.  stem,  perh. 
akin  to  -rus],  insep.  prep.,  back, 
again,  away,  out,  un-.  — Esp.  im- 
plying a giving  or  taking  something 
which  is  due,  or  which  creates  an 
obligation  by  the  taking,  see  recipio, 
refero. 

rea,  -ae,  [f.  of  reus],  f.,  a de- 
fendant (female,  or  conceived  as 
such). 

Reatfnus,  -a,  -um,  [Reati-j-nus], 
adj.,  of  Reate  (a  town  of  the  Sa- 
bines about  forty  miles  north-east  of 
Rome) . 

recedo,  -cessl,  -cessurus,  -cedere, 
[re-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  make  way  back, 
retire,  withdraw : recessum  est  (re- 
cessimus)  ab  armis  (the  war  ceased, 
we  laid  down  our  arms). 

recens,  -entis,  [prob.  p.  of  lost 
verb  freceo  (formed  from  reco-,  cf. 
recipero)],  adj.,  (?,  just  coming 
backT),  new,  fresh,  late,  still  fresh , 
still  recent. 

recensio,  -onis,  [re-censio,  cf. 
recenseo] , f.,  the  census  (as  taken 
and  recorded). 

receptor,  -toris,  [re-captor,  cf. 
recipio],  M.,  a receiver.  — Fig.,  a 
haunt. 

receptrlx,  -Icis,  [f.  of  preceding], 
F.,  a receiver  (female). 

recessus,  -sus,  [re-fcessus  (cf. 
recedo)],  M .,  a retreat,  a recess  (a 
place  that  withdraws). 


T54 


Vocabulary. 


recido,  -cidi,  -casurus,  -cidere, 
[re-cado],  3.  v.  n.,  fall  again , fall 
back , fall  upon,  fall  away , fall,  be 
reduced. 

recipero,  see  recupero. 
recipio,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  -cipere, 
[re-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take  back , 
back,  recover,  take  in,  receive,  admit , 
take  upon  (one's  self),  take  up,  un- 
dertake, promise . — With  reflexive, 
retreat,  fly , return,  retire , get  off, 
withdraw,  resort. 

recito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re-cito], 
1.  v.  a.,  read  (aloud). 

reclamito,  no  perf.,  no  p.p.,  -are, 
[re-clamito],  i.v.n.,  cry  out  against. 

reclamo,  -avi,  -atus  (impers.), 
-are,  [re-clamo],  1.  v.  n.  (and  a.), 
cry  out  against  (a  thing). 

recognosco,  -novi,  -nitus,  -no- 
scere,  [re-cognosco],  3.  v.  a.,  review, 
go  over  again,  recognize. 

recolo,  -colul,  -cultus,  -colere, 
[re-colo],  3.  v.  a.,  cultivate  again. 
— Less  exactly,  renezu,  review. 

reconciliatio,  -onis,  [reconcilid 
+ tio],  F.,  reconciliation,  renezval 
(concordiae). 

reconcilio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
concilio],  1.  v.  a.,  reconcile,  regain, 
win  anew,  restore  (gratiam). 

recondo,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere,  [re- 
condo], 3.  v.  a .,  put  away  again, 
put  away,  sheathe  (a  sword) . — re- 
conditus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  concealed, 
laid  away,  hidden,  secret. 

recordatio,  -onis,  [recorda-f  tio] , 
F.,  a recalling  to  mind,  a recollection. 

recordor,  -atus,  -ari,  [frecord- 
(cf.  concors),  but  perhaps  made  im- 
mediately from  re  and  cor  on  anal- 
ogy of  concors],  1.  v.  dep.,  recall  to 
mind  {cor),  recollect,  remember  (of  a 
single  act  of  memory,  cf.  memini, 
which  is  more  permanent),  recall 


recreS,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re-creo], 

I.  v.  a.,  re-create.  — Hence,  revive, 
restore , refresh,  recover  (esp.  with 
reflex,  or  in  passive). 

recte  [old  abl.  of  rectus],  adv., 
rightly,  properly,  truly,  zvith  justice : 
recte  factum  ( a right  action,  a good 
deed,  a noble  action). 
rectus,  see  rego. 
recupero  (-cipero),  -avi,  -atus, 
-are,  [frecipero-,  from  reco-  (cf. 
recens,  reciprocus)  + parus  (cf. 
opiparus)],  1.  v.  a.,  get  back,  re- 
cover, regain. 

recurro,  -curri,  no  p.p.,  -currere, 
[re-curro],  3.  v.  n.,  run  back.— 
Fig.,  return,  revert. 

recusatio,  -onis,  [recusa  -f  tio], 

F.,  a refusal. 

recuso,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
fcauso  (cf.  excuso)],  1.  v.  a.  and 
n-,  (give  an  excuse  for  drawing 
back),  refuse,  reject,  repudiate,  ob- 
ject, object  to  : de  transferendis  ju- 
diciis  (object  to,  etc.);  quin  ( refuse 
to);  quominus  {refuse  to);  peri- 
culum  ( refuse  to  incur) ; non  fuit 
recusandum  (it  was  to  be  expected, 
it  was  not  to  be  avoided). 

redactus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  redi- 
go],  as  adj.,  brought  back , reduced. 

redarguo,  -ui,  -utus,  -uere,  [red- 
arguo],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  disprove. 

reddo,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere,  [re- 
(red-)do],  3.  v.  a.,  give  back,  restore, 
repay,  pay  (something  due,  cf.  re), 
render,  return:  bene  reddita  vita 
(a  life  nobly  lost).  — Hence  (as  tak- 
ing a thing  and  restoring  in  another 
condition),  render,  make,  cause  to  be. 

redemptio,  -onis,  [red-emptio,  cf. 
redimo],  F.,  a buying  up,  a purchase, 
a bargain  for,  a contract  for. 

redemptus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  re- 
Mlimo. 


Vocabulary . 


155 


redeo,  -ii  (-Ivl) , -iturus,  -ire,  [re- 
ared-) eo],  irr.  v.  n.,  go  back , re- 
turn, come  back , be  returned,  be  en- 
tered (in  a record),  be  restored. 

redimio,  -ivl  (-ii),  -itus,  -ire,  [?, 
prob.  denom.],  4.  v.  a.,  bind  up , 
wreathe . 

redimo,  -emi,  -emptus,  -imere, 
[re-  (red-)  emo],  3.  v.  a.,  buy  back , 
redeem , purchase , ^4/. 

reditus,  -tus,  [re-  (red-)  fitus], 
M.,  a return. 

redoleo,  -olui,  no  p.p.,  -olere, 
[red-oleo],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  si?iell , 
S7tiell  of  be  exhaled  (of  the  odor 
itself). 

reduco,  -duxi,  -ductus,  -ducere, 
[re-duco],  3.  v.  a.,  lead  back , bring 
back , draw  back , draw  in,  escort 
back. 

redundo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [red- 
undo],  1.  v.  n.,  flow  back , overflow. 

— Also,  overflow  with,  flow  (with), 

(with  blood)  : acervis  et  san- 
guine (be  filled  with).  — Fig.,  spring 
up,  flow,  cover  (as  with  a flood). 

reduvia,  -ae,  [red  + unc.  stem, 
cf.  exuviae],  f.,  (a stripping  back?), 
a hang-nail. 

redux,  -ucis,  [re-dux],  adj.,  lead- 
ing back. — Also  passive,  returning, 
restored  (to  one’s  city,  etc.). 

refelld,  -felli,  no  p.p.,  -fellere, 
[re-fallo],  3.  v.  a.,  refute. 

refercio,  -fersi,  -fertus,  -fercire, 
[re-farcio],  4.  v.  a.,  stuff  up,  stuff, 
cram  full,  cram,  crowd  full,  crowd. 

refero,  -tuli,  -latus,  -ferre,  [re- 
fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  bring  back , return, 
bring  (where  something  belongs), 
report,  record  (as  an  account),  set 
down  (in  a record  or  to  an  account) . 

— Esp. : ad  senatum  (or  absolutely) , 
lay  before  (the  senate  for  action), 
consult  (the  senate), propose ; de  rej 


publica  (consult  the  senate  in  regard 
to,  etc.);  gratiam  (make  a return, 
repay,  show  one's  gratitude). 

refert,  -tulit,  no  p.p.,  -ferre,  [res 
or  re(?)fert],  irr.  v.  impers.  (cf. 
e re  and  natura  fert),  it  is  one's 
interest,  it  is  important,  it  makes  a 
difference , it  is  of  account. 

reficio,  -feci,  -fectus,  -ficere,  [re- 
facio],  irr.  v.  a.,  repair,  refresh,  re- 
cruit, relieve,  revive. 

reformido,  no  perf.,  no  p.p.,  -are, 
[re-formido],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  dread, 
shrink  from : non  reformido  (be 
free  from  alarm). 

refrigero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
frigero],  1.  v.  a.,  chill,  cool  down. 

refugio,  -fugi,  -fugiturus,  -fugere, 
[re-fugio],  3.  v.  n.  and  a.,  run  away, 
escape,  avoid.  — Fig.,  recoil,  shrink 
from. 

refit  to,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re-f  futo, 
cf.  eonfuto],  1.  v.  a.,  check,  repel. 
— Hence,  refute , disprove. 

regalis,  -e,  [reg  + alis],  adj.,  of 
a king,  like  a king:  nomen  (of 
king) . 

regia,  see  regius. 
regie  [old  abl.  of  regius],  adv., 
royally,  in  a regal  manner,  tyran- 
nically (like  a rex) . 

regio,  -onis,  [ VREG  + io,  but  cf. 
ratio],  F.,  direction.  — Hence,  a di- 
rection, a line , position,  place,  a 
part  (of  the  country,  etc.),  a bound- 
ary, a region , a country,  a district 
(esp.  in  plur.)  : regio  atque  ora 
maritima  (maritime  region  and 
coast).  — In  plur.,  bounds,  bounda- 
ries, limits , regions,  a country,  a 
quarter. 

regius,  -a,  -urn,  [reg  + ius],  adj., 
of  a king,  regal,  royal,  of  the  king. — 
Esp.,  regia  (sc.  domus),  a palace, 
IV*  dilace  (the  Regia,  the  ancient 

i 


Vocabulary. 


t56 

house  of  Numa,  on  the  Forum,  kept 
for  religious  purposes). 

regn§,  -avi,  -aturus,  -are,  [regno-], 
i.  v.  n.,  rule , be  in  power , be  a king , 
hold  a regal  power . 

regnum,  -i,  [VREG  + num  (N* 
of  -nus)],  N.,  a kingdom,  royal 
power , regal  power , a throne , tyr- 
anny. — Plur.,  the  royal  poiver  (of 
several  cases),  thrones. 

reg§,  rexi,  rectus,  regere,  [same 
root  as  rex],  3.  v.  a.,  direct , manage, 
rule , have  control  of  control.  — Esp., 
rectus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  ( directed ), 
straight,  right,  just:  recta  ( straight- 
way),  'directly. 

regredior,  -gressus,  -gredi,  [re- 
gradior],  3.V.  dep .,  go  back , return. 

reicio  (rejicio),  -jeci,  -jectus, 
-icere,  [re-jacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw  back, 
hurl  back , drive  back , throiv  off,  throw 
away,  drive  off,  repel,  spurn. — Fig., 
repel,  reject, put  away : judices  {chat- 
tenge')  . 

rejectio,  -onis,  [re-j  actio,  cf.  re- 
icio], F.,  a throwing  away.  — Esp., 
a challenge  (of  jurymen),  empanel- 
ling. 

relaxo,  -avi, -atus,  -are,  [re-laxo], 
I.  v.  a.,  relax. 

relego,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re-lego], 
1.  v.  a.,  remove,  separate , banish , 
exile. 

relevS,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re-levo], 
I.  v.  a.,  raise  up  again,  lift  up. — 
Fig.,  relieve . 

religid,  -onis,  [?,  re-legio  (cf. 
relego)],  F.,  (the  original  meaning 
uncertain,  see  Cic.  N.  D.,  2,  28),  a 
religious  scruple,  a religious  observ- 
ance, the  service  of  the  gods,  a super- 
stition, a superstitious  terror , reli- 
gion, sacredness,  sanctity  (changing 
the  point  of  view),  religious  rever- 
ence, religious  duty.  — Esp.,  regard 


for  an  oath,  conscientiousness,  the 
sanctity  of  an  oath. — Plur.,  sacred 
objects , sanctuaries,  affairs  of  reli- 
gion, religion  (abstractly). 

religiose  [old  abl.  of  religio- 
sus],  adv.,  scrupulously,  conscien- 
tiously, with  regard  to  one's  oath. 

religiosus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  reli- 
gion- (more  prob.  freligio-)  +osus], 
adj.,  religious  (with  much  religio 
in  its  several  senses),  conscientious 
(with  regard  for  an  oath).  — Also 
(in  the  other  sense  of  religio), 
sacred,  holy,  revered,  held  in  reli- 
gious reverence,  venerated , venerable. 

relinqud,  -liqui,  -lictus,  -linquere, 
[re-linqno],  3.  v.  a.,  leave  behind, 
leave,  abandon,  leave  out,  omit,  leave 
alone,  leave  undone , leave  unavenged, 
disregard. 

reliquus,  -a,  -um,  [re-fliquus 

(-y/LiQ  + us)],  adj.,  left,  remaining, 
the  rest  of  the  rest,  the  other,  other 
(meaning  all  other),  the  others,  all 
other,  future  (of  time,  remaining ), 
subsequent,  after,  intervening  (before 
some  other  time)  : res  ( which  re- 
main for  the  future,  future')',  reli- 
quus est  (is  left,  remains,  etc.); 
reliqua  (the  future) ; nihil  reliqui 
(nothing  left)  ; nihil  (reliquum)  re- 
liqui fecere  (leave  nothing). 

remaneo,  -mansl,  -mansurus,  -ma- 
nere,  [re-maneo],  2.  v.  n.,  remain 
behind,  remain,  stay,  reside,  be,  con- 
tinue, last . 

remansio,  -onis,  [re-mansio,  cf. 
remaneo],  f.,  a remaining. 

remex,  -igis,  [remo-  with  unc. 
term.  (perh.  tagus)]>  an  oars~ 
man,  a rower. 

reminiscor,  -minisci,  [re-fmi- 
niscor(y'MAN,  in  memini,  +isco)], 
3.  v.  dep.,  remember,  bear  in  mind. 
remissio,  -onis,  [re-missio,  cf. 


Vocabulary. 


157 


remitto],  F.,  a sending  back,  a re- 
laxation , a diminution , a remission. 

remitto,  -misi,  -missus,  -mittere, 
[re-mi tto],  3.  v.  a.,  let  go  back , send 
back , throw  back.  — Fig.,  relax , r*- 
mit,  give  up.  — remissus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  slack , lax,  re?niss. 

remoror,  -atus,  -ari,  [re-moror], 
I.  v.  dep.,  stay  behind , delay  (act. 
and  intr.),  retard : aliquem  poena 
(keep  one  waiting,  give  one  a res- 
pite) . 

removeo,  -movi,  -motus,  -movere, 
[re-moveo],  2.  v.  a.,  move  back , 
move  away , send  away,  remove,  draw 
away,  get  out  of  the  way,  separate, 
leave  out  of  the  question  : poenam 
( set  aside,  take  off,  remove') ; remoto 
Catilina  (with  C.  out  of  the  way);  re- 
motus  (remote,  far  removed,  apart). 
remus,  -I,  [?],  m.,  an  oar. 
renovo,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,[re-novo], 
I.  v.  a.,  renew. 

renuntio,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
nuntio],  1.  v.  a.,  bring  back  word, 
bring  news,  report, proclaim.  — Also, 
renounce,  abandon. 

repello,  -puli,  -pulsus,  -pellere, 
[re-pello],  3.  v.  a.,  drive  back , re- 
pel, repulse,  ward  off,  avert:  te  a 
consulatu  ( foil  your  attempt  to  gain, 
etc.) ; furores  a cervicibus  ( defend 
one's  throat  from , etc.,  rescue  07ie''s 
life  from,  etc.). 

repente  [abl.  of  repens?],  adv., 
(creeping  on  so  as  to  appear  sud- 
denly?), suddenly. 

repentlno,  see  repentinus. 
repentinus,  -a,  -um,  [repent  + 
inus],  adj.,  sudden,  hasty,  unex- 
pected: speculator  (transient,  non- 
resident);  pecuniae  (suddenly  ac- 
quired).— repentlno,  abl.  as  adv., 
suddenly. 

reperio,  repperi,  repertus,  repe- 


rire,  [re-(red-)pario],  4.  v.  a.,  find 
out,  discover,  find  (by  inquiry,  cf. 
invenio,  accidentally,  and  compe- 
rio,  in  reference  to  the  complete 
result),  learn. 

repeto,  -petivi,  -petltus,  -petere, 
[re-peto],  3.  v.  a.,  try  to  get  back, 
demand  back , ask  for , try  again, 
look  back  (at  something  past),  claim 
(as  one’s  due) : poenam,  poenas 
(demand  a penalty,  inflict  punish- 
ment, wreak  vengeance). — Esp.  of 
money  got  by  extortion,  demand 
(restitution) . — Hence,  repetnndae 
(with  or  without  pecuniae),  the  suit 
for  extortion  (a  process  used  against 
any  official  for  property  unlawfully 
acquired  in  his  office)^  extortion 
(where  the  suit  is  implied  in  other 
words) . 

repleo,  -plevi,  -pletus,  -plere,  [re- 
pleo],  2.  v.  &.,  fill  up,  supply. — re- 
pletus,  -a,  -um,  p.p ,,full,  crowded. 

reporto,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
porto],  1.  v.  a.,  carry  back,  bring 
back. 

reposco,  -poscere,  [re-posco] , 
3.  v.  a.,  demand  back,  demand  (some- 
thing due). 

reprehendo,  -hendi,  -hensus, 
-hendere,  [re-prehendo],  3.  v.  a. 

and  n.,  drag  back,  seize  hold  of,  find 
fault  with,  blame,  censure,  find  fault, 
object. 

reprehensio,  -onis,  [re-prehen- 
sio,  cf.  reprehendo],  f.,  a finding 
fault,  censure,  criticism. 

repressor,  -oris,  [re-pressor,  cf. 
reprimo],  M .,  a restrainer. 

reprimo,  -pressl,  -pressus,  -pri- 
mere,  [re-premo],  3.  v.  a.,  check, 
thwart,  foil : reprimi  sed  non  com- 
primi  (put  back  but  not  put  down). 

repudio,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
pudio-],  I.  v.  a.,  (spurn  with  a 


i58 


Vocabtilary . 


stroke , cf.  tripudium),  spurn , re- 
fuse, reject. 

repugno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
pugno], I.  v.  n.,  resist.  — Fig.,  be  in 
opposition. 

reputo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re-puto], 
i . v.  a.,  reckon  up , think  over. 

requies,  -etis  (-ei),  [re-quies],  f., 
rest , repose . 

requiesco,  -evi,  -etus,  -escere,  [re- 
quiesco],  3.  v.  n.,  rest , repose. 

requiro,  -quisivi,  -quisitus,  -qui- 
rere,  [re-quaero],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
search  out , enquire  for.  — Hence, 
ask , ask  for , request,  require , de- 
mand, need , miss,  be  in  want  of. 

res,  rei,  [akin  to  reor],  ¥.,  prop- 
erty^ ?),  business , affair , a matter , 

a thing  (in  the  most  general  sense). 

— Hence  determined  by  the  context, 

<2  fact,  an  occurrence , event,  a 

case,  an  action , a measure, 

an  object  (aimed  at),  interest, 

an  art , a science,  a point,  a lawsuit, 
a case  (at  law).  — Esp.  where  no 
word  corresponding  to  the  English 
idea  exists  in  Latin:  res  quae  ex- 
portantur  ( exports ) . — Often  where 
a pronoun  is  avoided : qua  in  re  (in 
what,  in  which ) ; earn  in  rem  (for 
that) ; ei  quoque  rei  (for  this  also). 

— Esp.  of  public  matters,  with  pub- 
lica  (also  without),  see  publicus : 
res  maximae  (power, glory,  career ); 
novae  res  ( revolution , a change  of 
government) ; summa  potestas  om- 
nium rerum  (of  the  zvhole  state) . — 
Also,  rem,  res  gerere  (perfor7n  ex- 
ploits, carry  on  war,  act,  operate, 
conduct  affairs)',  res  populi  Ro- 
mani (deeds,  exploits,  history,  career)', 
res  gestae  (exploits,  acts)  ; ipsa  res 
(the  case  itself  the  circumstances  of 
the  case,  the  facts) ; re  vera  (in 
fact) ; re  (by  actions,  as  opposed  to 


words,  in  fact) ; in  suam  rem  con- 
verts (to  his  own  use)  ; haec  acta 
res  est  (this  was  the  object  aimed  at, 
this  is  what  was  accomplished)  ; res 
omnis  tecum  erit  (all  my  business 
will  be,  etc.,  I shall  have  only  to  deal 
with  you , etc.) ; in  rebus  judican- 
dis  (in  trials) ; ob  rem  judicandam 
(for  deciding  a case) ; res  magnae 
aguntur  (great  inter ests,  etc.);  mul- 
tarum  rerum  societas  (many  asso- 
ciations)', res  militaris  (the  art  of 
war,  war)  ; privatarum  rerum  de- 
decus  (private  conduct)',  ita  se  res 
habet  (the  case  is  such,  it  is  so). 

rescindo,  -scidi,  -scissus,  -scin- 
dere,  [re-scindo],  3.  v.  a.,  cut  away, 
tear  down , break  down,  destroy. — 
Hence,  rescind,  annul. 

reseco,  -ui,  -tus,  -are,  [re-seco], 
1.  v.  a.,  cut  off,  cut  azvay. 

reservo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
servo], 1.  v.  a.,  keep  back,  reserve, 
hold  in  reserve,  keep. 

resideo,  -sedi,  no  p.p.,  -sidere, 
[re-sedeo],  2.  v.  n.,  sit  back,  sit 
down,  remain  behind,  remain,  rest , 
stop. 

resfgno,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
signo],  1.  v.  a.,  unseal,  annul,  de- 
stroy. 

resisto,  -stiti,  no  p.p.,  -sistere, 
[re-sisto],  3.  v.  n.,  stand  back,  stop, 
re?nain,  survive , withstand,  make  a 
stand,  resist. 

respicio,  -spexi,  -spectus,-spicere, 
[re-fspecio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look 
back , look  back  at,  look  behind  one, 
see  behind  one,  review. 

resplro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
spiro],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  breathe  out,  ex- 
hale, breathe  again,  breathe,  draw 
one's  breath. 

responded,  -spondi,  -sponsurus, 
-spondere,  [re-spondeo],  2.  v.  n., 


Vocabulary. 


159 


reply , answer , make  an  answering 
argument , — Fig.,  cor- 

respond, match. 

responsum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  re- 
spondeo],  N.,  a reply , # response. 
— Plur.,  a reply  (of  several  parts), 
advice. 

respublica,  see  res  and  publi- 
cus. 

respuo,  -spul,  no  p.p.,  -spuere, 
[re-spuo],  3.  v.  a.,  spit  out.  — Fig., 
spurn , reject. 

restinguo,  -stinxi,  -stinctus,  -stin- 
guere,  [re-stinguo] , 3.  v.  a.,  extin- 
guish. — Less  exactly,  destroy , anni- 
hilate. 

restituo,  -stitui,  -stitutus, -stituere, 
[re-statuo],  3.  v.  a.,  set  up  again , 
replace , restore , make  anew,  re-estab- 
lish,  revive , recall  (one  from  exile). 

restitutor,  -toris,  [restitu-  (as 
stem  of  restituo)  + tor],  M.,  a re- 
storer. 

resto,  -stitl  (in  common  with  re- 
sisto),  no  p.p., -stare,  [re-sto],  i.v.n., 
remain , be  left. 

retardo,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [re- 
tardo],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  retard , check , 
delay  > back : non  sopita  sed 

retardata  consuetudo  ( not  put  to 
sleep  but  dozing , or  not  lost  but  re- 
laxed, abandoning  the  figure  of  dull- 
ness, cf.  tardus). 

reticentia,  -ae,  [reticent  + ia], 
F.,  silence. 

reticeo,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [re- 
taceo],  2.  v.  n.  and  a.,  keep  silence , 
be  silent , say  nothing. 

retineo,  -tinui,  -tentus,  -tinere, 
[re-teneo],  2.  v.  a.,  hold  back , re- 
strain (quin, from  doing  something), 
detain , retain,  preserve,  keep,  main- 
tain (by  not  losing)  : jura  ( observe , 
maintain)  ; id  memoria  {keep,  bear 
in  mind). 


retorqueo,  -torsi,  -tortus,  -tor- 
quere,  [re-torqueo],  2.  v.  a.,  twist 
back , hurl  back , roll  back , turn  back. 

retractatid,  -onis,  [retracta  + 
tio],  F.,  a drawing  back  : sine  ulla 
retractatione  {without  any  shrink- 
ing or  hesitation) . 

retraho,  -traxl,  -tractus,  -trahere, 
[re-traho],  3.  v.  a.,  drag  back,  bring 
back  (a  person),  draw  away. 

retundo,  -tudi,  -tusus,  -tundere, 
[re-tundo],  3.  v.  a.,  beat  back , blunt , 
dull  the  edge  of. 

reus,  -I,  [re  (as  stem  of  res)  + 
ius],  M.,  {with  a case  in  court),  a 
party  (to  a case). — Esp.,  a de- 
fendant, an  accused  person , the  ac- 
cused. — Often  to  be  rendered  by  a 
phrase,  under  accusation : reum  fa- 
cere  {bring  to  trial). 

revello,  -velll,  -vulsus,  -vellere, 
[re-vello],  3.  v.  a.,  tear  away , pull 
away,  pull  off. 

reverto,  -vertl,  -versus,  -vertere, 
[re-verto],  3.  v.  n.,  act.  in  perf. 
tenses,  return  (turn  about  and  go 
back,  cf.  redeo ,get  back,  come  back). 

— Pass,  as  deponent  in  pres,  tenses, 
return , go  back,  revert. 

revinco,  -vicl,  -victus,  -vincere, 
[re-vinco],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  subdue. 

— Fig.,  refute , confute,  put  in  the 
wrong. 

revlvisco  (-escb),  -vlxl,  no  p.p., 
-vlviscere,  [re-vivisco],  3.  v.  n.,  come 
to  life  again,  revive. 

revoco,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [re-voco], 
1.  v.  a.,  call  back  (either  from  or  to 
something),  call  away,  call  off,  re- 
call, draw  back , withdraw,  try  to 
withdraw,  restore  (call  back  to). 

rex,  regis,  [y'REG  as  stem],  M.,  a 
king  (esp.  in  a bad  sense,  as  a ty- 
rant). 

rheda  (reda),  -ae,  [perh.  Celtic 


i6o 


Vocabulary. 


or  Oscan  form  akin  to  rota],  F.,  a 
wagon  (with  four  wheels). 

rhedarius  (red-),  -i,  [rheda  + 
arius],  M.,  a driver  (of  a rheda). 

Rhegium  (Reg-),  -I,  [Gr.  *P rj- 
7 iov~\f  N.,  a city  of  Bruttium  opposite 
Sicily  ( Reggio ). 

Rhenus,  -I,  [Celtic?],  m.,  the 
Rhine. 

Rhodius,  -a,  -um,  [Rhodo+ius], 
adj.,  of  Rhodes.  — Plur.,  the  Rhodi- 
ans, the  people  of  Rhodes. 

Rhodus,  -i,  [Gr.  fPo5os],  f., 
Rhodes , an  island  off  the  coast  of 
Asia  Minor,  famous  for  its  commerce 
and  navigation. 

ridiculus,  -a,  -um,  [frido-  (wh. 
rideo)  -f  cuius,  cf.  molliculus], 
adj.,  laughable , ridiculous , absurd. 

ripa,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a bank. 

rivus,  -i,  [akin  to  Gr.  peco],  M.,  a 
brook , a stream  (not  so  large  as 
flumen) . 

robur,  -oris,  [?],  N.,  oak , tough 
wood.  — Fig.,  strength  (as  resisting, 
cf.  vis),  vigor , endurance , vitality . 
— Esp.,  the  flower , the  strength. 

robustus,  -a,  -um,  [robos-  (orig. 
stem  of  robur)  -f  tus],  adj.,  en- 
dowed with  strength , vigorous , strong. 

rogatio,  -onis,  [roga  -f  tio],  F., 
an  asking , a request.  — Esp.,  {an 
asking  of  the  people  in  assembly ),  a 
billy  a law  (as  proposed  but  not  yet 
enacted). 

rogatus,  -tus  [roga-f  tus],  m.,  a 
request. 

rogo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?],  I.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  ask , request , ask  for.  — Esp., 
ask  of  the  people,  propose  (a  law,  etc.), 
pass  (a  bill,  as  the  result  of  the 
asking). 

Roma,  -ae,  [?,  perh.  akin  to  Gr. 
pea>,  the  river  city ],  F.,  Rome. 

Romanus,  -a,  -um,  [Roma-fnus], 


adj.,  Roman.  — As  suhst.,  a Roman  : 
ludi  Romani  (also  magni?,  a great 
festival  of  the  Romans,  beginning 
Sept.  4,  and  lasting  some  fifteen 
days) . 

Romilius  (also  Romuleus),  -a, 
-um,  [Romulo  + ius],  adj.,  of  Romu- 
lus, Romilian. — Esp.,  Romilia,  F., 
as  the  name  of  one  of  the  tribes  of 
Rome,  Romilian  (sc.  tribe). 

Romulus,  -I,  [prob.  manufactured 
from  Roma],  M.,  the  eponymous 
hero,  the  founder  of  Rome.  — Also 
of  a statue  of  him  as  an  infant. 

Roscius,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp. : i . Sex.  Ros- 
cius of  Arneria,  killed  in  the  Sullan 
proscription;  2.  Another  of  the  same 
name,  the  person  defend^  against 
the  charge  of  this  murder  in  one  of 
Cicero’s  orations;  3.  Q.  Roscius  Gal- 
las,  a famous  actor  and  friend  of 
Cicero,  also  defended  by  him  in  an 
extant  oration;  4.  T.  Roscius  Capito , 
a kinsman  of  Sex.  Roscius;  5.  T. 
Roscius  Magnus , another  kinsman  of 
the  same. 

rostrum,  -i,  [y'ROD-  (in  rodo) 
+ trum] , N.,  a beak.  — Esp.  of  a 
ship,  the  beak , the  ram  (used  as  in 
modern  naval  fighting).  — Esp.,  ros- 
tra, plur.  the  rostra  or  rostrum , a 
stage  in  the  Forum  from  which  the 
people  were  addressed,  ornamented 
with  the  beaks  of  ships. 

Rudiae,  -arum,  [?],  f.  plur.,  a 
town  of  Calabria,  where  the  poet 
Ennius  was  born. 

Rudinus,  -a,  -um,  [Rudia+inus], 

adj.,  of  Rudiae. 

rudis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  rude , rough. 
— Fig.,  uneducated , unpolished \ ig- 
norant. 

Rufio,  -onis,  [fRufio  + o],  M.,  a 
slave’s  name. 


Vocabulary . 


161 


Rufus,  -i,  [prob.  dialectic  form 
of  rubus,  red],  M.,  a Roman  sur- 
name. 

rulna,  -ae,  [prob.  fruo-  (VRU> 
in  ruo)  -f  na  (f.  of  -nus),  cf.  rues, 
ruidus],  F.,  a falling , an  tmder- 
mining. — Fig-,  # downfall , a crash , 
a ruin. 

rumor,  -oris,  [rum  (cf.  rumito, 
as  if  root)  + or],  M.,  a rumor , a 
story  (confused  report),  report , repu- 
tation (talk  about  one). 

rumpo,  rupi,  ruptus,  rumpere, 
[y'RUP  (in  rupes?)],  3.  v.  a.,  break 
(as  a door,  cf.  frango,  as  a stick), 
burst. 

ru§,  rui,  rutus  (ruiturus),  mere, 
[^/ru  (cf.  ruina)],  3.  v.  a.  and  n., 
cause  to  fall , fall,  go  to  ruin , be 
ruined,  go  to  destruction.  — Also  (cf. 
fall  upon),  rush  headlong,  rush. 

rursus  [for  reversus,  petrified 
as  adv.,  cf.  versus],  adv.,  back  again, 
back,  again,  on  the  other  hand. 

rus,  ruris,  [?],  N.,  the  country: 
ruri  (in  the  country). 

rusticor,  -atus,  -ari,  [rustico-], 
I.  v.  dep.,  go  to  the  country. 

rusticus,  -a,  -urn,  [rus  + ticus], 
adj.,  rural,  rustic , country.  — Masc. 
as  subst.,  a countryman,  a rustic . 

S. 

Sabinus,  -a,  -um,  [unc.  stem  (cf. 
sabulum,  sand)  + inus],  M.,  Sa- 
bine. — Plur.  M.,  the  Sabines. 

sacer,  sacra,  sacrum,  [^/sac  (in 
sancio)  + rus],  adj.,  sacred.  — Neut. 
plur.,  sacred  rites , sacred  objects, 
things  sacred. 

sacerdos,-dotis,  [sacro-dos(A/DA 
+ tis)],  M.  and  F.,  ( arranger  of 
sacred  rites ?),  a priest. 

sacramentum,  -i,  [sacra-f  men- 


tum],  N.,  a deposit  (to  secure  an 
oath,  orig.  in  a bargain),  an  oath. — 
Hence,  a suit  at  law  (of  a peculiar 
form  in  use  at  Rome). 

sacrarium,  -I,  [n.  of  sacrarius 
(sacro  + arius)],  N.,  a shrine. 

sacrificium,  -i,  [fsacrifico-  (sa- 
cro-ffacus,  cf.  beneficus)  + ium], 
N.,  a sacrifice. 

sacro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [sacro-], 
1.  v.  a.,  consecrate  : leges  sacratae 

(inviolable). 

sacrosanctus,  -a,  -um,  (some- 
times separate),  [sacro  sanctus], 
adj.,  halloived  by  religious  rites , sa- 
cred, inviolable. 

saeculum  (seculum,  saeclum) , 
-i,  [prob.  seco-  (or  other  stem  akin 
to  secus,  sex)  + lum  (cf.  Lucr . 4, 
1223,  no  doubt  -y/SA  in  sero)],  N., 
a generation  (orig.  a family  of  off- 
spring), an  age. — Esp.  of  future 
ages. 

saepe  [n.  of  fsaepis  (perh.  same 
as  saepes)],  adv.,  often:  minime 
saepe  (most  rarely).  — saepius, 
compar.,  many  times,  repeatedly , 
again  and  again,  so  many  times  : 
semel  et  saepius  (once  and  again) ; 
iterum  et  saepius  (many  many 
times) . 

saepiS  (sep-),  -si  (-ii),  -tus,  -ire, 
[saepi-  (cf.  saepes,  saepe)],  4.  v.  a., 
hedge  in,  enclose,  surround,  protect. 

saeptum  (sep-),  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of 
saepio],  N.,  an  enclosure,  a railing 
(esp.  of  the  voting  places  at  Rome). 

sagatus,  -a,  -um,  [sago-}- atus], 
adj.,  clad  in  the  sagum,  in  the  garb 
of  war,  in  arms. 

sagax,  -acis,  [sag  (root  of  sagio) 
+ ax],  adj.,  keen-scented,  acute. 

sag! no,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [sagi- 
na-],  1.  v.  a.,  fatten,  feed. — Pass., 
gorge  one's  self,  fatten  (one’s  self) . 


Vocabulary. 


162 

sagum,  -i,  [prob.  borrowed],  n., 
a military  cloak  (of  coarse  wool)  : 
ad  saga  ire  ( put  on  the  garb  of 
war , as  was  done  at  Rome  in  times 
of  public  danger) ; sumere  saga 
(same  meaning). 

Salami  nil,  -orum,  [Salamin  -f 
ius],  M.  plur.,  the  people  of  Salamis 
(the  island  off  Attica,  famous  for  the 
battle  with  the  Persians,  B.c.  480). 

saltern,  [?],  adv.,  at  least,  at  any 
rate. 

sal  to,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [as  if  salto- 
after  analogy  of  rapto,  etc.],  I.  v.  n., 
dance , leap. 

saltus,  -tus,  [?,  perh.  ^/sal  (in 
salio)  -f  tus],  M.,  a 7vooded  height , 
a glade,  a pass  (in  the  mountains), 
a pasture. 

sains,  -utis,  [salvo (?)  + tis  (cf. 
virtus,  Carmentis)],  F.,  health, 
well-being,  welfare , safety,  preserva- 
tion, relief,  deliver  a7ice , life  (as 
saved  or  lost),  escape  (safety  in  dan- 
ger), acquittal  (on  a trial,  the  regular 
word),  restoration  (to  citizenship)  : 
ratio  salutis  ( means  of  safety, 
chances  of  acquittal).  — Asa  divinity, 
Health  (implying  also  deliverance), 
who  had  a temple  at  Rome. 

salutaris,  -e,  [salut+aris],  adj., 
healthful,  wholesome,  beneficial,  salu- 
tary, saving : civis  ( valuable , as 
aiding  the  welfare  of  the  state)  ; 
salutaribus  rebus  tuis  ( prosper- 
ous, not  only  for  himself,  but  for  the 
state). 

salutS,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [salut-], 
1.  v.  a.,  salute  (wishing  salus  to 
one,  cf.  salve) . — Esp.,  visit,  call 
upon,  a regular  custom  among  the 
Romans. 

salvus,  -a,  -um,  [^/sar  (sal)  -f 
rus,  cf.  oAos],  adj.,  safe,  whole,  sound, 
saved,  unharmed,  uninjured.  — In 


many  phrases : nisi  te  salvo,  etc. 
{unless  all  is  ivell  with  you)  ; salvus 
esse  ( survive , avoid  ruin,  flourish) ; 
salva  urbe  (j<?  long  as  the  city  stands, 
in  the  city  still  standing)',  salva 
republica  {without  detriment  to,  etc., 
and  often). 

Samos  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  2ayu°s]>  f., 
a famous  city  on  an  island  of  the 
same  name  off  the  coast  of  Ionia. 

sancio,  sanxi,  sanctus  (-itus),  san- 
cire,  [VSAC  0n  sacer)],  4.  v.  a., 
bind  (in  some  religious  manner), 
make  sacred , solemnly  establish  (by 
law),  ordain.  — sanctus,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.  as  adj.,  holy,  sacred,  solemn,  in- 
violable, pure,  venerable,  inviolate, 
revered,  conscientious. 

sancte  [old  abl.  of  sanctus], 
adv.,  piously,  conscientiously. 

sanctitas,  -tatis,  [sancto  + tas] , 
F.,  sacredness,  sanctity,  inviolability . 
— Also,  piety,  purity,  conscientious - 
ness. 

sane  [old  abl.  of  sanus],  adv., 
soundly,  discreetly.  — Usually,  as 
weakened  particle,  no  doubt,  without 
question,  certainly.  — Oftener  giving 
a light  tone  to  the  idea,  by  all  means, 
at  any  rate,  Pm  sure,  enough,  if  you 
like : sane  ne  haec  quidem  mihi  res 
placebat  {very  much) ; sane  bene- 
volo animo  (/’;//  sure);  Siculi  sane 
liberi  {pretty  independent);  dica- 
tur  sane  {if  he  likes) ; sane  varius 
{motley  enough) ; pereant  sane  {for 
all  me);  fines  exigui  sane  {none 
too  wide);  quaesierit  sane  {if  you 
like);  augeamus  san  ^{by  all  means). 

sanguis  (-en),  -inis,  [?],  M., 
blood  (as  the  vital  fluid,  generally  in 
the  body,  cf.  cruor),  the  life-blood 
(also  as  just  shed).  — So  also,  blood- 
shed, blood,  murder. 

sanitas,  -tatis,  [sano  + tas],  F., 


Vocabulary . 163 


soundness,  sound  mind,  ordinary 
discretion. 

sano,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [sano-], 
I.  v.  a.,  make  sound,  make  good,  re- 
pair, cure,  heal. 

sanus,  -a,  -um,  [y'SA-  (a^in  to 
salvus)  + nus],  adj .,  sound  (in  body 
or  mind),  sane,  discreet : bene  sanus 
( really  wise). 

sapiens,  -ends,  [p.  of  sapio],  as 
adj.,  wise,  discreet,  of  discretion. — 
Esp.  as  subst.,  a philosopher. 

sapienter  [sapient  -f  ter],  adv., 
wisely , with  wisdom. 

sapientia,  -ae,  [sapient+ia],  F., 
wisdom. 

sapio,  -ii  (-ivi),  no  p.p.,  -ere, 
[?,  -y/SAP  (akin  to  Gr.  <ro(p6s)(\, 
3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  taste  (actively  or  pas- 
sively).— Hence,  be  wise,  have  in- 
telligence. 

Sappho,  -us,  [Gr.  Scor^oT],  F.,  the 
famous  poetess  of  Mytilene  in  Les- 
bos. — Of  a famous  statue  of  her  at 
Syracuse,  stolen  by  Verres. 

Sardinia,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  the  island 
still  called  by  that  name  in  the  Tus- 
can Sea. 

satelles,  -ids,  [?],  M.  or  f.,  an  at- 
tendant, a tool,  a minister,  a minion. 

satietas,  -tads,  [fsatio-  (cf.  sa- 
tio)  + tas  (cf.  pietas)],  F.,  satiety, 
appetite  (as  satisfied). 

satio,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fsatio- 
(akin  to  satis),  cf.  satietas],  i.v.a., 
satiate,  satisfy , sate,  glut,  feast. 

satis  [ ?],  adv.,  enough , sufficiently, 
adequately.  — Often  with  partitive, 
equivalent  to  a noun  or  adj.,  enough, 
sufficient : satis  late  (pretty  widely)', 
satis  habere  (consider  sufficient,  be 
satisfied) ; satis  facere,  see  below. 

satisfacio,  -feci,  -facturus,  -fa- 
cere,  [satis  facio],  irr.  v.  n.,  do 
enough  for,  satisfy. 


satius  [prob.  compar.  of  satis], 
adj.  and  adv.,  better,  preferable. 

Saturnalia,  -ium  and  -iorum, 
[Saturno  + alis],  N.  plur.,  the  Sat- 
urnalia, the  great  feast  of  Saturn  in 
December,  beginning  the  17th,  dur- 
ing which  the  freedom  of  the  golden 
age  was  imitated  by  all  classes. 

Saturnlnus,  -i,  [prob.  Saturnio 
+ inus],  M.,  a Roman  family  name. 

— Esp.,  L.  Appuleius  Saturninus, 
killed  as  a demagogue  by  Marius, 
B.C.  IOO. 

Satyrus,  -i,  [Gr.  SctTupos],  M.,  a 
satyr,  a half-human  deity  of  the  for- 
ests, personating  the  vital  force  of 
nature,  a frequent  subject  for  works 
of  art. 

saucius,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj., 

wounded. 

Saxa,  -ae,  [?],  M.,  a Roman  fam- 
ily name.  — Esp.,  L.  Decidius  Saxa, 
a friend  of  Antony. 

saxum,  -i,  [?],  N.,  a rock. 

scaena  (see-),  -ae,  [Gr.  <TK7)vrf\, 
F.,  (a  bower),  a stage  (from  the 
arched  proscenium  and  background). 

scaenicus  (see-),  -a,  -um,  [scae- 
na + cus],  adj.,  of  the  stage,  scenic. 

Scaevola,  -ae,  [scaevo  + la,  sc. 
manus],  M.,  a Roman  family  name. 

— Esp.,  P.  Mucius  Sccevola , cons. 
B.C.  133. 

scalae,  -arum,  [y'sCAD  (in  scan- 
do)  + la],  F.  plur.,  a flight  of  stairs, 
stairs,  steps. 

Scantia,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a Roman 
woman  of  the  gens  of  that  name,  in 
some  way  wronged  by  Clodius. 

Scaurus,  -1,  [scaurus,  “ club- 
foot”], M.,  a Roman  family  name. — 
Esp.,  M.  PEmilius  Scaurus,  cons. 
1 16,  long  famous  as  princeps  sena- 
tus,  cons,  a second  time,  and  censor. 
He  was  father-in-law  of  Mb  Glabrio. 


Vocabulary. 


k6  4 

scelerate  [old  abl.  of  scelera- 
tus],  adv.,  criminally , wickedly,  im- 
piously. 

sceleratus,  -a,  -um,  [as  if  (perh. 
really)  p.p.  of  scelero  ( stain  with 
crime ?).],  adj.,  villanous,  accursed. 
— As  subst.,  a scoundrel , a vil- 
lain. 

scelestus,  -a,  -um,  [scelus+tus], 
adj.,  (of  acts),  criminal , impious , 
wicked  (cf.  sceleratus,  of  persons). 

scelus,  -eris,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  <r/ceAos, 
perh.  orig.  “ crookedness ,”  cf.  pravus 
and  wrong~\ , N.,  crime , villany , wick- 
edness, a heinous  crime : tantum 
scelus  monstrous  wickedness ). 

scena,  see  scaena. 
scenicus,  see  scaenicus. 

Schola,  -ae,  [schola],  m.,  a Ro- 
man name,  see  Causinius. 

scientia,  -ae,  [scient  + ia]>  f., 
knowledge , acquaintance  with  (thing 
in  the  genitive,  or  clause). 

scilicet  [prob.  sci  (imperative) 
licet],  adv.,  you  may  know , of  course , 
that  is  to  say,  in  fact.  — Often  ironi- 
cal, forsooth. 

scio,  scivi,  scitus,  scire,  [?],  4-v.a., 
( separate ?),  distinguish , know  (a 
fact,  cf.  nosco),  be  aware:  certo 
scio  {I  am  very  sure) ; scitote  (you 
must  know , be  assured,  you  may  be 
sure').  — sciens,  -entis,  p.  as  adj., 
having  knowledge , well-informed,  ex- 
perienced, skilful : prudens  et  sci- 
ens (with  full  knowledge,  and  with 
one's  eyes  open );  nec  imperante 
nec  sciente  nec  praesente  domino 
(without  the  order  or  knowledge  or 
presence  of,  etc.). 

Scipio,  -onis,  [scipio,  slaff~\,  M., 
a Roman  family  name.  — Esp. : I. 
See  Africanus;  2.  See  Nasica; 
3.  P.  (Cornelius)  Scipio  (Nasica), 
an  influential,  but  not  famous,  mem- 


ber of  the  family,  active  on  the  side 
of  Sex.  Roscius. 

sclscitor,  -atus,  -ari,  [as  if  sci- 
scito-,  p.p.  of  scisco],  1.  v.  dep., 
learn,  ask,  examine,  make  enquiries. 

scortum,  -i,  [?],  N.,  a hide. — 
Also,  a harlot. 

scriba,  -ae,  [-y/sCRiB  + a],  M .,  a 

clerk. 

scrlbo,  scrips!,  scriptus,  scribere, 
[?],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  write , give  an  ac- 
count (in  writing),  inscribe,  set  down, 
draw  up  (of  a law),  write  about,  com- 
pose, record , appoint  (in  a written 
instrument),  niake  (in  writing). 

scrip  tor,  -toris,  [y'scRiB  + tor], 
M .,  a writer,  an  author. 

scrip tura,  -ae,  [y'sCRiB  -f  tura, 
but  cf.  pictura],  F.,  a writing. — 
Also  (from  the  registering  of  the 
number  of  cattle  pastured  on  the 
public  lands),  the  public  pastures,  the 
pasture  tax. 

scrutor,  -atus,  -ari,  [scruta,  rub- 
bish],  I.  v.  dep.,  rummage,  search, 
pry  into. 

scutum,  -i,  [?],  N.,  a shield,  of 
the  Roman  legion,  made  of  wood, 
convex,  oblong  (2J  by  4 ft.),  cov- 
ered with  leather. 

Scyllaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  2 kv\ - 
Acuos],  adj.,  of  Scylla  (the  famous 
rock  in  the  Strait  of  Messina  on  the 
Italian  side,  corresponding  to  Cha- 
rybdis  on  the  side  of  Sicily,  danger- 
ous to  mariners),  Scyllcean. 

se-  (sed-)  [same  word  as  sed(?)], 
insep.  prep.,  apart , aside,  azvay,  etc. 

secedo,  -cessl,  -cessum  (impers.), 
-cedere,  [se-cedo],  3.  v.  n.,  with- 
draw, retire,  go  away. 

secerno,  -crevi,  -cretus,  -cernere, 
[se-cerno] , 3.  v.  a.,  separate.  — Less 
exactly,  distinguish.  — Also,  set  aside, 
reject. 


Vocabulary.  165 


secessio,  -onis,  [se-cessio,  cf.  se- 
cedo],  F.,  a withdrawal , a secession 
(a  withdrawal  for  political  reasons). 

secius,  see  secus. 

seed,  secui,  sectus,  secare,  [prob. 
causative  of  y/SEC],  1.  v.  a.,  cut , 
reap.  — There  is  possibly  another 
meaning,  follow. 

sector,  -toris,  [y'SEC  ( follow  or 
cutly  possibly  two  words)  + tor],  M., 
a cutter.  — Also,  a purchaser  of  con- 
fiscated estates  (or  of  booty  taken  in 
war)  : de  manibus  sectorum  (of  the 
confiscation,  harpies') ; sectores  ac 
sicarii  (sharpers  and  cut-throats). 

sector,  -atus,  -ari,  [prob.  secta- 
( -y/SEQU  -f  ta,  cf.  moneta)],  1.  v. 
dep.,  pur sue , chase  after , be  in  one's 
train. 

secundum,  see  secundus. 

secundus,  -a,  -um,  [part,  in  -dus, 
of  sequor],  adj .,  following. — Hence, 
second.  — Also  (as  not  opposing) , 
favorable , successful : res  secundae 
( prosperity ).  — Neut.  acc.  as  prep., 
alongy  in  the  direction  of  in  accord- 
ance withy  after. 

securis,  -is,  [y'SEC  + unc.  term.], 
F.,  ail  axe.  — Esp.,  the  axe  of  the  lic- 
tor  (as  a symbol  of  the  power  of  life 
and  death)  : duodecim  secures  (i.e., 
two  praetors). 

secus  [VSEQ  0n  sequor)  + unc. 
term.],  adv.,  (inferior),  otherwise , 
less.  — Compar.,  secius  (setius), 
less:  nihilo  secius  (none  the  less, 
nevertheless) . 

sed  [abl.  of  unc.  stem,  cf.  re], 
conj.,  (apart)  (cf.  seditio  and  se- 
curus),  but  (stronger  than  autem 
or  at). 

sedeo,  sedi,  sessum  (sup.),  se- 
rf ere,  [fsedo-  (y/SED  + us,  cf.  domi- 
seda  and  sedo)],  2.  v.  n.,  sit,  sit 
still,  remain  seated,  sit  (here,  there,  I 


etc.),  sit  by : ad  portas  imperator 
(be  in  arms,  be). 

sedes,  -is,  [^/sed  + es  (m.  and  f. 
term,  corresponding  to  N.  -us)],  F.,  a 
seat.  — Hence,  an  abode  (both  in 
sing,  and  plur.),  an  abiding-place , a 
place  of  abode , a home , a seat 

(fig-)- 

seditio,  -onis,  [sed-fitio  (fi  -f 
tio)],  F.,  a secession,  a mutiny,  an 
uprising , a civil  disturbance,  an  in- 
surrection, a riot. 

seditiose  [old  abl.  of  seditio- 
sus],  adv.,  treasonably , with  sedi- 
tious purpose,  to  excite  a riot. 

seditiosus,  -a,  -um,  [sedition  + 
osus  (poss.  as  if  fseditio  + osus,  cf. 
initium)],  adj.,  seditious,  factious. 

sedo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [causative 
of  -y/SED,  or  perhaps  denominative  of 
sedo-,  cf.  domiseia],  1.  v.  a.,  settle , 
quiet,  allay , appease , repress,  check , 
stop. 

sedulitas,  -tatis,  [sedulo  -f  tas], 

F.,  assiduity,  diligent  attention , zeal , 
earnest  endeavor , painstaking. 

seges, -etis,  [unc.  stem  (cf.  seco?) 
+tis],  F.,  a crop  of  grain  (growing), 
a field  (of  grain)  : seges  ac  mate- 
riam  gloriae  (the  fertile  source  and 
raw  material) . 

segnls,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  slow , inac- 
tive. — segnior  (less  active). 

segniter  [segni  + ter],  adv., 
slowly , sluggishly : nihilo  segnius 
(no  less  energetically) . 

segrego,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [segreg- 
(se-grex,  apart  from  the  herd)~\, 
I.  v.  a.,  separate,  exclude. 

sejungo,  -junxi,  -junctus,  -jun- 
gere,  [se-jungo],  3.  v.  a.,  disjoin , 
separate. 

sella,  -ae,  [^/sed  + la,  cf.  Gr. 
efya],  F.,  a seat,  a bench , a stool,  a 
work-bench  (probably  only  a stool) ; 


Vocabulary . 


1 66 

curulis  ( the  curule  chair , a camp- 
stool  with  ivory  legs,  used  by  magis- 
trates). 

semel  [prob.  N.  of  adj.,  akin  to 
similis],  adv.,  once , once  only  : se- 
mel et  saepius  ( more  than  once, 
again  and  again) ; ut  semel  ( when 
once , as  soon  as). 

semen,  -inis,  [VSE  0n  sero)  + 
men],  N.,  seed.  — - Also,  figuratively. 

seminarium,  -I,  [semin+arius], 
N.  (of  adj.),  a nursery.  — Also  figu- 
ratively. 

semiustulatus  (semus-),  -a, 
-urn,  [p.p.  of  semiustulo],  as  adj., 
half-burned. 

semper  [fsem6-(?)  (in  semel) 
-per  (cf.  parumper)],  adv.,  through 
all  tittle,  all  the  time , always , every 
time. 

sempiternus,  -a,  -um,  [semper 
(weakened,  for  a stem)  + ternus, 
cf.  hesternus],  adj.,  eternal,  forever. 

Sempronius,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj., 
of  the  gens  Sempronia  (itself  the  fern, 
of  the  adj.).  — Esp.  of  C.  Sempro- 
nius Gracchus  (see  Gracchus)  : 
lex  Sempronia  ( Sempronian  law, 
of  Gracchus,  securing  the  rights  of 
Roman  citizens). 

senator,  -toris,  [fsena-  (as  if 
verb-stem  akin  to  senex,  perh.  really 
so,  cf.  senatus)  + tor],  m.,  ( an 
elder).  — Hence,  a senator  (esp.  of 
Rome),  a member  of  the  Senate. 

senatorius,  -a,  -um,  [senator  + 
ills],  adj.,  of  the  senators , of  the  Sen- 
ate, of  a senator , senatorial. 

senatus,  -tus,  [fsena-  (as  if,  perh. 
really,  verb-stem  akin  to  senex)], 
M .,  a senate  (council  of  old  men).  — 
Esp.,  the  Senate  (of  Rome,  the  great 
body  of  nobles  acting  as  an  adminis- 
trative council).  (The  word  ex- 
presses the  body  as  an  order  in  the 


state,  or  as  a council,  and  also  a 
meeting  of  the  body.) 

senatus  consultum,  see  the  sep- 
arate parts  of  the  phrase. 

senectus,  -tutis,  [senec  (as  stem 
of  senex)  + tus,  cf.  virtus],  f., 
age  (advanced) , old  age,  riper  years 
(not  necessarily  age  in  Eng.  sense). 

senex  [seni  (stem  of  oblique 
cases)  + cus  (reduced)],  senis  [?, 
cf.  seneschaf),  adj.  (only  M.),  old.  — 
Esp.  as  subst.,  an  old  man  (above 
forty-five),  the  elder  (of  two  of  the 
same  name),  senior. 

senilis,  -e,  [seni-  (see  senex)  + 
lis  (or  -ilis)  ] , adj.,  of  an  old  man: 
corpus  (aged). 

senium,  -i,  [seni-  (see  senex) 
-f  ium],  N.,  age  (as  a decline),  senil- 
ity. — Less  exactly,  weakness,  sad- 
ness, torpor. 

sensim  [as  if  acc.  of  fsensis, 
verbal  of  sentio,  cf.  partim],  adv., 
(perceptibly). — Hence  (cf.  subito 
and  repente,  its  opposites),  gradu- 
ally, by  degrees. 

sensus,  -us,  [sent-  (as  root  of 
sentio)  + tus],  m.,  feeling  (as  be- 
longing to  humanity,  tie.),  sensation, 
a feeling,  feelings  (in  both  sing,  and 
plur.),  the  senses  (in  both  sing,  and 
plur.),  consciousness,  the  power  of 
sense,  a sentiment  (a  way  of  feeling). 
— Hence,  a sense,  a meaning. 

sententia,  -ae,  [fsentent-  (p.  of 
simpler  pres,  of  sentio)  -f  ia],  F., 
(feeling,  thinking).  — Hence,  a way 
of  thinking,  an  opinion,  a view , a 
determination,  a sentiment,  a feel- 
ing, a purpose , a design.  — Esp., 
officially,  a judgment,  an  opinion,  a 
sentence , a vote , a decision,  an  ex- 
pression of  opinion,  a ballot  (a  writ- 
ten expression  of  opinion).  — Esp.: 
verba  atque  sententiae  (words  and 


Vocabulary . 


167 


ideas  or  expressions') ; divisa  est 
sententia  ( the  vote  was  divided ) ; in 
eandem  sententiam  ( to  the  same  pur- 
port ) ; de  sententia  amicorum  (by 
the  advice , etc.);  in  eadem  senten- 
tia (of  the  satne  mind).  — senten- 
tiae,  plur.,  a verdict,  votes  of  a jury . 

sentina,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  bilge  water. 
— Fig.,  the  dregs , a cesspool. 

sentio,  sens!,  sensus,  sentire,  [?], 
4.  v.  a.,  perceive  (by  the  senses ),  feel, 
knozv,  see,  think  (of  an  opinion  made 
up),  learn  about , learn,  find  (by  ex- 
perience). — Hence,  hold  an  opinion , 
take  sides , side , hold  a viezv  (of  some 
kind).  — Also  absolutely, possess  sen- 
sation, feel. 

separo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [se-(sed-) 
paro],  I.  v.  a.,  (get  apart?),  sepa- 
rate. — Esp.  p.p.,  separatus,  -a, 
-um,  as  adj.,  separate. 

sepelio,  -ivl  (-ii),  sepultus,  -ire, 
[?],  4.  v.  a.,  bury. — Less  exactly  and 
fig.,  put  to  rest,  destroy,  end,  ruin, 
bury  in  ruins . 

sepes,  see  saepes. 
sepio,  see  saepio. 

Seplasia,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a place  in 
Capua  where  ointments  (i.e.,  per- 
fumes) were  sold. 

septem  [ ?,  cf.  seven],  indecl.  num. 
adj.,  seven. 

Septimius,  -i,  [septimo  + ius]. 
M.,  a Roman  gentile  name,  cf.  Octa- 
vius.— Esp.,  P.  Septimius,  an  ob- 
scure senator,  condemned  for  extor- 
tion. 

Septimus,  -a,  -um,  [septem  + 
mus,  cf.  primus],  adj.,  the  seventh. 
septum,  see  saeptum. 
sepulcrum  (sepulchrum),  -i, 
[fsepul  (as  if  root  of  sepelio,  or  a 
kindred  stem)  + crum  (cf.  lava- 
crum)],  N.,  a tomb , a grave,  a bur- 
ial place. 


sepultura,  -ae,  [f sepultu  (sepel, 
in  sepelio,  prob.  compound,  -f  tus) 
+ ra  (F.  of  -rus)],  F.,  burial,  bury- 
ing, burial  rites,  funeral  rites  (even 
in  cremation). 

sequester,  -tris,  [akin  to  sequor, 
prob.  fsequit-  (cf.  comes,  eques) 
+ tris  (cf.  equester)],  m.,  (a  de- 
positary in  a suit  at  law  of  the  prop- 
erty in  dispute). — Less  exactly,  a 
depositary  (of  money  for  bribery). 

sequor,  secutus,  sequl,  [^/sequ], 
3.  v.  dep.,  follow,  acco?npany . — Fig., 
follow  the  dictates  of  obey , be  guided 
by,  follozv,  adopt  (an  opinion),  side 
with,  aim  at. 

Sergius,  -I,  [perh.  Sabine],  M.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name,  see  Catilina. 

— Also,  T.  Sergius  Gallus  (perh. 
Sextius  or  Sestius),  an  unknown 
person  who  had  an  estate  at  Bovilke. 

sermo,  -onis,  [^/ser  (in  sero, 
twine)  -f  mo  (prob.  -mo-f  o)],  M.,  (se- 
ries?).— Hence,  conversation  (con- 
tinuous series  of  speech),  talk,  inter- 
course, conversation  with,  conunon 
talk,  speech.  — Also,  language. 

sero  [abl.  of  serus],adv.,  too  late. 

— Comp.,  serius,  too  late. 

serpo,  serpsl,  no  p.p.,  serpere, 

[•y/SERP,  cf.  epirou],  3.  v.  n.,  creep. — 
Fig.,  wind  its  way,  spread. 

Sertorianus,  -a,  -um,  [Sertorio 
-f  anus],  adj.,  of  Sertorius,  esp.  the 
one  mentioned  above. 

Sertorius,  -i,  [sertor(?)  + ius], 

M. ,  (garland-maker?) ,a  Roman  gen- 
tile name. — Esp.,  Q.  Sertorius,  a 
partisan  of  Marius,  who  held  a com- 
mand in  Spain  against  the  party  of 
Sulla  from  B.c.  80  to  B.c.  72. 

sertum,  -I,  [p.p.  of  sero,  twine], 

N. ,  a garland,  a wreath. 

serus,  -a,  -um,  [perh.  akin  to 
sero],  adj.,  late,  long  delayed. 


Vocabulary. 


1 68 

servilis,  -e,  [servi  (as  if  stem  of 
servus  or  akin,  cf.  servio)  + lis], 
adj.,  of  slaves , of  a slave , servile  : in 
servilem  modum  ( like  slaves') ; bel- 
lum  ( the  servile  war,  the  revolt  of 
the  slaves  under  Spartacus  in  B.C.  73). 

Servilius,  -i,  [servili  -f  ius],  m., 
a Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp. : 
I.  P.  Servilius  Valia  Isanicus,  cons. 
B.C.  79;  2.  C.  Servilius  Ahala,  see 
Ahala;  3.  C.  Servilius  Glaucia , see 
Glaucia;  4.  P.  Servilius  Valia , son 
of  1,  cons.  B.C.  48  with  Caesar. 

servio,  -ii  (-ivi) , -iturus,  -ire, 
[servi-  (as  if  stem  of  servus  or 
akin,  cf.  servilis)],  4.  v.  n.,  be  a 
slave  (to  some  one  or  something),  be 
in  subjeclion.  — Less  exactly,  devote 
one's  self  to,  cater  to,  be  influenced 
by,  consult  for,  be  subservient  to,  do 
a service  to. 

servitium,  -i,  [servo+tium  (cf. 
amicitia)],  N.,  {slavery).  — Hence 
(cf.  juveutus),  a body  of  slaves, 
slaves  (esp.  in  plural). 

servitus,  -tutis,  [as  if  fservitu 
(servo  + tus)  + tis,  cf.  iuventus, 
sementis,  perh.  immediately  servo 
-f  tus,  -tutis],  F.,  slavery , servitude. 

Servius,  -i,  [servo  + ius],  m.,  a 
Roman  prsenomen. 

servo,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [servo-], 
I.  v.  a.,  watch,  guard,  keep,  preserve, 
maintain.  — Esp.  in  language  of 
augury,  watch  (for  omens) : de  caelo 
{see  an  omen , a process  used  to  stop 
proceedings  by  one  colleague  against 
another). 

servolus  (-ulus),  -i,  [servo  + 
lus],  M.,  a little  slave,  a slave  (with 
a suggestion  of  disparagement). 

servus,  -i,  [unc.  root  (y'SER, 
bindl)  -f  vus],  M.,  a slave. 
sese,  see  sui. 

sestertius,  -i,  [semis-tertius  (two 


whole  ones  and)  the  third  a half  ?]  , 
M.  of  adj.  (with  nummus),  two  and 
a half  asses,  a sesterce  (a  sum  of 
money,  about  five  cents). 

Sestius  (Sext-),  -i,  m.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  P.  Sestius,  a 
Roman  defended  by  Cicero  in  an 
oration  still  extant, 
setius,  see  secus. 
seu,  see  sive. 

severe  [old  abl.  of  severus], 
adv.,  with  strictness,  with  severity, 
harshly. 

severitas,  -tatis,  [severo  + tas], 
F.,  strictness,  harshness,  severity. 

severus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  stern, 
strict,  severe,  harsh. 

Sex.,  abbreviation  for  Sextus, 
sexaginta  [sex  + unc.  term.,  cf. 
Gr.  e^Kovra] , indecl.  num.  adj.,  sixty. 

sextilis,  -e,  [sexto  + ilis],  adj., 
{of  the  sixth).  — Hence,  of  August. 
Sextius,  see  Sestius. 
sextus,  -a,  -um,  [sex+tus],  adj., 
sixth. 

Sextus,  -I,  M.,  preceding  as  proper 
name  (orig.  the  sixth-born). 

si  [locative,  prob.  akin  to  se], 
conj.,  {hi  this  way,  in  this  case,  so, 
cf.  sic),  if,  in  case,  on  condition 
that,  supposing.  — Esp.,  to  see  if, 
whether.  — See  also  si  quis. 

Sibyllinus,  -a,  -um,  [Sibylla  + 
inus],  adj.,  of  the  Sibyl,  Sibylline  : 
fata  {the  Sibylline  books,  a collection 
of  prophecies  held  in  great  venera- 
tion at  Rome). 

sic  [si-ce,  cf.  hie],  adv.,  so,  in 
this  manner,  in  such  a manner,  in 
this  way,  thus  : sic  . . . ut  {so...  that , 
so  well  . . . that );  sic  accepimus 
{this).  — sicuti,  sicut,  as  conj .,just 
as,  just  as  if,  as. 

sica,  -ae,  [prob.  akin  to  seco],  F., 

a dagger. 


Vocabulary . 


169 


sicarius,  -i,  [sica+arius],  M.,  an 
assassin , a cut-throat , # hired  ruffian 
(one  who  commits  murder  for  money). 

Sicilia,  -ae,  [Gr.  Si/ceTu'a],  F., 
Sicily. 

Siciliensis,  -e,  [Sicilia  + ensis], 
adj.,  of  Sicily , Sicilian.  — As  subst., 
a Sicilian. 

Siculus,  -a,  -urn,  [Gr.  ZuceXos], 
adj.,  Sicilian , of  Sicily. — Plur.  as 
subst.,  the  Sicilians. 

sicut  (sicuti),  see  sic. 

Sigeum,  -i,  [Gr.  ’Zlyeiov],  N.,  a 
promontory  near  Troy,  where  was  the 
supposed  tomb  of  Achilles. 

signifer,  -fen,  [signo-fer  (VFER 
-f  us)],  M .,  a standard-bearer. 

significatio,  -onis,  [signified  + 
tio],  F.,  a making  of  signs , a signal, 
a sign,  an  intimation,  a warning, 
an  indication. 

signified,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fsig- 
nifico-  (signo-ficus)],  1.  v.  n.  and  a., 
make  signs,  indicate,  make  knozvn, 
spread  news,  give  an  intimation,  give 
information,  intimate,  hint  at,  give 
an  indication,  show  signs  of 

signum,  -i,  [unc.  root  + num  (n. 
of  -nus)],  N.,  (orig.  a cut  tally-mark!, 
a device ),  a sign,  a mark,  a signal. 

— Esp.,  a standard  (for  military  pur- 
poses, carried  by  each  body  of  men, 
consisting  of  some  device  in  metal 
on  a pole).  — So  often,  signa  mili- 
taria  (to  distinguish  this  meaning). 

— In  phrases:  conlatis  signis  (in 
a regular  battle') ; signis  inferendis 
(in  battle  array,  with  an  armed 
force)',  see  military  expressions  in 
Vocab.  to  Caesar.  — Also,  a statue , a 
seal,  a constellation. 

Silanion  (-io),  -onis,  [?],  M.,  a 
Greek  sculptor  of  the  time  of  Alex- 
ander the  Great. 

Silanus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 


family  name.  — Esp.,  D.  Junius  Si- 
lanus, cons.  B.C.  62,  who  voted  in 
the  Senate  for  the  death  of  the  Cati- 
linarian  conspirators. 

silentium,  -i,  [silent  + ium],  n., 
silence , quiet.  — silentio,  abl.,  in  si- 
lence, silently. 

sileo,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [?],  2.  v.  n. 
and  a.,  be  silent,  say  nothing,  be  silent 
about,  pass  over  in  silence. 

silva,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a forest,  woods, 
forests.  — Plur.  in  same  sense. 

Silvanus,  -1,-  [silva  + nus],  M., 
(of  the  woods).  — A Roman  family 
name.  — Esp.,  M.  Plautius  Silvanus, 
tribune,  B.C.  89,  author  of  the  Plau- 
tian  Papirian  law,  see  Plotius. 

Silvester  (-tris),  -tris,  -tre,  [silva- 
(as  if  silves-,  cf.  palustris) -ftris], 
adj.,  zvoody,  wooded. 

similis,  -e,  [fsimo-  (cf.  simplex, 
semper,  simitu)  + lis],  adj.,  like , 
similar,  almost  equal. 

similiter  [simili  + ter],  adv.,  in 
like  manner,  likewise , in  like  degree, 
in  the  same  way. 

similitudO, -inis,  [simili+tudo], 
F.,  likeness,  resemblance  (to,  genitive). 

simplex,  -icis,  [sim-  (in  similis, 
etc.),  -plex  (VPLIC>  as  stem)],  adj., 
simple , without  complication. 

simpliciter  [simplici-  (as  stem 
of  simplex)  + ter],  adv.,  simply, 
with  simplicity . 

simul  [n.  of  similis,  cf.  facul], 

adv.,  at  the  same  time,  as  soon  as  : 
simul  atque  (as  soon  as) . 

simulacrum,  -i,  [simula+  cr  um] , 
N.,  an  image,  a statue,  a representa- 
tion, a likeness. 

simulatio,  -onis,  [simula  + tio], 
F.,  a pretence,  a shozv. 

simulo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [simili- 
(as  if,  perh.  orig.,  fsimulo)],  1.  v.  a., 
' pretend , make  a show  of  (something). 


170 


Vocabulary . 


simultas,  -tatis,  [simili-  (cf.  si- 
mul)  + tas],  F.,  (likeness!,  equal- 
ity  ?),  rivalry . — Hence,  a grudge , a 
quarrel,  an  enmity . 

sin  [si-ne],  conj.,  (if  not),  but  if. 
sincerus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  pure, 
unmixed,  unadulterated,  uncontani- 
inated. 

sine  [ ?],  prep.,  without,  free  from. 
singularis,  -e,  [singulo  + aris] , 
adj . , solitary,  single. — Hence,  unique, 
peculiar , special,  extraordinary,  un- 
paralleled, unequalled,  marvellous. 

singull,  -ae,  -a,  [sim-  (in  similis) 
+ unc.  term.],  adj.,  one  at  a time, 
single , each,  one  by  one,  several  ( sever - 
ally),  every,  individually,  separately. 

sino,  sivi,  situs,  sinere,  [fsi  (of 
unc.  meaning)],  3.  v.  a.,  (lay  down , 
cf.  pono),  leave.  — Hence,  permit, 
allow,  suffer.  — In  orig.  meaning, 
situs,  lying:  quantum  est  situm 
in  nobis  (so  far  as  in  me  lies). 

Sinope,  -es,  [Gr.  ^LuuTrrj^,  f.,  a 
city  in  Paphlagonia. 

sinus,  -us,  [?],  m.,  a fold. — 
Hence,  a bay,  an  inlet. — Esp.,  a 
fold  (of  the  toga  across  the  bosom) , 
the  bosom. 

si  quando,  if  ever,  whenever.  — 
Cf.  si  and  quando. 

si  quidem,  if  at  least,  in  so  far 
as,  since.  — Cf.  si  and  quidem. 
si  quis,  see  si  and  quis. 
sis  [si  vis],  phrase,  if  you  please, 
will  you  : cave  sis  (look  out  now). 

sisto,  stiti,  status,  sistere,  [^/sta, 
reduplicated],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  place , 
set , stand , stop.  — status,  -a,  -um, 
p.p.,  set,  appointed. 

sitis,  -is,  [?],  F.,  thirst. 
situs, -tus,  [fsi  (in  sino)  -j-tus], 
M.,  (a  laying,  a leaving),  situation, 
position. 

sive,  seu,  [si-ve],  conj.,  if  either. 


or  if:  sive  . . . sive  (either  . . . or, 
whether  . . . or). 

Smyrnaeus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr.  Z/uvp- 
vdios~\,  adj.,  of  Smyrna  (a  city  of 
Ionia  in  Asia  Minor).  — Plur.,  the 
people  of  Smyrna. 

sobrius,  -a,  -um,  [?,  cf.  ebrius], 
adj.,  sober. 

socer,  -erl,  [?],  m.,  a father-in-law . 
socia,  -ae,  [f.  of  socius],  f.,  a 
sharer,  an  associate. 

societas,  -tatis,  [socio  + tas],  f., 
a sharing,  an  alliance,  an  associa- 
tion, a partnership.  — Esp.,  a joint- 
stock  company  (for  great  enterprises, 
as  in  modern  times),  a company : 
multarum  rerum  societas  (many 
associations)',  in  societatem  venire, 
se  offerre  (to  share,  etc.). 

socius,  -i,  [Vsequ  + ius],  m.,  a 
companion,  an  ally,  a sharer,  an 
associate,  a partner. 

sodalis,  -is,  [?],  m.  and  F.,  a com- 
panion, a comrade,  a crony,  a boon 
companion. 

sol,  solis,  [?],  M.,  the  sun.  — See 
also  oriens,  occidens,  and  ortus. 
solacium,  see  solatium, 
solatium  (solac-),  -\,  [solato  + 
ium],  N.,  a consolation , a solace. 
solennis,  see  sollemnis. 
soleo,  solitus  sum,  solere,  [?], 
2.  v.  n.,  be  wont,  be  accustomed,  do 
commonly  (with  Eng.  verb,  as  in  con- 
text), be  in  the  habit,  etc.,  use  (to, 
etc.)  : sic  fieri  solet  (is  commonly 
the  case);  sicut  poetae  solent  (as 
is  the  habit  of  poets). 

solitudo,  -inis,  [solo  + tudo],  F., 
loneliness.  — Hence,  a wilderness,  a 
desert,  solitude,  seclusion , a lonely 
place. 

sollemnis  (solen-,  sollen  ),  -e, 
[fsollus-  (every)  annus],  adj.,  an- 
nual, yearly,  stated,  established.  — 


Vocabulary. 


Hence, (established  by  religious  sanc- 
tion), solemn , religious , sacred. 

sollicitatio,  -onis,  [sollicita  + 
tio],F.,  (actively),  a tampering zvith. 

— Also,  (passively),  anxiety. 
sollicito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [sol- 
licito-], i.  v.a.  and  n.,  stir  up , rouse , 
instigate , make  overtures  to,  tamper 
zuith,  approach  (with  money,  etc.), 
offer  bribes  to.  — Also,  disturb,  make 
anxious , trouble. 

sollicitudo,  -inis,  [as  if,  perh. 
really,  fsollicitu-  (stem  akin  to  sol- 
licitus)  -f  do],  F.,  anxiety , solici- 
tude. 

sollicitus,  -a,  -um,  [fsollo-citus, 

wholly  roused ],  adj.,  agitated , anx- 
ious, uneasy,  troubled. 

solum,  see  solus, 
solum,  -i,  [?],  N.,  the  soil,  the 
foundation. 

solus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  alone, 
only,  the  only.  — solum,  n.  as  adv., 
alone,  only. 

solutio,  -onis,  [solvi-  (as  stem  of 
solvo)  + tio,  cf.  solutus],  F.,  a 
setting  free. — Esp.  (cf.  solvo),  a 
payment,  payment. 

solutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  solvo. 
solvo,  solvi,  solutus,  solvere, 
[prob.  se-luo],  3.  v.  a.,  unbind,  loose. 

— Fig.,  set  free,  exempt,  acquit,  ab- 
solve. — Also,  pay  (release  an  obli- 
gation), perform  (a  due).  — Esp., 
solutus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  set  free,  unre- 
strained, unembarrassed,  remiss. 

somnus,  -i,  [somp-  (as  if  root  of 
sopio,  etc.,  with  intrusive  n,  as  in 
pingo)  -f  nus],  M.,  sleep,  slumber. 

sono,  -ui,  -aturus,  -are,  [partly 
sono-,  partly  root  verb],  1.  v.  n.  and 
a.,  sound. — With  cognate  acc.,  sound 
with,  have  a sound  (of  a certain 
character),  sound : pingue  quiddam 
{sound  somewhat  coarse ). 


171 

sonus,  -i,  [y'soN  + us],  m.,  a 

sound. 

sopio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -itus,  -ire,  [causa- 
tive of  -y/sop  (cf.  somnus),  or  de- 
nominative of  kindred  stem],  4.  v.  a., 
put  to  sleep : sopita  consuetudo 
{put  to  sleep,  a sleep). 

sordes,  -is,  [y'soRD-  (cf.  swart ) 
-f  es],  F.,  dirt,  filth.  — Fig.,  mean- 
ness, dirty  tricks,  mean  dishonesty. 
— Also,  wretchedness  (of  apparel  in 
mourning),  dust  and  ashes{T). 

sordidatus,  -a,  -um,  [sordidd  + 
atus,  cf.  candidatus,  perh.  real 
p.p.],  adj .,  filthy.  — Esp.  of  clothes, 
(in  mourning  and  otherwise),  clad 
in  mourning  (cf.  “in  sackcloth  and 
ashes  ”). 

soror,  -oris,  [ ?,  cf.  sister),  F.,  a sis- 
ter : soror  ex  matre  {a  half-sister) . 

sors,  sortis,  [perh.  y'SER  (in  sero) 
+ tis,  but  the  orig.  sense  is  unc.], 
F.,  a lot  (for  divination),  a designa- 
tion by  lot,  a choice  by  lot , a drawing 
(of  a jury),  an  allotment. 

sortior,  -itus,  -iri,  [sorti-],  4.  v. 
dep.,  cast  lots,  draw  lots,  draw  a jury 
(by  lot).  — Hence,  obtain  by  lot. 

sorti  tio,  -onis,  [sorti  + tio],  F.,  a 
drawing  by  lot,  an  allotment,  a divi- 
sion by  lot,  a drawing  (of  a jury  by 
lot). 

sortltus,  -tus,  [sorti  + tus],  m., 
an  allot7nent , an  assignment  (by  lot). 
Sp.,  abbreviation  for  Spurius. 
spargo,  sparsi,  sparsus,  spargere, 
[^/sparg],  3.  v.  a.,  scatter,  fling 
about.  — Fig.,  spread,  extend. 

Spartacus,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a famous 
gladiator,  who  roused  a servile  war 
in  Italy,  B.C.  73. 

spatium,  -i,  [?],  n.,  space,  extent, 
a space,  a distance.  — Transf.,  time , 
space  of  tune,  lapse  of  tune,  a period. 
species,  -iei,  [ ^/spec  + ies  (akin 


to  -ia)],  F.,  (a  sight,  prob.  both  act. 
and  pass.).  — Passively,  a sight , a 
show , an  appearance , a spectacle , {a 
splendid  action). 

spectaculum,  -i,  [specta  + cu- 
lum],  N.,  a sight,  a show,  a spectacle. 

specto,  -avi,  -at us,  -are,  [speeto-], 
i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look  at,  regard,  gaze 
upon,  have  regard  to,  look  towards, 
aim  at,  be  aimed  at,  tend.  — spec- 
tatus,  p.p.  as  adj.,  tried,  proved,  es- 
teemed, estimable. 

specula,  -ae,  [fspeca-  (^/sPEC+a, 
cf.  conspicor)  + la],  F.,  a watch- 
tower,  a lookout : in  speculis  (on 
the  lookout). 

speculator,  -toris,  [specula  + 
tor],  M.,  a spy , a scout. 

speculor,  -atus,  -ari,  [speculo-], 
i.  v.  dep.,  spy,  reconnoitre,  watch: 
speculandi  causa  (as  a spy). 

spero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [spes- 
(prob.  orig.  stem  of  spes)  with  r 
for  s],  I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hope , hope  for , 
expect,  have  hope  for  : bene  sperare 
(have  good  hope) . 

spes,  -ei,  [?],  Y.,hope,  expectation, 
hopes . 

spiritus,  -tus,  [spiri-  (as  stem  of 
spiro)  + tus],  M.,  breath,  the  air 
we  breathe. — Also,  spirit,  inspira- 
tion. — Hence  in  plur.,  pride , arro- 
gance. 

spiro,  -avl,  -aturus,  -are,  [?],  i.v.n. 
and  a.,  breathe,  blow  : spirante  re- 
publica  (still  breathing)',  spirans 
(alive). 

splendidus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  fsplen- 
do+dus,  cf.  splendeo,  splendico], 
adj.,  bright,  shining,  brilliant : causa 
splendidior  fiet  (gain  in  lustre).  — 
Esp.  as  epithet  of  the  middle  class, 
distinguished  (by  wealth  and  char- 
acter, cf.  amplus),  conspicuous , 
prominent. 


splendor,  -oris,  [splend  (as  if 
root  of  splendeo)  + or  (for  -os)], 
M.,  brilliancy,  lustre. — Hence,  prom- 
inence, brilliant  position,  brilliant 
character. 

spoliatio,  -onis,  [spolia  + tio], 

F.,  a despoiling,  a robbery,  spoliation , 
unlawful  deprivation. 

spolio,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [spolio-], 
I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  despoil,  strip.  — Fig., 
rob,  deprive,  despoil,  plunder.  — Ab- 
solutely, despoil  one's  enemy,  take  the 
spoil. 

spolium,  -i,  [unc.,  cf.  Gr.  ctkvAov'], 
n.,  (hide}).  — Hence,  spoil  (of  a 
slain  enemy,  also  fig.). 

spondeo,  spopondi,  sponsus,  spon- 
dere,  [prob.  formed  from  borrowed 
Gr.  (nroub'f],  league ],  2.  v.  a.  and  n., 
promise  (solemnly), pledge  one's  self. 

spongia,  -ae,  [Gr.  (nroyyid],  F.,  a 
sponge  (used,  as  now,  for  cleaning). 

spontis  (gen.),  sponte  (abl.), 
[prob.  akin  to  spondeo],  F.,  only 
with  pers.  pron.  or  (poetic)  genitive, 
of  one's  own  accord,  voluntarily. 

spurco,-avi,  -atus, -are,  [spurco-], 
i.  v.  a.,  defile. 

Spurius,  -l,  [spurius,  bastard ], 
M.,  a Roman  praenomen. 

squaleo,-ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [fsqua- 
le-  (cf.  squales,  squalidus)],  2.v.n., 
be  filthy.  — Esp.  of  mourning  (cf. 
sordidus),  be  in  mourning,  be  in 
sorrow  (in  the  garb  of  sorrow). 

squalor,  -oris,  [squal-  (as  root  of 
squaleo)  + or  (for -os)],  m.,  squalor. 
— Esp.  for  mourning,  mourning, 
wretched  apparel. 

stabilio,  -ivi  (-ii),  -Itus,  -ire, 
[stabili-],  4.  v.  a.,  make  firm,  estab- 
lish, secure,  firmly  establish. 

stabilis,  -e,  [VSTA  + perh. 
through  intermediate  stem],  adj., 
standing  firmly , stable,  enduring.  — 


Vocabulary. 


173 


Fig.,  constant , consistent,  unwaver - 
ing' 

stabilitas,  -tatis,  [stabili  + tas], 

F.,  steadiness,  firmness,  firm  founda- 
tions. 

Statilius,  -i,  [akin  to  sto],  M.,  a 
Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp.,  L.  Sta- 
tilius, one  of  the  Catilinarian  con- 
spirators. 

statim  [acc.  of  fstatis  (sta  + 
tis)],  adv.,  ( as  one  sta?tds,  on  the 
spot) , at  once,  forthwith,  immedi- 
ately. 

Stator,  -toris,  [y'STA  + tor],  M*> 
the  Stayer,  an  appellation  of  Jove  as 
the  stayer  of  flight. 

statua,  -ae,  [statu  + a (or  -va)], 
F.,  a statue  (usually  of  men,  cf.  sig- 
num,  effigies  of  gods  as  well). 

statuo,  -ui,  -utus,  -uere,  [statu-], 
3.  v.  a.,  set  up.  — Hence,  establish , 
resolve  upon , determine,  decide,  con- 
sider, make  up  one's  mind,  take  meas- 
ures, set  up  as,  regard  as : modum 
{set  a limit ) ; aliquid  severe  {take 
any  severe  measures')',  in  aliquem 
{deal  with  one). 

status,  -tus,  [VSTA  + tus],  M., 
{a  standing  or  setting  up),  a posi- 
tion, a condition,  a state. 

status,  -a,  -um,  see  sisto. 

stern o,  stravi,  stratus,  sternere, 
[ -y/STER,  cf.  strages],  3.  v.  a.,  scat- 
ter, strew.  — Hence,  lay  low,  pros- 
trate : stratus  {prostrate,  lying  low, 
grovelling) . 

stimulus,  -i,  [fstigmo-  (-y/STiG 
+ mus)  + lus],  M.,  a goad,  a spur. 
Fig.,  a stimulus,  a spur,  an  incen- 
tive. 

stipendiarius,  -a,  -um,  [stipen- 
dio  + arius],  adj.,  tributary,  under 
tribute,  subject  to  tribute  (paying  a 
fixed  sum,  cf.  vectigalis). 

stipendium,  -i,  [stipi-  and  stem 


akin  to  pendo  (perh.  fpendus,  cf. 
pendulus)  + ium],  N.,  a tribute. — 
Also,  pay  (for  military  service),  ser- 
vice, a campaign  (as  served  and  paid 
for). 

stipo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fstipo- 
(cf.  obstipus),  akin  to  stipes], 
1.  v.  a.,  crowd. — Hence,  surround 
with  a crowd,  surround. 

stirps,  stirpis,  [?],  M.  and  F.,  a 
stock.  — Fig.,  a race,  a stock,  the  root 
(malorum). 

sto,  stetl,  staturus,  stare,  [^/sta], 

1.  v.  n.,  (active  meanings  usually  re- 
ferred to  sisto,  the  reduplicated 
form ),  stand,  stand  up  : stans  {stand- 
ing, not  overthrown). 

strepitus,  -tus,  [strepi-  (as  stem 
of  strepo)  + tus],  M.,  a noise , a 
rattling,  a murmur  (of  approval  or 
otherwise),  a din. 

studeo,  studul,  no  p.p.,  studere, 
[fstudd-  (or  fstuda-),  cf.  studium], 

2.  v.  n.,  be  eager  for  or  to,  be  devoted 
to,  pay  attention  to,  attend  to,  desire, 
be  bent  on  (doing  something),  aim 
at,  be  anxious  (to,  etc.). 

studiose  [old  abl.  of  studiosus], 
adv.,  eagerly , with  care,  with  pains. 

studiosus,  -a,  -um,  [studio  + 
osus],  adj.,  zealous,  fond  of,  devoted. 

studium,  -i,  [prob.  fstudo+ium, 
cf.  studeo],  N.,  eagerness,  zeal,  in- 
terest, desire,  devotion,  fondness  (for 
a thing),  enthusiasm. — Hence,  a 
pursuit  (to  which  one  is  devoted), 
a profession,  an  occupation,  a taste 
(for  anything),  a study.  — Esp.,  a 
party,  partisan  zeal,  party  feeling, 
partisan  favor  : in  eo  studio  par- 
tium  (in  favor  of  that  party)',  con- 
silia  studia  {measures  and  party 
spirit) . 

stulte  [old  abl.  of  stultus],  adv., 

foolishly. 


174 


Vocabulary. 


stultitia,  -ae,  [stulto  -f  tia],  F., 

folly,  stupidity. 

stultus,  -a,  -um  [stul  (in  stoli- 
dus)  + tus],  adj.,  (stupefied?),  fool- 
ish, stupid ' silly.  — Often  rendered 
by  a noun,  a fool , utter  folly , etc. 

stuprum,  -i,  [perh.  akin  to  stu- 
peo],  N.,  rape,  lewdness,  debauchery. 

suadeo,  suasl,  suasus,  suadere, 
[causative  of  y'svAD,  cf.  suavis, 
but  perh.  partly  denom.,  cf.  suadus], 
2.  v.  n.  and  a.,  ( make  agreeable  to ?), 
advise , persuade  (without  effect,  cf. 
persuadeo),  convince.  — Esp.  of 
laws,  favor,  support. 

suavis,  -e,  [ ^/svad  -f  us,  cf.  le- 
vis],  adj.,  sweet,  agreeable,  pleasant. 

sub  (in  comp,  subs),  [unc.  case, 
prob.  abl.  (cf.  subs)  akin  to  super], 
adv.  (in  comp.)  and  prep.  a.  With 
abl.  (of  rest  in  a place),  under. — 
Also,  just  by.  — 6.  With  acc.  (of  mo- 
tion towards  a place),  under , close 
to.  — Of  time,  just  at,  just  before. — 
c.  In  comp.,  under,  up  (from  un- 
der), away  (from  beneath),  secretly 
(underhand),  in  succession,  a little , 
slightly. 

subactus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  subigo. 
subc-,  see  succ-. 
subeo,  -ii,  -itus,  -ire,  [sub-eo], 
irr.v.a.,£v?  under,  undergo,  encounter. 
subf-,  see  suflf-. 

subhorridus,  -a,  -um,  [sub-hor- 
ridus],  adj.,  rather  rough. 

subicio  (subji-),  -jeci,  -jectus, 
-icere,  [sub-jacio],  3.  v.  a.,  throw 
under,  place  below,  place  under,  sub- 
ject, expose  to.  — Esp.  of  fire,  set, 
use  to  light.  — Also,  palm  off  upon, 
forge  (of  wills).  — Also,  throw  up, 
hand  up. 

subigo,  -egi,  -actus,  -igere,  [sub- 
ago],  3-  v.  a.,  bring  under,  subject , 
subdue,  crush. 


subito,  see  subitus. 
subitus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  subeo], 
adj ., {coming  up  secretly  from  under), 
sudden,  suddenly  (as  if  adv.  taken 
with  the  verb),  quick , hasty.  — sub- 
ito, abl.  as  adv.,  suddenly,  of  a sud- 
den, all  at  once. 

subjector,  -toris,  [as  if  sub-fjac- 
tor,  cf.  subicio],  M.,  a forger. 
subjicid,  see  subicio. 
sublatus,  -a,  -um,  [sub-(t)latus], 
p.p.  of  tollo. 

sublevo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [sub- 
levo],  I.  v.  a.,  lighten  up,  lighten, 
relieve,  raise,  raise  up,  assist,  render 
assistance. 

suboles  (sob-),  -is,  [sub-foles 
(^/OL+es,  cf.  olesco)],  f.,  offspring. 
subp-,  see  supp-. 
subsellium,  -i,  [sub-fsellium 
(sella  + ium)],  n.,  a bench,  a seat 
(esp.  in  the  senate  house  or  court). 

subsidium,  -i,  [sub-fsedium 
(y'sed  + ium)],  N.,  ( a sitting  in 
reserve ),  a reserve,  a reinforcement, 
help,  relief,  support,  assistance,  means, 
resources,  a source  of  supplies  (of  any 
kind)  : patriae  {stay). 

subsldo,  -sedi,  -sessurus,  -sidere, 
[sub-sido],  3.  v.  n.,  sit  dozvn,  remain 
behind,  stop,  stay. 

subsortior,  -itus,  -iri,  [sub-sor- 
tior],  4.  v.  dep.,  draw  in  place  of 
some  one,  have  a substitute  (drawn 
by  lot). 

substructio,  -onis,  [sub-structio, 
cf.  substruo],  F.,  a foundation , a 
substruction. 

subsum,  -fui,  -futurus,  -esse,  [sub- 
sum], irr.  v.  n.,  be  under,  be  under- 
neath, be  near,  be  close  by  (a  certain 
distance  off),  be  near  at  hand,  ap- 
proach. 

subterfugio,  -fugi,  no  p.p.,  -fu- 
gere,  [subter-fugio],  3.  v.  n.  and  a., 


Vocabulary. 


175 


escape  (from  under  something  that 
impends). 

subtilis,  -e,  [akin  to  sub  and 
tela],  adj .,fine,  subtle. 

subtiliter  [subtili  + ter],  adv., 

finely , acutely : judicare  {be  a 
shrewd  judge'). 

suburbanus,  -a,  -um,  [sub-urbe 
+ anus],  adj.,  suburban.  — Esp.  N. 
as  subst.,  a suburban  estate , a villa. 

succedo,  -cessi,  -cessurus,  -cede- 
re,  [sub-cedo],  3.V.  n.,  come  up , ad- 
vance, come  in  place  of,  succeed  to, 
take  the  place  of,  come  next.  — Also, 
be  successful,  prosper. 

succenseo,  see  suscenseo. 
succurro,  -currl,  -cursurus,  -cur- 
rere,  [sub-curro],  3.  v.  n.,  rush  to 
support,  rush  to  one's  rescue,  relieve, 
succor. 

sufFero,  sustuli,  sublatus  (referred 
to  tollo),  sufferre,  [sub-fero],  irr. 
v.  a.,  bear,  suffer. 

suffragatio,  -5nis,  [suffraga  + 
tio],  F.,  a support  (for  an  office).— 
Less  exactly,  a recommendation,  a 
supporter. 

suffragator,  -toris,  [suffraga  + 
tor],  M.,  a supporter  (for  an  office). 

suffragium,  -i,  [sub-ffragium, 
i.e.  prob.  suffrago  + ium  (cf.  suf- 
fragor  and  suffringo)],  N.,  ( a 
pastern  bone , cf.  suffrago;  or  a 
potsherd,  cf.  Gr.  oarpaKoi /;  either 
used  as  a ballot),  a ballot,  vote. 

sui  (prop.  gen.  N.  of  suus),  sibi, 
se,  [Vsva],  pron.  reflexive,  himself, 
etc.  — Often  to  be  translated  by  the 
personal,  he,  she,  it,  etc.,  also  each 
other.  — Esp. : inter  se  {from,  with, 
by,  etc.,  each  other) ; per  se  {of  him- 
self, etc.,  without  outside  influence 
or  excitement) ; ipse  per  se  (in  and 
of  himself) . 

Sulla,  -ae,  [?],  m.,  a Roman  fam- 


ily name.  — Esp.,  Lucius  Cornelius 
Sulla,  the  great  partisan  of  the  nobil- 
ity, and  opponent  of  Marius,  called 
the  Dictator  Sulla. 

Sulpicius,  -I,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.:  I.  P.  Sul- 

picius Galba,  prob.  sedile,  B.c.  69, 
one  of  the  jury  against  Verres;  2.  C. 
Sulpicius  Galba , praetor,  B.C.  63; 
3.  P.  Sulpicius  Rufus,  tribune,  B.c. 
88,  a partisan  of  Marius,  killed  by 
Sulla. 

sum,  fui,  futurus,  esse,  [^/as,  cf. 
am,  is,],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  (exist).  — Also, 
with  weakened  force,  be  (as  a mere 
copula).  — With  many  renderings 
according  to  the  context : est  de 
proscriptione  {relates  to);  est  in 
lege  {is prescribed);  est  alicui  {one 
has) ; quid  alicui  cum  aliquo  est  ? 
{what  has  one  to  do  with?  etc.); 
quid  de  aliquo  futurum  est?  {what 
will  become  of?);  qui  nunc  sunt 
(now  living);  quae  est  civium 
(consists  of);  est  alicujus  (it  is 
one's  part,  it  is  one's  place,  it  belongs 
to  one,  and  the  like) ; meliore  esse 
sensu  (to  have,  etc.);  esse  veste 
mutata  (to  put  on  mourning) ; esse 
cum  telo  (to  go  armed);  fuerat 
ille  annus  (had  passed);  esto  (be 
it  so,  well) . 

summa,  -ae,  [f.  of  summus  as 
noun],  F.,  (the  top),  the  highest  place , 
the  sum,  the  total,  the  main  part: 
belli  (the  general  management,  the 
chief  control);  ad  unam  summam 
referri  (be  set  down  to  one  account). 

summus,  see  superus. 

sumo,  sumpsi,  sumptus,  -sumere, 
[sub-emo  (take)],  3.  v.  a.,  take 
away,  take , get,  assume : suppli- 
cium  ( inflict , cf.  capere) ; laborem 
(spend) ; arma  (take  up) ; mihi 
(take  upon) ; exempla  (draw)  ; sus- 


Vocabulary . 


176 

cepto  bello  (when  the  war  was  be- 
gun) ; saga  ( put  on) ; nullis  armis 
sumptis  (when  there  was  no  war). 

sumptuose  [old  abl.  of  sump- 
tuosus],  adv.,  expensively , extrava- 
gantly : sumptuosius  (with  too  much 
magnificence). 

sumptuosus,  -a,  -um,  [sumptu+ 
osus],  adj.,  expensive,  costly . 

sumptus,  -tus,  [sub-femptus, 
cf.  sumo],  m.,  (a  taking  out  of  the 
stock  on  hand),  expense  : sumptibus 
(extravagant  expenditure , extrava- 
gance). 

superbe  [old  abl.  of  superbus], 
adv,,  haughtily , arrogantly , with  ar- 
rogance, with  insolence. 

superbus,  -a,  -um,  [super+bus, 
cf.  morbus],  adj.,  arrogant , haughty , 
prGud , insolent. 

supercilium,  -i,  [super-cilium, 

(eyelid)'],  n.,  eyebrow , brow  (as  ex- 
pressing emotions). 

superior,  see  superus. 
supero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [supero-], 
1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  overtop.  — Hence,  get 
the  upper  hand  of  overcome , con- 
quer, defeat,  be  superior  to,  pre- 
vail, overmatch,  survive  (vita),  sur- 
pass. 

supersum,  -fui,  -futurus,  -esse, 
[super-sum],  irr.  v.  n.,  be  over  and 
above,  remain,  survive : satietati 
(remain  in  excess  of). 

superus,  -a,  -um,  [fsupe-  (stem 
akin  to  sub,  perh.  same)  -f  rus  (cf. 
inferus)],  adj.,  higher,  being  above. 

— Compar.,  superior,  higher,  upper, 
preceding  (of  time),  past,  before, 
superior , earlier , former,  elder  : 
superiora  ilia  (those  former  acts)', 
superior  esse  (have  the  advantage). 

— Superb,  supremus  [supra-  (?) 

4-  imus(?)],  highest , last : dies  (last,  j 
of  a funeral).  — Also, summus  [sup  | 


| + mus],  highest,  the  highest  part  of, 
the  top  of.  — Fig.,  greatest,  most  im- 
portant, very  great,  most  perfect, 
perfect,  supreme , most  violent,  pre- 
eminent, in  the  highest  degree,  most 
severe,  of  the  utmost  importance : 
summa  omnia  (all  the  highest  quali- 
ties)', summa  hieme  (the  depth  of 
winter );  tempus  (most  critical)', 
vir  (very  superior) ; quattuor  aut 
summum  quinque  (at  the  most)', 
summa  respublica  (the  highest  in- 
terests of  the  state,  the  general  wel- 
fare of  the  state). 

suppeditb,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?, 
cf.  suppeto],  1.  v.  n.  and  a.,  suffice . 

— Also,  supply. 

suppetb,  -petivi,  -petiturus,  -pe- 
tere,  [sub-peto],  3.  v.  n.,  (?,  but  cf. 
sufficio  and  subvenio),  be  on  hand , 
be  supplied \ be  to  be  found : suppetit 
nobis  (we  have  a store). 

supplex,  -icis,  [sub-fplex(7PLic 
as  stem,  cf.  duplex)],  m.  and  f.,  a 
suppliant. 

supplicatio,  -onis,  [supplica  + 
tio],  f.,  a supplication . — Esp.,  a 
thanksgiving  (prayer  to  the  gods 
upon  any  signal  success,  decreed  by 
the  senate). 

supplicium,  -i,  [supplic-  (stem 
of  supplex)  +ium],  n.,  (a  kneeling). 

— Hence,  a supplication.  — Also,  a 
punishment  (usually  of  death). 

supplico,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [sup- 
plic-], 1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  supplicate , en- 
treat, pray  for  mercy. 

suppono,  -posui,  -positus,  -ponere, 
[sub-pono],  3.  v.  a.,  put  under , 
fraudulently  introduce , introduce 
under  cover  of  something. 

supra  [instr.  (?)  of  superus], 
adv.  and  prep.,  above , before. 
supremus,  see  superus. 
surgo,  surrexi,  surrectus,  surgere, 


Vocabulary . 


1 77 


[sub-rego],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  raise.  — 
Also,  rise. 

surripib  (snbr-),  -ripui,  -reptus, 
-ripere,  [sub-rapio],  3.  v.  a.  (and 
n.),  snatch  privately , steal,  take  by 
treachery. 

suscenseo  (succ-),  -censui,  -cen- 
surus,  -censere,  [subs-(sub-)censeo] , 
2.  v.  n.,  be  incensed , be  slightly  angry , 
be  offended. 

suscipio,  -cepi,  -ceptus,  -cipere, 
[subs-capio],  3.  v.  a.,  take  up,  take 
upon  one's  self  (voluntarily,  cf.  re- 
cipio,  as  a duty),  engage  in,  adopt, 
take  in  hand,  undertake.  — Also,  un- 
dergo, suffer,  experience  (of  feelings), 
bring  upon  one's  self. 

suspicio,  -spexi,  -spectus,  -spicere, 
[sub-specio],  3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  look  up, 
look  up  at,  look  askance  at.  — Hence, 
suspect:  suspectus  {an  object  of 
suspicion). 

suspicio  (-spitio),  -onis,  [sub- 
fspecio,  cf.  suspicio,  -ere],  f.,  sus- 
picion. 

suspiciose  (suspit-),  [old  abl. 
of  suspiciosus],  adv.,  in  a way  to 
excite  suspicion. 

suspiciosus  (suspit-),  -a,  -um, 
[prob.  f suspicio-  (sub-fspecium,  cf. 
extispicium)  -}-  osus],  adj.,  sus- 
picious. 

suspicor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fsuspic- 
(cf.  auspex)],  1.  v.  dep.,  suspect , 
have  a suspicion. 

sustento,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [subs- 
tento  (cf.  sustineo)],  1.  v.  a.  and  n., 
maintain , sustain,  hold  out,  endure, 
support : sustentando  {by patience). 

sustineo,  -tinui,  -tentus,  -tinere, 
[subs-teneo],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  hold 
up  under,  withstand,  endure , hold 
out,  sustain,  support,  bear,  stop. 

suus,  -a,  -um,  [y'svA  (in  se)  -f 
ius],  poss.  pron.  (referring  back  to 


subject),  his , hers,  its,  theirs,  etc. — 
Sometimes  emphatic,  his  own , etc.  — 
Often  without  subst.,  sui,  M.  plur., 
his  {their)  men,  countrymen,  friends, 
etc.;  sua,  N.  plur.,  his  {their)  posses- 
sions, property,  etc. : omnia  sua  {all 
he  had). 

symphoniacus,  -a,  -um,  [Gr. 
<TviJL(p(tiviaK6s~\,  adj.,  musical:  pueri 
{musicians). 

Syracusae,  -arum,  [Gr.  'Zvpa.nv- 
<rat],  F.  plur.,  Syracuse,  the  famous 
city  in  Sicily. 

Syracusanus,  -a,  -um,  [Syracusa 
-f-  anus],  adj.,  of  Syracuse,  Syra- 
cusan. — Plur.  M.,  the  people  of  Syr- 
acuse, the  Syracusans. 

Syria,  -ae,  [Gr.  Zvpia],  F.,  the 
country  lying  at  the  eastern  end  of 
the  Mediterranean. 

T. 

T.,  abbrev.  for  Titus. 

tabella,  -ae,  [tabula  -f  la],  f., 

{a  little  board),  a tablet,  a ballot.  — 
In  plur.,  tablets  (as  two  were  used 
together),  a document,  a letter,  a 
writing. 

taberna,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  tabella],  F., 
a hut  (of  boards),  a booth,  a shop. 

tabesco,  -bui,  no  p.p.,  -bescere, 
[tabe  (in  tabeo)  -f  sco],  3.  v.  n., 
waste  away,  pine. 

tabula,  -ae,  [ftabo-  (VTA  + 
bus?,  cf.  taberna)  -f  la],  F.,  a board. 
— Hence,  a record  (written  on  a 
board  covered  with  wax),  a list , a 
document.  — Also,  a panel  (on  which 
pictures  were  painted),  a picture,  a 
painting : novae  tabulae  {a  reduc- 
tion of  debts,  a settlement  of  debts  by 
legislation)  ; duodecim  tabulae  {the 
laws  of  the  Twelve  Tables,  the  earli- 
est collection  of  Roman  laws). 


1 78 


Vocabulary. 


tabularius,  -a,  -um,  [tabula  + 
arius  (-rius?)],  adj.,  (of  records , 
etc.,  see  tabula).  — Esp.,  N.,  a rec- 
ord office , a registry , archives. 

taceo,  tacui,  tacitus,  tacere,  [ftaco- 
(-y/TAC  + us)],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  be 
silent , be  silent  about,  keep  secret , 
silence , conceal , say  nothing 
(about). — tacitus,  p.p.  as  adj.,  si- 
lent, silently , in  silence. — illis  ta- 
centibus  ( with  their  connivance). 

tacite  [old  abl.  of  tacitus],  adv., 
silently , silence. 

taciturnitas,  -tatis,  [taciturno 
-f  tas] , F.,  silence. 

taciturnus,  -a,  -um,  [tacito  + 
urnus,  cf.  diurnus],  adj.,  silent  (as 
a personal  quality),  taciturn. 

taedet,  -uit  (pertaesum  est),  -ere, 
[ ftaedo-(cf.  taedium,  taedulum)] , 
2.  v.  imp.,  it  disgusts  : aliquem  (one 
is  disgusted) . 

taeter  (teter),  -tra,  -trum,  [akin 
to  taedet?],  adj.,  disgusting , horrible , 
loathsome,  fotd,  abominable,  shameful. 

talaris,  -e,  [talo-faris],  adj.,  of 
the  ankles. — Esp.  with  tunica,  reach- 
ing to  the  heels  (a  sign  of  dandyism, 
cf.  the  modern  “ ulster ,J). 

talis,  -e,  [\/TA  + alis],  adj.  pron., 
such,  so  great. 

tam  [unc.  case  VTA  (c^-  Quam, 
nam)],  adv.,  so  (as  indicated  in  the 
context),  so  much.  — Often  equal  to 
this,  that,  etc. 

tamen  [unc.  case-form  of  y'TA 
(locat.?,  cf.  Sk.  tasmin?)],adv.,  (in- 
troducing a thought  opposed  to  some 
preceding  concession  expressed  or 
implied),  yet,  nevertheless,  still,  how- 
ever, for  all  that,  notwithstanding, 
after  all,  at  least. 

tametsi  [tam?  (but  cf.  tamen- 
etsi)  -etsi],  adv.,  (still  although , an- 
ticipating the  thought  to  which  tam 


properly  belongs),  although , though, 
after  all. 

tamquam,  see  tanquam. 
tandem  [tam-dem,  cf.  idem], 

adv.,  (just  so,  even  sol),  at  last, 
finally. — In  questions,  to  add  em- 
phasis, pray , tell  me,  or  translated 
only  by  emphasis : quo  tandem  ? 
(where  in  the  world?). 

tango,  tetigi,  tactus,  tangere, 
[^/tag],  3.  v.  a.,  touch,  border  on,  be 
close  to,  reach,  find.  — Esp.  of  light- 
ning.— tactus  (de  caelo),  struck 
(by  lightning) . 

tanquam  (tamquam)  [tam 

quam],  adv.,  as  much  as,  as,  just  as, 
like,  just  like.  — Also  fust  as  if,  as  if. 
tan  to,  see  tantus. 
tantopere,  see  opus, 
tantulus,  -a,  -um,  [tanto  -j-  lus] , 
adj.,  so  small,  so  little,  so  trifling : 
tantulo  (at  so  small  a price). 
tantum,  see  tantus. 
tantummodo  [tantum  modo], 
adv.,  (so  7nuch  only),  only , merely , 
only  just. 

tantus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  -y/TA  -f 
vant  -f-  us],  adj.,  so  much,  so  great, 
so  important,  so  large,  this  great,  that 
great , great,  like  this,  like  that,  such 
(of  magnitude)  : tanti  est  (is  of  so 
much  importance,  is  of  so  much 
weight,  it  is  zuorth  the  price,  it  is 
worth  while) ; tanta  gratulatio  (so 
warm)',  tantum  civium  (so  many 
citizens)',  in  tantum  aes  alienum 
(so  deeply  in  debt)  ; pro  tantis  rebus 
(for  such  important,  etc.).  — Also, 
so  much  (and  no  more),  only  so  much. 

— tantum,  N.  as  adv.,  only,  merely. 

— tanto,  abl.,  so  much. 

tarde  [old  abl.  of  tardus],  adv., 
slowly,  tardily,  zoith  delay,  late. 

tarditas,  -tatis,  [ tar  do + tas],  f., 

| slowness,  delay. 


Vocabulary . 


179 


tardo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [tardo-], 
r.  v.  a.,  retard,  check,  hinder , delay. 
tardus,  -a,  -uni,  [?],  adj.,  slow. 
Tarentinl,  -orum,  [Tarento  + 
inus],  M.  plur.,  the  people  of  Taren- 
tum  (an  old  Greek  city  on  the  Gulf 
of  Tarentum),  the  Tarentines. 

Tarracinensis,  -e,  [Tarracina 
4-  ensis],  adj.,  of  Tarracina  (a  city 
of  the  Volsci  on  the  borders  of  La- 
tium).  — As  subst.,  a man  of  Tarra- 

cina.  _ 

Tauromenitanus,  -a,  -um,  [lau- 
romenio  -f  tanus  (i.e.,  Gr.  Tavpofievl- 
rVs+ anus)],  adj.,  of  Tauromenium 
(a  city  on  the  eastern  coast  of  Sicily, 
now  Taormina). 

taurus,  -i,  [perh.  VSTAV'  + rus’ 
akin  to  steer),  M.,  a bull. 

tectum,  -i,  [p.p-  of  tego],  N.,  a 
roof,  a house,  a dwelling. 

teg§,  texi,  tectus,  tegere,  [ VrEG]> 

3.  v.  a.,  cover,  thatch,  hide,  protect: 
nocte  tectus  ( under  cover  of  night). 

telum,  -i,  [?],  N.,  a weapon  (of 
offence) , a missile,  a javelin.  — Also, 
a weapon  (generally),  a deadly  weap- 
on : cum  telo  {armed). 

Temenites,  -is,  [Greek],  M.,  an 
epithet  of  Apollo  at  Syracuse. 

temerarius,  -a,  -um,  [ftemero 
+ arius],  adj.,  reckless,  rash,  hasty. 

temere  [old  abl.  of  ftemerus], 
adv.,  blindly,  without  reason,  with- 
out cause.  — Hence,  recklessly,  has- 

ttly . w . 

temeritas,  -tatis,  [ftemero-  (per- 
haps akin  to  temulentus)  + tas], 
F.,  blindness , thoughtlessness , reck- 
lessness, heedlessness , hasty  temper. 

temperantia,  -ae,  [temperant- 
4-  ia],  F.,  self  control,  prudence. 

tempero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [tem- 
per- (stem  of  tempus)],  1.  v.  a., 
{divide),  mix  properly.  — Hence, 


control,  control  one's  self,  refrain, 
moderate. 

tempestas, -tatis,  [tempes-  (stem 
of  tempus)  4-  tas],  F.,  a season , 
weather. — Esp.,  bad  weather,  a storm, 
a tempest.  — Also  fig.,  a storm,  a 
blast. 

tempestivus,  -a,  -um,  [tempesto- 
(cf.  intempestus)  -f  ivus],  adj., 
early,  timely , seasonable,  suitable: 
convivium  {a  daylight  banquet) . 

templum,  -i,  [akin  to  tempus, 
prob.  ftemo-  (Vtem  4-  us)  4-  lum, 
cf.  Gr.  rtnevos],  N.,  (in  augury),  a 
consecrated  spot,  ajemple. 

tempto  (tento),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[tento-,  p.p.  of  teneo],  1.  v.  a., 
handle.  — Hence,  try , make  attempts 
upon,  attack,  assail , sound  (try  a 
man’s  sentiments),  attempt. 

tempus,  -oris,  [^/tem  {cut,  with 
root  determinative  or  accidental  p) 

4-  us],  N.,  (a  cutting) . Esp.,  a di- 
vision of  time,  a time,  the  times,  time 
(in  general),  a season , an  occasion , 
an  exigency , an  emergency,  a crisis, 
circumstances,  a necessity  (of  the 
time),  needs , the  times,  the  circum- 
stances of  the  time  : omni  tempore 
{at  all  times) ; ante  tempus  {before 
the  time,  prematurely)  ; meum  tem- 
pus {my  appointed  time) ; summo 
tempore  reipublicae  {the  most  im- 
portant crisis) ; procella  temporis 
{the  storm  of  the  times)  ; O tempora ! 
{what  a time!) ; ex  tempore  {on  the 
spur  of  the  moment)  ; cederem  tem- 
pori  {to  the  exigencies  of  the  time)  ; 
motus  eommunium  temporum  {the 
general  disturbance  of  the  times) ; 
uno  tempore  {at  one  and  the  same 
time,  at  once). 

temulentus,  -a,  -um,  [ftemo-  (?, 
cf.  abstemius)  4-  lentus],  adj., 
drunken,  in  a tipsy  state. 


i8o 


Vocabulary. 


tendo,  tetendi,  tensus  (tentus), 
tendere,  [ ^/TEN  + do  (of  unc.  ori- 
gin)], 3.  v.  a.,  stretch , stretch  out. 

tenebrae,  -arum,  [?,  perh.  akin 
to  temere],  f.  plur.,  darkness , ob- 
scurity. 

Tenedos  (-us),  -i,  [Gr.  Teredos], 
F.,  an  island  in  the  ^Egean,  near 
Troy. 

teneo,  tenui,  tentus,  tenere, 
[tteno-(^/TEN+  us)],  2.  v.  a.,  hold , 
hold  fast , hold  on  to , retain , keep , 
possess , occupy , hold  bound , bind : 
circuitus  milia  ( 'occupy , extend). — 
Also,  restrain , detain , understand , 
get  at:  legibus  (bind').  — Pass.,  be 
caught , be  in  custody , be  detected , be 
possessed  (by  a feeling). 

tener,  -era,  -erum,  [ -y/TEN-f  rus], 
adj.,  (stretched,  thin),  delicate , ten- 
der, young,  sensitive. 
tento,  see  tempto. 
tenuis,  -e,  [ ^/ten  -f  us,  with  ac- 
cidental i,  cf.  gravis],  adj.,  thin, 
delicate,  feeble,  meagre,  poor , slight, 
humble  (in  position),  insignificant. 

tenuiter  [tenui  + ter],  adv., 
thinly,  slightly. 

ter  [prob.  mutilated  case  of  tres], 
adv.,  three  times. 

tergiversatio,  -onis,  [tergiversa 
-f  tio],  F.,  shuffling,  a subterfuge,  a 
false  pretence. 

tergum,  -I,  [?],  N.,  the  back:  a 
tergo  (in  the  rear,  behind  one). 

termino,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ter- 
mino-],  1.  v.  a.,  bound,  limit,  end, 
finish , set  (limits). 

terminus,  -i,  [v/ter(?,  cf.  trans) 
+ minus  (cf.  Gr.  -fxevos)~\,  M.,  a 
boundary , a limit. 

terra,  -ae,  [ ^/ters  ( ?)  + a,  cf. 
torreo],  F.,  (the  dry  land),  the 
earth,  the  land.  ■ — Also,  a land , a 
region . — Also,  the  ground.  — Plur., 


| the  world : or  bis  terrarum  (the 
| whole  world) ; terra  marique  (on 
land  and  sea). 

terreo,  terrui,  territus,  terrere, 
[fterro-(?)],  2.v frighten,  alarm , 
terrify. 

terrestris,  -e,  [terra-  (as  if  ter- 
ret-,  cf.  equestris)  + tris],  adj., 
of  the  land,  earthly  (as  opposed  to 
heavenly). 

terribilis,  -e,  [terri-  (as  if  stem 
of  terreo)  + bilis],  adj.,  dreadful, 
terrible. 

terror,  -oris,  [terr  (as  if  root  of 
terreo)  + or],  m.,  fright,  alar7n , 
terror,  dread,  paiiic. 

tertius,  -a,  -urn,  [prob.  tri-f  tius], 
adj.,  third  (in  order). 

testamentum,  -I,  [testa men- 
tum],  N .,  a will. 

testimonium,  -I,  [testi  + mo- 
nium],  N.,  proof  evidence,  testimony , 
a testimonial. 

testis,  -is,  [?],  c.,  a witness. 

testor,  -atus,  -ari,  [testi-],  1.  v. 
dep.,  call  to  7uitness,  appeal  to,  as- 
sert (solemnly).  — testatus,  p.p.  in 
pass,  sense,  proved,  substantiated. 

tetrarches,  -ae,  [Gr.  Terpdpxys'], 
M.,  a tetrarch,  a prince. 

Teutones,  -um,(Teutoni,  -orum), 
[Teutonic],  M.  plur.,  a great  German 
people  in  Jutland  -who  overran  Gaul 
in  B.C.  1 13  along  with  the  Cimbri. 
They  were  defeated  by  Marius  in 
B.C.  102  at  Aquae  Sextiae  ( Aix ). 

theatrum,  -i,  [Gr.  dfarpov'],  N.,  a 
theatre. 

Themistocles,  -i  (-is),  [Greek], 
M.,  a famous  Athenian  commander 
in  the  time  of  the  Persian  war,  the 
founder  of  the  Athenian  naval  power. 

Theophanes,  -is,  [Greek],  m.,  a 
Greek  historian  of  Mytilene,  whq 
wrote  the  exploits  of  Pompey. 


Vocabulary. 


1 8 1 


Thespiae,  -arum,  [Gr.  06<nrtai'], 
F.  plur.,  a city  of  Boeotia. 

Thespiensis,  -e,  [Thespia  -f  en- 
sis],  adj.,  of  Thespice. — Plur.,  the 
people  of  Thespice. 

Thraex  (Threx,  Thrax),  -cis, 
[Gr.  ©pa£],  adj.,  Thracian. — As 
subst.,  a Thracian. 

Ti.,  abbrev.  for  Tiberius. 

Tiberinus,  -a,  -um,  [Tiberi  + 
inus],  adj.,  of  the  Tiber . 

Tiberis,  -is,  [?],  M.,  the  Tiber. 

Tigranes,  -is,  [Persian,  through 
Greek],  M.,  king  of  Armenia,  son-in- 
law  of  Mithridates. 

timeo,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [ftimd- 
(cf.  timidus)],  2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  be 
afraid , fear,  be  alarmed.  — With 
dat.,  be  anxious  for , be  anxious  about: 
nihil  ( have  nothing  to  fear , be  in  no 
danger) ; non  timere  (be  free  from 
fear , be  without  fear). 

timide  [old  abl.  of  timidus], 
adv.,  with  timidity:  non  timide 
( fearlessly ). 

timiditas,  -tatis,  [timido  + tas], 
F.,  timidity , faint-heartedness.  — Plur. 
same  (of  several  cases). 

timidus,  -a,  -um,  [ftimo-  (cf. 
timeo)],  adj.,  cowardly , timid. 

timor,  -oris,  [tim-  (as  root  of 
timeo)  + or],  M.,  alarm , fear , ap- 
prehension. 

tiro,  -onis,  [?],  M.,  a raw  recruit , 
a beginner , a tiro. 

Titus,  -i,  [?],  m.,  a Roman  prae- 
nomen. 

toga,  -ae,  [v'teg  -f  a],  f.,  a toga 
(the  voluminous  wrap  worn  by  the 
Romans  in  their  civil  life)  : ad  togas 
redire  (resume  the  toga , as  in  peace) ; 
virilis  (the  virile  toga,  the  garb  of 
manhood) ; praetexta  (the  toga  prce- 
texta , the  garb  of  childhood \ the 
role  of  office , see  praetextus). — 


! Hence,  civil  life  (as  opposed  to 
war) . 

togatus,  -a,  -um,  [toga  -f-  tus], 
adj.,  clad  in  the  toga  (as  an  emblem 
of  citizenship  or  of  peace). — Hence, 
unar?ned , in  the  garb  of  peace , in 
peace:  mihi  togato  contigit  (a 
civil  magistrate) ; togati  (peaceable 
citizens) . 

tolerabilis,  -e,  [tolera  + bilis], 
adj.,  endurable , tolerable. 

tolero,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [ftoler- 
(■y/TOLA  us)],  1.  v.  a.  and  n.,  (raise 
up),  bear,  endure,  hold  out.  — tol- 
erandus,  -a,  -um,  as  adj.,  endurable , 
tolerable. 

tollo,  sustuli,  sublatus,  tollere, 
[y'TOL  (with  ya)],  3.  v.  a.,  raise , 
carry , elevate,  extol : in  crucem 
(hang,  nail).  — Hence,  carry  off , 
remove,  take  away,  destroy , put  an 
end  to,  abolish,  banish,  get  out  of  the 
way,  put  to  death. 

Tongilius,  -I,  [?],  m.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Only  an  obscure 
friend  of  Catiline. 

tormentum,  -i,  [y'TORQU-f  men- 
tum],  n.,  (means  of  twisting),  tor- 
ture, the  rack.  — Also,  an  engine  (for 
throwing  missiles  by  twisted  ropes). 
— Hence,  a shot  from  an  engine , a 
missile. 

Torquatus,  -i,  [torqui  + atus], 
M.,  (iv earing  a collar ),  a Roman 
family  name.  — Esp.,  -Z.  Manlius 
Torquatus,  cons.  B.C.  70. 

tortor,  -toris,  [ -y/TORQ  (in  tor- 
queo)  + tor],  m .,  a torturer . 

tot  [fTA  (in  tarn,  etc.)  + ti], 
indecl.  adj.,  so  many. 

totiens  (toties)  [tot  + iens], 
adv.,  so  many  times,  so  often. 

to  tus,  -a,  -um,  [«v/ta  + tus], 
adj.,  the  whole,  the  whole  of,  all 
(as  entire),  entire.  — Often  translated 


Vocabulary. 


182 

by  an  adverb,  entirely , throughout , 
wholly. 

tracto,  -avi,  -at  us,  -are,  [tracto-], 
I.  v.  a.,  handle , treat,  conduct ',  man- 
age : in  periculis  tractatus  (<?«- 
gaged  in , exercised  in,  drawn  into') . 

trado,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere,  [trans- 
do],  3.  v.  a.,  hand  over,  give  up,  give 
over,  deliver  up,  surrender.  — Also, 
pass  along,  hand  down,  teach , co7n- 
m uni  cate. 

traduco,  see  transduco. 
traductio  (trans-),-onis,  [trans- 
ductio,  cf.  transduco],  F.,  a trans- 


tragoedia,  -ae,  [Gr.  rpayoidia ], 
F.,  tragedy.  — Fig.  (in  plur.),  a com- 
motion, a “ to-do.” 

traho,  traxi,  tractus,  trahere, 
[^/TRAH  (for  fTRAGH)],  3.  V.  a., 
drag,  drag  along,  drag  in,  draw.  — 
Fig.,  captivate ,.  drag  out , protract. 

tranquillitas,  -tatis,  [tranquillo 
-f  tas],  F.,  stillness,  calm , fair 
weather , a quiet  state,  a peaceable 
condition,  tranquillity,  peace. 

tranquillus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  akin 
to  trans  and  connected  with  navi- 
gation], adj.,  calm,  quiet,  peaceable, 
undisturbed. 

trans  [?,  akin  to  terminus,  te- 
rebra],  adv.  (in  comp.)  and  prep., 
across,  over.  — Hence,  on  the  other 
side  of:  ripam  ( on  the  bank  opposite). 
— In  comp  .‘over,  across,  through. 

Transalpinus,  -a,  -um,  [trans- 
Alpes  + inus],  adj.,  Transalpine 
(beyond  the  Alps  from  Rome). 

transcendo,  -scendi,  -scensurus, 
-scendere  [trans-scando],  3.  v.  a., 
climb  across,  cross  (mountains). 

transduco  (traduco),  -duxi, -duc- 
tus, -ducere,  [trans-duco],  3.  v.  a., 
lead  over  (with  two  accusatives),  lead 
across,  bring  'over,  lead  through, 

\ 


transport , draw  over,  win  over, 
transfer. 

transeS,  -ii,  -itus,  -ire,  [trans-eo], 
irr.  v.  a.  and  n .,  go  across,  cross,  pass 
over , go  over,  pass  through , pass,  mi- 
grate, pass  by. 

transfero,  -tuli,  -latus,  -ferre, 
[trans-fero],  irr.  v.  a.,  carry  over, 
transfer,  change  the  place  of,  take 
(and  put  somewhere  else)  : sese  in 
proximum  annum  ( transfer  his 
canvass,  etc.). 

transigo,  -egi,  -actus,  -igere, 
[trans-ago],  3.  v.  a.,  carry  through, 
accomplish , manage,  do,  finish,  carry 
out. 

transmarinus,  -a,  -um,  [trans- 
mare + inus],  adj.,  across  the  sea , 
foreign. 

transmittb,  -misi,  -missus,  -mit- 
tere,  [trans-mitto],  3.  v.  a.,  send 
over , send  across.  — Fig.,  transfer , 
devote , give  over,  hand  over , en- 
trust. 

transversus  (-vorsus),  -a,  -um, 
[p.p.  of  transverto],  as  adj.,  across, 
athwart,  transverse , cross. 

Tremellius,  -I,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  Cn.  Tremel- 
lius, one  of  the  jury  against  Verres. 

tremo,  -ui,  no  p.p.,  -ere,  [ y'TREM  ?, 
cf.  Gr.  Tpe/jLoo’],  3.  v.  n.,  tremble, 
waver. 

tres,  tria,  [stem  tri-],  plur.  num. 
adj.,  three. 

tribunal,  -alis,  [tribuno  + alis] , 
N.,  ( place  of  a tribune,  in  some  early 
sense  of  the  word),  a tribunal  (a 
raised  platform  where  magistrates  sat 
or  generals  addressed  their  troops). 

tribunatus, -tus,  [tribuno+atus, 
cf.  consulatus],  M.,  a tribuneship, 
the  office  of  tribune. 

tribunicius  (-itius),  -a,  -um, 
[tribuno  + cius  (-tius)],  adj.,  of  a 


Vocabulary . 


tribune , of  the  tribunes  (esp.  of  the 
people),  tribunicial. 

tribunus,  -i,  [tribu-nus],  M.,  ( a 
chief  of  a tribe').  — With  or  without 
plebis,  a tribune  (one  of  several 
magistrates  elected  in  the  assembly 
of  the  plebs  voting  by  tribes,  to 
watch  over  the  interests  of  the  com- 
mons).— With  militum  or  mili- 
taris,  a tribune  of  the  soldiers , a 
military  tribune  (one  of  six  officers 
of  each  legion  who  had  charge  of  the 
internal  administration  of  the  legion, 
and  were  also  employed  in  various 
staff  duties  by  the  commander). — 
With  aerarius,  a dean  of  a tribe 
(?,  one  of  certain  officers  of  the 
treasury,  orig.  no  doubt  presiding 
officers  of  the  tribes  at  Rome),  a 
treasury  warden  (?),  a tribunus 
cerarius.  t 

tribuo,  -ui,  -utus,  -uere,  [tribu-], 
3.  v.  a.,  ( distribute  by  tribes),  dis- 
tribute. — Hence, grant,  render,  pay, 
assign,  attribute,  pay  a tribute  (of 
respect,  etc.),  confer,  give,  bestow. 

tribus,  -us,  [tri  (cf.  tres)  + unc. 
term.  (perh.  akin  to  fui?)],  F.,  (a 
third  part?),  a tribe  (a  division, 
originally  local,  of  the  Roman  peo- 
ple), a ward  (?). 

tributum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  tribuo], 
N a tribute  (a  stated  sum,  cf.  vec- 
tigal). 

triciens  (-ies)  [triginta-fiens], 
num.  adj.,  thirty  times:  H.  S.  tri- 
ciens (sc.  centena  milia,  three 
?nillion  sesterces). 

triduum,  -I,  [tri  + stem  akin  to 
dies,  cf.  biduum],  N.,  three  days ’ 
time,  three  days. 

triennium,  -I,  [trienni  (tri- 
annus)  -f  ium],  N.,  three  years * 
time,  three  years. 

tripudio,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  -are,  [tri- 


183 

pudio-],  I.  v.  n.,  dance  (in  a solemn 
rite).  — Less  exactly,  dance  for  joy. 

tristis,  -e,  [unc.  root  + tis],  adj., 
sad,  gloomy,  dejected,  stern.  — Also 
as  bringing  sadness,  melancholy,  un- 
fortunate, sad  (as  in  Eng.)  : litera 
( dismal , cruel,  of  the  vote  for  con- 
viction). 

triumpho,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [tri- 
umpho-],  1.  v.  n.  and  a.,  have  a tri- 
umph, enjoy  a triumph,  triumph 
(also  fig.)  : triumphans  {in  a tri- 
mnphal procession,  in  triumph). 

triumphus,  -i,  [prob.  Gr.  dpiafi- 
)3 os,  a hymn  in  honor  of  Bacchus, 
perh.  a name  of  the  god],  M.,  a 
triinnph  (the  entry  of  a general  re- 
turning after  a victory,  celebrated 
with  sacred  rites).  — Also,  less  ex- 
actly, almost  as  in  Eng.  even,  but 
with  a livelier  figure. 

tropaeum  (troph-),  -i,  [Gr.  rp6- 
7rcuoi/],  N.,  a trophy. 

trucido,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?,  akin 
to  trux],  I.  v.  a.,  butcher,  slaughter 
in  cold  blood,  massacre,  cut  down 
without  mercy,  slay  without  mercy. 

truculentus,  -a,  -um,  [true-  (as 
if  trucu-)  + lentus],  adj.,  grim, 
savage,  morose,  churlish. 

tu,  tui,  [-^tva],  plur.  vos  [ VVA]> 
pron.  2d  person,  you  (sing.),  you 
(plur.),  yourself  — Esp.,  tibi,  in  a 
loose  connection  with  the  sentence, 
for  you  (as  in  Eng.),  often  untrans- 
latable. — tute,  you  yourself,  you. 

tuba,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a trumpet  (a 
straight  instrument  for  infantry). 

Tuber'o,  -onis,  [tuber  -f  0],  M.,  a 
Roman  family  name.  — Esp.:  1.  L. 
AZlius  Tuber 0,  a distinguished  jurist, 
a legatus  of  Q.  Cicero  in  Asia;  2.  Q. 
sElius  Tuber 0,  son  of  I,  complain- 
ant against  Ligarius. 

tueor,  tutus  (tuitus),  tueri,  [?], 


184 


Vocabulary . 


2.  v.  dep.,  watch,  guard,  protect,  de- 
fend. — Also,  preserve,  maintain, 
keep,  care  for . 

Tullius,  -I,  [Tullo  + ins],  M.,  a 

Roman  gentile  name.  — Esp.,  M. 
Ttdlius  Cicero,  see  Cicero. 

Tullus,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman  fam- 
ily name.  — Esp.,  Z.  Volcatius  Tul- 
lus, cons.  B.c.  66. 

turn  [prob.  acc.  of  y'TA],  a(^v*» 
then  (at  a time  indicated  by  the  con- 
text), at  that  time , in  that  case  : cum 
. . . turn,  see  cum;  turn  vero  {then, 
with  emphasis,  of  the  decisive  point 
of  a narrative  or  of  an  important 
condition)  ; turn  maxime  {just  then, 
but  especially ) ; turn  . . . cum  {at  a 
time  when,  when)  : quid  turn  ? {what 
then  ?). 

tumultus,  -tus,  [tumulo-  (perh. 

reduced)  -f  tus],  M.,  {a  szvelling,  an 
uprising!) , an  uproar , confusion , a 
commotion.  — Esp.,  an  uprising,  a 
com?notion  (of  a revolt,  or  a war  not 
regularly  declared)  : servilis  {the 

servile  war , see  servilis). 

tumulus,  -I,  [ftumo-  (wh.  tu- 
meo)  -f  lus],  M.,  {a  swelling!),  a 
hill,  a mound.  — Hence,  a tomb. 

tunc  [tum-ce,  cf.  hie],  ad].,  just 
then,  then,  by  and  by  (with  cum), 
in  that  case. 

tunica,  -ae,  [ ?] , F.,  a tunic  (the 
Roman  undergarment,  like  a loose 
shirt,  but  usually  of  wool). 

turba,  -ae,  [ ^/tur  (cf.  turma 
and  Gr.  dbpvfios)  + ba  (cf.  morbus 
and  Gr.  rvpflri)],  F.,  a throng  (as  in 
confused  motion,  cf.  turbo,  -inis), 
a crowd,  a mob,  a riot. 

turbulentus,  -a,  -um,  [turba  (as 
if  turbo,  perh.  really)  + lentus], 
adj.,  disorderly , disorganized,  bois- 
terous, stormy. 

turma,  -ae,  [^/tur  (cf.  turba, 


turbo)  + ma],  F.,  {a  throng!),  a 
squadron  (of  horse,  consisting  of 
thirty  men),  a troop  of  cavalry. 

turpis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  ugly  (in  ap- 
pearance). — Hence,  unbecoming , 
disgraceful,  base,  scandalous,  vile. 

turpiter  [turpi  + ter],  adv.,  dis- 
honorably, with  dishonor. 

turpitudo,  -inis,  [turpi  + tudo], 
F.,  baseness,  base  conduct,  turpitude. 
— Hence,  disgrace , dishonor , in- 
famy. 

Tusculanus,  -a,  -um,  [Tusculo+ 
anus],  adj.,  of  Ttisculum  (a  town  of 
Latium).  — Esp.  N.,  a villa  at  Tus - 
culum,  a Tusculum  villa . 

tute,  see  tu. 
tuto,  see  tutus. 

tutor,  -atus,  -ari,  [tuto-],  1.  v. 
dep.,  guard,  defend,  protect. 

tutus,  -a,  -um,  [p.p.  of  tueor], 
as  adj.,  protected,  safe,  secure,  well 
fortified:  victis  nihil  tutum  {no 
safety  for  the  conquered). — tuto, 
abl.  as  adv.,  in  safety,  safely. 

tuus,  -a,  -um,  [y'TVA  + ius],  adj. 
pron your,  yours,  of  yours  : omnes 
tui  {all  your  friends). 

Tycha,  -ae,  [Gr.  Tvxv]>  F*>  a part 
of  the  city  of  Syracuse,  so  called 
from  a temple  of  Fortune  in  the 
neighborhood. 

tyrannus,  -i,  [Gr.  rvpawos'],  M., 
a tyrant  (a  usurping  king),  a tyrant 
(generally,  in  the  modern  sense). 

U. 

uber,  -eris,  [perh.  orig.  subst,  cf. 
Gr.  ovdap  and  vetus],  adj.,  fertile , 
rich,  productive. 

uber, -eris,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  ovdap],  N.,  a 
pap,  a dug,  a breast. 

ubertas,  -tatis,  [uber  + tas],  f., 
fertility , productiveness. 

ubi  [supposed  to  be  quo  + bi, 


Vocabulary . 


185 


dat.  of  quo-],  adv.,  interrog.,  and  rel., 
where , in  which , wherein  : ibi  ubi 
(in  the  place  where). — Also,  of 
time,  when:  ubi  primum  (as  soon 
as ).  — Without  antecedent,  a place 
where. 

ubinam  [ubi-nam],  interrog.  adv., 
where  in  the  world?  where?  (em- 
phatic). 

ubique  [ubi-que,  cf.  quisque], 
adv.,  everywhere. 

ulciscor,  ultus,  ulcisci,  [?],  3.  v. 
dep.,  punish  (an  injury,  or  the  doer), 
avenge  (an  injury  or  the  person 
wronged). 

ullus,  -a,  -um ; gen . - ius,  [un6+ lus], 
adj.,  a single  (with  negatives),  any.  — 
As  subst.  (less  common),  anybody. 

ulterior,  -us,  [comp,  of  fultero-, 
cf.  ultra],  adj.,  farther . — Superb, 
ultimus,  -a,  -um,  [ul  (cf.  uls)  + 
timus  (cf.  intimus )\  farthest,  most 
remote,  last. 

ultor,  -toris,  [ ^/ulc  (in  ulciscor) 
+ tor],  M.,  an  avenger. 

ultra  [unc.  case,  perh.  instr.  of 
fulter],  adv.  and  prep.,  beyond. 

ultro  [dat.  of  fulter  (us)],  adv., 
to  the  farther  side , beyond : ultro 
citroque  (this  way  and  that,  back 
and  forth).  — Esp.  beyond  what  is 
expected  or  required,  voluntarily ', 
without  provocation  : bellum  inferre 
(make  an  offensive  war , make  war 
without  provocation) . 

Umbrenus,  -i,  [?,  akin  to  Um- 
bria], M.,  a Roman  family  name. — 
Only  P.  Umbrenus,  a freedman  in 
the  Catilinarian  conspiracy. 

umerus  (humerus),  -I,  [?,  cf. 
Gr.  S)fjLos~\y  M.,  the  shoulder. 
umquam,  see  unquam. 
una  [instr.  (or  abl.?)  of  unus], 
adv.,  together , along,  along  with  one , 
with  (any  one),  also . 


unde  [supposed  to  be  for  f cunde 
(cum,  cf.  unquam,  -f  de,  cf.  inde)], 
rel.  and  interrog.  adv.,  whence,  from 
which , where  : unde  dare  (through 
whom , as  a banker  from  whom  money 
is  drawn). 

undecimus,  -a,  -um,  [unus- 
decimus],  adj.,  eleventh. 

undequinquagesimus,  -a,  -um, 
[undequinquaginta+esimus],  num. 
adj.,  the  forty-ninth. 

undique[unde-que,  cf.  quisque], 
ad v.,  from  every  side,  from  all  quar- 
ters.— Also  (cf.  ab),  on  every  side. 

unguentum,  -i,  [akin  to  ungo, 
exact  form  unc.],  N.,  an  ointment,  a 
perfume  (as  the  perfumes  were  used 
in  oils  instead  of  spirits). 

unice  [old  abl.  of  unicus],  adv., 
especially. 

unicus,  -a,  -um,  [uno+cus],  adj., 
sole,  only,  unique. 

universus, -a, -um,  [uno-versus], 

adj.,  all  together,  all  (in  a mass), 
entire,  in  a body,  in  general,  united, 
taken  together. 

unquam  (umquam),  [supposed 
to  be  for  cum-quam(cf.  quisquam)], 
adv.,  (with  negatives,  cf.  quando, 
aliquando),  ever : neque  . . . un- 
quam (and  never). 

unus,  -a,  -um;  gen.  -ius,  [?,  old 
oenus],  adj.,  one,  a single,  the  same, 
one  only,  only , alone : unus  quisque 
(each  one). 

urbanus,  -a,  -um,  [urbi-  (re- 
duced) + anus],  adj.,  of  a city. — 
Esp.,  of  the  city  (Rome),  in  the  city  : 
praetor  (the  officer  who  had  juris- 
diction of  suits  between  citizens); 
praetura  (city  prcetorship , the  office 
of  this  magistrate) ; praedo  juris 
urbani  (the  plunderer  of  the  rights 
of  citizens,  of  malfeasance  in  the 
above  office) ; quaestor  (city,  as 


Vocabulary . 


1 86 

opposed  to  those  who  were  on  the 
staff  of  some  commander) ; opes 
( domestic , in  the  city , as  opposed  to 
provinces);  lites  (, quarrels  between 
citizens , settled  in  courts  of  law). 

urbs,  urbis,  [ ?],  f.,  a city . — Esp., 
the  city  (Rome)  : ad  urbem  ( near 
the  city). 

urgeo  (urgueo),  ursi,  no  p.p., 
urgere,[^/VARG,  cf.  vulgus],  2.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  press , press  hard , urge , press 
closely , beset , burden , be  urgent , be 
pressing. 

usitor,  -atus,  -ari,  [fusito-  (as  if 
p.p.  of  fuso),  freq.  of  utor,  cf.  dic- 
tito],  I.  v.  dep.,  practise.  — usi- 
tatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  in  passive  sense, 
used,  practised , customary,  much 
practised \ usual. 

usquam  [unc.  case  of  quo-  (cf. 
usque) -quam],  adv.,  anywhere  (with 
negatives). 

usque  [unc.  case  of  quo  (cf. 
ubi  and  usquam)  -que  (cf.  quis- 
que)],  adv.,  ( everywhere ),  all  the 
way , even  to,  all  the  time,  till , even 
till,  even  to  that  degree,  to  that  de- 
gree : usque  ad  eum  finem  ( even 
up  to,  etc.);  quo  usque?  {to  ivhat 
point?  hozv  far  ?). 

ustor,  -toris,  [^/us  (of  uro)  + 
tor],  M.,  ( a burner).  — Esp.,  an  at- 
tendant at  a funeral  pile. 

usura,  -ae,  [usu  + ra,  cf.  pic- 
tura],  F.,  use , enjoyment. — Esp., 
use  (of  money).  — Hence,  interest, 
interest  on  a debt. 

usurpatib,  -onis,  [usurpa+tio], 
F.,  a taking  by  use,  a using : civita- 
tis  {claim). 

usurpo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fusurpo- 
(usu-frapus,  ^rap  + us,  cf.  busti- 
rapus)],  i.v.a.,  ( appropriate ),  make 
use  of,  employ,  use,  practise , speak 
of  talk  of 


usus,  -us,  [ fur  (in  utor)  + tus] , 
M.,  use,  experience , exercise , practice, 
intimacy. — Hence,  advantage,  ser- 
vice. — Esp. : usus  est,  it  is  neces- 
sary, there  is  need. 

ut  (utl)  [supposed  to  be  for 
quoti  (quo  + ti?)],  adv.  and  conj. 
a.  Interrog.,  how?  videre  ut  {see  v 
how).  — b.  Rel.,  as,  so  as,  when, 
whenever,  inasmuch  as:  ut  primum 
{when  first,  as  soon  as) . — Esp.  with 
subj.  (expressing  purpose  or  result), 
that,  in  order  that,  to,  so  that,  so  as 
to,  as  to.  — Often  with  object  clause, 
compressed  in  Eng.  into  some  other 
form  of  speech.  — Esp.:  id  facere 
ut,  do  this  {to  wit,  without  “that”), 
see  to  it  that,  take  care  that ; faciam 
hoc  ut  utar  (/ will  do  this,  use,  etc.); 
committere  ut  mutetur  {allow  to 
be);  ut  non  trahant  {so  but  what 
they,  etc.,  without  dragging);  vereri 
ut  {fear  that  not).  — Also,  though, 
although. 

uter,  -tra,  -trum;  gen.  -tnus  [quo 
(cf.  ubi)  + terus  (reduced),  cf.  al- 
ter], adj.  a.  Interrog.,  which  (of 
two)  : uter  utri  {which  to  the  other) . 

— b.  Relative,  whichever  (of  two), 
the  one  who { of  two). — Neut.,  utrum, 
adv.,  {which  of  the  two),  whether. 

uterque,  utra-,  utrum-,  utrius-, 
[uter-que,  cf.  quisque],  adj.,  both, 
each  (of  two).  — Plur.,  of  sets : utra- 
que  castra  {both  camps) ; utrique 
{both  classes,  both  parties). 

utervls,  utra-,  utrum-,  [uter  vis], 
adj.,  which  you  please  (of  two),  either 
of  the  two,  either. 
utl,  see  ut. 

Utica,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a town  in 
Africa  near  Carthage,  capital  of  the 
Roman  province. 

utilis,  -e,  [futi-  (stem  akin  to 
utor)  -f  lis],  adj.,  useful,  of  use , 


Vocabulary . 187 


advantageous , of  advantage:  utile 
est  (it  is  a benefit). 

utilitas,  -tatis,  [utili  + tas],  f., 
advantage,  profit,  expediency , advan- 
tages (things  valuable,  both  in  sing, 
and  plur.). 

utinam  [uti-nam,  cf.  quisnam], 

adv.,  (how,  pray?),  would  that,  Oh 
that,  I wish. 

utor,  usus,  uti,  [?,  old  oetor, 
(akin  to  aveo?)],  3.  v.  dep„,  avail 
one's  self  of,  use,  exercise,  practise, 
enjoy , adopt,  employ,  have  (in  sense 
of  enjoy),  possess,  shoiu  (qualities 
which  one  exercises) , occupy  (a 
town),  navigate  (a  sea),  be  intimate 
with  : testibus  (present) ; proeliis 
(fight)\  studiis  (pursue).  — Esp. 
with  two  nouns,  or  a noun  and  adj., 
employ  as,  find  in  one,  find  one  (so 
or  so). 

utrum,  see  uter. 

uxor,  -oris,  [?],  F.,  a wife. 

V. 

vacillo,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  -are,  [?], 
I.  v.  n.,  totter,  waver , stagger  (also 

fig.).  = 

vaco,  -avl,  -aturus,  -are,  [prob. 
fvaco-  (cf.  vacuus  and  Vacuna)], 
I.  v.  n.,  be  vacant , be  free  from , be 
unoccupied,  lie  waste. 

vacuefacio,  -feci,  -factus,  -facere, 
[fvacue-  (stem  akin  to  vacuus) 
-facio],  3.  v.  a.,  make  vacant,  va- 
cate. 

vacuus,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  <y/VAC 
(cf.  vaco)  + vus],  adj.,  free,  unoc- 
cupied, vacant , destitute  of  (ab  or 
abl.),  free  fro?n : gladius  vagina 
(stripped  of,  out  of) . 

vadimonium,  -i,  [vad-  (as  if 
vadi)  + monium,  cf.  testimo- 
nium], N.,  bail,  security,  a surety. 


vagina,  -ae,  [ ?],  f.,  a sheath,  a 
scabbard. 

vagor,  -atus,  -ari,  [vago-],  1.  v. 
dep.,  roa?n  about,  wander : nomen 
(spread  abroad). 

vagus,  -a,  -um,  [VVAG(?)  + us], 
adj.,  roving,  fickle. 

valde  [old  abl.  of  validus],  adv., 
strongly,  thoroughly,  much. 

valeo,  valui,  valiturus,  valere, 
[?,  prob.  denominative,  cf.  validus], 
2.  v.  n.,  be  strong,  have  weight,  have 
influence,  be  powerful,  assail. — Often 
with  N.  pron.  or  adj.  as  cogn.  acc. : 
plurimum  valet  (be  very  strong , 
have  great  weight , have  great  influ- 
ence) ; valere  ad  (be  strong  enough 
to,  have  power  to,  amount  to) ; mihi 
valet  ad  gloriam  (count  to  me  for , 
etc.);  ad  laudem  doctrina  valuit 
(be  sufficient  for)',  poeta  natura 
valet  (has  his  power  from  nature)', 
auspicia  (be  in  force,  have  effect). 

— Esp.  (in  imp.  or  subj.)  as  a part- 
ing wish,  farewell,  prosper.  — va- 
lens,  p.  as  adj.,  strong,  vigorous , 
stout. 

Valerius,  -i,  [akin  to  valeo],  M., 
a Roman  gentile  name. — Esp.:  1. 
L.  Valerius  Flaccus , cons.  B.C.  100; 
2.  Another  of  the  same  name,  inter- 
rex, B.C.  82,  by  whom  the  law  was 
brought  forward,  which  made  Sulla 
perpetual  dictator. 

Valerius,  -a,  -um,  [same  word  as 
preceding],  adj.,  of  Valerius  (esp. 
No.  2),  Valerian. 

valetudo,  -inis,  [valetu-  (vale-f 
tus)  + do],  F.,  health  (good  or  bad). 

— Esp.,  ill  health. 

vallo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [valid-], 
I.  v.  a.,  intrench,  fortify. 

valva,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  a fold  of  a 
door.  — Usually  plur.,  folding-doors, 
doors. 


1 88 


Vocabulary. 


vanus,  -a,  -um,  [^vac  (in  vaco) 
-f  nus],  adj.,  empty. — Hence,  un- 
founded, false. 

varietas,  -tatis,  [vario+tas],  f., 
diversity , variety , variation. 

vario,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [vario-], 
i.  v.  a.  and  n.,  vary , change. — va- 
riatus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.,  varied,  vary- 
ing,  diverse. 

varius,  -a,  -um,  [prob.  akin  to 
varus],  adj.,  various , diverse. 
Varus,  -l,  [varus,  knock-kneed\ 

M. ,  a Roman  family  name.  — Esp., 
P.  Attius  Varus,  propraetor  in  Africa, 
B.c.^50  (?). 

vas,  vasis,  plur.  -a,  -orum,  [?], 

N. ,  a vessel.  — Hence,  a utensil  (of 
any  kind,  for  household  or  camp 
use). 

vas,  vadis,  [y'VADH,  cf.  wedding~\, 

M. ,  (a  pledge),  security  (a  person 
going  bail),  a voucher , bail. 

vastatio,  -onis,  [vasta+tio],  F., 
devastation  (the  act),  laying  waste. 

vastitas,  -tatis,  [vasto  + tas]  f., 
desolation  (the  state),  devastation. 

vasto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [vasto-], 
I.  v.  a.,  lay  waste , devastate , ravage. 

vastus,  -a,  -um,  [?],  adj.,  zvaste, 
desolate,  vacant. 

vates,  -is,  [?],  M.  or  F.,  a sooth- 
sayer, a seer. 

vaticinor,  -atus,  -ari,  [vaticino- 
(vati  + cinus,  cf.  ratiocinor)], 
1.  v.  dep.,  prophesy.  — Hence,  rave 
(from  the  wildness  of  prophecy). 

-ve  [?,  cf.  Sk.  va],  conj.  enclitic, 
or  (less  exclusive  than  aut). 

vectigal, -alis,  [n.  of  vectigalis], 

N. ,  a tax  (in  kind,  or  depending  on 
products,  cf.  tributum),  a revenue ., 

vectigalis,  -e,  [fvectigo-  (vecti 
4-  igus,  cf.  castigo)  -f  alis],  adj., 
(of  a toll-gatherer , fvectigus,  perh. 
orig.  of  tolls  for  transportation),  of 


the  revenue.  — Esp.,  paying  taxes,  a 
tax-payer,  tributary. 

vector,  -toris,  [ ^VAGH-ftor],  m., 
a carrier.  — Also  (cf.  vehor),  a 
passenger. 

vehemens,  -entis,  [?,  prob.  akin 
to  veho],  adj.,  violent,  impetuous, 
forcible,  active. 

vehementer  [vehement  + ter], 
adv.,  violently,  severely,  strongly , 
hotly , exceedingly,  very  much , ur- 
gently, earnestly. 

vebiculum,  -i,  [perh.  vehi  (as 
stem  of  veho)  + culum,  but  as  if 
fvehico  + lum],  N.,  a vehicle,  a car- 
riage. 

veho,  vexi,  vectus,  vehere, 
[^vagh],  3,  v.  a.,  carry. — Pass., 
ride. 

vel  [prob.  imperative  of  volo], 
conj.,  or  (less  exclusive  than  aut)  : 
vel  . . . vel  ( either  . . . or).  — Also, 
even  (if  you  like ?),  often  emphasiz- 
ing superlatives. 

velox,  -ocis,  [stem  akin  to  volo 
(cf.  colonus)  + cus  (reduced?)], 
adj.,  swift. 

velum,  -i,  [?,  cf.  vexillum],  N., 
a curtain , a veil.  — Also,  a sail. 

velut  (velutl)  [vel-ut],  adv., 

(even  as),  Just  as:  velut  si  (Just 
as  if) . 

vena,  -ae,  [?],  F.,  a vein , an 
artery  (also  fig.). 

venditio,  -onis,  [venum-datio, 
cf.  vendo],  F.,  a sale. 

vendito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ven- 
dito-],  1.  v.  a.,  try  to  sell,  offer  for 
sale,  offer  to  sell,  recommend. 

vendo,  -didi,  -ditus,  -dere,  [venum 
do],  3.  v.  a.,  put  to  sale,  sell. 

venefieus,  -a,  -um,  [fvene-  (stem 
akin  to  venenum)  -ficus],  adj., 
poisonous.  — Masc.  as  subst.,  a pois- 
oner. 


Vocabulary . 189 


venenum,  -i,  [fvene-  (of  unc. 
origin)  -f  num  (cf.  egenus)],  N.,  a 
drug.  — Esp.,  a poison. 

veneo,  -ivi  (-ii),  -iturus,  -ire, 
[venum  eo],  4.  v.  n .,  go  to  sale  (cf. 
pereo) , be  sold. 

veneror,  -atus,  -ari,  [vener-  (stem 
of  Venus)],  1.  v.  dep.,  (sometimes 
venero,  act.),  ( seek  favor ?),  wor- 
ship, reverence , supplicate. 

venia,  -ae,  [?],  f.,  indulgence , 
favor , pardon , a privilege  (as  ac- 
• corded  or  asked). 

venio,  venl,  venturus,  venire, 
[for  gvenio,  ^/gam],  4.  v.  n.,  come , 
go,  fall  (into  the  hands  of) ; in  dis- 
crimen  venire  ( incur  the  danger ) ; 
tibi  legis  in  mentem  veniat  (call 
to  mind,  rem ember). 

Ventidius,  -i,  [?],  M.,  a Roman 
gentile  name.  — Esp.,  P.  Ventidius 
Bassus,  an  officer  and  partisan  of 
Antony. 

ventus,  -i,  [?],  M.,  the  wind. 
Venus,  -eris,  [ •v/van(?)+ us,  cf. 
venustas,  veneror],  f.,  (perh.  orig. 
N.),  grace(?).  — Esp.,  personified, 
Venus,  as  goddess,  of  love,  identified 
with  the  Greek  Aphrodite. 

venustas,  -tatis,  [venus  + tas], 
F.,  grace. 

ver,  veris,  [prob.  y'VAS,  for  fva- 
sar,  cf.  Gr.  eap],  N.,  the  spring. 

fverber,  -eris,  [?],  n.  (usually 
plur.),  stripes,  blows,  lashes , flog- 
ging. 

verbero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [ver- 
ber-],  1.  v.  a.,  whip,  scourge,  beat , 

flog. 

verbum,  -I,  [?,  cf.  morbus],  n., 
a word,  an  expression.  — Esp. : ver- 
bum, verba  facere  (say  much  or 
little,  say  anything,  speak)  ; his  ver- 
bis (in  these  zvords,  in  this  form ); 
verbis  amplissimis  (the  strongest 


terms) ; verbo  (in  words , in  form) ; 
verbi  causa  (for  example). 

vere  [old  abl.  of  verus],  adv., 
with  truth  (cf.  vero,  in  truth , etc.), 
truly,  rightly,  justly,  honestly,  really, 
zvith  justice. 

verecundia,  -ae,  [verecundo  + 
ia],  F.,  modesty. 

vereor,  -itus,  -eri,  [prob.  fvero- 
(akin  to  zrnry)],  2.  v.  dep.,  fear, 
be  afraid,  respect.  — veritus,  p.p.  in 
pres,  sens z,  fearing. 

verisimilis  (often  separate),  -e, 
[veri  similis],  adj.,  (like  the  truth), 
probable , likely . 

veritas,  -tatis,  [vero  + tas],  f., 
truth. 

vero  [abl.  of  verus],  adv.,  in 
truth,  in  fact.  — With  weakened 
force,  but,  however,  on  the  other 
hand,  nozv , and.  — Often  untrans- 
latable, expressing  an  intensive  (em- 
phatic) opposition,  or  pointing  to  the 
main  time,  circumstance,  fact,  or 
agent  in  a narrative : turn  vero 
(then)  ; nunc  vero  (but  nozv,  and 
now,  now) ; quasi  vero  (as  if  for- 
sooth)  ; an  vero  (or  is  it  possible 
that?  or  tell  me) ; jam  vero  (nozv 
finally,  but  further) ; immo  vero 
(nay  in  fact) ; deum  vero  nullum 
violavit  (and  as  to  divinities,  etc.)  ; 
quid  vero?  (and  then  finally,  and 
further)  ; est  vero  (it  is  yozi  see, 
it  is  in  fact) ; ego  vero  (why  / in 
fact,  for  my  part  I) ; at  vero  (but 
then,  but  on  the  other  hand,  but)', 
minime  vero  (no,  not  in  the  least) ; 
si  vero  (if  hozvever,  if  now) . 

Verres,  -is,  [verres,  boar],  M., 
a Roman  family  name.  — Only  C. 
Cornelius  Verres,  propraetor  in  Sicily 
in  B.c.  73  and  after,  accused  of  ex- 
tortion in  the  famous  orations  against 
Verres. 


190 


Vocabttlary. 


versiculus,  -I,  [versu  + cuius], 

M.,  a short  line , a verse. 

verso,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [verso-], 
i.  v.  a.,  turn  (this  way  and  that), 
deal  with  (some  one  or  some  thing) . 
— Esp.  in  pass,  as  dep.,  turn  one's 
self  engage  in , be  busy , be,  live , exist, 
be  employed , show  itself  appear , con- 
duct one's  self  be  found,  find  itself 
be  used,  be  engaged,  be  at  work , be 
concerned : in  severitate  {show,  ex- 
hibit, act  with );  versatus  {experi- 
enced, practised)  ; bellum  in  multa 
varietate  versatum  {carried  on  in 
a great  variety  of  circumstances). 
versus,  -a,  -um,  p.p.  of  verto. 
versus  (versum),  [orig.  p.p.  of 
verto],  adv.  and  prep.,  towards , in 
the  direction  of 

versus,  -us,  [ ^/vert  + tus],  m., 
a turning.  — Esp.,  a verse  (of  poetry, 
where  the  rhythm  turns  and  begins 
anew) , a line.  — Plur.,  poetry,  verse. 

verto,  vertl,  versus,  vertere, 
[\/vert],  3.  V.  a.  and  n.,  turn. — 
Pass,  and  with  reflex.,  turn,  revolve, 
depend. 

verum  [n.  of  verus],  adv.,  but. 
verumtamen  [verum  tamen], 

adv.,  but  still. 

verus,  -a,  -um,  [?,  -y/VER  (in 
vereor)  + us],  adj.,  (?,  seen,  visi- 
ble), true , real,  well  grounded.  — 
Neut.  as  subst.,  the  trtith  : repperit 
esse  vera  {found  the  truth  to  be).  — 
Also,  just,  right.  — See  also  vero  and 
verum : verius  {nearer  the  truth) ; 
re  vera  {in  fact,  in  reality,  in 
truth)\  sententia  {sound). 

vesper,  -eri  (-eris),  [?,  cf.  Gr. 
u'E<t ir epos'},  M.,  the  evening : vesperi 
(loc.,  in  the  evening). 

vespera,  -ae,  [?,  cf.  vesper],  f., 
the  evening : ad  vesper  am  {at  even - 
ing,  by  evening). 


Vesta,  -ae,  [^/vas  (in  uro)  + ta, 

cf.  Gr.  'E arid],  F.,  the  goddess  of 
the  household  fire,  the  same  as  Gr. 
'Eart'a. 

Vestalis,  -e,  [Vesta  + lis],  adj., 

of  Vesta  ; virgines  {the  Vestal  virr 
gins,  who  preserved  the  sacred  fire 
of  Vesta,  and  were  held  in  special 
reverence). 

vester,  -tra,  -trum,  [ves  -f  ter 
(us)],  adj.  pron .,  your,  yours  : con- 
spectus {of you). 

vestibulum,  -i,  [?,  prob.  ve- 
stabulum  (orig.  farm-yardl)},  N., 
a vestibule  (an  open  space  in  front 
of  a house-door) . — Fig.,  a gate- 
way, a doorway,  an  entrance,  the 
doors. 

vestigium,  -i,  [fvestigo-  (cf. 
vestigo)  -f  ium],  n.,  the  footstep , 
the  footprint,  a track.  — Esp. : e 
vestigio  { forthwith , from  one’s 
tracks?);  eodem  vestigio  (in  the 
same  spot);  in  illo  vestigio  tem- 
poris  {at  that  instant  of  time). — 
Hence,  fig.,  a trace,  an  indication. 
— Plur.,  ruins  {traces  where  a thing 
once  was),  relics , remains. 

vestimentum,  -I,  [vesti  + men- 
tum],  N.,  clothing. 

vestio,  -ivl  (-ii),  -itus,  -Ire, [vesti-], 
4.  v.  a.,  clothe,  cover.  — Pass.,  clothe 
one's  self  with  (with  thing  in  abl.), 
wear. 

vestis,  -is,  [VVAS  {clothe)  + tis], 
F.,  clothing,  garments,  dress. 

vestitus,  -tus,  [vesti  + tus],  m., 
clothing,  garments,  dress  : ad  suum 
vestitum  redire  {ordinary  clothing). 

veteranus,  -a,  -um,  [vetera-  (as 
if  stem  of  vetero)  -f-  nus],  adj.,  vet- 
eran (long  in  service). 

veto,  vetul,  vetitus,  vetare,  [stem 
akin  to  vetus,  cf.  antiquo],  1.  v.  a., 
forbid. 


Vocabulary. 


vetus,  -eris,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  eros],  adj., 
old,  former : milites  ( old  soldiers , 
veterans );  homines  ( of  experience , 
also  of  antiquity) . 

vetustas,  -tatis,  [vetus-tas],  f., 
age,  antiquity,  former  ages,  long  con- 
tinuance, future  ages,  time  (long 
continued,  either  future  or  past). 

vexatio,  -onis,  [vexa  + tio],  F., 
persecution , harassing,  outrage. 

vexator,  -toris,  [vexa  + tor],  M., 
a troubler , a persecutor , a pursuer , 
a disturber. 

vexo,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [fvexo-  (as 
if  p.p.  of  veho)],  i.v.a.,  ( carry  this 
way  and  that),  vex,  harass,  annoy, 
commit  depredations  on,  overrun  (a 
country),  ravage  (lands),  plunder, 
worry,  persecute. 

via,  -ae,  [for  veha?  (veh  + a)], 
F .,  a road,  a way,  a route,  a street. 
— Fig.,  a course,  a way. 

viator,  -toris,  [fvia-  (as  stem  of 
fvio)  + tor],  M.,  a traveller. 

Vibienus,  -i,  [Vibio+  enus],  M., 
a Roman  family  name.  — Esp.,  C. 
Vibienus,  a Roman  senator  killed  in 
a riot. 

vibro,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?],  I.  v.  a. 
and  n.,  to  shake,  to  brandish. 

vlcatim  [vico  + atim],  adv.,  by 
wards,  by  districts. 

vlcesimus  (-ensimus),  -a,  -um, 
[viginti  + ensimus],  adj.,  tiventieth. 

vlclnitas,  -tatis,  [vicino  -f  tas], 
F.,  neighborhood,  vicinity. 

vlcinus,  -a,  -um,  [vico  + inus], 
adj.,  (belonging  to  the  same  vicus?), 
near. — As  subst.,  a neighbor. 

vicissim  [acc.  adv.  akin  to  vicis], 
adv.,  in  turn,  by  turns. 

vicissitudo,  -inis,  [fvicissi-  (in 
vicissim)  + tudo],  f.,  a change,  a 
vicissitude , a succession  (of  changing 
events) . 


191 

victima,  -ae,  [akin  to  vinco, 
perh.  going  back  to  the  sacrifice 
of  prisoners] , F .,  a victim  (sacri- 
ficed) . 

victor,  -toris,  [yVic  0n  vinco) 
+ tor],  M.,  a victor.  — Often  as  adj., 
victorious,  cf.  victrix. 

victoria,  -ae,  [victor  + ia],  f., 
victory , success  (in  war),  a triumph 
(in  the  modern  sense,  cf.  trium- 
phus,  the  honor)  : in  ipsa  victoria 
(at  the  moment  of  victory).  — Esp., 
Victory,  worshipped  as  a divinity  by 
the  Romans  : ludi  victoriae  (a  fes- 
tival established  by  Sulla  in  honor  of 
his  victory,  held  October  27  to  No- 
vember 1). 

victrix,  -ids,  [^/vic  0n  vinco) 
-f  trix],  F.,  a victor  (female,  or  con- 
ceived as  such).  — As  adj.,  victo- 
rious. 

victus,  -tus,  [VVIG(?)  (°f-  vixi) 
-f-tus],  M.,  living,  life.  — Also,  means 
of  living,  food : necessitates  victus 
(the  necessaries  of  life)',  in  victu 
arido  (a  dry  and  meagre  way  of 
life  or  style  of  living).  — Esp. : con- 
suetudines  victus  (the  intimacy  of 
daily  life). 

vicus,  -I,  [ VVIC  (enter?)  + us,  cf. 
Gr.  obcos],  m.,  (a  dwelling ),  a village 
(a  collection  of  dwellings).  — In 
cities,  a quarter  (more  than  a block, 
cf.  insula),  a row  (of  houses),  a 
street  (the  houses  on  both  sides) . 

videlicet  [vide  (imper.  of  video) 
licet],  adv.,  (see  you  may , one  may 
see),  of  course , doubtless,  no  doubt . — 
Often  ironical,  forsooth,  I suppose,  no 
doubt,  you  see. 

video,  vidi,  visus,  videre,  [y'viD, 
perh.  through  a noun-stem  (cf.  in- 
vidus)],  2.  v.  a.,  see,  examine  (re- 
connoitre), observe,  notice,  take  care 
(see  that).  — In  pass.,  be  seen,  seem , 


TQ2 


Vocabulary , 


seem  best.  — Esp. : ea  cernimus  quae 
videmus  (we  distinguish  what  we 

see). 

vigeo,  no  perf.,  no  p.p.,  vigere,  [ ?, 
prob.  fvigo-  (y'viG+us,  cf.  vigil)], 

2.  v.  n.,  be  strong , be  active , have  life , 
flourish. 

vigilia,  -ae,  [vigil  + ia],  f.,  wak- 
ing, wakefulness , watching.  — Esp. 
in  plur.,  vigils , sleepless  nights.  — 
Also  (in  plur.),  watches , sentinels , 
ivatchmen. — From  military  use,  a 
watch  (one  of  the  four  divisions  into 
which  the  night  was  divided). 

vigilo,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [vigil], 
I.  v.  n.  (and  a.),  watch , lie  awake , 
watch  by  night , keep  awake,  be  up 
( not  sleep) . — Fig.,  be  on  the  watch, 
be  watchful,  be  vigilant,  watch , look 
out  for.  — Esp.,  vigilans,  p.  as  adj., 
wakeful,  watchful,  vigilant,  on  the 
watch , careful,  active , wide  awake. 

viginti  [dvi-  (stem  of  duo)  + 
form  akin  to  centum  (perh.  the 
same)],  num.  adj.,  indecl.,  twenty. 

vilis,  -e,  [?],  adj.,  cheap,  of  little 
value,  worthless. 

vilitas,  -tatis,  [vili  -f  tas],  f., 
cheapness,  low  price. 

villa,  -ae,  [?],  f .,  a farm-house,  a 
country  house,  a villa. 

vincid,vinxi,vinctus,vinch*e,[perh. 
akin  to  vinco],  4.  v.  a.,  bind,  fetter, 
putin  chains,  restrain. 
vinclum,  see  vinculum, 
vinco,  vici,  victus,  vincere,  [ ^/vic], 

3.  v.  a.  and  n.,  conquer,  defeat,  pre- 
vail, be  victorious,  prevail  over,  over- 
come, surpass,  outdo. 

vinculum  (vinclum),-!,  [fvinco- 
(stem  akin  to  vincio,  perh.  primi- 
tive of  it)  -f  lum  (n.  of  -lus)],  N.,  a 
chain. — Plur.,  chains,  imprisonment, 
prison,  fetters.  — Fig.,  a bond,  a con- 
nection. 


vindex,  -icis,  [some  forms  of  vis 
and  dico,  perh.  wrongly  formed  like 
judex],  M.  and  F.,  a claimant. — 
Hence,  from  technical  use  in  law,  a 
protector,  a defender,  an  avenge rs. 

vindiciae,  -arum,  [vindic  + ia], 
F.  plur.,  a claim  (technical  in  law), 
an  action  (of  a peculiar  sort). 

vindico,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [vindic-], 
I.  v.  a.,  claim,  claim  one's  rights 
against,  defend  (cf.  Galliam  in  lib- 
ertatem,  establish  the  liberty  of,  a 
phrase  derived  from  the  formal  de- 
fence of  freedom  in  a Roman  court), 
rescue.  — Also,  punish,  avenge,  seek 
redress  for,  seek  redress. 

vinum,  -I,  [?,  cf.  Gr.  ohos~\ , N., 
wine. 

violo,  -avl,  -atus,  -are,  [?],  1.  v.  a., 

abuse,  violate  (a  sacred  object),  pro~ 
fane,  injure  (a  thing  held  sacred), 
outrage:  si  quid  violatum  est  {any 
profanation  done). 

vir,  viri,  [ ?] , M.,  a man,  a husband, 
vires,  see  vis. 

virga,  -ae,  F.,  a twig,  a rod.— 
Plur -,  flogging,  stripes . 

Virgo,  -inis,  [?],  f.,  a maiden,  a 
maid,  a virgin,  a girl.  — Esp.,  a 
vestal  virgin  (see  Vestalis). 

virilis,  -e,  [viro  + ilis],  adj., 
manly,  of  a man  : toga  ( the  garb 
of  manhood,  the  pure  white  toga  as- 
sumed by  Romans  as  a sign  of  man- 
hood and  citizenship). 

virtus,  -tutis,  [viro-  (reduced) 
-ftus],  F.,  manliness,  valor,  prowess, 
courage. — Also,  merit  (generally), 
noble  conduct,  virtue.  — Plur.,  vir- 
tues, merits,  good  qualities.  — Also, 
a sense  of  virtue,  a love  of  virtue. 

vis,  vis  (?),  [?],  F.,  force,  might, 
power,  violence,  energy,  vigor,  se- 
verity, a quantity,  a supply : vim 
et  manus  (violent  hands).  — Also, 


. Vocabulary . 


193 


force , effect , validity.  — Technically, 
breach  of  the  peace , violence  (for 
which  a special  remedy  at  law  was 
established).  — Plur.,  strength , force, 
powers , bodily  vigor. 

viscus,  -eris,  also  plur.  viscera, 
-um,  [?],  N.,  //k?  .w/?  parts  of  the 
body , flesh , the  entrails.  — Fig., 

the  vitals,  the  bowels,  the  entrails. 

viso,  visi,  visus,  vlsere,  [prob.  old 
desiderative  of  video],  3.V.  a.  and  n., 

( desire  to  see),  go  to  see,  visit,  see  (in 
reference  to  a sight  or  spectacle). 

vita,  -ae,  [root  of  vivo  -f  ta],  F., 

life , the  course  of  life. 

vitium,  :i,  [?],  N.,  a flaw,  a 
blemish , a defect,  a fault , a vice. 

vito,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [?,  vita-?], 
1.  v.  a.,  ( escape  with  life,  live 

through ?),  escape,  avoid,  dodge,  shun. 

vituperatio,  -onis,  [vitupera  + 
tio],  F.,  abuse,  fault-finding,  an  ac- 
cusation, a charge. 

vitupero,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [f  vitu- 
pero- (vitio  + fparus,  cf.  opipa- 
rus)],  I.  v.  a.,  censure,  find  fault 
with. 

vivo,  vixi,  victus,  vivere,  [VVIG 
(vigor?),  cf.  victus],  3.  v.  n.,  live , 
pass  one's  life. 

vivus,  -a,  -um,  [VVIG(?)  + us]> 
adj.,  alive,  living. 

vix  [poss.  -y/vic  (in  vinco)], 
adv.,  with  difficulty,  hardly,  hardly 
ever.  — Also,  of  time,  hardly  ( . . . 
when)',  vixdumcoetu  dimisso  {when 
. . . scarcely  yet,  almost  before , etc.). 

voco,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [voc-  (stem 
of  vox)],  1.  v.  a.,  call  by  name , call, 
summon,  invite.  — With  in,  summon 
to,  bring  (into),  attempt  to  bring 
(into)-,  in  integritatem  spe  (attrib- 
ute virtue  to  one  in  hope). 

Volaterrae,  -arum,  [?],  f.  plur., 
a town  of  Etruria  ( Volterra), 


volgaris  (vulg-),  -e,  [volgo  + 
aris],  adj.,  common,  ordinary. 
volgo,  see  volgus. 
volgus  (vulgus),  -i,  [-V/V0LG  + 
us],  N.,  the  crowd,  the  common  peo- 
ple, the  mass  : in  volgus  emanare 
(get  abroad,  spread  abroad).  — vol- 
go, abl.  as  adv.,  commonly  generally , 
ordinarily , everywhere. 

volito,  -avi,  no  p.p.,  -are,  [as  if 
volito-,  p.p.  of  volo,  cf.  agito], 
1.  v.  n .,flit  about,  hover  about. 

volnero  (vul-),  -avi,  -atus,  -are, 
[volner-],  1.  v.  a.,  wound,  inflict  a 
wound.  — Also  fig.,  wound,  harm, 
offend. 

volnus  (vulnus),  -eris,  [prob. 
akin  to  vello],  N.,  a wound. 

volo,  volui,  velle,  [-^vol],  irr. 
v.  a.  and  n.,  wish , be  willing,  want, 
desire,  choose  to  have,  choose,  would 
like , mean,  signify.  — With  perf. 
part.,  desire  to  have,  desire  to. 

Volturcius  (Vult  ),  -i,  [?],  M., 
one  of  the  conspirators  with  Catiline. 

voltus  (vul-),  -tus,  [ -y/VOL  + 
tus],  M.,  expression(oi  countenanc( 
the  countenance,  the  look,  the  fa\ 
the  expression  of  countenance,  tk 
mien. 

volubilis,  -e,  [prob.  volvi-  (i 
stem  of  volvo)  + bilis],  adj.,  whir 
ing.  — Fig.,  changeable,  inconstant. 

voluntarius,  -a,  -um,  [volent  + 
arius],  adj.,  voluntary.  — As  subst., 
a volunteer. 

voluntas,  -tatis,  [volent  + tas], 

F.,  willingness,  will,  good-will,  desire, 
approval,  consent,  an  inclination,  a 
wish,  a purpose,  plans,  desires,  a dis- 
position. 

voluptas,  -tatis,  [volup-  (akin  to 
volo)  + tas],  F.,  sensual  pleasure, 
pleasure,  (a  sensation  of  pleasure), 
enjoyment. 


194 


Vocabulary. 


fVolusenus,  -I,  [ ?,  cf.  Volusius], 
M.,  a tribune  of  the  soldiers  in  Caesar’s 
army  in  Gaul.  In  Phil.  xiv.  7,  the 
reading  is  uncertain,  and  the  passage 
is  obscure. 

voluto,  -avi,  -atus,  -are,  [voluto-], 
I.  v.  a.  and  n.,  roll,  grovel. 

vosmet  [vos-met  (akin  to  me)], 
intensive  of  vos,  you  yourselves , you 
(emphatic). 

votivus,  -a,  -urn,  [voto  + ivus 
(cf.  captivns)],  adj.,  votive  : ludi 
(a  festival  held  in  pursuance  of  some 
vow). 


votum,  -i,  [n.  p.p.  of  voveo], 
N.,  a vow , a prayer. 

voveo,  vovi,  votus,  vovere,  [?], 
2.  v.  a.  and  n.,  vow , make  a vow. 

vox,  vocis,  [ Vvoc  as  stem],  f.,  a 
voice , a word \ art-expression,  a shout. 
— • Collectively,  cries,  words,  talk . 
vulgaris,  see  volgaris. 
vulgo,  see  volgo. 
vulgus,  see  volgus. 
vulnero,  see  volnero. 
vulnus,  see  volnus. 
vultus,  see  voltus. 


Presswork  by  Gin^  & Co.,  Boston, 


/ 


